167:
France, and
Hungary, but that while he was under no illusions concerning the fate of Jews deported to the East, he "most likely had no immediate knowledge of the extent, methods, and associated circumstances of the measures to exterminate the Jews" and that "knowledge of the commission or existence of a crime suffices for a conviction only in those cases where a legal obligation exists to prevent or oppose an action." On the remaining counts he was found Not Guilty in the sense of the indictment, except for the second count, war crimes, specifically killing and mistreating participants in the war and prisoners of war, on which he was found guilty in two instances, firstly of Foreign Office complicity in an order not to prosecute cases of
31:
89:. In 1911 he transferred to the colonial office, and in 1918 to the economics office before settling in 1922 in the Foreign Office, where he headed the sections for economics and reparations and finally the section for trading politics, where he played a significant role in the 1930–31 project to establish a
451:, p. 158: "Er hat sich über die Judenpolitik ... und über das Schicksal der nach dem Osten deportierten Juden keinen Illusionen hingegeben, wenn er auch höchstwahrscheinlich keine unmittelbare Kenntnis von dem Umfang, der Methode und den Begleitumständen der Ausrottungsmaßnahmen gegen die Juden gehabt hat."
166:
in 1947, he was arraigned on five counts. He was found innocent on the first, promotion of aggressive war. On the third count, crimes against humanity, specifically Jews, Catholics and other minorities, the judgement of the court was that Ritter was implicated in the deportation of Jews from
Denmark,
171:
of Allied flyers, regarding which the judgement of the court was that while Ritter was not the originator of this policy of murder, he was guilty of carrying it out; and secondly of the killing of escaped prisoners of war, because in his function within the
Foreign Office he was obligated to inform
511:
295:
Das Urteil im
Wilhelmstrassen-Prozess: D. amtl. Wortlaut d. Entscheidung im Fall Nr 11 d. Nürnberger Militärtribunals gegen von Weizsäcker u. andere, mit abweichender Urteilsbegründung, Berichtigungsbeschlüssen, d. grundlegenden Gesetzesbestimmungen, e. Verz. d. Gerichtspersonen u. Zeugen u.
488:
106:
for demanding the
Brazilian government ban anti-Nazi propaganda. He stated at his trial that he was forced to join the Nazi Party at this time. In 1938, he became chairman of Committee B of the International Commission for Cession of the
187:
Ritter was sentenced to four years in prison, including time served beginning in 1945; he was released a month after sentencing, on 15 May 1949. He was represented by the defence lawyer Horst
Pelckmann, who was replaced by
453:
p. 159: "Kenntnis davon, daß ein
Verbrechen begangen worden ist oder bevorsteht, genügt zu einer Verurteilung nur in den Fällen, in denen eine Rechtspflicht besteht, eine Handlung zu verhindern oder sich ihr zu
180:, the Swiss Embassy extends its protection to British prisoners of war, and he had instead been complicit in the sending of an untrue and misleading memorandum to the Swiss Embassy. One of the three judges,
658:
285:: "já que este último foi declarado persona non grata pelo Brasil (Ritter havia censurado o Governo brasileiro por permitir uma suposta campanha anti-nazista contra alemães residentes no país)".
516:
Der angesehene DDR-Journalist Karl-Heinz
Gerstner hat seine Memoiren vorgelegt und verschweigt seinen Weg vom tüchtigen Nazi-Diplomaten zum viel beschäftigten Stasi-Agenten "Ritter"
90:
86:
663:
318:
However, according to one history of the German
Foreign Office, he was never a party member: Eckart Conze, Norbert Frei, Peter Hayes, and Moshe Zimmermann,
150:, who beginning in 1943 smuggled classified documents from the Foreign Ministry-OKW correspondence to the American Legation in Bern, Switzerland, headed by
241:
Neu-Kamerun: Das von
Frankreich an Deutschland im Abkommen vom 4. Nov. 1911 abgetretene Gebiet; Beschrieben auf Grund der bisher vorliegenden Mitteilungen
412:
400:
135:
177:
173:
466:, p. 64: "Wir sehen Ritter nicht einfach als Laufburschen an...er war zwar nicht Urheber dieser Mordpolitik, hat sie aber durchgeführt."
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worked as a diplomat in Paris: it was subsequently demonstrated that he had on numerous occasions clandestinely assisted the
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A Spy at the Heart of the Third Reich: The Extraordinary Story of Fritz Kolbe, America's Most Important Spy in World War II
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Beginning on October 9, 1939, a month after the invasion of Poland: Conze, Frei, Hayes, and Zimmermann,
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298:, Ed. Robert M. W. Kempner and Carl Haensel with C. H. Tuerck, Schwäbisch Gmünd: Bürger, 1950,
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Das Amt und die Vergangenheit. Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik
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After the Nazis came to power, in 1937–38, he was first envoy and then ambassador to
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Nothing is known of Ritter's life after his release except for attendance at the home of
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Braune Diplomaten. Horst Wagner und Eberhard von Thadden als Funktionäre der "Endlösung"
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began, Ritter was responsible for overseeing the economic war, with the rank of
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Ritter graduated with a degree in law in 1905. In 1907 he was appointed to the
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617:
350:, Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte 29, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1990,
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Das Auswärtige Amt im Dritten Reich. Diplomatie im Schatten der "Endlösung"
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243:. Veröffentlichungen des Reichskolonialamts 4. Jena: Fischer, 1912.
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People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
66:
93:, which however came to nothing because of French opposition.
19:
This article is about the diplomat. For the geographer, see
376:
Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945
348:
Europas Weg in den Krieg. Hitler und die Mächte 1939
146:. One of his assistants in the Foreign Office was
378:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, 1994,
615:
370:or "Ambassador for special assignments"—
138:, he worked on the 1939 negotiations with the
664:People from Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)
162:At the war's end Ritter was arrested. At the
126:. Until 1945, he was the liaison between the
425:Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence
227:; he became a communist and a journalist in
111:, during the preparations that led to the
23:. For the film director and producer, see
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509:
195:
29:
322:, 2nd ed. Munich: Karl Blessing, 2010,
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142:that led to the economics part of the
512:"Kritisch, optimistisch und verlogen"
476:Das Urteil im Wilhelmstrassen-Prozess
464:Das Urteil im Wilhelmstrassen-Prozess
449:Das Urteil im Wilhelmstrassen-Prozess
427:, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2009,
100:. In Rio de Janeiro, he was declared
603:. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2005.
411:Conze, Frei, Hayes, and Zimmermann,
69:for two years, Special Envoy to the
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49:) was a German diplomat during the
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556:
14:
680:
644:Ambassadors of Germany to Brazil
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276:O Brasil na Guerra – Cronologia
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144:Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
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669:Nazis convicted of war crimes
510:Götz Aly (26 February 2000).
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91:German-Austrian Customs Union
649:German expatriates in Brazil
184:, dissented on both counts.
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639:Diplomats in the Nazi Party
16:German diplomat (1883-1968)
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685:
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219:Ritter's illegitimate son
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586:. Berlin: Siedler, 1987.
487:Deutscher Presse-Dienst,
174:Geneva Convention of 1929
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654:People from Marktredwitz
372:zur besonderen Verfügung
178:Hague Convention of 1907
124:Ambassador, Special Duty
109:Sudeten German Territory
548:German Federal Archives
172:the OKW that under the
130:Foreign Office and the
65:, he was ambassador to
53:and was convicted as a
41:(5 June 1883, Dörflas,
634:Nazi Party politicians
190:Erich Schmidt-Leichner
176:and Article 14 of the
87:Bavarian Civil Service
45:– 31 July 1968,
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25:Karl Ritter (director)
566:. Bonn: Dietz, 2008.
196:Later life and family
77:during World War II.
33:
562:Sebastian Weitkamp.
494:Hamburger Abendblatt
489:"Die Urteilssprüche"
214:Hans Severus Ziegler
47:Murnau am Staffelsee
580:Hans-Jürgen Döscher
221:Karl-Heinz Gerstner
281:2011-07-15 at the
61:. A member of the
36:
572:978-3-8012-4178-0
423:Jefferson Adams,
328:978-3-89667-430-2
225:French resistance
210:Adolf von Thadden
103:persona non grata
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599:Lucas Delattre.
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59:Ministries Trial
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283:Wayback Machine
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235:Publications
229:East Germany
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216:and others.
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152:Allen Dulles
140:Soviet Union
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120:World War II
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55:war criminal
43:Marktredwitz
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629:1968 deaths
624:1883 births
595:(in German)
575:(in German)
551:(in German)
499:(in German)
360:(in German)
336:(in German)
332:p. 361
308:(in German)
253:(in German)
206:Edda Göring
204:along with
148:Fritz Kolbe
51:Third Reich
39:Karl Ritter
34:Karl Ritter
21:Carl Ritter
618:Categories
263:References
134:. Through
128:Ribbentrop
63:Nazi Party
525:7 January
478:, p. 298.
358:, p. 113
304:603853607
249:185552674
279:Archived
169:lynching
538:Sources
57:in the
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256:Online
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81:Career
67:Brazil
118:When
605:ISBN
588:ISBN
568:ISBN
527:2018
429:ISBN
413:n.p.
401:n.p.
380:ISBN
352:ISBN
324:ISBN
300:OCLC
245:OCLC
546:at
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