2250:: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the Second World made manifest in the materials of the First World (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal's path is the product of individual animals, and thus has an existence and is evolution independent of any individually known subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total, accumulated wealth of human knowledge made manifest as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three.
7326:. New York: Russell and Russell. p. 20. "In spite of the high rating one must accord his initial intention of fairness, his hatred for the enemies of the 'open society,' his zeal to destroy whatever seems to him destructive of the welfare of mankind, has led him into the extensive use of what may be called terminological counterpropaganda. ... With a few exceptions in Popper's favor, however, it is noticeable that reviewers possessed of special competence in particular fieldsâand here Lindsay is again to be includedâhave objected to Popper's conclusions in those very fields. ... "Social scientists and social philosophers have deplored his radical denial of historical causation, together with his espousal of Hayek's systematic distrust of larger programs of social reform; historical students of philosophy have protested his violent polemical handling of Plato, Aristotle, and particularly Hegel; ethicists have found contradictions in the ethical theory ('critical dualism') upon which his polemic is largely based."
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that the main purpose of thinking is to gain a better understanding of reality. And that was not necessarily the case. The manipulative function could take precedence over the cognitive function How could Popper take it for granted that free political discourse is aimed at understanding reality? And even more intriguingly, how could I, who gave the manipulative function pride of place in the concept of reflexivity, follow him so blindly? Let me spell out my conclusion more clearly, an open society is a desirable form of social organization, both as a means to an end, and an end in itself provided it gives precedence to the cognitive over the manipulative function and people are willing to confront harsh realities. The value of individual freedom is likely to assume increasing importance in the immediate future.
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looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as "evolution from within" or "active
Darwinism" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic "evolution from without" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).
1685:. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions. Such a theory would be true with higher probability because it cannot be attacked so easily:
1362:" does not mean that "T" is false. It means only that the background knowledge about existing technologies, which exists before and independently of the theory, allows the imagination or conceptualization of observations that are in contradiction with the theory. It is only required that these contradictory observations can potentially be observed with existing technologiesâthe observations must be inter-subjective. This is the material requirement of falsifiability. Alan Chalmers gives "The brick fell upward when released" as an example of an imaginary observation that shows that Newton's law of gravitation is falsifiable.
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1593:). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (
4482:. Hempel came to acknowledge that logical positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance,
5729:, Introduction, XV: "The proper answer to my question 'How can we hope to detect and eliminate error?' is, I believe, 'By criticizing the theories or guesses of others andâif we can train ourselves to do soâby criticizing our own theories or guesses.' (The latter point is highly desirable, but not indispensable; for if we fail to criticize our own theories, there may be others to do it for us.) This answer sums up a position which I propose to call 'critical rationalism'."
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1813:. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.
4478:, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt". The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by
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1900:
arguments by the use of their fists or pistols. We should therefore claim, in the name of tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant. We should claim that any movement preaching intolerance places itself outside the law, and we should consider incitement to intolerance and persecution as criminal, in the same way as we should consider incitement to murder, or to kidnapping, or to the revival of the slave trade, as criminal.
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7313:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 23. "Popper is committing a serious historical error in attributing the organic theory of the state to Plato and accusing him of all the fallacies of post-Hegelian and Marxist historicismâthe theory that history is controlled by the inexorable laws governing the behavior of superindividual social entities of which human beings and their free choices are merely subordinate manifestations."
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5753:, Sec. Popper's Critique of Vienna Circle and the Positivistic Approach: "Trying to analyze and solve the problem of demarcation, Popper came to the conclusion that classical empiricism and logical positivism, particularly as manifested in observationalist-inductivist account of science, must be criticized from a viewpoint that came to be called 'critical rationalism', a term that was used to describe his own philosophy."
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that "the last thing I wish to do, however, is to advocate another dogma" and that "what is to be called a 'science' and who is to be called a 'scientist' must always remain a matter of convention or decision." He quotes Menger's dictum that "Definitions are dogmas; only the conclusions drawn from them can afford us any new insight" and notes that different definitions of science can be rationally debated and compared:
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1369:, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledgeâthat is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. With only falsifications being possible logically, how can we explain the
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4467:. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in
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new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain. He said that evolution of the genotype must, as the creationists say, work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life.
1910:
intended." According to philosopher David Coady, "Popper has often been cited by critics of conspiracy theories, and his views on the topic continue to constitute an orthodoxy in some circles." However, philosopher
Charles Pigden has pointed out that Popper's argument only applies to a very extreme kind of conspiracy theory, not to conspiracy theories generally.
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on which natural selection operates, the occurrence of exceptions is not surprising. Thus not all phenomena of evolution are explained by natural selection alone. Yet in every particular case it is a challenging research program to show how far natural selection can possibly be held responsible for the evolution of a particular organ or behavioural program.
1204:, and history. Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxists, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He then took the view that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence.
2301:. Although it is metaphysical, it sheds much light upon very concrete and very practical researches. It allows us to study adaptation to a new environment (such as a penicillin-infested environment) in a rational way: it suggests the existence of a mechanism of adaptation, and it allows us even to study in detail the mechanism at work.
2533:âto admit that we don't know and to searchâis all right. (...) When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God." Aged fifteen, after reading
1962:". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases:
2368:. This control organ plays a special role in evolutionâit is the "spearhead of evolution". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's
1734:. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification, but to eliminate errors in them. He writes,
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Popper called not for something between chance and necessity but for a combination of randomness and control to explain freedom, though not yet explicitly in two stages with random chance before the controlled decision, saying, "freedom is not just chance but, rather, the result of a subtle interplay
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Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some points of both creationists and naturalists, but disagreed with both on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents
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Popper said that he was a socialist for "several years", and maintained an interest in egalitarianism, but abandoned it as a whole because socialism was a "beautiful dream", but, just like egalitarianism, it was incompatible with individual liberty. Popper initially saw totalitarianism as exclusively
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tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the
Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples
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a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". However, Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism, this criticism being at the heart
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New ideas have a striking similarity to genetic mutations. Now, let us look for a moment at genetic mutations. Mutations are, it seems, brought about by quantum theoretical indeterminacy (including radiation effects). Accordingly, they are also probabilistic and not in themselves originally selected
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Hume's and
Schlick's ontological thesis that there cannot exist anything intermediate between chance and determinism seems to me not only highly dogmatic (not to say doctrinaire) but clearly absurd; and it is understandable only on the assumption that they believed in a complete determinism in which
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in the philosophy of science, this conclusion led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is
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Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it
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These frequently quoted passages are only a small part of what Popper wrote on evolution, however, and may give the wrong impression that he mainly discussed questions of its falsifiability. Popper never invented this criterion to give justifiable use of words like science. In fact, Popper stressed
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The theory of natural selection may be so formulated that it is far from tautological. In this case it is not only testable, but it turns out to be not strictly universally true. There seem to be exceptions, as with so many biological theories; and considering the random character of the variations
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sense of it describing the physical behaviour of apples, it can be falsified. This can be done by placing two apples in a container, then proceeding to place another two apples in the same container. If there are five, three, or a number of apples that is not four in said container, the theory that
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difficulties when the epistemological status of mathematics is considered. It is difficult to conceive how simple statements of arithmetic, such as "2 + 2 = 4", could ever be shown to be false. If they are not open to falsification they can not be scientific. If they are not scientific, it needs to
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Popper worked in street construction for a short time but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for
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He objected to organised religion, saying "it tends to use the name of God in vain", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: "The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian
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Popper was not a religious man in the formal sense of the word. He neither maintained any link with his Jewish ancestry nor was he an observant
Lutheran. However, he did consider that every person including himself, was religious in the sense of believing in something more important and beyond us
1981:
or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a
1973:
The first case belongs to the metalanguage whereas the second is more likely to belong to the object language. Hence, "it is true that" possesses the logical status of a redundancy. "Is true", on the other hand, is a predicate necessary for making general observations such as "John was telling the
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Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one
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acquired Popper's library in 1995. The Karl Popper
Archives was established within the Klagenfurt University Library, holding Popper's library of approximately 6,000 books, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the incremental
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Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific
4410:(1962) that he places an emphasis on anomalous experiences similar to that which Popper places on falsification. However, he adds that anomalous experiences cannot be identified with falsification, and questions whether theories could be falsified in the manner suggested by Popper. Kuhn argues in
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Popper was mainly concerned with the problems of understanding of reality He argued that and I quote "only democracy provides an institutional framework that permits reform without violence, and so the use of reason in politics matters." But his approach was based on a hidden assumption, namely,
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Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this, living organisms have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much
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are abstract in nature and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific
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I shall later argue against this important doctrine according to which the alternative to determinism is sheer chance. Yet I must admit that the doctrine seems to hold good for the quantum-theoretical models which have been designed to explain, or at least to illustrate, the possibility of human
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My solution was that the doctrine of natural selection is a most successful metaphysical research programme. It raises detailed problems in many fields, and it tells us what we would expect of an acceptable solution of these problems. I still believe that natural selection works in this way as a
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When speaking here of
Darwinism...This is an immensely impressive and powerful theory. The claim that it completely explains evolution is of course a bold claim, and very far from being established. All scientific theories are conjectures, even those that have successfully passed many severe and
1899:
to suppress them if necessary even by force; for it may easily turn out that they are not prepared to meet us on the level of rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument, because it is deceptive, and teach them to answer
1816:
In his early years Popper was impressed by
Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party
1894:
Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them. In this
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who had 12,000â14,000 volumes in his personal library and took an interest in philosophy, the classics, and social and political issues. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him. Later, he would describe the atmosphere of his upbringing as having been "decidedly bookish".
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That is to say, a range of possibilities is brought about by a probabilistic and quantum mechanically characterised set of proposals, as it wereâof possibilities brought forward by the brain. On these there then operates a kind of selective procedure which eliminates those proposals and those
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Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc measures. According to this view, rational
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He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist. Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort
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Ethical issues always constituted an important part of the background to Popperâs philosophy. In later life he discussed ethics rarely, and religious questions hardly at all, but he sympathized with the religious stance of others, and was not prepared to endorse various âhumanist and secular
1865:
and others, although he did not fully agree with the think tank's charter and ideology. Specifically, he unsuccessfully recommended that socialists should be invited to participate, and that emphasis should be put on a hierarchy of humanitarian values rather than advocacy of a free market as
4265:, who was also brought to LSE from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps
1909:
Popper criticized what he termed the "conspiracy theory of society", the view that powerful people or groups, godlike in their efficacy, are responsible for purposely bringing about all the ills of society. This view cannot be right, Popper argued, because "nothing ever comes off exactly as
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This led Popper to conclude that what was regarded as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human
1804:
and a defence of the "Open
Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of
4520:(1986) that Popper was mistaken to claim that Freudian theory implies no testable observation and therefore does not have genuine predictive power. Scruton maintains that Freudian theory has both "theoretical terms" and "empirical content". He points to the example of Freud's theory of
1334:
Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive; it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between
4351:, or error elimination, element in his account of problem solving. Popper presents falsifiability as both an ideal and as an important principle in a practical method of effective human problem solving; as such, the current conclusions of science are stronger than pseudo-sciences or
1625:). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.
2529:. In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it should be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not (...) Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but
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material. The library as well as various other partial collections are open for researcher purposes. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper
Charitable Trust. In October 2008, the University of Klagenfurt acquired the copyrights from the estate.
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to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later
1895:
formulation, I do not imply, for instance, that we should always suppress the utterance of intolerant philosophies; as long as we can counter them by rational argument and keep them in check by public opinion, suppression would certainly be most unwise. But we should claim the
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by way of a second chance education and finally joined the university as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded
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in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly "risky", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which differed considerably from those of the then-dominant
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Popper retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the
4258:, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position, and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both was deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)
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8166:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. Central to contemporary philosophy of science is the debate between the followers of Kuhn and Popper on the nature of scientific enquiry. This is the book in which Kuhn's views received their classical statement.
5434:: "Sir Karl Popper, a philosopher who was a defender of democratic systems of government, died today in a hospital here. He was 92. He died of complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure, said a manager at the hospital in this London suburb."
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a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious
4245:
as an autonomous discipline within philosophy, both through his own prolific and influential works and through his influence on his contemporaries and students. In 1946, Popper founded the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the
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8467:. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. Study of Popper's political thought by a former assistant of Popper's. Makes use of archive sources and studies the development of Popper's political thought and its inter-connections with his epistemology.
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tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them.
4359:(relative to how well the system or community enacts the method). It has been suggested that Popper's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as
8290:. Written by the only living student of both Wittgenstein and Popper, an eyewitness to the famous "poker" incident described above (Edmunds & Eidinow). Attempts to synthesize and reconcile the differences between these two philosophers.
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possible. Popperâs political thought would seem to fit most comfortably within the liberal camp, broadly understood. Reason, toleration, nonviolence and individual freedom formed the core of his political values, and he identified modern
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as a source of human freedom. Eccles had suggested that "critically poised neurons" might be influenced by the mind to assist in a decision. Popper criticised Compton's idea of amplified quantum events affecting the decision. He wrote:
1656:
Bohr was "a marvelous physicist, one of the greatest of all time, but he was a miserable philosopher, and one couldn't talk to him. He was talking all the time, allowing practically only one or two words to you and then at once cutting
1200:. Although it is known that Popper worked as an office boy at the communist headquarters, whether or not he ever became a member of the Communist Party is unclear. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics,
775:, and after GrĂŒbl's death in 1898 took over the business. Popper received his middle name after Raimund GrĂŒbl. (In his autobiography, Popper erroneously recalls that GrĂŒbl's first name was Carl). His parents were close friends of
2509:
or adequate, but on them there subsequently operates natural selection which eliminates inappropriate mutations. Now we could conceive of a similar process with respect to new ideas and to free-will decisions, and similar things.
873:). He needed to publish a book to get an academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. In the end, he did not publish the two-volume work; but instead, a condensed version with some new material, as
796:, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxism. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he turned away from what he saw as the philosopher
2241:
Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject
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Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called "Hennie") had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the
1037:" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before when he suddenly fell terminally ill, writing his last letter two weeks before his death as well.
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4566:, which forced him to quit his work in 1933 and prohibited any reference to his ideas. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato and Hegel.
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argues that it is impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively
787:
Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by
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are infallible; rather, according to Popper, they are descriptions in relation to a theoretical framework. Concerning the method of science, the term "critical rationalism" indicates his rejection of classical
1207:
The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure since events after the
1704:
that there is often a psychological belief that the sun will rise tomorrow and that there is no logical justification for the supposition that it will, simply because it always has in the past. Popper writes,
831:
Popper and his wife had chosen not to have children because of the circumstances of war in the early years of their marriage. Popper commented that this "was perhaps a cowardly but in a way a right decision".
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way, as far as I can see, of arguing rationally in support of my proposals. This is to analyse their logical consequences: to point out their fertilityâtheir power to elucidate the problems of the theory of
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I do not try to justify , however, by representing them as the true or the essential aims of science. This would only distort the issue, and it would mean a relapse into positivist dogmatism. There is only
8388:. London: Routledge, 2010. A research monograph on Popper's philosophy of science and epistemology. It critiques and develops critical rationalism in light of more recent advances in mainstream philosophy.
1285:. In contrast he thought that nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that they had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.
855:). In 1929, he obtained an authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school and began doing so. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906â1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of
2273:
raised the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiability (see
2326:, and that he too had in the past described the theory as "almost tautological", and had tried to explain how the theory could be untestable (as is a tautology) and yet of great scientific interest:
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2331:
research programme. Nevertheless, I have changed my mind about the testability and logical status of the theory of natural selection; and I am glad to have an opportunity to make a recantation.
1382:
6629:
Popper, K. R. "Of Clouds and Clocks," in his Objective Knowledge, corrected edition, pp. 206â255, Oxford, Oxford University Press (1973), p. 231 footnote 43, & p. 252; also Popper, K. R.
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4524:, which in his view has "strong empirical content" and implies testable consequences. Nevertheless, Scruton also concluded that Freudian theory is not genuinely scientific. The philosopher
1834:
he was describing Communist parties as giving a weak opposition to fascism due to shared historicism with fascism. Over time, primarily in defence of liberal democracy, Popper began to see
4875:, 2008. (Edited by Jeremy Shearmur and Piers Norris Turner, this volume contains a large number of Popper's previously unpublished or uncollected writings on political and social themes.)
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8366:. A strong collection of essays by Popper, Campbell, Munz, Flew, et al., on Popper's epistemology and critical rationalism. Includes a particularly vigorous answer to Rorty's criticisms.
8308:. More than a thousand headwords about critical rationalism, the most important arguments of K.R. Popper and H. Albert, quotations of the original wording. Edition for students in 2006,
1977:
Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of
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should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.
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In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: "Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly."
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to "memory of the countless men, women and children of all creeds or nations or races who fell victims to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny."
2309:, presented as explaining adaptation, "was worse than an open admission of failure, for it created the impression that an ultimate explanation had been reached". Popper later said:
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771:. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society, as Popper's father became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal mayor
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Popper's influence, both through his work in philosophy of science and through his political philosophy, has also extended beyond the academy. One of Popper's students at LSE was
1954:. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a
2415:
In his later work, however, when he had developed his own "spearhead model" and "active Darwinism" theories, Popper revised this view and found some validity in the controversy:
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that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.
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1780:"2 apples + 2 apples = 4 apples" is shown to be false. On the contrary, if there are four apples in the container, the theory of numbers is shown to be applicable to reality.
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tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge but that everything can be rationally criticised.
8263:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997. Magee's philosophical autobiography, with a chapter on his relations with Popper. More critical of Popper than in the previous reference.
1347:
between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both
1165:(1980), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1989, he was the first awarded the
6466:
Niemann, Hans-Joachim: Karl Popper and the Two New Secrets of Life: Including Karl Popper's Medawar Lecture 1986 and Three Related Texts. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014.
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no such things as good positive reasons; nor do we need such things But obviously cannot quite bring to believe that this is my opinion, let alone that it is right. (
4536:. According to Taylor, Popper's criticisms are completely baseless, but they are received with an attention and respect that Popper's "intrinsic worth hardly merits".
987:
failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in
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Popper's original attempt to define not just verisimilitude, but an actual measure of it, turned out to be inadequate. However, it inspired a wealth of new attempts.
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1561:. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more "fit"âin other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (
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behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experimentâeven in principleâto show them to be false. When Popper later tackled the
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during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a
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2289:
And yet, the theory is invaluable. I do not see how, without it, our knowledge could have grown as it has done since Darwin. In trying to explain experiments with
6527:(with John C. Eccles), sections "The biological approach to human knowledge and intelligence" and "The biological function of conscious and intelligent activity".
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approach to scientific theories about the universe. He found that Bohr's interpretation introduced subjectivity into physics, claiming later in his life that:
8111:. London: New Left Books, 1975. A polemical, iconoclastic book by a former colleague of Popper's. Vigorously critical of Popper's rationalist view of science.
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can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can (and should) be scrutinised with decisive experiments. Popper was opposed to the classical
5051: : "Popper professes to be anti-conventionalist, and his commitment to the correspondence theory of truth places him firmly within the realist's camp".
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and published in 1933. Popper wrote of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to
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Notturno, Mark Amadeus. "Objectivity, Rationality, and the Third Realm: Justification and the Grounds of Psychologism". Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985.
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1982:
quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with "subjective probabilities" or other merely "epistemic" considerations.
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2372:. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.
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2277:). In this context, passages written by Popper are frequently quoted in which he speaks about such issues himself. For example, he famously stated "
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I approached the problem of induction through Hume. Hume, I felt, was perfectly right in pointing out that induction cannot be logically justified.
8529:. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998. A very comprehensive, balanced study, which focuses largely on the social and political side of Popper's thought.
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8256:. London: Fontana, 1977. An elegant introductory text. Very readable, albeit rather uncritical of its subject, by a former Member of Parliament.
2504:, Popper finally formulates the two-stage model in a temporal sequence. And he compares free will to Darwinian evolution and natural selection:
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offensivesâ. For Popper religion was definitely not science, but âbecause something isnât science, however, does not mean it is meaninglessâ.
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Akrami, Musa (2009). "Popper on Refutability: Some Philosophical and Historical Questions". In Parusnikova, Zuzana; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.).
4387:, the theory "There are seven planets in the solar system" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of
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as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.
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for "symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate".
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and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.
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As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in
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Popper coined the term "critical rationalism" to describe his philosophy. Popper rejected the empiricist view (following from Kant) that
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In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at
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8275:, London, UCL Press, 2017. An exposition and development of Popper's philosophy of science and social philosophy, available free online.
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Karl R. Popper. Bibliographie 1925â2004. Wissenschaftstheorie, Sozialphilosophie, Logik, Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, Naturwissenschaften
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4375:, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet
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8336:. London: Routledge, 1980. A critical account of Popper's thought, viewed from the perspective of contemporary analytic philosophy.
4892:, including his previously unpublished thesis, dissertation and journal articles published that relate to the Wiener Schulreform.)
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cannot be considered a science, there are better reasons for drawing that conclusion than those Popper provided. Popper's student
2480:. As objects must either be conjoin'd or not,... 'tis impossible to admit of any medium betwixt chance and an absolute necessity".
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Lakatos's methodology has been seen, rightly, as an attempt to reconcile Popper's falsificationism with the views of Thomas Kuhn.
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before he was born and so he received a Lutheran baptism. His father, Simon Siegmund Carl Popper (1856-1932), was a lawyer from
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Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978),
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4510:(1984) that Popper's view that psychoanalytic theories, even in principle, cannot be falsified is incorrect. The philosopher
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comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to
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children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that, he did voluntary service in one of
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Although there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a longstanding and close friendship with economist
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975:, where, three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method. Popper was president of the
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Correspondence I. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Free Inquiry (Paul Kurtz) 1973-1983. Reel 319. Box/Folder 297:11.
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1462:{\displaystyle \mathrm {PS} _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm {TT} _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm {EE} _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm {PS} _{2}.\,}
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1528:), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (
1238:(1945)âwere inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent
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8159:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. An accurate scholarly overview of Popper's philosophy, ideal for students.
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7202:, by Elizabeth Clement, Chantal Demonque, Laurence Hansen-Love, and Pierre Kahn, Paris, 1994, Hatier, 19â20. See Also:
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According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a
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8152:. Explains how Imre Lakatos developed Popper's philosophy into a historicist and critical theory of scientific method.
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Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using
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8326:. Wadsworth Philosophers Series. 2003. A very comprehensive book on Popper's philosophy by an accomplished Popperian.
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5717:(edited by Thomas Kupka), vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press 2013, ch. 1 (pp. 9â42) & ch. 2 (pp. 43â61).
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2537:(at the suggestion of his father), Popper recounts that "it gave me a lifetime's dislike of theorizing about God".
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1767:. His idea was that a number statement such as "2 apples + 2 apples = 4 apples" can be taken in two senses. In its
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ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and
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5869:. City University of Hong Kong. Republished in Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal No. 26 (December 2011).
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for "his work to develop cultural, scientific and human values all around the world". In 1992, he was awarded the
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4862:, Essays on the Presocratic Enlightenment, 1998, Edited by Arne F. Petersen with the assistance of JĂžrgen Mejer,
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6555:, section "Evolution and the Tree of Knowledge", subsection "Addendum. The Hopeful Behavioural Monster" (p. 281)
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lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of
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discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student
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The simplest mathematical formulation that Popper gives of this concept can be found in the tenth chapter of
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to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached.
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7933:. Frankfurt/Main etc.: Peter Lang, 2005. 576 pp. (Schriftenreihe der Karl Popper Foundation Klagenfurt.3.) (
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8542:. Oxford: Pergamon. 1982. A vigorous attack, especially on Popper's restricting himself to deductive logic.
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1246:. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of
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A collection of essays on Popper's thought and legacy by a wide range of his followers. With forewords by
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as not capitalism versus socialism, but democracy versus totalitarianism. In 1957, Popper would dedicate
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
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1826:, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).
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To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory)âcall it "T"âis "
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by Karl Raimund Popper, Volume 1, 1947, George Routledge & sons, ltd., p. 226, Notes to chapter 7"
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between something almost random or haphazard, and something like a restrictive or selective control."
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as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support
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account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that
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and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the
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7206:, by Karl-Otto Apel, trans., Glyn Adey and David Fisby, Milwaukee, 1998, Marquette University Press.
4888:, 2006 (Edited by Troels Eggers Hansen, includes Popper's writings and publications from before the
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theory of mind. However, although Popper was a body-mind dualist, he did not think that the mind is
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8050:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate 2000. The only book-length examination of Popper's relevance to education.
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4497:(1973), Apel charged Popper with being guilty of, amongst other things, a pragmatic contradiction.
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He explained that the difficulty of testing had led some people to describe natural selection as a
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In Pursuit of Truth: Essays on the Philosophy of Karl Popper on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday.
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8060:. La Salle, IL: Open Court Press 1990. A look at Popper and his influence by one of his students.
7599:"Sir Karl Raimund Popper, C. H., F. B. A. 28 July 1902 â 17 September 1994.: Elected F.R.S. 1976"
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6648:, corrected edition, p. 227, Oxford, Oxford University Press (1973). Popper's Hume quote is from
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agree with Professor C.E. Raven when...he calls this conflict 'a storm in a Victorian tea-cup'...
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Karl Popper, Three Worlds, The Tanner Lecture on Human Values, The University of Michigan, 1978.
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EuropĂ€isches Ăsterreich: Literatur- und geistesgeschichtliche Essays ĂŒber den Zeitraum 1800â1980
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first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."
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After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the
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694:, namely "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy".
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6487:, section 15.3 "World 3 and emergent evolution". See also John Watkins: Popper and Darwinism.
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Although Popper was an advocate of toleration, he also warned against unlimited tolerance. In
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The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Dr. Karl Popper's Refutations of Marxism
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4617:, 1936 (private reading at a meeting in Brussels, 1944â45 as a series of journal articles in
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of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society,
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A science and technology hypotheses database following Karl Popper's refutability principle
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8104:, focused on events leading up to their volatile first encounter at 1946 Cambridge meeting.
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Sturm, Thomas (2012). "BĂŒhler and Popper: Kantian therapies for the crisis in psychology".
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6509:, section "Knowledge and the shaping of rationality: the search for a better world", p. 16;
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6503:(Eds. G. Radnitzsky, W.W. Bartley), section "Natural selection and the emergence of mind";
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Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Karl Popper â The Formative Years, 1902â1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna.
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The idea that the only alternative to determinism is just sheer chance was taken over by
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Karl Popper â the Formative Years, 1902â1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna
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Karl Popper. The Formative Years. 1902â1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna
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argues that Popper's account of scientific method would have prevented the theories of
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research programâa possible framework for testable scientific theories." He continued:
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Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the
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series. Contains Popper's intellectual autobiography (v. I, pp. 2â184, also as a
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Of Clouds and Clocks: An Approach to the Problem of Rationality and the Freedom of Man
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718:. Popper himself acknowledged that his primary interest was nature and not politics.
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662:(28 July 1902 â 17 September 1994) was an AustrianâBritish philosopher, academic and
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On the creation-evolution controversy, Popper initially wrote that he considered it
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Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical
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8782:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Worrall, Anthony O'Hear & Nancy Cartwright (
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to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising;
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in 1938) forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of
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Aesthetic Criteria: Gombrich and the Philosophies of Science of Popper and Polanyi
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Notturno, Mark Amadeus. "Science and the Open Society". New York: CEU Press, 2000.
4558:(2004) that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist
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called him "incomparably the greatest philosopher of science that has ever been".
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8100:. New York: Ecco 2001. A review of the origin of the conflict between Popper and
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6131:, p. 40: "Popper argued that some socialists ought to be invited to participate."
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freedom. This seems to be the reason why these models are so very unsatisfactory.
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of modern Darwinism has been well tested, and so has the theory of evolution....
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Towards a Transformation of Philosophy (Marquette Studies in Philosophy, No 20)
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2080:{\displaystyle {\mathit {Vs}}(a)={\mathit {CT}}_{v}(a)-{\mathit {CT}}_{f}(a)\,}
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Towards New Maps of Global Human Values, Based on World Values Survey (6) Data
8406:. Chicago, IL: Open Court Press, 1974. One of the better contributions to the
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Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics
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Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics
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be explained how they can be informative about real world objects and events.
1673:(1966), Popper remarked that he wished he had known of Peirce's work earlier.
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8414:), a comprehensive range of critical essays, and Popper's responses to them.
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Lindh, Allan Goddard (11 November 1993). "Did Popper solve Hume's problem?".
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4779:
4683:, 1956â57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1983),
4670:, 1956â57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1982),
4657:, 1956â57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1982),
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4355:, insofar as they have survived this particularly vigorous selection method.
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Popper also had long and mutually influential friendships with art historian
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to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.
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7345:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Springer. pp. 397â416.
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In 1928, Popper earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of
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Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
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Book V, Karl Popper And Falsificationist Criticism. www.philsci.com . 1995
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Kiesewetter, Hubert (1995). "Ethical Foundations of Popper's Philosophy".
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Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment: Selected Papers from Karl Popper 2002
2448:: he thought that mental or psychological properties or aspects of people
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Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria
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Horgan, J. (1992). "Profile: Karl R. Popper â The Intellectual Warrior".
7408:"Popper's Conception of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences"
5982:"Karl Popper: Political Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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Popper, Karl Raimund (1946) Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume XX.
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One of the severest critics of Popper's so-called demarcation thesis was
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Karl R. Popper â Die Bibliothek des Philosophen als Spiegel seines Lebens
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through which we can transcend ourselves. Popper called this something a
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1278:; one such prediction, that gravity could deflect light, was verified by
918:
892:
748:
671:
600:
524:
412:
388:
344:
10710:
10258:
8600:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1982. See Hayek's essay, "
8300:, (Encyclopaedia of Critical Raionalism), TĂŒbingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2004,
7103:
Musgrave, Alan; Pigden, Charles. Zalta, Edward N; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
6321:"Karl Popper, the enemy of certainty, part 1: a rejection of empiricism"
4197:
1818:
865:, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book
16785:
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom
16337:
16321:
15982:
15977:
15952:
15732:
15556:
15420:
15369:
15346:
15237:
15203:
15198:
14851:
14643:
14618:
13736:
13589:
13569:
13510:
13432:
13240:
13140:
12989:
12909:
12681:
12572:
12414:
12357:
12334:
12299:
12248:
12238:
12206:
12151:
11977:
11957:
11882:
11846:
11750:
11735:
11660:
11585:
11416:
11145:
11136:
11123:
10867:
10830:
10491:
10413:
10313:
10233:
10203:
10158:
9686:
9555:
9492:
9487:
9186:
8611:, Akademie der Wissenschaften Mainz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1991,
7987:
7756:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
6087:
6055:
4116:
4082:
4077:
3747:
3260:
3050:
3025:
2932:
2785:
2765:
2576:
2473:
2294:
1958:, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "
1701:
1637:
1319:
764:
759:. His mother, Jenny Schiff (1864-1938), was an accomplished pianist of
495:
11570:
8952:
8356:
Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge
8080:. London; New York: Lawrence & Wishart; International Publishers.
7712:(Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
6400:
Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge
6003:
5572:"Karl Popper recoge hoy en Barcelona el Premi Internacional Catalunya"
4939:
16223:
16209:
16207:
16197:
16181:
15749:
15687:
15546:
15379:
14778:
13947:
13130:
13069:
12626:
12269:
12196:
12181:
12102:
12022:
12017:
11942:
11897:
11877:
11856:
11841:
11821:
11806:
11670:
11630:
11183:
10776:
10563:
10496:
10460:
10123:
10088:
10036:
9260:
9131:
8237:
7111:(Spring 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4953:
4559:
4437:
Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his
4185:
3983:
3185:
2705:
2437:
2369:
2364:
less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the
2278:
1823:
1210:
1197:
1075:
1030:
861:
797:
760:
604:
541:
535:
7059:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 145â146.
6273:
6071:
4321:. Soros revised his own philosophy, differing from some of Popper's
1066:
16441:
15461:
15242:
15215:
14633:
14426:
14294:
13826:
13687:
13405:
12984:
12721:
12314:
12279:
12253:
12233:
12186:
11997:
11952:
11836:
11740:
11730:
11695:
11665:
11203:
10921:
8123:
7791:(Fall 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
7536:
7414:. Vol. III: Science. Ashgate. pp. 207â215. Archived from
7149:
K R Popper (1970), in I Lakatos & A Musgrave (eds.) (1970), at
5286:
Kritischer Rationalismus und Verteidigung der offenen Gesellschaft.
4300:
uses Popper's method of "trial and error" in his legal philosophy.
4121:
4094:
3998:
3789:
3040:
2883:
2290:
1839:
999:
8510:
8436:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
7894:
7452:
7132:
K R Popper (1970), "Normal Science and its Dangers", pp. 51â58 in
1253:
Popper believed that there was a contrast between the theories of
16393:
14823:
13640:
13574:
13442:
13355:
12243:
12211:
12201:
11972:
11932:
11765:
11690:
11675:
11655:
10901:
10506:
8280:
Beyond Wittgenstein's Poker: New Light on Popper and Wittgenstein
7718:
7074:
The Essential Tension: Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
7057:
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 50th Anniversary Edition
6978:
6491:(Ed Enrique Suårez Iñiguez). Primary sources are, in particular,
5413:
5140:. BBC In Our Time â Greatest Philosopher. Retrieved January 2015.
4376:
3230:
2836:
2770:
2534:
1352:
1270:
1215:
1193:
1019:
944:
789:
752:
8670:
8434:
Schroeder-Heister, P. (2001). "Popper, Karl Raimund (1902â94)".
7908:
Zerin, Edward (1998). "Karl Popper On God: The Lost Interview".
7667:
The myth of the framework: in defence of science and rationality
5981:
5720:
4833:
The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality
4562:. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of
4493:
attempted a comprehensive refutation of Popper's philosophy. In
4273:
to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers,
2297:, it is quite clear that we are greatly helped by the theory of
1308:
697:
In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of
15677:
14458:
13704:
12191:
11992:
11780:
11755:
11745:
11715:
11700:
10968:
10623:
8766:
Site offers free downloads by chapter available for public use.
7689:
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
5027:
4694:
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
4563:
4532:
to diminish the importance of philosophers of the 20th-century
4448:
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
4380:
2900:
2556:
2365:
2306:
1904:
1838:
as a form of totalitarianism, and viewed the main issue of the
1026:
1015:
988:
856:
820:
732:
283:
102:
78:
8789:
7733:"Sir Karl Popper Is Dead at 92. Philosopher of 'Open Society'"
7166:, Springer. Vienna. Amplified English edition, Popper (1959),
6733:
After The Open Society: Selected Social and Political Writings
6513:
Knowledge and the Body-Mind Problem: In Defence of Interaction
6366:
6364:
6362:
6274:"Popper Revisited, or What Is Wrong With Conspiracy Theories?"
5360:
Imprimatur. Ein Jahrbuch fĂŒr BĂŒcherfreunde. Neue Folge Band 18
5061:
5059:
5057:
4847:
Knowledge and the Mind-Body Problem: In Defence of Interaction
2419:
I have to confess that this cup of tea has become, after all,
1373:? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an
951:
and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the
50:
16216:
15315:
13478:
12221:
11710:
11645:
10268:
8656:
6184:, Karl R. Popper, 1962, Fifth edition (revised), 1966, (PDF)"
5184:
1940:
1676:
1503:), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (
960:
398:
8386:
Popper's Critical Rationalism: A Philosophical Investigation
7706:
Thornton, Stephen (1 January 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
6521:, section "Towards an evolutionary theory of knowledge"; and
6182:
The Open Society And Its Enemies, Complete: Volumes I and II
6161:, by Karl Raimund Popper, Princeton University Press, 1971,
12216:
11640:
10847:
10598:
10526:
7220:
The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique
6592:
Popper, Otto Selz and the Rise Of Evolutionary Epistemology
6359:
5707:
Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality?
5104:. Routledge. p. 196. "He became a British citizen in 1945".
5054:
4556:
Popper, Otto Selz and the Rise of Evolutionary Epistemology
4554:
The philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark writes in
4426:
by arguing that science progresses by the falsification of
8760:
7383:(4th ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
5756:
5618:
Ian Charles Jarvie; Karl Milford; David W. Miller (2006).
2492:
chance has no status except as a symptom of our ignorance.
1927:(1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of
17035:
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
11785:
11680:
8065:
Learning from Error: Karl Popper's Psychology of Learning
6001:
5229:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. pp. 10, 23,
4363:, the followers of which mistook his aims for their own.
2190:
2143:
2102:
2056:
2027:
2004:
642:
Popper bust in the Arkadenhof of the University of Vienna
8048:
Education in the Open Society: Karl Popper and Schooling
8710:"A Sceptical Look at 'A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper'"
7644:
7410:. In Jarvie, Ian; Milford, Karl; Miller, David (eds.).
6750:
6738:
6691:
The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism,
6568:. Science-Frontiers.com. 2 October 1986. Archived from
6101:
Popper, Karl (26 July 2005). "19. The Revolution. VI".
5867:
Arithmetic and Reality: A Development of Popper's Ideas
4583:; as a German book 1979, as English translation 2008),
4577:
The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge
2472:, together with many of his views on the subject, from
2459:
Memorial Lecture in 1965, Popper revisited the idea of
871:
The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge
16900:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
8124:
History of the Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science
6715:
6713:
6711:
6696:
6525:
The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism
5768:
5587:
5585:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
4746:
The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism
4528:
accuses Popper of exploiting his worldwide fame as an
1763:
Popper's solution was an original contribution in the
804:, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of
7994:. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
7731:
7224:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
6769:
5780:
5744:
5673:"Gravitational deflection of light â Einstein Online"
5419:
5406:
was responsible for Karl Popper's 1936 invitation to
4489:
An early adversary of Popper's critical rationalism,
2183:
2136:
2096:
1998:
1599:
1567:
1534:
1509:
1477:
1385:
767:
descent. Popper's uncle was the Austrian philosopher
670:, Popper is known for his rejection of the classical
8339:
ParusnikovĂĄ, Zuzana & Robert S. Cohen (2009).
8215:
7892:
7604:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
7311:
Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law
6807:
6372:"CA211.1: Popper on natural selection's testability"
6159:
The Open Society and Its Enemies: The Spell of Plato
6144:
The Open Society and Its Enemies: The Spell of Plato
5792:
5732:
5644:
5239:
5221:
5219:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5033:
4921:
1132:
Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit
853:
On Questions of Method in the Psychology of Thinking
294:
On Questions of Method in the Psychology of Thinking
16283:
15117:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
7877:
6708:
6241:
Conspiracy theories : the philosophical debate
5582:
5373:
5266:
5143:
3529:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2515:
possibilities which are not acceptable to the mind.
1830:right-wing in nature, although as early as 1945 in
16:
AustrianâBritish philosopher of science (1902â1994)
8762:History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science
8527:Popper: Philosophy, Politics and Scientific Method
8144:. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001.
7686:
7217:
7071:
6924:
6652:, (see note 8) Book I, Part I, Section XIV, p. 171
5812:
5711:The Degeneration of Popper's Theory of Demarcation
5464:
5172:
5119:
5107:
4486:implies that all metals melt at some temperature.
2379:Popper was a key figure encouraging patent lawyer
2212:
2165:
2118:
2079:
1617:
1585:
1545:
1520:
1495:
1461:
8433:
7810:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
7716:
6616:Section XVIII, chapter "Of Clouds and Clocks" of
6228:. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. pp. 123â125.
5611:
5385:
5216:
5190:
5071:
2423:cup of tea; and with it I have to eat humble pie.
1628:Popper also wrote extensively against the famous
1130:in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its
937:. It was here that he wrote his influential work
16945:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
16721:
8192:Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1982.
7450:
7078:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
7045:Bryan Magee 1973: Popper (Modern Masters series)
6538:D. W. Miller: Karl Popper, a scientific memoir.
6497:, section "Evolution and the Tree of Knowledge";
6397:Radnitzky, Gerard; Popper, Karl Raimund (1987).
6104:The Open Society and Its Enemies: Hegel and Marx
6056:"Karl Popper, the Vienna Circle, and Red Vienna"
5138:"Karl Popper (1902â94) advocated by Andrew Marr"
5065:
4668:The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism
1730:, traditional philosophy is misled by the false
1553:), performs a similar function for science that
1150:in 1976. He was invested with the insignia of a
16855:British consciousness researchers and theorists
7952:Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence
7256:Taylor, Charles, "Overcoming Epistemology", in
6396:
5211:The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy
4277:, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "ever since his
2264:
1947:and the regulative idea of a search for truth.
1755:Popper's principle of falsifiability runs into
1187:
1152:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
17060:Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
17045:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
15842:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
8118:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
8003:Life and Times, and Values in a World of Facts
6761:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeisewetter1995 (
5446:"List of Western Literature on Popper Studies"
5207:"Rationality versus the Theory of Rationality"
4581:Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie
4275:Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
2220:is a measure of the content of the falsity of
867:Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie
16622:
16269:
15794:
15331:
15142:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
15112:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
13494:
11601:
10726:
10052:
8968:
8944:
8805:
8664:"Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind"
7990:, Karl Milford, David W. Miller, ed. (2006).
7977:Princeton 1984 (Princeton University Press).
6666:Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
6632:"Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind"
6495:Objective Knowledge: An evolutionary approach
4713:Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
4250:(LSE) and there lectured and influenced both
4222:
3554:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
3524:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
2244:Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
1775:and cannot be refuted. Contrastingly, in its
1309:Falsifiability and the problem of demarcation
955:, he moved to the United Kingdom to become a
819:'s clinics for children. In 1922, he did his
690:account of knowledge, which he replaced with
666:. One of the 20th century's most influential
16221:
15831:
15821:
15811:
15527:
12107:
8169:Lakatos, I & Musgrave, A (eds.) (1970),
7646:Unended Quest. An Intellectual Autobiography
7244:Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation
6820:. Duke University Press Books. p. 400.
6036:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6005:Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
5958:Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
5621:Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment Volume I
5304:Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
4727:Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
4579:, 1930â1933 (as a typescript circulating as
2173:is a measure of the content of the truth of
16760:Academics of the London School of Economics
12043:
8373:. Rodopi, Amsterdam/Atlanta, 1994, 152 pp.
8354:Radnitzky, Gerard, Bartley, W. W. III eds.
8116:Karl Popper: The Formative Years, 1902â1945
8063:Berkson, William K., and Wettersten, John.
7496:
6756:
6515:, section "World 3 and emergent evolution";
5638:
5328:
4347:Most criticisms of Popper's philosophy are
4315:, a think-tank named in honour of Popper's
2335:Popper summarised his new view as follows:
2281:is not a testable scientific theory, but a
1873:
1750:
794:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria
743:parents. All of Popper's grandparents were
16960:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
16629:
16615:
16276:
16262:
15338:
15324:
13501:
13487:
11608:
11594:
10733:
10719:
10059:
10045:
8975:
8961:
8812:
8798:
8724:, vol. 21, no. 7, archived from
8636:
8175:, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).
7102:
6735:, ch. 5, "Science and Religion," Appendix.
6644:Popper, K. R. "Of Clouds and Clocks," in:
6430:LScD, preface to the first english edition
5894:. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
5651:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
5624:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 129â.
4414:(1977) that while Popper was correct that
4383:was found not to match the predictions of
4229:
4215:
1677:Falsification and the problem of induction
1471:In response to a given problem situation (
1261:, which he considered non-scientific, and
49:
16895:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12)
16830:British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
15745:Relationship between religion and science
15147:International Federation of Liberal Youth
11389:
11352:Relationship between religion and science
10740:
8282:Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2004.
8070:
7616:
7535:
7499:Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements
7022:
5288:In Josef Rattner, Gerhard Danzer (Eds.):
4450:(Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes,
3559:International Federation of Liberal Youth
2440:for many years, generally agreeing on an
2076:
1458:
1146:in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the
921:at Burlington Rise, Oakleigh Park, London
567:Critical dualism (of facts and standards)
17070:Writers about activism and social change
16850:Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club
11615:
8770:Karl Popper at Liberal-international.org
8470:
7782:
7705:
7405:
7375:
7215:
7134:I Lakatos & A Musgrave (eds.) (1970)
6840:Site on Lakatos/Popper John Kadvany, PhD
6318:
5798:
5774:
5762:
5738:
5213:(The Free Press of Glencoe). Section IX.
5166:
5048:
4836:(edited by Mark Amadeus Notturno) 1994.
4655:Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics
4422:attempted to reconcile Kuhn's work with
2555:
2500:Then in his 1977 book with John Eccles,
2253:Many contemporary philosophers, such as
2230:
1297:
1065:
998:
910:
899:, and put forth his theory of potential
637:
616:Popper's two senses of number statements
16066:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
15127:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
13191:Reflections on the Revolution in France
9251:
8982:
8164:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
8058:Unfathomed Knowledge, Unmeasured Wealth
7852:
7803:
7789:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7625:
7430:
7238:
7109:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7004:
6813:
6053:
5887:
5431:
5272:
5125:
5113:
4849:(edited by Mark Amadeus Notturno) 1994
4407:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
3539:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
1783:
1661:This Popper's falsifiability resembles
1161:(1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize of the
1159:Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
682:. According to Popper, a theory in the
17025:Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
16935:Kyoto laureates in Arts and Philosophy
16722:
15421:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
10066:
8756:Karl Popper on Information Philosopher
8715:
8683:Sir Karl R. Popper in Prague, May 1994
8609:Die experimentierende Methode im Recht
8545:
8358:. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Press 1987.
8272:Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment
7895:"Karl Popper and Critical Rationalism"
7684:
7663:
7642:
7593:
7576:
7465:
7340:
6877:Die experimentierende Methode im Recht
6775:
6744:
6271:
6223:
6196:
6100:
5921:
5888:Hacohen, Malachi Haim (4 March 2002).
5840:
5810:
5786:
5750:
5726:
5470:
5178:
5086:
2407:with a footnote to the effect that he
1377:process characterised by his formula:
1088:American Political Science Association
779:'s sister Rosa Graf. His father was a
726:
290:Zur Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie
16610:
16257:
15793:
15319:
13482:
11589:
10714:
10660:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
10040:
8956:
8943:
8793:
8172:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
8142:Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason
7907:
7753:
6971:
6945:
6922:
6817:Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason
6719:
6702:
6483:For a secondary source see H. Keuth:
6238:
6049:
6047:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5645:Malachi Haim Hacohen (4 March 2002).
5452:. Japan Popper Philosophy Study Group
5391:
5379:
5044:
5042:
2213:{\displaystyle {\mathit {CT}}_{f}(a)}
2166:{\displaystyle {\mathit {CT}}_{v}(a)}
1061:
849:Zur Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie
714:as the best-to-date embodiment of an
16885:Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge
8598:Cognition and the Symbolic Processes
8465:The Political Thought of Karl Popper
8298:Lexikon des Kritischen Rationalismus
7719:"Karl Popper: Philosophy of Science"
7276:
7156:
7069:
7054:
5595:. Inamori Foundation. Archived from
705:that he believed made a flourishing
428:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
15167:Liberal South East European Network
13301:The End of History and the Last Man
13211:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
8657:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8589:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7992:Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment
7942:Karl Popper's Philosophy of Science
7900:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7724:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7577:Miller, David (17 September 1994).
7458:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7453:"Karl Popper: Political Philosophy"
6319:Williams, Liz (10 September 2012).
6226:Conjectures and Refutations, 4th ed
4325:assumptions, in a lecture entitled
3579:Liberal South East European Network
2519:
1134:, and the peace class of the Order
971:(LSE), a constituent School of the
947:he met the Professor of Physiology
13:
17090:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
17080:Writers about religion and science
16865:Critics of dialectical materialism
16745:20th-century Austrian philosophers
16639:Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy
15698:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
8604:after 25 Years", and "Discussion".
8485:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
7922:
7866:Proceedings of the British Academy
7693:. London and New York: Basic Books
7579:"Sir Karl Popper: A Personal Note"
7381:What Is This Thing Called Science?
7260:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
7005:Derksen, Maarten (1 August 2019).
6800:See also Karl Popper: On freedom.
6044:
6002:Popper, Karl Raimund, Sir (1976).
5967:
5508:. OpenCharities. 10 September 2012
5506:"The Karl Popper Charitable Trust"
5410:(Edmonds and Eidinow 2001, p. 67).
5039:
4569:
2541:and Egyptian myths not be true?"
2446:a substance separate from the body
2187:
2140:
2099:
2053:
2024:
2001:
1905:The "conspiracy theory of society"
1605:
1602:
1573:
1570:
1539:
1536:
1514:
1511:
1483:
1480:
1445:
1442:
1427:
1424:
1409:
1406:
1391:
1388:
1171:Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy
721:
14:
17101:
17055:Theorists on Western civilization
16980:British philosophers of education
16750:20th-century British philosophers
16026:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
16010:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
15866:The Course in Positive Philosophy
15157:Liberal Network for Latin America
11372:Sociology of scientific knowledge
11367:Sociology of scientific ignorance
11320:History and philosophy of science
8887:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
8696:"A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper"
8634:National Portrait Gallery, London
8623:
8208:. Includes an interview with Sir
7804:Watkins, John (1 December 1994).
7628:"Karl Raimond Popper (1902â1994)"
7490:10.1038/scientificamerican1192-38
6972:Soros, George (11 October 2010).
6946:Soros, George (1 February 1997).
6689:Eccles, John C. and Karl Popper.
6278:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
6197:Popper, Karl (12 November 2012).
5878:The Poverty of Historicism, p. 21
5444:Popper, Karl (3 September 1994).
4748:(with Sir John C. Eccles), 1977,
4595:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4507:The Foundations of Psychoanalysis
4469:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4394:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3569:Liberal Network for Latin America
3002:(contributions to liberal theory)
2119:{\displaystyle {\mathit {Vs}}(a)}
1800:, Popper developed a critique of
1618:{\displaystyle \mathrm {PS} _{2}}
1586:{\displaystyle \mathrm {PS} _{1}}
1496:{\displaystyle \mathrm {PS} _{1}}
1025:Popper died of "complications of
880:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
747:; the Popper family converted to
16910:British historians of philosophy
16825:British male non-fiction writers
13271:The Open Society and Its Enemies
11569:
11557:
10020:
10011:
10010:
8903:The Open Society and Its Enemies
7434:. Helmut-zenz.de. Archived from
7316:
7303:
7285:. Granta Books, London. p.
7270:
7250:
7232:
7209:
7192:
7176:
7143:
7126:
7096:
7063:
7048:
7039:
6998:
6965:
6939:
6916:
6200:The Open Society and Its Enemies
5098:Adams, I.; Dyson, R. W. (2007).
4952:
4938:
4924:
4633:The Open Society and Its Enemies
4318:The Open Society and Its Enemies
4196:
4184:
2583:
1887:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1791:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1269:which set off the revolution in
1235:The Open Society and Its Enemies
940:The Open Society and Its Enemies
906:
17010:British philosophers of science
16790:Austrian political philosophers
16018:History and Class Consciousness
12078:Family as a model for the state
8819:
8067:. La Salle, IL: Open Court 1984
7858:"Karl Raimund Popper 1902â1994"
7432:"EichstÀtter Karl Popper-Seite"
7246:. London: Phoenix. p. 201.
7133:
6931:. NY: Public Affairs. pp.
6902:
6869:
6860:
6851:
6794:
6781:
6725:
6683:
6671:
6655:
6650:Treatise on Human Understanding
6638:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6584:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6477:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6390:
6347:
6338:
6312:
6265:
6232:
6217:
6190:
6172:
6152:
6134:
6121:
6107:. Routledge. pp. 178â181.
6094:
6060:Journal of the History of Ideas
5995:
5949:
5915:
5881:
5872:
5859:
5850:
5811:Horgan, John (22 August 2018).
5804:
5695:
5665:
5564:
5542:
5520:
5498:
5476:
5437:
5425:
5397:
5348:
5314:
5295:
5278:
5196:
4974:Contributions to liberal theory
4241:Popper helped to establish the
2450:are distinct from physical ones
1849:In 1947, Popper co-founded the
883:) in 1934. Here, he criticised
16890:Fellows of the British Academy
16835:British political philosophers
16755:20th-century British essayists
16354:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
15882:Critical History of Philosophy
15345:
13747:Separation of church and state
13508:
13428:Separation of church and state
13326:Collectivism and individualism
13281:The Origins of Totalitarianism
10761:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
9223:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
8702:(archived 10 February 2017 by
8596:Weimer, W., Palermo, D., eds.
8444:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00322-3
8408:Library of Living Philosophers
7885:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
6243:. London: Ashgate. p. 4.
5922:Popper, Karl (15 April 2013).
5131:
5101:Fifty Major Political Thinkers
5092:
4904:
4681:Realism and the Aim of Science
4495:Transformation der Philosophie
4430:rather than the more specific
2943:Separation of church and state
2293:which become adapted to, say,
2271:creationâevolution controversy
2207:
2201:
2160:
2154:
2113:
2107:
2073:
2067:
2044:
2038:
2015:
2009:
1969:"It is true that John called."
1913:
1732:principle of sufficient reason
1713:
1437:
1419:
1401:
1074:, while receiving an honorary
847:. His dissertation was titled
843:being the second chair of the
235:Correspondence theory of truth
1:
16090:Knowledge and Human Interests
15426:Rankean historical positivism
13468:Category:Political philosophy
13341:Critique of political economy
10517:Hard problem of consciousness
8740:The Liberalism of Karl Popper
8644:Works by or about Karl Popper
8396:The Philosophy of Karl Popper
8157:The Philosophy of Karl Popper
7787:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
7701:– via Internet Archive.
7664:Popper, Karl Raimond (1994).
7333:
7186:, Infobase Publishing, 2009,
6485:The philosophy of Karl Popper
6127:Daniel Stedman Jones (2014),
5865:Gregory, Frank Hutson (1996)
4602:, English translation 1959),
2436:speculated on the problem of
1744:The Philosophy of Karl Popper
1636:. He strongly disagreed with
1546:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EE} }
1521:{\displaystyle \mathrm {TT} }
1331:historico-cultural settings.
1176:
1167:Prize International Catalonia
985:Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft
927:Canterbury University College
571:Logic of scientific discovery
259:Canterbury University College
16208:
15874:A General View of Positivism
13366:Institutional discrimination
13361:History of political thought
12093:Negative and positive rights
8722:The New York Review of Books
8716:Singer, Peter (2 May 1974),
8540:: Four Modern Irrationalists
8261:Confessions of a Philosopher
8017:Metaphysics and Epistemology
7406:De Bruin, Boudewijn (2006).
7351:10.1007/978-1-4020-9338-8_11
7322:Levinson, Ronald B. (1970).
6804:(1999), chapter 7, pp. 81 ff
6789:Online Archive of California
6054:Hacohen, Malachi H. (1998).
5814:"The Paradox of Karl Popper"
4342:
2551:
2427:
2385:ironâsulfur world hypothesis
2265:Origin and evolution of life
1324:observationalist-inductivist
1188:Background to Popper's ideas
1120:Austrian Academy of Sciences
1080:Charles University in Prague
7:
17075:Writers about globalization
17065:University of Vienna alumni
16995:Philosophers of mathematics
16074:Conjectures and Refutations
15906:The Logic of Modern Physics
15723:Deductive-nomological model
13376:Justification for the state
13161:Two Treatises of Government
11094:Hypothetico-deductive model
11069:Deductive-nomological model
11054:Constructivist epistemology
8911:Conjectures and Refutations
8688:Synopsis and background of
8054:Bartley, William Warren III
7768:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.11.006
7554:10.1016/j.shpsb.2016.12.002
6802:All life is problem solving
6668:, Oxford (1972) pp. 227 ff.
6507:In search of a better world
5925:All Life is Problem Solving
4969:Calculus of predispositions
4917:
4819:All Life is Problem Solving
4759:In Search of a Better World
4434:of naive falsificationism.
4331:Central European University
4271:Conjectures and Refutations
1987:Conjectures and Refutations
1935:formulated by the logician
1726:To Popper, who was an anti-
1367:All Life is Problem Solving
755:and a doctor of law at the
621:The "Myth of the Framework"
547:Criticism of psychoanalysis
354:Other notable students
10:
17106:
17015:Philosophers of technology
16690:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
16034:The Poverty of Historicism
15930:The Universe in a Nutshell
15914:Language, Truth, and Logic
15898:The Analysis of Sensations
12046:Bellum omnium contra omnes
9122:Causal theory of reference
8895:The Poverty of Historicism
8690:The poverty of historicism
8473:"Popper, Karl (1902â1994)"
7783:Thornton, Stephen (2018).
7520:"Cosmology and convention"
6605:The Poverty of Historicism
6566:"Philosophical confusion?"
6489:The Power of Argumentation
6290:10.1177/004839319502500101
5530:. 5 March 1965. p. 22
5486:. University of Klagenfurt
4913:, Open Universiteit, 1988.
4806:The Lesson of this Century
4614:The Poverty of Historicism
4446:. Also, in his collection
4248:London School of Economics
2234:
1877:
1844:The Poverty of Historicism
1797:The Poverty of Historicism
1301:
1229:The Poverty of Historicism
1180:
1126:. Austria awarded him the
1124:Charles University, Prague
1104:London School of Economics
969:London School of Economics
264:London School of Economics
141:United Kingdom (from 1945)
16975:Philosophers of economics
16765:Aristotelian philosophers
16649:
16292:
16242:
16190:
16124:
16114:The Rhetoric of Economics
16001:
15940:
15857:
15804:
15800:
15795:Positivist-related debate
15789:
15616:
15585:
15500:
15444:
15388:
15357:
15353:
15302:
15287:Sexually liberal feminism
15194:Bias in American academia
15174:
15132:European Democratic Party
15100:
14882:
14604:
14572:
14524:
14437:
14188:
14112:
14071:
14062:
13969:Constitutional patriotism
13956:
13904:
13876:
13796:
13789:
13518:
13463:
13313:
13082:
12730:
12463:
12343:
12262:
12174:
12165:
12031:
11865:
11794:
11623:
11548:
11380:
11282:
11212:
11155:Semantic view of theories
11074:Epistemological anarchism
11026:
11011:dependent and independent
10748:
10680:
10647:
10474:
10344:
10239:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10229:David Lewis (philosopher)
10074:
10006:
9981:
9943:
9917:
9891:
9863:
9807:
9779:
9716:
9695:
9634:
9592:
9569:
9546:
9448:
9392:
9354:
9298:
9205:
9109:
9059:
9033:
8997:
8990:
8950:
8945:Links to related articles
8927:The Myth of the Framework
8878:
8827:
8718:"Discovering Karl Popper"
8471:Shearmur, Jeremy (2008).
8094:Edmonds, D., Eidinow, J.
7806:"Karl Popper (1902â1994)"
7511:10.1017/S1358246100005555
6501:Evolutionary epistemology
6356:ch. 37 â see Bibliography
6213:– via Google Books.
5955:Popper, Karl R. ( 2002).
5552:. 12 June 1982. p. 5
5420:New York Times Obituaries
5338:London: Phoenix, p. 447,
4979:Evolutionary epistemology
4166:Sexually liberal feminism
4073:Bias in American academia
3544:European Democratic Party
3000:List of liberal theorists
2126:is the verisimilitude of
1989:. Here he defines it as:
1765:philosophy of mathematics
1630:Copenhagen interpretation
1294:not a scientific theory.
931:University of New Zealand
632:
436:
374:
353:
327:
304:
282:
274:Darwin College, Cambridge
251:
205:
195:
185:
181:
170:
159:
148:
131:
110:
89:
60:
48:
23:
17005:Philosophers of religion
16795:Austrian social liberals
16554:Hans Magnus Enzensberger
16050:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
15767:Structural functionalism
15693:Naturalism in literature
13629:Labor theory of property
13251:The Revolt of the Masses
10897:Intertheoretic reduction
10886:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
10863:Functional contextualism
9182:Scientific structuralism
8630:Portraits of Karl Popper
8438:. pp. 11727â11733.
8322:Notturno, Mark Amadeus.
7216:GrĂŒnbaum, Adolf (1984).
7198:See: "Apel, Karl-Otto,"
7070:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1977).
7024:10.1177/0959354319838343
7007:"Putting Popper to work"
6866:Weimer and Palermo, 1982
6845:14 February 2015 at the
6272:Pigden, Charles (1995).
5677:www.einstein-online.info
5250:The Story of Philosophy.
5034:IEP Critical rationalism
5020:
5004:Predispositioning theory
4715:, 1972, Rev. ed., 1979,
4269:." Popper dedicated his
2825:Labor theory of property
2455:When he gave the second
1960:corresponds to the facts
1933:semantic theory of truth
1918:
1874:The paradox of tolerance
1751:Philosophy of arithmetic
1055:University of Klagenfurt
994:
731:Karl Popper was born in
16985:Philosophers of history
16970:Philosophers of culture
16840:British social liberals
16666:Willard Van Orman Quine
16177:Willard Van Orman Quine
15890:Idealism and Positivism
15482:Critique of metaphysics
15416:Sociological positivism
15122:Arab Liberal Federation
14006:Neoclassical liberalism
13528:Consent of the governed
13231:The Communist Manifesto
12157:Tyranny of the majority
12068:Consent of the governed
11382:Philosophers of science
11160:Scientific essentialism
11109:Model-dependent realism
11044:Constructive empiricism
10937:Evidence-based practice
10367:Eliminative materialism
8745:20 October 2017 at the
8676:3 December 2007 at the
8481:Karl Popper (1902â1994)
8134:(2012) pp. 32â48.
8130:Jones, Daniel Stedman.
7968:Science and Scepticism.
7626:Niemann, Hans-Joachim.
7518:Merritt, David (2017).
7258:Philosophical Arguments
7200:La philosophie de A a Z
7011:Theory & Psychology
6948:"The Capitalist Threat"
6519:A world of propensities
6008:. Collins. p. 36.
5301:Karl R. Popper ( 2002.
5009:Karl Popper - Wikiquote
4860:The World of Parmenides
4793:A World of Propensities
4463:criteria to evaluate a
4391:in Chapters 3 and 4 of
3534:Arab Liberal Federation
2724:Consent of the governed
1929:truth as correspondence
680:empirical falsification
668:philosophers of science
647:Sir Karl Raimund Popper
611:Negative utilitarianism
340:Charles Leonard Hamblin
190:20th-century philosophy
17020:Political philosophers
16820:British male essayists
16370:Willem Visser 't Hooft
16222:
16191:Concepts in contention
15832:
15822:
15812:
15703:Objectivity in science
15601:Non-Euclidean geometry
15567:Methodological dualism
15528:
15137:European Liberal Youth
15107:Africa Liberal Network
13548:Economic globalization
12108:
12058:Clash of civilizations
12044:
11465:Alfred North Whitehead
11455:Charles Sanders Peirce
10619:Propositional attitude
10614:Problem of other minds
10522:Hypostatic abstraction
9238:Reflective equilibrium
8384:Rowbottom, Darrell P.
7830:10.1093/bjps/45.4.1089
7618:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0021
7505:(September): 275â288.
6927:The Age of Fallibility
6923:Soros, George (2006).
6814:Kadvany, John (2001).
5484:"Karl Popper Archives"
5336:The Great Philosophers
5225:Malachi Haim Hacohen.
4873:After The Open Society
4457:
4389:naive falsificationism
4340:
4313:Open Society Institute
3549:European Liberal Youth
3519:Africa Liberal Network
2744:Economic globalization
2561:
2517:
2511:
2502:The Self and its Brain
2494:
2488:
2482:
2442:interactionist dualist
2425:
2413:
2405:
2357:
2342:
2333:
2320:
2316:Mendelian underpinning
2303:
2214:
2167:
2120:
2081:
1974:truth about Phillip."
1966:"John called" is true.
1902:
1771:sense, "2 + 2 = 4" is
1748:
1711:
1665:'s nineteenth-century
1659:
1619:
1587:
1547:
1522:
1497:
1463:
1291:problem of demarcation
1192:Popper's rejection of
1163:University of TĂŒbingen
1083:
1070:Popper with Professor
1022:
1003:Popper's gravesite in
922:
859:and the threat of the
826:PĂ€dagogisches Institut
802:historical materialism
701:and the principles of
643:
557:Objective hermeneutics
476:naive falsificationism
16990:Philosophers of logic
16860:Critical rationalists
16800:Austrian sociologists
16098:The Poverty of Theory
15718:Philosophy of science
15607:Uncertainty principle
15184:Anti-authoritarianism
15152:Liberal International
12073:Divine right of kings
11564:Philosophy portal
11315:Hard and soft science
11310:Faith and rationality
11179:Scientific skepticism
10959:Scientific Revolution
10742:Philosophy of science
10690:Philosophers category
10594:Mental representation
10357:Biological naturalism
10244:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
10219:Frank Cameron Jackson
9909:Nicholas Wolterstorff
9364:David Malet Armstrong
8865:Popper's three worlds
8764:, BOOK V: Karl Popper
8607:Zippelius, Reinhold,
8546:Tausch, Arno (2015).
8487:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
8294:Niemann, Hans-Joachim
7685:Popper, Karl (1962).
7643:Popper, Karl (1976).
7162:Popper, Karl, (1934)
7055:Kuhn, Thomas (2012).
6239:Coady, David (2006).
6224:Popper, Karl (1972).
5593:"Karl Raimund Popper"
5191:IEP Popper scientific
4984:Liberalism in Austria
4911:Interview Karl Popper
4782:), 1985 (in German),
4772:Die Zukunft ist offen
4551:from being accepted.
4534:continental tradition
4452:
4412:The Essential Tension
4379:: when the motion of
4335:
4292:, and neuroscientist
4243:philosophy of science
4191:Liberalism portal
4063:Anti-authoritarianism
3564:Liberal International
2559:
2512:
2506:
2489:
2483:
2466:
2461:quantum indeterminacy
2417:
2409:
2400:
2391:and his criticism of
2381:GĂŒnter WĂ€chtershĂ€user
2347:
2337:
2328:
2311:
2287:
2246:, 1972). He proposed
2237:Popper's three worlds
2231:Popper's three worlds
2215:
2168:
2121:
2082:
1892:
1836:Soviet-type communism
1736:
1707:
1654:
1620:
1588:
1548:
1523:
1498:
1464:
1298:Philosophy of science
1108:King's College London
1096:Otto Hahn Peace Medal
1069:
1002:
914:
808:throughout his life.
641:
507:Popper's three worlds
394:Philosophy of science
269:King's College London
17000:Philosophers of mind
16875:Critics of religions
16845:British sociologists
16490:Krzysztof KieĆlowski
16106:The Scientific Image
15777:Structuration theory
15740:Qualitative research
15641:Criticism of science
15636:Critical rationalism
15572:Problem of induction
14016:Right-libertarianism
13886:Liberal conservatism
13752:Separation of powers
13221:Democracy in America
12600:political philosophy
12583:political philosophy
12398:political philosophy
12227:political philosophy
12137:Separation of powers
12098:Night-watchman state
12083:Monopoly on violence
11617:Political philosophy
11290:Criticism of science
11165:Scientific formalism
11049:Constructive realism
10954:Scientific pluralism
10927:Problem of induction
10372:Emergent materialism
8840:Critical rationalism
8561:10.2139/ssrn.2587626
8495:. pp. 380â381.
8097:Wittgenstein's Poker
7957:David Miller (ed.).
7893:Wettersten, John R.
7581:. Fs1.law.keio.ac.jp
7184:Science Versus Crime
6910:Wittgenstein's Poker
6875:Reinhold Zippelius,
6731:Karl Popper (2008),
6662:Of Clouds and Clocks
5713:(1989), both in his
5362:(2003), S. 207â238,
5322:Wittgenstein's Poker
5066:IEP Popper political
4476:Science Versus Crime
4432:universal statements
4349:of the falsification
4333:on 28 October 2009:
4296:. The German jurist
2995:Age of Enlightenment
2948:Separation of powers
2457:Arthur Holly Compton
2181:
2134:
2094:
1996:
1945:metaphysical realism
1880:Paradox of tolerance
1868:classical liberalism
1851:Mont Pelerin Society
1784:Political philosophy
1683:problem of induction
1671:Of Clocks and Clouds
1597:
1565:
1559:biological evolution
1532:
1507:
1475:
1383:
1322:, and the classical
1267:theory of relativity
1244:political philosophy
1183:Critical rationalism
977:Aristotelian Society
973:University of London
769:Josef Popper-Lynkeus
692:critical rationalism
563:paradox of tolerance
462:Critical rationalism
408:political philosophy
230:Metaphysical realism
220:Critical rationalism
164:Josef Popper-Lynkeus
153:University of Vienna
17085:Writers from Vienna
17050:Social philosophers
16955:Metaphysics writers
16925:Jewish philosophers
16586:Svetlana Alexievich
16082:One-Dimensional Man
15530:Geisteswissenschaft
15513:Confirmation holism
14011:Paleolibertarianism
13996:Left-libertarianism
13710:Civil and political
13683:Popular sovereignty
13543:Economic liberalism
13411:Right-wing politics
13291:A Theory of Justice
13261:The Road to Serfdom
13181:The Social Contract
11888:Christian democracy
11357:Rhetoric of science
11295:Descriptive science
11039:Confirmation holism
10932:Scientific evidence
10892:Inductive reasoning
10821:Demarcation problem
10569:Language of thought
10319:Ludwig Wittgenstein
10149:Patricia Churchland
9731:Patricia Churchland
9662:Christine Korsgaard
9548:Logical positivists
9440:Ludwig Wittgenstein
9217:paradox of analysis
8984:Analytic philosophy
8860:Popper's experiment
8850:Growth of knowledge
8671:The Karl Popper Web
8583:Thornton, Stephen.
8369:Richmond, Sheldon.
8230:1993Natur.366..105G
8121:Hickey, J. Thomas.
8102:Ludwig Wittgenstein
7988:Jarvie, Ian Charles
7965:Watkins, John W. N.
7878:Watson, Richard A.
7854:Watkins, John W. N.
7822:1994Natur.371..478B
7741:. 18 September 1994
7649:. Fontana/Collins.
7546:2017SHPMP..57...41M
7482:1992SciAm.267e..38H
7469:Scientific American
7324:In Defense of Plato
7309:Wild, John (1964).
7277:Gray, John (2002).
7164:Logik der Forschung
6646:Objective Knowledge
6618:Objective Knowledge
6553:Objective Knowledge
5820:Scientific American
5683:on 21 November 2019
4994:Popper's experiment
4600:Logik der Forschung
4279:Logik der Forschung
4203:Politics portal
2906:Civil and political
2879:Popular sovereignty
2739:Economic liberalism
1956:deflationary theory
1925:Objective Knowledge
1777:applied mathematics
1700:Popper agreed with
1371:growth of knowledge
1328:scientific theories
1283:experiments in 1919
1214:(the annexation of
1051:Stanford University
979:from 1958 to 1959.
875:Logik der Forschung
727:Family and training
712:liberal democracies
579:as an indicator of
540:Spearhead model of
530:Popper's experiment
491:growth of knowledge
481:Demarcation problem
215:Analytic philosophy
126:Republic of Austria
65:Karl Raimund Popper
55:Popper in the 1980s
16870:Critics of Marxism
16780:Austrian logicians
16775:Austrian essayists
16770:Austrian agnostics
16643:Thought and Ethics
16637:Recipients of the
16450:Simone de Beauvoir
16284:Recipients of the
16157:Hans-Georg Gadamer
15958:Alexander Bogdanov
15834:Positivismusstreit
15629:Post-behavioralism
15593:history of science
15445:Principal concepts
15401:Logical positivism
14163:Centrist reformist
13678:Permissive society
13658:Limited government
13423:Political violence
13418:Political theology
13401:Left-wing politics
13396:Political spectrum
11576:Science portal
11505:Carl Gustav Hempel
11460:Wilhelm Windelband
11347:Questionable cause
11170:Scientific realism
10991:Underdetermination
10826:Empirical evidence
10816:Creative synthesis
10397:Neurophenomenology
10068:Philosophy of mind
9904:William Lane Craig
9622:Friedrich Waismann
9579:Carl Gustav Hempel
9538:Timothy Williamson
9498:Alasdair MacIntyre
9356:Australian realism
9336:Russ Shafer-Landau
9197:Analytical Thomism
9152:Logical positivism
8786:, 8 February 2007)
8728:on 12 January 2016
8072:Cornforth, Maurice
7738:The New York Times
6986:on 30 October 2021
5209:. In Mario Bunge:
5203:William W. Bartley
4999:Positivism dispute
4776:The Future is Open
4480:Carl Gustav Hempel
4444:Kuhn-Popper debate
4439:Logic of Discovery
4368:QuineâDuhem thesis
4361:logical positivism
4298:Reinhold Zippelius
2874:Permissive society
2854:Limited government
2562:
2314:varied tests. The
2210:
2163:
2116:
2077:
1615:
1583:
1543:
1518:
1493:
1459:
1144:Queen Elizabeth II
1084:
1062:Honours and awards
1047:Hoover Institution
1023:
923:
897:logical positivism
741:upper-middle-class
684:empirical sciences
664:social commentator
644:
523:Axiomatization of
418:Philosophy of mind
366:John W. N. Watkins
314:Karl Ludwig BĂŒhler
200:Western philosophy
16815:British logicians
16810:British ethicists
16805:British agnostics
16717:
16716:
16711:
16710:
16604:
16603:
16306:Albert Schweitzer
16298:Winston Churchill
16251:
16250:
16238:
16237:
16234:
16233:
16132:Theodor W. Adorno
15948:Richard Avenarius
15824:Werturteilsstreit
15785:
15784:
15733:Sense-data theory
15431:Polish positivism
15406:Positivist school
15313:
15312:
15306:Liberalism Portal
15199:Bias in the media
14600:
14599:
14439:Latin America and
14058:
14057:
14001:Geolibertarianism
13931:Liberal socialism
13842:Civic nationalism
13715:Natural and legal
13476:
13475:
13386:Philosophy of law
13331:Conflict theories
13171:The Spirit of Law
13078:
13077:
12127:Original position
11583:
11582:
11425:
11424:
11337:Normative science
11194:Uniformitarianism
10949:Scientific method
10843:Explanatory power
10708:
10707:
10604:Mindâbody problem
10502:Cognitive closure
10466:Substance dualism
10084:G. E. M. Anscombe
10034:
10033:
10002:
10001:
9718:Pittsburgh School
9708:Peter van Inwagen
9642:Roderick Chisholm
9630:
9629:
9523:Richard Swinburne
9458:G. E. M. Anscombe
9294:
9293:
9192:Analytic theology
9167:Ordinary language
9105:
9104:
8937:
8936:
8602:The Sensory Order
8453:978-0-08-043076-8
8341:Rethinking Popper
8332:O'Hear, Anthony.
8267:Maxwell, Nicholas
8224:(6451): 105â106.
8107:Feyerabend, Paul
8046:Bailey, Richard,
7959:Popper Selections
7940:Gattei, Stefano.
7451:Gorton, William.
7377:Chalmers, Alan F.
7343:Rethinking Popper
6891:, 6th ed., 2011 (
6889:Rechtsphilosophie
6747:, pp. 17â18.
6705:, pp. 46â47.
6590:Michel Ter Hark:
6572:on 12 August 2014
6378:. 2 November 2005
4960:Liberalism portal
4932:Philosophy portal
4428:research programs
4294:John Carew Eccles
4239:
4238:
4078:Bias in the media
3594:Regional variants
2911:Natural and legal
2299:natural selection
2259:mindâbody dualism
1634:quantum mechanics
1555:natural selection
1351:and contemporary
1276:Newtonian physics
965:scientific method
949:John Carew Eccles
806:social liberalism
757:Vienna University
699:liberal democracy
676:scientific method
636:
635:
552:Situational logic
361:Donald A. Gillies
328:Doctoral students
94:17 September 1994
17097:
16930:Knights Bachelor
16920:Jewish ethicists
16915:Jewish agnostics
16641:in the field of
16631:
16624:
16617:
16608:
16607:
16597:
16594:Marina AbramoviÄ
16589:
16581:
16573:
16565:
16557:
16549:
16541:
16533:
16525:
16517:
16509:
16501:
16493:
16485:
16477:
16469:
16461:
16458:William Heinesen
16453:
16445:
16437:
16429:
16421:
16413:
16405:
16397:
16389:
16381:
16373:
16365:
16362:Laurence Olivier
16357:
16349:
16341:
16333:
16325:
16317:
16314:Bertrand Russell
16309:
16301:
16278:
16271:
16264:
16255:
16254:
16227:
16213:
16137:Gaston Bachelard
16058:Truth and Method
16042:World Hypotheses
15922:The Two Cultures
15837:
15827:
15817:
15802:
15801:
15791:
15790:
15533:
15487:Unity of science
15396:Legal positivism
15355:
15354:
15340:
15333:
15326:
15317:
15316:
15228:Economic freedom
15221:Radical centrism
14069:
14068:
14023:Radical centrism
13936:Social democracy
13919:Liberal feminism
13794:
13793:
13742:Secular humanism
13668:Natural monopoly
13619:Internationalism
13513:
13503:
13496:
13489:
13480:
13479:
13391:Political ethics
13381:Machiavellianism
13321:Authoritarianism
13306:
13296:
13286:
13276:
13266:
13256:
13246:
13236:
13226:
13216:
13206:
13196:
13186:
13176:
13166:
13156:
13146:
13136:
13126:
13116:
13106:
13096:
12172:
12171:
12113:
12049:
12039:Balance of power
12013:Social democracy
12008:Social Darwinism
11983:Multiculturalism
11928:Environmentalism
11903:Communitarianism
11610:
11603:
11596:
11587:
11586:
11574:
11573:
11562:
11561:
11560:
11535:Bas van Fraassen
11490:Hans Reichenbach
11470:Bertrand Russell
11387:
11386:
11213:Philosophy of...
10996:Unity of science
10789:Commensurability
10735:
10728:
10721:
10712:
10711:
10456:Representational
10451:Property dualism
10444:Type physicalism
10409:New mysterianism
10377:Epiphenomenalism
10199:Martin Heidegger
10061:
10054:
10047:
10038:
10037:
10024:
10023:
10014:
10013:
9953:Nancy Cartwright
9794:Nicholas Rescher
9771:Bas van Fraassen
9761:Nicholas Rescher
9584:Hans Reichenbach
9567:
9566:
9533:Bernard Williams
9430:Bertrand Russell
9352:
9351:
9286:Rigid designator
9249:
9248:
8995:
8994:
8991:Related articles
8977:
8970:
8963:
8954:
8953:
8941:
8940:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8648:Internet Archive
8640:
8580:
8554:
8538:Popper and After
8522:
8461:Shearmur, Jeremy
8457:
8392:Schilpp, Paul A.
8249:
8238:10.1038/366105a0
8162:Kuhn, Thomas S.
8155:Keuth, Herbert.
8091:
7917:
7904:
7889:
7874:
7862:
7849:
7816:(4): 1089â1090.
7800:
7798:
7796:
7779:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7728:
7713:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7692:
7681:
7660:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7630:. Opensociety.de
7622:
7620:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7573:
7539:
7514:
7493:
7462:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7418:on 26 April 2018
7402:
7372:
7327:
7320:
7314:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7284:
7274:
7268:
7254:
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7247:
7236:
7230:
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7213:
7207:
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7190:
7180:
7174:
7160:
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7124:
7123:
7118:
7116:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7077:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6982:. Archived from
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6930:
6920:
6914:
6906:
6900:
6873:
6867:
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6855:
6849:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6811:
6805:
6798:
6792:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6757:Keisewetter 1995
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6693:Routledge (1984)
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6659:
6653:
6642:
6636:
6627:
6621:
6614:
6608:
6603:Karl R. Popper,
6601:
6595:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6562:
6556:
6549:
6543:
6536:
6530:
6481:
6475:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6449:
6448:LScD, section 11
6446:
6440:
6439:LScD, section 10
6437:
6431:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6368:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6176:
6170:
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6150:
6149:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6051:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6027:
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5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5978:
5965:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5870:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5679:. Archived from
5669:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5550:"London Gazette"
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5528:"London Gazette"
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
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5371:
5352:
5346:
5332:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5299:
5293:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5256:, 2001. p. 221,
5243:
5237:
5223:
5214:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5052:
5046:
5037:
5031:
4989:List of refugees
4962:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4621:, 1957 a book),
4539:The philosopher
4500:The philosopher
4424:falsificationism
4400:The philosopher
4231:
4224:
4217:
4201:
4200:
4189:
4188:
4107:Economic freedom
4100:Radical centrism
2938:Secular humanism
2864:Natural monopoly
2815:Internationalism
2632:Internationalist
2587:
2564:
2563:
2520:Religion and God
2275:Daubert standard
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2008:
2007:
1931:. Then came the
1863:Ludwig von Mises
1832:The Open Society
1807:authoritarianism
1769:pure mathematics
1728:justificationist
1721:W.W. Bartley III
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1315:basic statements
1013:
1005:Lainzer Friedhof
953:Second World War
916:English Heritage
845:thesis committee
745:assimilated Jews
703:social criticism
688:justificationist
661:
519:justificationism
449:
306:Doctoral advisor
297:
293:
123:
115:Lainzer Friedhof
99:
97:
74:
72:
53:
43:
21:
20:
17105:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17095:
17094:
16880:Epistemologists
16720:
16719:
16718:
16713:
16712:
16707:
16696:Martha Nussbaum
16678:JĂŒrgen Habermas
16645:
16635:
16605:
16600:
16592:
16584:
16576:
16568:
16560:
16552:
16544:
16536:
16528:
16520:
16512:
16504:
16496:
16488:
16480:
16472:
16466:JĂŒrgen Habermas
16464:
16456:
16448:
16440:
16434:Hermann Gmeiner
16432:
16424:
16416:
16408:
16400:
16392:
16386:HalldĂłr Laxness
16384:
16378:Arthur Koestler
16376:
16368:
16360:
16352:
16344:
16336:
16328:
16320:
16312:
16304:
16296:
16288:
16282:
16252:
16247:
16230:
16186:
16152:Paul Feyerabend
16147:Wilhelm Dilthey
16120:
15997:
15936:
15853:
15796:
15781:
15728:Ramsey sentence
15683:Instrumentalism
15612:
15590:
15588:paradigm shifts
15581:
15518:Critical theory
15496:
15492:Verificationism
15440:
15436:Russian Machism
15384:
15349:
15344:
15314:
15309:
15298:
15297:
15296:
15170:
15162:Liberal parties
15096:
15095:
15094:
14878:
14877:
14876:
14596:
14568:
14520:
14440:
14433:
14184:
14108:
14054:
13952:
13900:
13872:
13822:Equity feminism
13785:
13784:
13783:
13779:State of nature
13767:Social services
13757:Social contract
13720:To own property
13514:
13509:
13507:
13477:
13472:
13459:
13448:Totalitarianism
13309:
13304:
13294:
13284:
13274:
13264:
13254:
13244:
13234:
13224:
13214:
13204:
13194:
13184:
13174:
13164:
13154:
13144:
13134:
13124:
13121:Treatise on Law
13114:
13104:
13094:
13074:
12732:
12726:
12465:
12459:
12345:
12339:
12258:
12161:
12147:State of nature
12142:Social contract
12122:Ordered liberty
12110:Noblesse oblige
12027:
11861:
11790:
11619:
11614:
11584:
11579:
11568:
11558:
11556:
11544:
11525:Paul Feyerabend
11485:Michael Polanyi
11421:
11407:Galileo Galilei
11376:
11362:Science studies
11278:
11208:
11199:Verificationism
11104:Instrumentalism
11089:Foundationalism
11064:Conventionalism
11022:
10858:Feminist method
10744:
10739:
10709:
10704:
10676:
10643:
10589:Mental property
10482:Abstract object
10470:
10340:
10294:Wilfrid Sellars
10169:Donald Davidson
10154:Paul Churchland
10114:George Berkeley
10070:
10065:
10035:
10030:
10021:
9998:
9989:Jan Ćukasiewicz
9977:
9945:Stanford School
9939:
9925:Paul Feyerabend
9913:
9899:Alvin Plantinga
9887:
9873:James F. Conant
9859:
9803:
9775:
9766:Wilfrid Sellars
9756:Alexander Pruss
9736:Paul Churchland
9712:
9691:
9647:Donald Davidson
9626:
9588:
9565:
9542:
9468:Michael Dummett
9444:
9435:Frank P. Ramsey
9388:
9350:
9326:Jaakko Hintikka
9311:Keith Donnellan
9290:
9247:
9201:
9162:Neurophilosophy
9147:Logical atomism
9101:
9055:
9029:
8986:
8981:
8946:
8938:
8933:
8874:
8835:Bold hypothesis
8823:
8818:
8747:Wayback Machine
8731:
8729:
8704:Wayback Machine
8678:Wayback Machine
8626:
8621:
8552:
8503:
8454:
8088:
7935:Current edition
7929:Lube, Manfred.
7925:
7923:Further reading
7920:
7860:
7794:
7792:
7744:
7742:
7717:Shea, Brendan.
7696:
7694:
7678:
7657:
7633:
7631:
7584:
7582:
7517:
7441:
7439:
7438:on 10 June 2013
7421:
7419:
7391:
7361:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7321:
7317:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7275:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7237:
7233:
7214:
7210:
7197:
7193:
7182:Houck, Max M.,
7181:
7177:
7161:
7157:
7148:
7144:
7131:
7127:
7114:
7112:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7068:
7064:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6944:
6940:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6903:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6847:Wayback Machine
6832:
6830:
6828:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6795:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6709:
6701:
6697:
6688:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6660:
6656:
6643:
6639:
6628:
6624:
6615:
6611:
6602:
6598:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6550:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6482:
6478:
6465:
6461:
6457:LScD, section 4
6456:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6313:
6270:
6266:
6251:
6237:
6233:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6195:
6191:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6157:
6153:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6099:
6095:
6072:10.2307/3653940
6052:
6045:
6029:
6028:
6016:
6000:
5996:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5968:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:, pp. 2â3.
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5715:Collected Works
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5450:Keio University
5443:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5353:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5244:
5240:
5224:
5217:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5072:
5064:
5055:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5018:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4907:
4902:
4886:FrĂŒhe Schriften
4572:
4570:Published works
4549:Albert Einstein
4465:null hypothesis
4345:
4323:epistemological
4263:Friedrich Hayek
4256:Paul Feyerabend
4235:
4195:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4058:
4050:
4049:
3852:North Macedonia
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3574:Liberal parties
3512:
3504:
3503:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2975:State of nature
2963:Social services
2953:Social contract
2916:To own property
2719:
2711:
2710:
2595:
2554:
2522:
2430:
2383:to publish his
2267:
2239:
2233:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1882:
1876:
1859:Milton Friedman
1855:Friedrich Hayek
1811:totalitarianism
1786:
1753:
1746:, p. 1043)
1716:
1679:
1646:Albert Einstein
1642:instrumentalism
1609:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1263:Albert Einstein
1248:totalitarianism
1190:
1185:
1179:
1100:British Academy
1064:
1007:
997:
909:
737:Austria-Hungary
729:
724:
722:Life and career
649:
628:
625:
594:basic statement
487:trial and error
458:Bold hypothesis
451:
450:
445:
439:
432:
377:
370:
349:
323:
295:
291:
278:
247:
225:WĂŒrzburg School
175:Knight Bachelor
149:Alma mater
144:
117:
106:
100:
95:
93:
85:
83:Austria-Hungary
76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17103:
17093:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16950:Metaphysicians
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16708:
16706:
16705:
16699:
16693:
16687:
16684:Charles Taylor
16681:
16675:
16669:
16663:
16657:
16650:
16647:
16646:
16634:
16633:
16626:
16619:
16611:
16602:
16601:
16599:
16598:
16590:
16582:
16578:Lars von Trier
16574:
16570:Michael Haneke
16566:
16558:
16550:
16542:
16534:
16526:
16518:
16510:
16502:
16494:
16486:
16478:
16474:Ingmar Bergman
16470:
16462:
16454:
16446:
16438:
16430:
16422:
16414:
16406:
16398:
16390:
16382:
16374:
16366:
16358:
16350:
16346:Dominique Pire
16342:
16334:
16326:
16318:
16310:
16302:
16293:
16290:
16289:
16281:
16280:
16273:
16266:
16258:
16249:
16248:
16243:
16240:
16239:
16236:
16235:
16232:
16231:
16229:
16228:
16219:
16214:
16205:
16200:
16194:
16192:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16128:
16126:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16118:
16110:
16102:
16094:
16086:
16078:
16070:
16062:
16054:
16046:
16038:
16030:
16022:
16014:
16005:
16003:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15995:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15973:Ămile Durkheim
15970:
15965:
15960:
15955:
15950:
15944:
15942:
15938:
15937:
15935:
15934:
15926:
15918:
15910:
15902:
15894:
15886:
15878:
15870:
15861:
15859:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15851:
15845:
15839:
15829:
15819:
15814:Methodenstreit
15808:
15806:
15798:
15797:
15787:
15786:
15783:
15782:
15780:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15755:Social science
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15736:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15715:
15710:
15708:Operationalism
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15674:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15632:
15631:
15620:
15618:
15617:Related topics
15614:
15613:
15611:
15610:
15604:
15597:
15595:
15583:
15582:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15525:
15523:Falsifiability
15520:
15515:
15510:
15508:Antipositivism
15504:
15502:
15498:
15497:
15495:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15448:
15446:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15411:Postpositivism
15408:
15403:
15398:
15392:
15390:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15361:
15359:
15351:
15350:
15343:
15342:
15335:
15328:
15320:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15303:
15300:
15299:
15295:
15294:
15292:Utilitarianism
15289:
15284:
15279:
15278:
15277:
15272:
15265:Libertarianism
15262:
15260:Land value tax
15257:
15256:
15255:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15233:Egalitarianism
15230:
15225:
15224:
15223:
15213:
15212:
15211:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15189:Anti-communism
15186:
15180:
15179:
15178:
15176:
15175:Related topics
15172:
15171:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15102:
15098:
15097:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14887:
14886:
14884:
14880:
14879:
14875:
14874:
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14699:Wollstonecraft
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14610:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14602:
14601:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14594:
14589:
14588:
14587:
14576:
14574:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14566:
14565:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14534:
14528:
14526:
14522:
14521:
14519:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14462:
14461:
14451:
14445:
14443:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14431:
14430:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14397:United Kingdom
14394:
14389:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14298:
14297:
14292:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14261:
14260:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14194:
14192:
14186:
14185:
14183:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14171:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14116:
14114:
14110:
14109:
14107:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14075:
14073:
14066:
14060:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14035:
14025:
14020:
14019:
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13991:Libertarianism
13988:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13972:
13971:
13964:Constitutional
13960:
13958:
13954:
13953:
13951:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13939:
13938:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13916:
13910:
13908:
13902:
13901:
13899:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13882:
13880:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13869:Encyclopaedist
13866:
13861:
13856:
13855:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13818:
13817:
13812:
13802:
13800:
13791:
13787:
13786:
13782:
13781:
13776:
13775:
13774:
13769:
13762:Social justice
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13702:
13701:
13700:
13695:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13663:Market economy
13660:
13655:
13654:
13653:
13648:
13638:
13631:
13626:
13624:Invisible hand
13621:
13616:
13614:Harm principle
13611:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13593:
13592:
13587:
13572:
13567:
13566:
13565:
13560:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13524:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13516:
13515:
13506:
13505:
13498:
13491:
13483:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13470:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13458:
13457:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13438:Social justice
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13346:Egalitarianism
13343:
13338:
13336:Contractualism
13333:
13328:
13323:
13317:
13315:
13311:
13310:
13308:
13307:
13297:
13287:
13277:
13267:
13257:
13247:
13237:
13227:
13217:
13207:
13197:
13187:
13177:
13167:
13157:
13147:
13137:
13127:
13117:
13107:
13097:
13086:
13084:
13080:
13079:
13076:
13075:
13073:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12736:
12734:
12728:
12727:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12592:
12587:
12586:
12585:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12469:
12467:
12461:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12349:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12338:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12266:
12264:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12132:Overton window
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12041:
12035:
12033:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11963:Libertarianism
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11869:
11867:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11798:
11796:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11621:
11620:
11613:
11612:
11605:
11598:
11590:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11566:
11554:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11510:W. V. O. Quine
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11445:Rudolf Steiner
11442:
11437:
11435:Henri Poincaré
11432:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11393:
11391:
11384:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11305:Exact sciences
11302:
11297:
11292:
11286:
11284:
11283:Related topics
11280:
11279:
11277:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11242:Social science
11239:
11238:
11237:
11235:Space and time
11227:
11222:
11216:
11214:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11148:
11139:
11134:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11008:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10944:Scientific law
10941:
10940:
10939:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10853:Falsifiability
10850:
10845:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10782:Mill's Methods
10774:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10746:
10745:
10738:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10715:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10584:Mental process
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10554:Intentionality
10551:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10478:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10404:Neutral monism
10401:
10400:
10399:
10389:
10387:Interactionism
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10299:Baruch Spinoza
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10209:Edmund Husserl
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10179:René Descartes
10176:
10174:Daniel Dennett
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10144:David Chalmers
10141:
10136:
10131:
10129:Franz Brentano
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10109:Alexander Bain
10106:
10101:
10099:Thomas Aquinas
10096:
10091:
10086:
10080:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10064:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10041:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10018:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9985:
9983:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9973:Patrick Suppes
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9895:
9893:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9869:
9867:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9855:Michael Walzer
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9811:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9785:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9741:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
9738:
9733:
9728:
9726:Robert Brandom
9722:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9682:W. V. O. Quine
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9657:Nelson Goodman
9654:
9652:Daniel Dennett
9649:
9644:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9617:Moritz Schlick
9614:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9575:
9573:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9552:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9528:Charles Taylor
9525:
9520:
9518:P. F. Strawson
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9454:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9415:Norman Malcolm
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9384:J. J. C. Smart
9381:
9376:
9371:
9369:David Chalmers
9366:
9360:
9358:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9331:Giuseppe Peano
9328:
9323:
9321:Edmund Gettier
9318:
9313:
9308:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9276:Possible world
9273:
9268:
9263:
9257:
9255:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9228:Counterfactual
9225:
9220:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9107:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9087:Paraconsistent
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8998:Areas of focus
8992:
8988:
8987:
8980:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8957:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8923:
8915:
8907:
8899:
8891:
8882:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8870:Verisimilitude
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8845:Falsifiability
8842:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8817:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8758:
8753:
8737:
8713:
8712:by J C Lester.
8707:
8700:Martin Gardner
8693:
8685:
8680:
8668:
8661:Popper, K. R.
8659:
8650:
8641:
8625:
8624:External links
8622:
8620:
8619:
8605:
8594:
8585:"Karl Popper,"
8581:
8543:
8530:
8523:
8502:978-1412965804
8501:
8493:Cato Institute
8477:Hamowy, Ronald
8468:
8458:
8452:
8431:
8389:
8382:
8367:
8352:
8337:
8330:
8327:
8320:
8317:
8291:
8276:
8264:
8259:Magee, Bryan.
8257:
8252:Magee, Bryan.
8250:
8213:
8210:Ernst Gombrich
8206:Helmut Schmidt
8186:Levinson, Paul
8183:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8140:Kadvany, John
8138:
8128:
8119:
8112:
8109:Against Method
8105:
8092:
8086:
8068:
8061:
8051:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8026:
8013:
7996:
7995:
7985:
7983:978-0091580100
7962:
7955:
7945:
7938:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7905:
7890:
7880:"Cartesianism"
7875:
7850:
7801:
7780:
7762:(2): 462â472.
7751:
7729:
7714:
7703:
7682:
7677:978-1135974800
7676:
7661:
7655:
7640:
7623:
7591:
7574:
7515:
7494:
7463:
7448:
7428:
7403:
7390:978-1624660382
7389:
7373:
7360:978-1402093371
7359:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7315:
7302:
7296:978-1862075122
7295:
7269:
7249:
7240:Scruton, Roger
7231:
7208:
7191:
7175:
7155:
7142:
7125:
7105:"Imre Lakatos"
7095:
7089:978-0226458052
7088:
7062:
7047:
7038:
7017:(4): 449â465.
6997:
6974:"Open Society"
6964:
6938:
6915:
6901:
6897:978-3406611919
6868:
6859:
6850:
6827:978-0822326601
6826:
6806:
6793:
6780:
6778:, p. 398.
6768:
6749:
6737:
6724:
6707:
6695:
6682:
6670:
6654:
6637:
6622:
6609:
6596:
6583:
6557:
6544:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6476:
6472:978-3161532078
6459:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6410:978-0812690392
6409:
6403:. Open Court.
6389:
6358:
6346:
6337:
6311:
6264:
6250:978-1315259574
6249:
6231:
6216:
6209:
6189:
6171:
6151:
6133:
6120:
6114:978-1135552565
6113:
6093:
6066:(4): 711â734.
6043:
6014:
5994:
5966:
5948:
5935:978-1135973056
5934:
5914:
5901:978-0521890557
5900:
5880:
5871:
5858:
5849:
5833:
5803:
5791:
5779:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5703:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
5694:
5664:
5658:978-0521890557
5657:
5637:
5631:978-0754653752
5630:
5610:
5599:on 23 May 2013
5581:
5578:. 24 May 1989.
5563:
5541:
5519:
5497:
5475:
5463:
5436:
5424:
5412:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5354:Manfred Lube:
5347:
5327:
5313:
5294:
5277:
5265:
5238:
5215:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5091:
5070:
5053:
5038:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4949:
4946:Science portal
4935:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4898:978-3161476327
4883:
4881:978-0415309080
4870:
4857:
4844:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4790:
4769:
4756:
4743:
4723:
4710:
4704:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4629:
4610:
4591:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4545:Charles Darwin
4530:epistemologist
4526:Charles Taylor
4502:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
4491:Karl-Otto Apel
4416:psychoanalysis
4344:
4341:
4286:Ernst Gombrich
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:Utilitarianism
4168:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4144:Libertarianism
4141:
4139:Land value tax
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Egalitarianism
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:Anti-communism
4065:
4059:
4057:Related topics
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4011:Arizona School
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3979:United Kingdom
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Wollstonecraft
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:Social justice
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Market economy
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:Invisible hand
2817:
2812:
2810:Harm principle
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
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2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2560:Popper in 1990
2553:
2550:
2521:
2518:
2429:
2426:
2305:He noted that
2266:
2263:
2255:Daniel Dennett
2235:Main article:
2232:
2229:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1979:verisimilitude
1971:
1970:
1967:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1878:Main article:
1875:
1872:
1866:envisioned by
1785:
1782:
1773:logically true
1752:
1749:
1715:
1712:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1675:
1663:Charles Peirce
1644:and supported
1612:
1607:
1604:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1541:
1538:
1516:
1513:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1349:psychoanalysis
1341:falsifiability
1310:
1307:
1304:Falsifiability
1299:
1296:
1224:social science
1202:class conflict
1189:
1186:
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1136:Pour le MĂ©rite
1112:Darwin College
1063:
1060:
1035:kidney failure
996:
993:
908:
905:
901:falsifiability
841:Moritz Schlick
728:
725:
723:
720:
634:
633:
630:
629:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
597:
587:
581:verisimilitude
573:
568:
565:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
532:
527:
521:
515:
509:
504:
499:
498:interpretation
493:
483:
478:
468:
466:Falsifiability
463:
460:
454:
444:
443:
442:
440:
437:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
423:Origin of life
420:
415:
410:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
378:
376:Main interests
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
363:
357:
355:
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
337:
331:
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
319:Moritz Schlick
316:
310:
308:
302:
301:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
242:
240:Interactionism
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
209:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
139:
135:
133:
129:
128:
112:
108:
107:
101:
98:(aged 92)
91:
87:
86:
77:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17102:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16727:
16725:
16703:
16700:
16697:
16694:
16691:
16688:
16685:
16682:
16679:
16676:
16673:
16670:
16667:
16664:
16661:
16658:
16655:
16652:
16651:
16648:
16644:
16640:
16632:
16627:
16625:
16620:
16618:
16613:
16612:
16609:
16595:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16563:
16559:
16555:
16551:
16547:
16543:
16539:
16535:
16531:
16527:
16523:
16522:Mary Robinson
16519:
16515:
16514:Eugenio Barba
16511:
16507:
16503:
16499:
16495:
16491:
16487:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16431:
16427:
16423:
16419:
16418:Hannah Arendt
16415:
16411:
16407:
16403:
16399:
16395:
16391:
16387:
16383:
16379:
16375:
16371:
16367:
16363:
16359:
16355:
16351:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16335:
16331:
16327:
16323:
16319:
16315:
16311:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16295:
16294:
16291:
16287:
16286:Sonning Prize
16279:
16274:
16272:
16267:
16265:
16260:
16259:
16256:
16246:
16241:
16226:
16225:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16212:
16211:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16195:
16193:
16189:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16167:György Lukåcs
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16129:
16127:
16123:
16116:
16115:
16111:
16108:
16107:
16103:
16100:
16099:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16087:
16084:
16083:
16079:
16076:
16075:
16071:
16068:
16067:
16063:
16060:
16059:
16055:
16052:
16051:
16047:
16044:
16043:
16039:
16036:
16035:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16023:
16020:
16019:
16015:
16012:
16011:
16007:
16006:
16004:
16000:
15994:
15993:Vienna Circle
15991:
15989:
15988:Berlin Circle
15986:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15968:Eugen DĂŒhring
15966:
15964:
15963:Auguste Comte
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15932:
15931:
15927:
15924:
15923:
15919:
15916:
15915:
15911:
15908:
15907:
15903:
15900:
15899:
15895:
15892:
15891:
15887:
15884:
15883:
15879:
15876:
15875:
15871:
15868:
15867:
15863:
15862:
15860:
15858:Contributions
15856:
15849:
15846:
15843:
15840:
15836:
15835:
15830:
15826:
15825:
15820:
15816:
15815:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15803:
15799:
15792:
15788:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15772:Structuralism
15770:
15768:
15765:
15761:
15758:
15757:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15720:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15713:Phenomenalism
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15630:
15627:
15626:
15625:
15624:Behavioralism
15622:
15621:
15619:
15615:
15608:
15605:
15602:
15599:
15598:
15596:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15552:Human science
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15505:
15503:
15499:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15477:Pseudoscience
15475:
15473:
15472:Justification
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15443:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15387:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15362:
15360:
15356:
15352:
15348:
15341:
15336:
15334:
15329:
15327:
15322:
15321:
15318:
15307:
15304:
15301:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15267:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15254:
15251:
15250:
15249:
15248:Individualism
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15222:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15214:
15210:
15207:
15206:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15101:Organisations
15099:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14611:
14607:
14603:
14593:
14590:
14586:
14583:
14582:
14581:
14578:
14577:
14575:
14571:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14539:
14538:
14537:United States
14535:
14533:
14530:
14529:
14527:
14525:North America
14523:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14442:
14441:the Caribbean
14436:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14399:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14259:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14195:
14193:
14191:
14187:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14158:
14153:
14152:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14117:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14076:
14074:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14061:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14030:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13986:International
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13955:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13943:Progressivism
13941:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13883:
13881:
13879:
13875:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13837:Anti-clerical
13835:
13834:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13807:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13799:
13795:
13792:
13788:
13780:
13777:
13773:
13772:Welfare state
13770:
13768:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13690:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13636:
13635:Laissez-faire
13632:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13582:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13512:
13504:
13499:
13497:
13492:
13490:
13485:
13484:
13481:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13462:
13456:
13455:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13371:Jurisprudence
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13312:
13303:
13302:
13298:
13293:
13292:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13278:
13273:
13272:
13268:
13263:
13262:
13258:
13253:
13252:
13248:
13243:
13242:
13238:
13233:
13232:
13228:
13223:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13212:
13208:
13203:
13202:
13201:Rights of Man
13198:
13193:
13192:
13188:
13183:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13153:
13152:
13148:
13143:
13142:
13138:
13133:
13132:
13128:
13123:
13122:
13118:
13113:
13112:
13111:De re publica
13108:
13103:
13102:
13098:
13093:
13092:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13081:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12731:20th and 21st
12729:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12468:
12464:18th and 19th
12462:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12395:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12348:
12342:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12320:Nizam al-Mulk
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12267:
12265:
12261:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12164:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12048:
12047:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12030:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12003:Republicanism
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11864:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11793:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11611:
11606:
11604:
11599:
11597:
11592:
11591:
11588:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11565:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11547:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11495:Rudolf Carnap
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11430:Auguste Comte
11428:
11427:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11402:Francis Bacon
11400:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11379:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11330:Pseudoscience
11328:
11327:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11281:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11240:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11189:Structuralism
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11151:Received view
11149:
11147:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11059:Contextualism
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11019:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10934:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10736:
10731:
10729:
10724:
10722:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10646:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10634:Understanding
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10559:Introspection
10557:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10512:Consciousness
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10434:Phenomenology
10432:
10430:
10429:Phenomenalism
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10419:Occasionalism
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10392:NaĂŻve realism
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10382:Functionalism
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10324:Stephen Yablo
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10279:Richard Rorty
10277:
10275:
10274:Hilary Putnam
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10249:Marvin Minsky
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10224:Immanuel Kant
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10214:William James
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10119:Henri Bergson
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10062:
10057:
10055:
10050:
10048:
10043:
10042:
10039:
10027:
10019:
10017:
10009:
10008:
10005:
9995:
9994:Alfred Tarski
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9980:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9963:Peter Galison
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9916:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9890:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9862:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9850:Nathan Salmon
9848:
9846:
9845:Richard Rorty
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9815:Alonzo Church
9813:
9812:
9810:
9806:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9751:Ruth Millikan
9749:
9747:
9746:John McDowell
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9677:Hilary Putnam
9675:
9673:
9672:Robert Nozick
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9602:Rudolf Carnap
9600:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9594:Vienna Circle
9591:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9571:Berlin Circle
9568:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9478:Philippa Foot
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9425:Graham Priest
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:Charlie Broad
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9353:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9316:Gottlob Frege
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9243:Supervenience
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9142:Functionalism
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9127:Descriptivism
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Philosophical
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9082:Non-classical
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8978:
8973:
8971:
8966:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8949:
8942:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:Unended Quest
8916:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8810:
8808:
8803:
8801:
8796:
8795:
8792:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8550:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8278:Munz, Peter.
8277:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8069:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7948:Miller, David
7946:
7943:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7802:
7790:
7786:
7785:"Karl Popper"
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7704:
7691:
7690:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7670:. Routledge.
7669:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7641:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7325:
7319:
7312:
7306:
7298:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7212:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7122:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7076:
7075:
7066:
7058:
7051:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6968:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6919:
6912:
6911:
6905:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6863:
6857:Hacohen, 2000
6854:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6829:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6810:
6803:
6797:
6790:
6784:
6777:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6728:
6722:, p. 47.
6721:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6699:
6692:
6686:
6679:
6674:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6634:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6600:
6593:
6587:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6535:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6436:
6427:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:Unended Quest
6350:
6341:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6210:9781136700323
6206:
6203:. Routledge.
6202:
6201:
6193:
6185:
6183:
6175:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6145:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6039:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6006:
5998:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5937:
5931:
5928:. Routledge.
5927:
5926:
5918:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5853:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5822:
5821:
5815:
5807:
5800:
5799:De Bruin 2006
5795:
5788:
5783:
5777:, p. 62.
5776:
5775:Chalmers 2013
5771:
5764:
5763:Thornton 2018
5759:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5739:Thornton 2018
5735:
5728:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5551:
5545:
5529:
5523:
5507:
5501:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5382:, p. 48.
5381:
5376:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5287:
5284:Karl Popper:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:DK Publishing
5251:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5167:Thornton 2015
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5049:Thornton 2015
5045:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4922:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4780:Konrad Lorenz
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:, 1945 Vol 1
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:Sexual Desire
4513:
4512:Roger Scruton
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4484:atomic theory
4481:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4385:Newton's laws
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4302:Peter Medawar
4299:
4295:
4291:
4290:Peter Medawar
4287:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4267:Alfred Tarski
4264:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:Individualism
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:United States
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Latin America
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3511:Organizations
3508:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
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3084:
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3079:
3077:
3074:
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3067:
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3059:
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3037:
3034:
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3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:Welfare state
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
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2899:
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2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:Laissez-faire
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2779:
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2715:
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2707:
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2699:
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2640:
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2601:
2598:
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2578:
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2570:
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2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
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2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:"soup" theory
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2319:
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2310:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2204:
2196:
2176:
2157:
2149:
2129:
2110:
2070:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2018:
2012:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Alfred Tarski
1934:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1890:, he argued:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
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1814:
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1808:
1803:
1799:
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1781:
1778:
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1770:
1766:
1761:
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1747:
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1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1688:
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1686:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1610:
1578:
1560:
1557:performs for
1556:
1488:
1469:
1455:
1450:
1432:
1414:
1396:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
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1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Sigmund Freud
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:Royal Society
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Sonning Prize
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1001:
992:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
920:
917:
913:
907:Academic life
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
827:
822:
818:
815:
814:psychoanalyst
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
782:
778:
777:Sigmund Freud
774:
773:Raimund GrĂŒbl
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:) in 1902 to
738:
734:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:in favour of
677:
674:views on the
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
631:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
585:truthlikeness
582:
578:
577:corroboration
575:Experimental
574:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
539:
537:
533:
531:
528:
526:
522:
520:
517:Criticism of
516:
514:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
497:
494:
492:
488:
485:Evolutionary
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:Criticism of
469:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
448:
441:
438:Notable ideas
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
356:
352:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Joseph Agassi
333:
332:
330:
326:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:
287:
285:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
140:
137:
136:
134:
130:
127:
121:
116:
113:
111:Resting place
109:
104:
92:
88:
84:
80:
63:
59:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
22:
19:
17030:Rationalists
16702:Bruno Latour
16659:
16642:
16538:Ăgnes Heller
16498:GĂŒnter Grass
16482:VĂĄclav Havel
16409:
16402:Danilo Dolci
16171:
16112:
16104:
16096:
16088:
16080:
16072:
16064:
16056:
16048:
16040:
16032:
16024:
16016:
16008:
15928:
15920:
15912:
15904:
15896:
15888:
15880:
15872:
15864:
15848:Science wars
15646:Epistemology
15577:Reflectivism
15537:Hermeneutics
15389:Declinations
15365:Antihumanism
15358:Perspectives
15282:Pirate Party
15011:Lloyd George
14605:Philosophers
14547:Jeffersonian
14290:Berlusconism
14156:
14094:South Africa
13878:Conservative
13864:Physiocratic
13725:To bear arms
13673:Open society
13633:
13452:
13351:Elite theory
13299:
13289:
13279:
13269:
13259:
13249:
13239:
13229:
13219:
13209:
13199:
13189:
13179:
13169:
13159:
13149:
13139:
13129:
13119:
13109:
13099:
13089:
12974:
12388:Guicciardini
12344:Early modern
12167:Philosophers
12117:Open society
12053:Body politic
11923:Distributism
11913:Conservatism
11908:Confucianism
11827:Gerontocracy
11817:Dictatorship
11771:Sovereigntyâ
11761:Ruling class
11651:Emancipation
11636:Citizenshipâ
11540:Larry Laudan
11520:Imre Lakatos
11499:
11475:Otto Neurath
11450:Karl Pearson
11440:Pierre Duhem
11412:Isaac Newton
11342:Protoscience
11300:Epistemology
11174:Anti-realism
11172: /
11153: /
11144: /
11130: /
11128:Reductionism
11126: /
11099:Inductionism
11079:Evolutionism
10884:
10771:a posteriori
10770:
10766:
10670: /
10666: /
10662: /
10579:Mental image
10574:Mental event
10537:Intelligence
10487:Chinese room
10333:
10284:Gilbert Ryle
10264:Derek Parfit
10254:Thomas Nagel
10184:Fred Dretske
10104:J. L. Austin
10076:Philosophers
9934:
9883:Cora Diamond
9799:Morton White
9667:Thomas Nagel
9612:Otto Neurath
9561:Ernest Nagel
9508:Gilbert Ryle
9503:Derek Parfit
9463:J. L. Austin
9410:Casimir Lewy
9379:Peter Singer
9374:J. L. Mackie
9346:Barry Stroud
9306:Noam Chomsky
9299:Philosophers
9233:Natural kind
9117:Anti-realism
9077:Mathematical
9051:Performative
9010:Epistemology
8925:
8917:
8909:
8901:
8893:
8885:
8855:Open society
8820:
8783:
8761:
8751:John N. Gray
8730:, retrieved
8726:the original
8721:
8689:
8662:
8608:
8601:
8597:
8587:
8548:
8536:
8526:
8484:
8480:
8464:
8435:
8395:
8385:
8370:
8355:
8340:
8333:
8323:
8297:
8279:
8270:
8260:
8253:
8221:
8217:
8202:Isaac Asimov
8189:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8141:
8131:
8122:
8115:
8114:Hacohen, M.
8108:
8095:
8076:
8064:
8057:
8047:
8029:
8028:Volume III:
8016:
8002:
7991:
7967:
7958:
7951:
7941:
7930:
7913:
7909:
7898:
7883:
7870:
7864:
7813:
7809:
7793:. Retrieved
7788:
7759:
7755:
7743:. Retrieved
7736:
7722:
7708:
7695:. Retrieved
7688:
7666:
7645:
7632:. Retrieved
7608:
7602:
7583:. Retrieved
7527:
7523:
7502:
7498:
7476:(5): 38â44.
7473:
7467:
7456:
7440:. Retrieved
7436:the original
7420:. Retrieved
7416:the original
7411:
7380:
7342:
7323:
7318:
7310:
7305:
7280:
7272:
7257:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7219:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7194:
7183:
7178:
7163:
7158:
7145:
7128:
7120:
7113:. Retrieved
7108:
7098:
7073:
7065:
7056:
7050:
7041:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6984:the original
6977:
6967:
6955:. Retrieved
6952:The Atlantic
6951:
6941:
6926:
6918:
6908:
6904:
6888:
6876:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6831:. Retrieved
6816:
6809:
6801:
6796:
6783:
6771:
6752:
6740:
6732:
6727:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6677:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6617:
6612:
6604:
6599:
6594:, pp. 184 ff
6591:
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6570:the original
6560:
6552:
6547:
6540:Out of Error
6539:
6534:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6462:
6453:
6444:
6435:
6426:
6414:. Retrieved
6399:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6376:talk.origins
6353:
6349:
6340:
6328:. Retrieved
6325:The Guardian
6324:
6314:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6240:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6199:
6192:
6181:
6174:
6158:
6154:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6123:
6103:
6096:
6063:
6059:
6004:
5997:
5985:. Retrieved
5956:
5951:
5939:. Retrieved
5924:
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5890:
5883:
5874:
5861:
5852:
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5818:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5709:(1976), and
5706:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5681:the original
5676:
5667:
5647:
5640:
5620:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5597:the original
5575:
5566:
5554:. Retrieved
5544:
5532:. Retrieved
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5478:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5449:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5359:
5350:
5335:
5334:Raphael, F.
5330:
5320:
5316:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5268:
5249:
5246:Magee, Bryan
5241:
5226:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5133:
5126:Watkins 1994
5121:
5114:Watkins 1997
5109:
5100:
5094:
5029:
5014:George Soros
4910:
4889:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4846:
4831:
4818:
4805:
4792:
4775:
4771:
4758:
4745:
4725:
4712:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4631:
4619:Econometrica
4618:
4612:
4599:
4593:
4580:
4576:
4555:
4553:
4538:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4420:Imre Lakatos
4411:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4365:
4357:
4353:non-sciences
4346:
4336:
4327:Open Society
4326:
4316:
4309:George Soros
4306:
4288:, biologist
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4252:Imre Lakatos
4240:
4161:Pirate Party
4021:Jeffersonian
3929:South Africa
3419:Lloyd George
3240:
3014:Philosophers
2921:To bear arms
2869:Open society
2829:
2605:Conservative
2547:
2543:
2539:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2467:
2454:
2431:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2304:
2288:
2283:metaphysical
2268:
2252:
2248:three worlds
2243:
2240:
2226:
2221:
2174:
2127:
2089:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1952:metalanguage
1949:
1924:
1922:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1848:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1627:
1470:
1379:
1375:evolutionary
1374:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1337:verification
1333:
1312:
1287:
1259:Alfred Adler
1252:
1240:totalitarian
1233:
1227:
1220:German Reich
1209:
1206:
1191:
1156:
1085:
1072:Cyril Höschl
1039:
1024:
981:
938:
935:Christchurch
924:
885:psychologism
878:
874:
870:
866:
860:
852:
848:
834:
830:
825:
817:Alfred Adler
810:
786:
730:
716:open society
707:open society
696:
646:
645:
589:
513:essentialism
502:Open society
489:view of the
446:
384:Epistemology
300: (1928)
289:
252:Institutions
96:(1994-09-17)
75:28 July 1902
18:
16965:Ontologists
16740:1994 deaths
16735:1902 births
16730:Karl Popper
16672:Paul RicĆur
16660:Karl Popper
16654:Paul Thieme
16562:Orhan Pamuk
16546:Renzo Piano
16530:Mona Hatoum
16410:Karl Popper
16330:Alvar Aalto
16203:Objectivity
16172:Karl Popper
16162:Thomas Kuhn
16142:Mario Bunge
15893:(1879â1884)
15828:(1909â1959)
15562:Metaphysics
15542:Historicism
15457:Demarcation
15452:Consilience
15375:Rationalism
15081:Verhofstadt
15076:Balcerowicz
14883:Politicians
14814:Collingwood
14754:Tocqueville
14629:Montesquieu
14592:New Zealand
14562:Progressive
14552:Libertarian
14407:Libertarian
14402:Gladstonian
14382:Switzerland
14332:Netherlands
14233:Czech lands
14175:Philippines
14168:Progressive
14150:South Korea
13924:Ecofeminism
13852:Utilitarian
13732:Rule of law
13533:Due process
13225:(1835â1840)
13105:(c. 350 BC)
13095:(c. 375 BC)
12712:Tocqueville
12677:Saint-Simon
12642:Montesquieu
12493:Bolingbroke
12425:Machiavelli
12305:Ibn Khaldun
12270:Alpharabius
12263:Middle Ages
12088:Natural law
12063:Common good
11988:Nationalism
11948:Imperialism
11918:Corporatism
11893:Colonialism
11873:Agrarianism
11852:Technocracy
11832:Meritocracy
11812:Bureaucracy
11802:Aristocracy
11530:Ian Hacking
11515:Thomas Kuhn
11500:Karl Popper
11480:C. D. Broad
11397:Roger Bacon
11325:Non-science
11267:Linguistics
11247:Archaeology
11142:Rationalism
11132:Determinism
11119:Physicalism
11084:Fallibilism
11034:Coherentism
10964:Testability
10917:Observation
10912:Objectivity
10873:alternative
10804:Correlation
10794:Consilience
10664:information
10655:Metaphysics
10629:Tabula rasa
10439:Physicalism
10424:Parallelism
10352:Behaviorism
10309:Michael Tye
10304:Alan Turing
10289:John Searle
10164:Dharmakirti
10139:Tyler Burge
10134:C. D. Broad
9982:Lwow-Warsaw
9968:Ian Hacking
9935:Karl Popper
9930:Thomas Kuhn
9878:Alice Crary
9840:Saul Kripke
9835:Jaegwon Kim
9830:David Lewis
9820:Jerry Fodor
9789:Susan Haack
9703:Robert Audi
9513:John Searle
9483:Peter Geach
9473:Antony Flew
9420:G. E. Moore
9341:Ernest Sosa
9271:Possibility
9020:Mathematics
9005:Metaphysics
8821:Karl Popper
8784:In Our Time
8653:Karl Popper
8533:Stove, D.C.
8525:Stokes, G.
8400:Description
8345:Description
8334:Karl Popper
8034:Description
8020:Description
8015:Volume II:
8007:Description
7916:(2): 46â49.
7745:15 November
7709:Karl Popper
7611:: 369â409.
7585:21 December
7442:21 December
6776:Miller 1997
6745:Popper 1976
6551:K. Popper:
6330:22 February
6284:(1): 3â34.
5841:Popper 1962
5787:Popper 1994
5751:Akrami 2009
5727:Popper 1962
5512:21 December
5471:Miller 1994
5432:Opensociety
5404:A. C. Ewing
5273:EichstÀtter
5179:Horgan 1992
5087:Miller 1997
4905:Filmography
4598:, 1934 (as
4461:statistical
4402:Thomas Kuhn
3989:Gladstonian
3949:Switzerland
3934:South Korea
3877:Philippines
3837:New Zealand
3832:Netherlands
3489:Verhofstadt
3484:Balcerowicz
3293:Politicians
3221:Collingwood
3161:Tocqueville
3036:Montesquieu
2928:Rule of law
2729:Due process
2531:agnosticism
2527:Third World
2434:John Eccles
2432:Popper and
2389:abiogenesis
1914:Metaphysics
1802:historicism
1757:prima facie
1714:Rationality
1667:fallibilism
1360:falsifiable
1345:demarcation
1280:Eddington's
1232:(1944) and
1082:in May 1994
1008: [
919:blue plaque
893:inductivism
837:Karl BĂŒhler
781:bibliophile
749:Lutheranism
672:inductivist
607:distinction
601:historicism
525:probability
413:Metaphysics
389:Rationality
345:A. I. Sabra
155:(PhD, 1928)
132:Citizenship
118: [
28:Karl Popper
16724:Categories
16506:JĂžrn Utzon
16338:Karl Barth
16322:Niels Bohr
15983:Ernst Mach
15978:Ernst Laas
15953:A. J. Ayer
15941:Proponents
15760:Philosophy
15557:Humanities
15501:Antitheses
15370:Empiricism
15347:Positivism
15238:Empiricism
15209:Democratic
15204:Capitalism
14542:Jacksonian
14412:Manchester
14327:Montenegro
14312:Luxembourg
13847:Republican
13737:Secularism
13570:Federalism
13511:Liberalism
13433:Separatism
13241:On Liberty
13141:The Prince
12870:Huntington
12373:Campanella
12300:al-Ghazali
12249:Thucydides
12207:Lactantius
12152:Statolatry
11978:Monarchism
11958:Liberalism
11883:Capitalism
11866:Ideologies
11847:Plutocracy
11795:Government
11751:Revolution
11736:Propaganda
11686:Legitimacy
11661:Government
11417:David Hume
11390:Precursors
11272:Psychology
11252:Economicsâ
11146:Empiricism
11137:Pragmatism
11124:Positivism
11114:Naturalism
10984:scientific
10868:Hypothesis
10831:Experiment
10700:Task Force
10668:perception
10542:Artificial
10492:Creativity
10414:Nondualism
10314:Vasubandhu
10234:John Locke
10204:David Hume
10159:Andy Clark
9958:John Dupré
9825:Kurt Gödel
9781:Pragmatism
9696:Notre Dame
9687:John Rawls
9556:A. J. Ayer
9493:R. M. Hare
9488:Paul Grice
9400:Arif Ahmed
9187:Sense data
9172:Pragmatism
9046:Linguistic
8828:Philosophy
8732:21 January
8617:3515059016
8511:2008009151
8428:0875481426
8420:0875481418
8379:905183618X
8364:0812690397
8314:3161491580
8306:3161483952
8288:0754640167
8198:0391026097
8181:0521078261
8150:0822326590
8087:0853153841
8001:Volume I:
7873:: 645â684.
7656:0006341160
7595:Miller, D.
7537:1703.02389
7334:References
7281:Straw Dogs
7266:0674664779
7172:0415278449
6990:7 December
6957:7 February
6913:, page 209
6885:3515059016
6833:22 January
6720:Zerin 1998
6703:Zerin 1998
6259:1089930823
6167:0691019681
6024:1112564799
6015:0006341160
5987:7 February
5843:, p.
5556:1 December
5534:1 December
5392:Sturm 2012
5380:Zerin 1998
5368:3447047232
5344:0753811367
5262:078943511X
5252:New York:
5235:0521470536
4868:0415173019
4855:0415115043
4842:0415135559
4827:0415249929
4814:0415129583
4801:1855060000
4788:349200640X
4767:0415135486
4754:0415058988
4740:0415285909
4736:0415285895
4721:0198750242
4702:0415043182
4689:0091514509
4676:0415078652
4663:0415091128
4650:0415290635
4642:0415290635
4627:0415065690
4608:0415278449
4589:0415394317
4522:repression
4514:argues in
4504:argues in
4404:writes in
4117:Empiricism
4088:Democratic
4083:Capitalism
3994:Manchester
3827:Montenegro
3812:Luxembourg
3748:Venizelism
3678:Costa Rica
2933:Secularism
2766:Federalism
2718:Principles
2577:Liberalism
2355:knowledge.
2295:penicillin
1702:David Hume
1638:Niels Bohr
1320:empiricism
1302:See also:
1177:Philosophy
991:, Surrey.
889:naturalism
496:Propensity
244:Liberalism
124:, Vienna,
71:1902-07-28
16940:Logicians
16426:Arne NĂŠss
16224:Verstehen
16210:Phronesis
16198:Knowledge
16182:Max Weber
16002:Criticism
15750:Sociology
15688:Modernism
15666:pluralism
15651:anarchism
15547:Historism
15467:Induction
15380:Scientism
15253:Anarchist
15051:Roosevelt
15021:StÄhlberg
15016:Venizelos
14971:Sarmiento
14961:Gladstone
14921:Lamartine
14891:Jefferson
14744:Martineau
14694:De Gouges
14679:Condorcet
14664:Priestley
14580:Australia
14496:Nicaragua
14317:Macedonia
14307:Lithuania
14258:Orléanist
14125:Hong Kong
14064:By region
14033:Christian
14028:Religious
13981:Corporate
13948:Third Way
13798:Classical
13538:Democracy
13151:Leviathan
13131:Monarchia
13125:(c. 1274)
12960:Oakeshott
12905:Mansfield
12900:Luxemburg
12885:Kropotkin
12780:Bernstein
12733:centuries
12647:Nietzsche
12590:Jefferson
12518:Condorcet
12466:centuries
12445:Pufendorf
12310:Marsilius
12197:Confucius
12182:Aristotle
12175:Antiquity
12103:Noble lie
12023:Third Way
12018:Socialism
11943:Feudalism
11898:Communism
11878:Anarchism
11857:Theocracy
11842:Oligarchy
11822:Democracy
11807:Autocracy
11721:Pluralism
11706:Obedience
11671:Hierarchy
11631:Authority
11257:Geography
11225:Chemistry
11184:Scientism
10979:ladenness
10799:Construct
10777:Causality
10564:Intuition
10497:Cognition
10461:Solipsism
10124:Ned Block
10094:Armstrong
10089:Aristotle
9808:Princeton
9607:Hans Hahn
9393:Cambridge
9266:Necessity
9261:Actualism
9132:Emotivism
9097:Predicate
9067:Classical
8569:142706298
8519:750831024
8422:(vol.I).
8412:1976 book
8351:Springer.
8349:contents.
8324:On Popper
8038:Contents.
8024:Contents.
8011:Contents.
7975:Contents.
7846:124678624
7838:0007-0882
7795:20 August
7634:12 August
7570:119401938
7562:1355-2198
7530:: 41â52.
7399:847985678
7369:260208425
7033:0959-3543
6576:12 August
6416:12 August
6306:143602969
6298:0048-3931
6080:0022-5037
6032:cite book
5961:, pp. 32â
5941:12 August
5907:12 August
5765:, Sec. 4.
5490:3 January
5408:Cambridge
5325:, page 76
4730:, 2002 .
4560:Otto Selz
4541:John Gray
4373:falsified
4343:Criticism
4329:given at
4132:Anarchist
4040:Venezuela
4016:Classical
3984:Cobdenism
3887:Cracovian
3842:Nicaragua
3807:Lithuania
3666:Hong Kong
3621:Australia
3459:Roosevelt
3429:StÄhlberg
3424:Venizelos
3379:Sarmiento
3369:Gladstone
3329:Lamartine
3299:Jefferson
3151:Martineau
3101:De Gouges
3086:Condorcet
3071:Priestley
2734:Democracy
2706:Third Way
2667:Christian
2662:Religious
2600:Classical
2552:Influence
2438:free will
2428:Free will
2370:phenotype
2324:tautology
2279:Darwinism
2048:−
1824:socialism
1438:→
1420:→
1402:→
1211:Anschluss
1198:communist
1154:in 1982.
1138:. He was
1116:Cambridge
1076:doctorate
1031:pneumonia
862:Anschluss
798:Karl Marx
765:Hungarian
735:(then in
605:historism
590:Basissatz
542:evolution
536:Darwinism
511:Modified
160:Relatives
105:, England
16442:Dario Fo
16245:Category
15661:nihilism
15656:idealism
15586:Related
15462:Evidence
15243:Humanism
15216:Centrism
15031:Rathenau
15006:Milyukov
14926:Macaulay
14896:KoĆĆÄ
taj
14867:Kymlicka
14847:Friedman
14794:Cassirer
14784:Hobhouse
14719:Constant
14714:Humboldt
14674:Beccaria
14639:Rousseau
14634:Voltaire
14506:Paraguay
14486:Honduras
14471:Colombia
14427:Whiggist
14417:Muscular
14367:Slovenia
14362:Slovakia
14342:Portugal
14295:Liberism
14218:Bulgaria
14157:Chinilpa
14104:Zimbabwe
13976:Cultural
13891:National
13827:Georgist
13805:Economic
13688:Property
13651:Positive
13646:Negative
13602:Religion
13580:Economic
13553:Equality
13406:Centrism
13101:Politics
13091:Republic
13060:Voegelin
13040:Spengler
13025:Shariati
13000:Rothbard
12955:Nussbaum
12855:Habermas
12830:Fukuyama
12820:Foucault
12745:Ambedkar
12722:Voltaire
12692:de Staël
12667:Rousseau
12548:Franklin
12523:Constant
12483:Beccaria
12315:Muhammad
12295:Gelasius
12280:Averroes
12254:Xenophon
12234:Polybius
12187:Chanakya
12032:Concepts
11998:Populism
11968:Localism
11953:Islamism
11938:Feminism
11837:Monarchy
11741:Property
11731:Progress
11696:Monopoly
11666:Hegemony
11552:Category
11204:Vitalism
11027:Theories
11001:Variable
10922:Paradigm
10809:function
10767:A priori
10756:Analysis
10749:Concepts
10685:Category
10532:Identity
10475:Concepts
10345:Theories
10329:Zhuangzi
10259:Alva Noë
10016:Category
9892:Reformed
9865:Quietism
9253:Modality
9213:Analysis
9206:Concepts
9177:Quietism
9137:Feminism
9110:Theories
9015:Language
8743:Archived
8674:Archived
8430:(Vol II)
8404:contents
8246:40431793
8074:(1968).
7856:(1997).
7776:22520195
7697:25 April
7597:(1997).
7422:26 April
7379:(2013).
7242:(1994).
7115:12 March
6887:), and
6879:, 1991 (
6843:Archived
6680:, p. 232
6169:, p. 265
5826:12 March
5456:13 March
5292:, p. 293
5205:(1964).
4918:See also
4821:, 1994,
4795:, 1990,
4778:) (with
4761:, 1984,
4696:, 1963,
4644:, Vol 2
4122:Humanism
4095:Centrism
4045:Zimbabwe
3999:Whiggism
3959:Thailand
3924:Slovenia
3919:Slovakia
3894:Portugal
3867:Paraguay
3790:Liberism
3755:Honduras
3673:Colombia
3646:Bulgaria
3439:Rathenau
3414:Milyukov
3334:Macaulay
3304:KoĆĆÄ
taj
3276:Kymlicka
3256:Friedman
3201:Cassirer
3191:Hobhouse
3126:Constant
3121:Humboldt
3081:Beccaria
3046:Rousseau
3041:Voltaire
2884:Property
2847:Positive
2842:Negative
2798:Religion
2776:Economic
2749:Equality
2672:Catholic
2642:National
2637:Muscular
2615:Feminist
2610:Cultural
2569:a series
2567:Part of
2291:bacteria
1840:Cold War
1819:BĂ©la Kun
1140:knighted
761:Silesian
472:dogmatic
447:See list
16394:Max Tau
16125:Critics
15850:(1990s)
15844:(1980s)
15838:(1960s)
15818:(1890s)
15671:realism
15603:(1830s)
15591:in the
15071:Jenkins
15066:Kennedy
15056:Pearson
15041:Einaudi
15026:Gokhale
14986:Itagaki
14981:Naoroji
14976:Mommsen
14956:Lincoln
14946:Mazzini
14931:Kossuth
14916:Broglie
14911:BolĂvar
14906:Artigas
14901:Madison
14764:Spencer
14749:Emerson
14739:Bastiat
14724:Ricardo
14684:Bentham
14624:Spinoza
14585:Small-l
14573:Oceania
14516:Uruguay
14481:Ecuador
14449:Bolivia
14422:Radical
14392:Ukraine
14347:Romania
14322:Moldova
14280:Hungary
14270:Germany
14265:Georgia
14248:Finland
14243:Estonia
14238:Denmark
14223:Croatia
14213:Belgium
14208:Austria
14203:Armenia
14198:Albania
14099:Tunisia
14089:Senegal
14084:Nigeria
14045:Secular
14038:Islamic
13832:Radical
13790:Schools
13693:Private
13641:Liberty
13575:Freedom
13443:Statism
13356:Elitism
13314:Related
13115:(51 BC)
13045:Strauss
13020:Scruton
13015:Schmitt
13005:Russell
12925:Michels
12920:Maurras
12915:Marcuse
12875:Kautsky
12845:Gramsci
12840:Gentile
12810:Dworkin
12800:Du Bois
12795:Dmowski
12790:Chomsky
12785:Burnham
12770:Benoist
12740:Agamben
12707:Thoreau
12697:Stirner
12687:Spencer
12632:Mazzini
12622:Maistre
12617:Madison
12612:Le Play
12543:Fourier
12508:Carlyle
12488:Bentham
12478:Bastiat
12473:Bakunin
12450:Spinoza
12440:MĂŒntzer
12410:Leibniz
12383:Grotius
12363:Bossuet
12330:Plethon
12275:Aquinas
12244:Sun Tzu
12212:Mencius
12202:Han Fei
11973:Marxism
11933:Fascism
11766:Society
11691:Liberty
11676:Justice
11656:Freedom
11262:History
11230:Physics
11220:Biology
11018:more...
11006:control
10902:Inquiry
10695:Project
10648:Related
10507:Concept
10362:Dualism
10335:more...
10194:Goldman
9918:Science
9635:Harvard
9281:Realism
9157:Marxism
9072:Deviant
9041:Aretaic
9025:Science
8667:, 1977.
8646:at the
8632:at the
8577:2587626
8479:(ed.).
8226:Bibcode
8136:excerpt
8030:Science
7971:Preface
7954:. 1994.
7944:. 2009.
7910:Skeptic
7818:Bibcode
7542:Bibcode
7478:Bibcode
6979:YouTube
6635:, 1977.
6607:, p. 97
6542:, p. 33
6088:3653940
5576:El PaĂs
4442:of the
4377:Neptune
4035:Uruguay
3974:Ukraine
3964:Tunisia
3909:Senegal
3899:Romania
3847:Nigeria
3822:Moldova
3765:Iceland
3760:Hungary
3738:Germany
3733:Georgia
3723:Finland
3718:Estonia
3708:Ecuador
3703:Denmark
3698:Czechia
3683:Croatia
3636:Bolivia
3631:Belgium
3626:Austria
3616:Armenia
3611:Albania
3479:Jenkins
3474:Kennedy
3464:Pearson
3449:Einaudi
3434:Gokhale
3394:Itagaki
3389:Naoroji
3384:Mommsen
3364:Lincoln
3354:Mazzini
3339:Kossuth
3324:Broglie
3319:BolĂvar
3314:Artigas
3309:Madison
3171:Spencer
3156:Emerson
3146:Bastiat
3131:Ricardo
3091:Bentham
3031:Spinoza
2988:History
2889:Private
2837:Liberty
2771:Freedom
2691:Secular
2679:Islamic
2657:Radical
2594:Schools
2535:Spinoza
2470:Schlick
1853:, with
1650:realist
1353:Marxism
1271:physics
1218:by the
1216:Austria
1194:Marxism
1020:Austria
967:at the
945:Dunedin
929:of the
790:Marxism
753:Bohemia
534:Active
166:(uncle)
138:Austria
16704:(2021)
16698:(2016)
16692:(2012)
16686:(2008)
16680:(2004)
16674:(2000)
16668:(1996)
16662:(1992)
16656:(1988)
16596:(2023)
16588:(2021)
16580:(2018)
16572:(2014)
16564:(2012)
16556:(2010)
16548:(2008)
16540:(2006)
16532:(2004)
16524:(2002)
16516:(2000)
16508:(1998)
16500:(1996)
16492:(1994)
16484:(1991)
16476:(1989)
16468:(1987)
16460:(1985)
16452:(1983)
16444:(1981)
16436:(1979)
16428:(1977)
16420:(1975)
16412:(1973)
16404:(1971)
16396:(1970)
16388:(1969)
16380:(1968)
16372:(1967)
16364:(1966)
16356:(1965)
16348:(1964)
16340:(1963)
16332:(1962)
16324:(1961)
16316:(1960)
16308:(1959)
16300:(1950)
16117:(1986)
16109:(1980)
16101:(1978)
16093:(1968)
16085:(1964)
16077:(1963)
16069:(1962)
16061:(1960)
16053:(1951)
16045:(1942)
16037:(1936)
16029:(1934)
16021:(1923)
16013:(1909)
15933:(2001)
15925:(1959)
15917:(1936)
15909:(1927)
15901:(1886)
15885:(1869)
15877:(1848)
15869:(1830)
15805:Method
15678:Holism
15609:(1927)
15091:Macron
15036:Madero
15001:Deakin
14991:Levski
14966:Cavour
14951:JuĂĄrez
14941:Cobden
14872:Badawi
14862:Nozick
14842:Berlin
14833:Popper
14809:Keynes
14804:Ortega
14769:Arnold
14729:Guizot
14689:Korais
14654:Turgot
14614:Milton
14557:Modern
14532:Canada
14501:Panama
14491:Mexico
14459:Lulism
14454:Brazil
14387:Turkey
14377:Sweden
14357:Serbia
14352:Russia
14337:Norway
14302:Latvia
14275:Greece
14253:France
14228:Cyprus
14190:Europe
14180:Turkey
14140:Israel
14072:Africa
14050:Techno
13906:Social
13810:Fiscal
13705:Rights
13698:Public
13607:Speech
13585:Market
13558:Gender
13305:(1992)
13295:(1971)
13285:(1951)
13275:(1945)
13265:(1944)
13255:(1929)
13245:(1859)
13235:(1848)
13215:(1820)
13205:(1791)
13195:(1790)
13185:(1762)
13175:(1748)
13165:(1689)
13155:(1651)
13145:(1532)
13135:(1313)
13065:Walzer
13055:Taylor
13010:Sartre
12975:Popper
12970:Pareto
12965:Ortega
12950:Nozick
12940:Mouffe
12890:Laclau
12850:Guénon
12835:Gandhi
12775:Berlin
12765:Bauman
12760:Badiou
12750:Arendt
12717:Tucker
12607:Le Bon
12568:Herder
12558:Haller
12553:Godwin
12538:Fichte
12533:Engels
12528:Cortés
12498:Bonald
12455:SuĂĄrez
12430:Milton
12420:Luther
12393:Hobbes
12378:Filmer
12368:Calvin
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