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875:". He then requests his support to end the cascading cycle of violence and war. Krishna tells Karna that Kunti is his biological mother and Pandavas are his half-brothers. In section 5.138 of the epic, according to McGrath, Krishna states, "by law, Karna should be considered as the eldest born of Pandavas", that he can use this information to become the king. Through his relationship to his mother Kunti, all Vrishnis on Krishna's side will also recognize him and be his tributary, he can be the emperor with power over everyone. Yudhisthira will hold the fan for him as he sits in the throne, Bhima his umbrella, and the common wife of the Pandavas ā Draupadi too ā says Krishna, may marry to him. after some time, were Karna to press his status as the eldest biological Pandava brother, end the war and rule the world.
938:ā the father of Arjuna and a major Vedic deity ā plan ways to make Karna mortal. Surya meets Karna and warns him of Indra's plan to appear disguised as a Brahmin to divest him of his earrings and breastplate, and thereby his immortality. Karna disregards this warning and says that if the king of gods Indra comes to beg before him, and if he charitably gives to Indra, it will bring him "renown and fame", then argues that "fame is more important to him than anything else". Indra appears as predicted, and Karna cuts his birthmarks of immortality with a knife, and gives the blood-soaked donation to disguised-as-a-Brahmin Indra. The leader of gods in return praises him and gives him a missile that can only be used once and will kill any mortal or immortal.
998:(commander of all his forces) for the first time. Karna and Shalya head into the battlefield together, though they keep insulting each other's abilities and intent, lack mutual devotion and teamwork. Together they reach Arjuna with Krishna. They battle that day, each showing his martial skills of attack as well as his ability to neutralize all weapons that reach their chariot. Then, the wheel of Karna's chariot gets stuck in the ground. Karna steps out of his chariot and is distracted while trying to unstick it. Arjuna ā whose own son was killed by the Kauravas a day ago while he was trying to unstick his chariot's wheel ā takes this moment to launch the fatal attack. Karna dies.
887:, he introduces himself as the son of Radha and Adhiratha, and inquires about the purpose of her visit. Kunti then confesses that he is her firstborn. Surya also appears and confirms Kunti's story, and suggests that he follow her. Karna says that though he may have been the firstborn, he never received the affection or care from her as the firstborn. "You discarded me", says Karna to Kunti, "you destroyed me in a way that no enemy could ever do to him". It is too late. He reiterates that he loves the parents who raised him, they love him, and he will remain loyal to his lifelong relationships. No one should abandon those who give respect and affection, says Karna in these
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1214:, human conflicts such as those illustrated through Karna-Arjuna conflict are inherently complicated and come with circumstantial depth. During violence and war, where all sides are motivated in part by their own beliefs in what constitutes righteousness, coupled with anger, frustration, and fear, the circumstances are ever more complex, actions irreversible, choices difficult. The choices made by Karna and his opponents must then be reflected upon both in terms of the circumstances and the mesh of multiple relative goods or bads, by characters each with different combinations of human strengths and weaknesses.
2065:), something that angers Karna. In another version, found in South Indian texts, Krishna takes the form of a rat and severs the string and thereby prevents Karna from equaling Arjuna's feat. However, all such versions are relatively modern, and according to McGrath who quotes Vishnu Suthankar, appear in "late and inferior or conflated manuscripts". The older critical edition version shows Karna simply failed, just like he and his army ultimately fails in other battles against the Pandavas. For another version of this story in a non-critical edition of the epic, see the summary by Moriz Winternitz.
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is already married, says Karna, he has two sons and now grandsons, all because his father
Adhiratha helped him settle into his married life. What matters most in life are the "bonds of love", according to Karna, and not power over the world. He shall betray no one, remain loyal to those who love him, including his friend Duryodhana, with whom he has been in allegiance for thirteen years. It is not "blood ties" that matter, but how someone treats you over a period of time that does. He made a promise to Duryodhana and he will keep it. It is his duty to fight Arjuna.
675:(a non-king, but also a word play on Arjuna) but announces that he is offering to anoint Karna as the king of Angas (Bengal). Once Karna is a king, states Duryodhana, Arjuna would not have the excuse to avoid Karna and not compete with the able warrior. Karna accepts the anointment, becomes a king that day. It also transforms him into a loyal friend to Duryodhana, with an eagerness to reciprocate the favour. Karna asks Duryodhana what he would want in return for the kingdom he just gave out of his empire, Duryodhana replies, "I want your endless friendship Karna".
1207:, the characters face a "choice between irreconcilable obligations", between two good or two poor choices, where complex circumstances must be considered. These circumstances make the evaluation of the choices complicated and a decision difficult, subjective. When circumstances lead to a conflict between two choices that are both right in their own premises, then following one duty becomes "contrary to the duty according to the other". Under these circumstances, there is an inherent subjective weighing of one moral duty against another.
1273:, like all human beings, combine a spectrum of good and bad behaviour, intentions and deeds. According to Das, all of the epic's characters including Karna do good deeds, foul deeds, and they are "ineradicable mixture of good and evil". With the assistance of Karna, Duryodhana plotted many evil plans against the Pandavas. Similarly, the Pandavas use foul means in an attempt to win a war, and Arjuna sets aside the Hindu behavioural code for "just war" when Karna becomes defenceless and distracted by his chariot's stuck wheel.
2789:; Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."
277:, in a manner similar to Aristotle's literary category of "flawed good man". He meets his biological mother late in the epic then discovers that he is the older half-brother of those he is fighting against. Karna is a symbol of someone who is rejected by those who should love him but do not given the circumstances, yet becomes a man of exceptional abilities willing to give his love and life as a loyal friend. His character is developed in the epic to raise and discuss major emotional and
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circumstances have the ability to shape human behaviour and one's personality. Karna is not evil, just a misfit or a rebel, an inspiring character if viewed from one set of values and an abnormal character from another set of values. Other characters in the epic, on both sides, present behaviour conflicted hues of human behaviour in difficult circumstances. Karna is cruel in some situations such as against
Draupadi, a behaviour he himself regrets in the pages of the
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234:(later the Pandava queen). Kunti was granted the boon to bear a child with desired divine qualities from the gods and without much knowledge, Kunti invoked the sun god to confirm it if it was true indeed. Karna was secretly born to an unmarried Kunti in her teenage years, and fearing outrage and backlash from society over her premarital pregnancy, Kunti had to abandon the newly born Karna adrift in a basket on the Ganges. The basket is discovered floating on the
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836:(here, Brahmin-Kshatriya marriage). Arjuna maintains his calm, continues to hide his true identity, insists that he is a "Brahmin who fight". Arjuna's accomplishments and calmness win Draupadi's heart. Draupadi picks Arjuna and awards the garland to him, signify that she chooses to marry the disguised-Brahmin Arjuna. The varna-based discrimination and verbal insults on Arjuna, for lovely Draupadi's hand, one that Karna initiates at the time of Draupadi's
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by "taking Karna by his hand". Karna feels
Duryodhana is that friend who stood by him when everyone rejected him. Duryodhana becomes Karna's lifelong close friend. In Karna, Duryodhana finds an able man and talented commander who can help him gain and retain power over an empire. In Duryodhana, Karna finds a caring friend and resourceful supporter when almost everyone is bent on ridiculing and disowning him.
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habits, hard work, pious yoga before Surya every day, compassion and eager generosity to help anyone in need particularly
Brahmins, his gift of speech, and for the pursuit of excellence in whatever he did. Karna is also known as someone who craves for respect, love and attention, who is overly sensitive to criticism, who habitually brags about his skills and martial capabilities, yet is deeply thoughtful and
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Vedic mythology by detaching his wheel, while Arjuna kills Karna while he tries to fix the wheel that is stuck in the ground. As another example of parallels, Surya too has a birth mother (Night) who abandons him in the Vedic texts and he too considers his adoptive mother (Dawn) who raises him to his bright self as the true mother just like Karna. This idea was first discussed by the philologist
451:. It is here that his earrings "that make his face shine", as well as the divine breastplate (body armor) he was born with, are mentioned for the first time. This sets him apart as someone special, with gifts no ordinary mortal has. However, later in the epic, the generous Karna gives the "earrings and breastplate" away in charity, thereby becomes a mortal and later dies in a battle with Arjuna.
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as the final solution. Karna persistently recommends violence and an all-out war, to settle things once and for all, by good brave warriors. Karna also accuses Bhisma and Drona as covetous materialists and dishonest in counselling
Duryodhana with non-violent strategies. Duryodhana has evil intentions and is a bad king, but it is Karna who fuels Duryodhana's ambitions and fights his battles.
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breastplate, and provided her with her first son. Pritha felt confused and ashamed, worried what everyone will think and how she will embarrass her family. At that time, according to Vedic civilization, if a girl gives birth to a child before married are less likely to marry. So, she put the newborn baby in a padded basket, and set it adrift in the small river
Ashvanadi by the palace.
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garb. He loves the parents who adopted him, he loves his friends and heritage. Karna exemplifies a personality that does not "discard identity after identity, but rather one who thrives by accepting and steadfastly hanging on to a meaningful identity". A more modern era example of Karna-like human behaviour was in
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is a complex concept in the Indian religions. It is not an atomistic or compartmentalized concept, rather incorporates "ways of living, ways of seeing and ways of relating to life's ultimate issues", according to
Matilal. Of those issues, ones relating to right or wrong behaviour, duties, rights, and
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and Drona suggest a conciliation and dividing the kingdom into two, half for
Kauravas and other for Pandavas. Karna, in contrast, adopts the hawkish approach and becomes the first to suggest a direct confrontation in the form of the Kurukshetra war. He calls for "together we should slay the Pandavas"
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and on it into the kingdom of Anga (ancient Bengal). There, it is found by a charioteer's wife Radha, who takes the baby Karna to her husband
Adhiratha Nandana. They adopt him right away and name him Vasushena. They love him and raise him just like their own son. While he was growing up, his adopting
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is not content simply to point out the weaknesses of human beings. It criticizes society's flaws. It raises the question whether a person's social position should be defined by birth or by some other criterion, such as accomplishment of some sort. Karna challenges their traditional understanding of
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Karna declines the offer. Karna replies that though he was born from Kunti, it was the wife of a charioteer "Radha who gave him love and sustenance", and that makes her his real mother. Similarly, it is from the love and affection and "not scripture" that he knows
Adhiratha to be his real father. He
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competition of Draupadi, where she is expected to choose her husband, both Arjuna and Karna are present. Arjuna and his brothers, however, are disguised as mendicant Brahmins. They use this false identity in exile because Duryodhana had attempted to kill them using various schemes, including burning
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The name Karna is also symbolically connected to the central aspect of Karna's character as the one who is intensely preoccupied with what others hear and think about him, about his fame, a weakness that others exploit to manipulate him. This "hearing" and "that which is heard", states McGrath makes
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movement (an arrangement of soldiers in the sea-monster pattern). As Duryodhana's army crumbles each day, the sea and vessel metaphor repeatedly appears in the epic, particularly when Karna is mentioned. As a newborn, Karna's life begins in a basket without a rudder on a river, in circumstances that
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According to Julian Woods, Karna is a "tragic antihero" of the epic. He is both generous to the Brahmins yet arrogant and cruel to the Pandavas. He bitterly opposes the Pandavas and is the pillar of support to the Kauravas, yet as he nears his fatal battle, he is also willing to accept his mistakes
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lineage, and his powers of illusion to confuse the enemies grew to enormous proportions as the war dragged deeper into the fifteenth night. Duryodhana and Karna's Kaurava friends plead that they are finished unless Karna does whatever it takes to kill Ghatotkacha. Karna hurls the "Indra missile" to
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Krishna then went to Kunti and asked her to meet Karna and tell him that he is her first born son and the Pandavas were his brothers. Krishna left it to her to choose between Karna and her five other sons. Kunti then went to meet Karna, finds him praying. She waits. After he finished his prayers to
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Karna is not proud of his anger and outbursts. Later, in a quieter moment with Krishna such as in section 5.139.45, and to his lifelong friend Duryodhana in section 8.1.7, Karna confides he was wrong in insulting Draupadi and the Pandavas, it is his past karma that haunts him and is a source of his
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Karna fights and berates the Pandavas at the legendary gambling match during the royal consecration ritual. There, Karna uses the choicest words to insult Draupadi that takes the bitterness of Pandava for Karna to much more emotional level from what previously was a dispute about respective martial
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For the consecration ceremony, Karna's father arrives. Bhima, one of the Pandavas, ridicules him for his low status and calls him dog-like. The public insult of his father makes Karna hate the Pandavas. At the end of the competition, while everyone rejects Karna, Duryodhana expresses amity to Karna
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Before the competition starts, the contestants must announce theirs lineage so that men of equal ranks are placed together. After Arjuna announces his royal lineage, it is time for Karna to present his lineage. If Karna were to announce his charioteer lineage, it would disqualify him from competing
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The second meaning of Karna as "rudder and helm" is also an apt metaphor given Karna's role in steering the war in Book 8 of the epic, where the good Karna confronts the good Arjuna, one of the climax scenes wherein the Mahabharata authors repeatedly deploy the allegories of ocean and boat to embed
1285:. To the victim Draupadi, it was a violence she would never forget nor live with, and Karna's personal regrets did not balance out her sexual humiliation in public. The reader and epic's audience can empathize with his psychology, as well as the psychology and the counter-behaviour of his victims.
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Karna, like the other heroes in the Mahabharata, forces us to look at ourselves and at our frailties. When Karna is not allowed to train in weaponry because he is a suta, it makes one ask, āWhat if my child had been denied entry into college because of her birth?ā We want them to feel secure and
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mentions Karna as the main challenger of Arjuna at sporting and skills competitions. At martial sporting events, Arjuna and Karna were often equal, though in his self-bragging style Karna once announced, states McGrath, that "he will perform any feat that Arjuna has accomplished and do it better".
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The Karna-Arjuna story has parallels in the Vedic literature and may have emerged from these more ancient themes. According to McGrath, the Vedic mythology is loaded with the legendary and symbolism-filled conflict between Surya (sun) and Indra (clouds, thunder, rain). Indra cripples Surya in the
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As the second last day of the war and Karna's day of death dawns, Karna asks Duryodhana to convince king Shalya to be his charioteer since he plans to kill Arjuna that day. The South Indian king considers it below his dignity to be a mere charioteer and starts insulting Karna, who retaliates with
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scholar Mehendale, the story that Draupadi rejected Karna for being a son of "Suta" "does not occur at all in the entire Southern recension, and among the versions of the Northern recension, it does not occur in the Kashmiri, Maithili and Bengali versions". Further, even in Nepali and Devanagari
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rather than being someone who evolves and changes as he studies martial arts, or because of Krishna's advice, or Kunti's confession that Karna is her firstborn. He refuses to wear "Emperor's New Clothes", states Adarkar, and thus "being revealed as a fraud" and ever-adapting to new psychological
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which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions. The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. The legends of Karna too appear in many
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The third Pandava prince Arjuna was Karna's peer and equal. At school and in episodes where his character appears, he is repeatedly rejected, subjected to ridicule and bullied for being the son of a poor family, and particularly for his low birth. The boy Karna came to be known for his solitary
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yaga. According to this, they have to either defeat or make alliance with other kingdoms. When Bhima came to Anga Kingdom, Karna did not accept to make alliance due to which a terrific war took place between Bhima and Karna. Each used some of their prominent weapons on the other. At last Bhima
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scholar Sukthankur, as quoted by Indologist Adarkar, there are apparent contradictions in Karna's character. His behaviour reflects a "frustration complex" that makes sense in light of the circumstances of his birth and early life. Karna is a mirror with "insights into human nature" and how
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Teenage Pritha became curious, wondered if the mantra would really work and, as the sun rose one morning, she initiated the mantra through which she could invoke any divine God being to provide her a son. She called the sun god Surya. He came with a golden glow, dressed up in jewellery and
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questions both while Karna acts in the epic as well as after his death. These questions arise with the circumstances related to his birth and through his death. Karna chooses loyalty to his lifelong friend and "good policy based on his heart" to be of higher value than accepting Krishna's
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epics from the Indian subcontinent. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text probably date to about 400 BCE. Within Mahabharata, which follows the
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Karna evolves into a character who shares Duryodhana's view that Pandavas are bad and enemies, though for different reasons. Karna participates with Duryodhana in schemes to effect the downfall of the Pandavas. Duryodhana provides the goals, Karna conspires the means to get there.
698:. He humiliates the Pandavas with his gift of speech and mocks Draupadi, then calls her a "whore" and asks Duhshasana to strip her off her clothes. It is Karna's language and insults that hurt the Pandavas and Draupadi the most, a sentiment that is noted in numerous verses of the
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kill Ghatotkacha. Karna thus saves his reputation among his soldiers, launches the missile and kills Ghatotkacha. Duryodhana and Kaurava army rejoice with the death of Bhima's son Ghatotkacha, but now Karna had exhausted the weapon that gave him an advantage over Arjuna.
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Karna was born with aspects of his divine father Surya ā the earrings and armour breastplate ā that made him an immortal at birth. However, despite being warned, Karna prefers to lose these natural gifts in order to uphold his reputation as the one who always gives
667:. They become close friends not long after, when Karna and Arjuna are at a weapons trial competition. Duryodhana sees in Karna a man who is an equal of Arjuna in martial abilities, and someone to befriend to balance out Arjuna and thereby "diminish the Pandavas".
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verses. The war momentum shall continue and he aims to kill Arjuna. Karna promised to Kunti that he will not kill any of his other four half-brothers, but either "Arjuna or I" shall die and she can still say she has five sons just as she did all her life.
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According to Adarkar, the Karna story also illustrates a different paradigm, one that transcends the Oedipal theories and evolutionary models of human behaviour. The Karna narrative resonates deeply with some in part because of his "heroic steadfastness"
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visited the king for a lengthy stay and was housed as his palace guest. Shurasena asked Pritha to ensure that Durvasa's stay was comfortable. On leaving, having been delighted with his stay and her diligent services, Durvasa thanked her and gave her the
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and the Puranas, it is the name of a warrior character. Called Vasusena as a child by his foster parents, he became known by the name Karna because of the golden earrings of Surya he used to wear, according to the Sanskrit epics scholar David Slavitt.
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wreaked havoc on numerous Kaurava battalions. The war that previously started after sunrise and stopped at sunset, did not stop on the fourteenth day's sunset as both armies continued a ferocious war to kill each other. Bhima's son Ghatotkacha had a
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the lacquer house ā custom built for the Pandavas by Duryodhana ā along with the forest while they were sleeping. There are some variations regarding Karna's participation. Some renditions show Draupadi refusing to marry Karna on account of being a
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In the Mahabharata, Karna's marital life is hardly attested and his wives are unnamed. Karna's marital details vary across adaptations of the Mahabharata, with different works assigning him different wives, like Ponnuruvi, Padmavati, Vrushali, and
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and Karna. Chitrasena rejected Arjuna's request and asked him to fight with him in order to free Kauravas and Karna. Thus a battle took place. Arjuna used Shabdavedi astra and captured Chitrasena. Arjuna then released his cousins and his rival.
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prowess. These are the sections of the epic when the Pandavas, Arjuna in particular, openly pledge to kill Karna. Karna retaliates with words too, stating that Arjuna's death is so near that he will "not wash his feet until Arjuna is slain".
832:, and Brahmins such as "the mendicant who just strung the bow" should not be competing for the hand of Draupadi, a Kshatriya bride. Duryodhana supports him. The gathered Kshatriyas too angrily support Karna, for they against the mixing of
1327:. He is a victim of his circumstances beyond his choosing, as much as the cause of circumstances that victimize other flawed heroes of the epic. His life story raises compassion, sorrow with an impending sense of destruction and fear (
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Later Kunti got blessed with children Yudhishtra, Bhima, and Arjuna, using this mantra. The same mantra was used by Kunti to allow her co-wife, Madri, to conceive Nakula and Sahdeva. The Spiritual "fathers" of the five Pandavas were
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is overlaid with metaphors such as "the worlds stand in water, every taste is made of water, all the world is made of water", later that "no one perceives this world sinking in a deep sea of time, where sharks of death and age
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This story appears in many versions in different manuscripts and later secondary literature. In some versions, such as one published by Ramesh Chandra Dutt, Draupadi openly rejects Karna because he is the son of a charioteer
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Karna is the flawed tragic hero of the Mahabharata. He is martially adept and equal to Arjuna as a warrior, a gifted speaker who embeds provocative insults for his opponents in front of an audience. He does the right thing
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Zarrilli, Phillip B. (2002). "Reviewed Works: Kattaikkuttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition by Hanne M. de Bruin; Karna's Death: A Play by Pukalentirrulavar by Pukalentirrulavar, Hanne M. de Bruin".
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code when he abused and called for an assault on the helpless Draupadi by asking Dushasana to publicly disrobe her. Arjuna refuses Karna's request, claiming Karna should not be using double standards for others and for
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Draupadi is the common wife of all five Pandava brothers, including Arjuna. Krishna's suggestion is that if Karna were to declare himself as the sixth Pandava brother, Draupadi would, in time, consider him as her sixth
447:(first book) where he is briefly mentioned through the metaphor of a tree, as someone who is refusing to fight or help in the capture of Krishna. He is presented again in sections 1.2.127ā148, and chapter 1.57 of the
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words. Duryodhana intervenes, praises both, presses Shalya to guide the chariot for the critical battle. Ultimately Shalya agrees. Since all previous commanders of Duryodhana had been killed, he anoints Karna as the
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Northern manuscript versions where it is found, it occurs only in a minority of them. It has therefore not been included in the critical edition of the epic that is deemed to more accurately reflect the original.
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She used the same mantra later in the Mahabharata, after Kunti is unable to have any children with her human husband, and he agrees to her using the mantra to have children. Kunti calls on god Dharma to have son
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unlike the later books which expand the details. These later sections with more details on Karna's birth and childhood include 3.287, 5.142 and 15.38. According to McGrath, the early presentation of Karna in the
1137:'s skin that could not be pierced. He has been compared to the Greek mythological part divine, part human character Achilles on various occasions as they both have divine powers but lack corresponding status.
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As the battle-to-death between Karna and Arjuna becomes certain, Kunti ā the mother of both, faints and later weeps in sorrow that her boys are bent on killing each other. In parallel, Arjuna's brothers and
1302:, who "after getting well-educated in a British law school and gaining international experience", steadfastly felt more empowered to embrace his heritage and culture rather than abandon or transcend it.
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Karna has to be 'the wrong person in the wrong place' ā this is what Karna symbolizes to many minds today. Life may have been unfair to Karna but he rises above pity. Despite his flaws we admire him.
1168:, the character of Karna in the ancient Hindu epic suggests a social debate between "inherited status" and "deserved status", a debate that remains relevant to the contemporary times. Das writes,
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war, numerous soldiers, kings, brothers and sons of Kauravas (Karna's side) and Pandavas (Arjuna's side) had been killed, many by foul means. The war had entered a brutal stage, according to the
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describes two meetings where Karna discovers information about his birth. The first meeting is with Krishna, the second where his biological mother Kunti comes to meet him for the first time.
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As the adolescent mother abandons her unwanted child on the river, she laments and the epic verses describe her emotions with heartbreaking poetry, according to the Indologist Patricia Greer.
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to colourfully remind the audience of the fabric of a character they already are assumed to be aware of. The complete narrative of his life appears for the first time in chapter 1.125.
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wrote a poem, "Karna Kunti Sangbad" based on the meeting of Karna and Kunti before the war. Karna also has been topic of various contemporary literary works. The Marathi books of
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The Karna story has been retold and adapted into drama, plays and dance performances in India and southeast Asia. These versions vary significantly from each other as well as the
1319:). He never questions the ethics of his lifelong friend Duryodhana rather conspires and abets in Duryodhana's quest for power through the abuse of his opponents. He complains of "
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manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the
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that Indian poets knew no tragedy" before the colonial British introduced European literature to the Indians. Karna, and many Rajput ballads, are clearly tragedies in the
458:, then his birth appears for the first time in the epic in section 1.104.7. The epic uses glowing words to describe Karna, but the presentation here is compressed in 21
283:(duty, ethics, moral) dilemmas. His story has inspired many secondary works, poetry and dramatic plays in the Hindu arts tradition, both in India and in southeast Asia.
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Karį¹a (ą¤ą¤°ą„ą¤£) is a word found in the Vedic literature, where it means "the ear", "chaff or husk of a grain" or the "helm or rudder". In another context, it refers to a
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The verses in sections 8.66ā67 of the epic provide more details. For example, when the wheel gets stuck, Karna demands that Arjuna wait and fight the battle per the
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he neither chose nor had a say. In Book 1, again in the context of Karna, Duryodhana remarks, "the origins of heroes and rivers are indeed difficult to understand".
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726:, king of Panchala. After the Kauravas and Pandavas finished their training under Drona, the teacher asked his pupils to capture his enemy Drupada as their
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de Silva-Vigier, Anil; von Simson, Otto Georg (1964). "The Battle of the Mahabharata: Stone reliefs from the Temple of Angkor Vat, Cambodia 1113ā1150".
732:. The Kauravas, accompanied by Karna, attacked first, but were defeated by Drupada. Later Arjuna captured Drupada and freed his cousins and his rival.
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767:) of Chitrangada of Kalinga. Although Jarasandha was very powerful, Karna defeated him. To please Karna, Jarasandha gifted him the land of Malini.
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710:, "remarkably, Karna regrets his harsh words to Draupadi and Pandavas", in verse 5.139.45, where he confesses he spoke so to please Duryodhana.
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Karna offering an old poor man, bent with age and destitution, a Kavacha that is embedded in his arms and is retrieved by culling with a knife
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and Sushena, the two most prominent sons of Karna. Marital details of Karna's life are expanded and reimagined in later adaptations of the
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Karna keeps the Indra's missile in reserve since it could only be used once, and aims to kill Arjuna with it. By the thirteenth day of the
883:
Surya, Karna meets Kunti for the first time in his adult life. He greets her (he now already knows her to be his biological mother). With
867:
Krishna approaches Karna as an ambassador seeking to prevent violence and the war. Krishna starts by complimenting Karna for knowing "the
4743:
778:
king, for their misdeeds. Karna tried run away from battle-field after getting defeated by Chitrasena but was captured. On knowing this,
1118:
in their powers to sway the war. Both Karna and Kumbhakarna did not take part in the great wars of their respective epics at the start.
686:
In the final year of the exile of the Pandavas, Duryodhana plans to sow dissension and keep the entire empire to himself. In contrast,
663:
Karna meets Duryodhana for the first time in Hastinapura during archery lessons from Drona, an event described in section 3.293 of the
1247:(subtle) and subjective to circumstances. According to Julian Woods, these stories suggest that the difficulty is not really between "
1416:(translation: One who rides the Chariot of light, 1952) which narrates Karna's life. The poem has later also been adapted as a play.
4858:
Adarkar, Aditya (2008). "Psychological Growth and Heroic Steadfastness in the MahÄbhÄrata". In Sherma, Rita; Sharma, Arvind (eds.).
2012:
Surya, his father, tries to persuade him to not worry about what others think and avoid getting gullibly exploited, Karna declines.
512:, relying mostly on a study of the Bombay edition, the Poona edition, the Calcutta edition and the south Indian editions of the
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to free them since this would be a humiliation to Hastinapura. Arjuna followed his eldest brother's order and first requested
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246:. Karna grows up to be an accomplished warrior of extraordinary abilities, a gifted speaker and becomes a loyal friend of
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verses in sections 7.150ā156. On the fourteenth day, Arjuna took revenge of his own son's death, while Bhima and his son
321:
The word Karna, states the Indologist Kevin McGrath, signifies "eared, or the ear-ringed one". In section 3.290.5 of the
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508:
book have "great divergence" in details, though the thematic essence is similar. Scholars have attempted to construct a
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competition comes back to haunt him many times through angry Bhima and others who remind Karna that he is merely a
357:
layers of meanings in the poem. For example, his first entry into the Kurukshetra battlefield is presented as the
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7419:
6950:
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The story of his unmarried mother getting the child due to her curiosity, his divine connection to the Hindu god
7537:
7248:
1199:
As the Karna story unfolds, similar to other stories in epic, it raises moral dilemmas. With each dilemma, the
1084:
Karna resembles various famous characters found in Hindu texts. The attributed author of Mahabharata, the sage
494:
versions, including some versions that have no support in surviving manuscripts. The manuscripts found in the
7377:
4990:
Bhattacharya, Pradip (2006). "Reviewed Work: The Sanskrit Hero: Karį¹a in Epic MahÄbhÄrata by Kevin McGrath".
1903:
4228:
373:
Vasusena ā Original name of Karna, means "born with wealth" as he was born with natural armour and earrings.
7426:
3231:
3227:
Puranic encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
1741:
824:, while some other versions describe him failing to string the bow by the "breadth of a hair". In the end,
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328:
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1824:
1659:
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After these developments and pondering on Karna's life choices, the divine Krishna, as well as a host of
325:, Karna is described as a baby born with the ear-rings and armoured breastplate, like his father Surya.
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Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
1081:, who remarked that similar mythology and details are found in other ancient Indo-European stories.
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manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the
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2051:. the sun-god give her a child that came from her ear, and therefore the child was known as Karį¹a.
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parents named Radha and Adhiratha Nandana of the charioteer and poet profession working for king
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de Bruin, Hanne M.; Brakel-Papenyzen, Clara (1992). "The Death of Karna: Two Sides of a Story".
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bring forth a fictionalized account of Karna's private and personal life. Sawant also received
24:
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Scholars internationally have also drawn parallels with various European mythologies. Karna's
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Dharma, Disorder, and the Political in Ancient India: The Äpaddharmaparvan of the MahÄbhÄrata
3400:
2043:
This story appears in various forms, with different level of details in many sections of the
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recommendation that he switch sides and become the king as the eldest son of Kunti based on
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failed him" on the day of his death, yet in his abuse of Draupadi, he himself ignores the
903:(lit. "a true, honest, good man") and "the best among those who understand and uphold the
8:
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The relationship between Karna and the Pandavas, particularly Arjuna, were hostile. The
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The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2, The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest
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and the epics attempt to deal with the more complex, subjective scenarios of life. The
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confident about their position. We want them to be treated with respect as equals. The
395:
Daanaveera ā one of charitable nature or one who is exceptionally munificent (generous)
6532:
6507:
5519:
Manikutty, Sankaran (2012). "Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata".
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Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI
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dharma ā as inherited status ā and offers a new notion of dharma as deserved status.
585:, telling her that if she ever wants, she can invoke any deity to give her a child.
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Textuality and Inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, Meaning and Metamorphosis
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succeeds in the task, However Karna objects that the competition is only meant for
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presents various sides and shades of answers through the characters. According to
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707:
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Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King
4867:
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2977:
930:(charity), particularly to Brahmins, as being more important than his own life.
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The boy goes to school in Hastinapura, and studies martial arts under the sages
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style of narration, the account of Karna's birth has been narrated four times.
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1059:, Chitrasena, Satyasena, Sushena, Shatrunjaya, Dvipata, Banasena, Prasena and
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Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India
4919:
4886:
4418:
4114:
3984:
3982:
3903:
3618:
3616:
3388:. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute – via Internet Archive.
3286:
3199:"The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXIX"
1968:
1932:
1873:
1808:
1618:
1520:
1441:
1425:
1293:), being comfortable with who he is, his beliefs and acting according to his
1204:
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During the exile of the Pandavas, Duryodhana and his allies were captured by
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2119:"). However, Arjuna reminds Karna about the time Karna did not consider the
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The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Translated Into English Prose
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With Duryodhana, Karna is a key participant in insulting the Pandavas and
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sfn error: no target: CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013 (
2047:. A detailed version, for example, is found in sections 3.290ā291 of the
1954:
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1859:
1830:
1791:
1734:
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1467:
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1339:) in the audience, as any good tragic drama. According to the Indologist
1101:
950:
771:
640:
616:
504:
499:
495:
403:
333:
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5610:
5310:
Falk, Nancy (1977). "Draupadi and the Dharma". In Gross, Rita M. (ed.).
5145:
Krishna in the Mahabharata: The death of Karna, in Krishna: A Sourcebook
5003:
4927:
Allen, Nicholas (1999). Bronkhorst, Johannes; Deshpande, Madhav (eds.).
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3807:
3780:
3739:
2316:
2314:
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8329:
8324:
8269:
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7909:
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7151:
7008:
6717:
6554:
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5878:
5757:
5131:
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1261:". No act, states Woods, on this earth "is wholly good or wholly bad".
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980:
813:
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366:"Karna" an apt name and subtle reminder of Karna's driving motivation.
247:
110:
106:
44:
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An anthology of Sanskrit court poetry: VidyÄkara's "SubhÄsiaratnakosa"
2176:
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8264:
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8199:
8194:
8059:
8054:
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6983:
6973:
6925:
6824:
6792:
6737:
6634:
6589:
6263:
4237:, pp. 54ā57, with footnote 57 on p. 55, 77ā78, 136ā140, 349ā358.
2311:
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1937:
1835:
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1471:
1460:. The theme of the film is based on the friendship between Karna and
1451:
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775:
560:
337:
127:
5749:
5115:
4834:"13th Indian Telly Awards 2014ā Nominees & Winners List Gallery"
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2723:(1989 ed.). Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 320
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and recognize the good in Yudhisthira and the Pandavas he opposes.
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844:(son of a charioteer). Draupadi too never likes Karna thereafter.
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6447:
6432:
6424:
6391:
6258:
6161:
6136:
6112:
6011:
6001:
5618:
Miller, Barbara Stoler (1985). "Karnabhara: The trial of Karna".
4240:
3655:"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state"
3496:
3494:
3173:"The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXL"
2840:
2425:, Oxford University Press (Updated, Harvard University), page 256
1974:
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Ethics and Epics: The Collected Essays of Bimal Krishna Matilal
4466:
4126:
2558:
The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Vol. 1 ā Adi Parva
2031:
1715:
1235:
1145:
1109:
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783:
687:
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287:
279:
267:
262:) by Duryodhana. Karna joins the losing Duryodhana side of the
259:
163:
159:
7617:
7548:
5597:
Mehendale, M. A. (2001). "Interpolations in the Mahabharata".
4454:
4408:
4406:
4316:
4192:
3491:
3153:
3011:
3009:
1096:. German Indologist Georg von Simson states that Karna of the
409:
Vaikartana ā one who belongs to solar race (related to Surya).
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8164:
8154:
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5626:(1). Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University: 47ā56.
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2027:
1335:
1085:
935:
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377:
286:
A regional tradition believes that Karna founded the city of
255:
231:
227:
155:
145:
139:
5449:
The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night
5166:
The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning
4538:
4182:
4180:
3867:
3819:
2519:
Bargaining with a Rising India: Lessons from the Mahabharata
2395:
1024:
provides scarce information on Karna's marital life. In the
971:
The Karna-Arjuna final battle scene is a relief included in
8179:
7773:
7272:
7201:
7183:
7131:
6915:
6859:
6819:
6779:
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6747:
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6141:
6053:
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Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons
4478:
4403:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3006:
2943:
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2916:
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2899:
2897:
2376:
2215:
2213:
1130:
598:
594:
389:
349:
251:
193:
4666:"'Rashmirathi' takes audienc to another plane of thoughts"
4562:
4216:
4155:
4153:
4042:
4030:
4006:
3727:
3341:
2989:
2428:
2256:
2254:
2098:
For a discussion of the Angkor Wat reliefs related to the
899:
heroes, in private and after his death, honour Karna as a
5945:
5701:
5380:
Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative
5271:
The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma
4633:"Shivaji Sawant's historical novels are a separate class"
4502:
4340:
4177:
4165:
4078:
4066:
3994:
3837:
2352:
1509:. The play depicts Karna's mental agony a day before the
1217:
According to the Indologist Adam Bowles, while the Hindu
1187:
The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma
671:
against Arjuna. Duryodhana steps in and says Karna is an
412:
Vrisha ā one who is truthful in speech and kept his vows.
369:
Karna was also called with many names. Some of them are:
270:
but dies in a battle with him during the Kurushetra war.
5605:(1/4). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute: 193ā212.
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4490:
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3691:
3596:
3565:
3440:, pp. 78ā79 with footnote 15, 86ā89 with footnotes.
3419:
3407:
3365:
3305:
3293:
2965:
2938:
2909:
2894:
2855:
2804:
2720:
Torah and Nondualism: Diversity, Conflict, and Synthesis
2683:
2671:
2370:
2284:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier1998 (
2210:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
1194:
6006:
5548:
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (2002). Ganeri, Janordon (ed.).
4514:
4328:
4264:
4150:
4018:
3915:
2251:
1406:, for his work and was translated into nine languages.
1223:
text presents an objective analysis of situations, its
563:
who had a beautiful young daughter named Pritha (later
5684:
The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry
5313:
Beyond Androcentrism: New Essays on Women and Religion
5183:
5162:
4744:"Ajay Devgan had doubts about his role in 'Raajneeti'"
4138:
3584:
3123:
2926:
2704:
1071:
5184:
van Buitenen, J. A. B.; Fitzgerald, James L. (1975).
5163:
van Buitenen, J. A. B.; Fitzgerald, James L. (1973).
4054:
3329:
2752:
2440:
2325:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFDavid_Dean_Shulman2014 (
2279:
2243:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFDavid_Dean_Shulman2014 (
2189:
2153:
855:
740:
defeated Karna but failed to kill because of Karna's
416:
5736:
Terrence, John Thomas (1995). "The Death of Karna".
5599:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
3383:
2659:
1125:(breastplate armour) has been compared with that of
1034:
chosen by Adhiratha. She is later referenced in the
6207:
5226:Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2013).
3353:
19:This article is about the figure in the Hindu epic
5703:
5489:
4798:
2320:
2303:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlf_Hiltebeitel2011 (
2238:
2177:Charles Russell Coulter & Patricia Turner 2013
4891:The Mahabharata: What Is Not Here Is Nowhere Else
2344:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAditya_Adarkar2005 (
1440:as a conflict between rival business houses with
555:According to the legend, there was a king of the
8412:
4285:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
2536:
2515:
2224:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDavid_Lemming2005 (
798:
382:Radheya ā son of Radha (Karna's adopted mother).
5838:Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata
4630:
3900:, pp. 35ā38, 81, 92, 98ā99 with footnotes.
3398:
2298:
2265:sfn error: no target: CITEREFW.J._Johnson2009 (
658:
4719:"Vintage Movie Review: A Review on Thalapathi"
2554:
2339:
1470:played a character based on Karna in the 2010
1450:played a character based on Karna in the 1991
979:in India and in southeast Asia such as at the
702:such as 3.13.113 and 5.93.11. Yet, states the
7564:
5929:
5789:Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated)
5225:
4947:
4608:. New Delhi. 24 February 2003. Archived from
3976:, pp. 16ā17 with footnote 59, pp. 64ā65.
3864:, pp. 65ā66, 93, 167ā171 with footnotes.
3825:
2647:
2620:Kotru, Umesh; Zutshi, Ashutosh (March 2015).
2583:Kotru, Umesh; Zutshi, Ashutosh (March 2015).
2219:
478:
266:war. He is a key antagonist who aims to kill
5785:
5572:The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic MahÄbhÄrata
5466:
4989:
4968:
4322:
4198:
4072:
3027:
2260:
1513:, as he thinks about his past and his faith.
1444:playing Karan, the character based on Karna.
297:
49:A 19th-century artist's imagination of Karna
5373:
5349:
5204:
5073:
4472:
4424:
4132:
4048:
4036:
4012:
3888:, pp. 35ā38, 81, 92ā97 with footnotes.
3709:
3697:
3634:
3500:
3159:
2653:
2619:
2582:
2522:. Oxford University Press. pp. 57ā58.
2417:
2415:
2413:
1149:expectations from others are the domain of
1108:, the demon brother of the main antagonist
7571:
7557:
5936:
5922:
5806:
4972:Dharma-Adharma and Morality in MahÄbhÄrata
4948:Bharne, Vinayak; Krusche, Krupali (2014).
4862:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 121ā150.
4663:
4460:
3449:
3323:
2516:Narlikar, Amrita; Narlikar, Aruna (2014).
1257:", but rather "conflict between different
910:
643:. Parashurama also gifted him a bow named
5596:
5518:
5288:
4144:
4111:, pp. 136ā139, 393 with footnote 90.
3852:, pp. 91ā94, 130ā131 with footnotes.
3804:, pp. 35ā37, 129ā130 with footnotes.
3539:, pp. 40ā41, 142ā145 with footnotes.
3461:
2986:, pp. 67ā68, 165ā166 with footnotes.
2849:
2837:, Muneo Tokunaga, Kyoto University (1998)
1519:plays the character of Karna in the 2015
983:. Above is the scene at the 12th-century
5855:
5810:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1
5735:
4544:
3635:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2005). "Mahabaratha".
2716:
2623:Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata
2586:Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata
2410:
2382:
1000:
966:
914:
540:
439:Karna appears for the first time in the
327:
216:, is one of the major characters in the
5714:
5680:
5568:
5547:
5492:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
5487:
5445:
5418:
5397:
5334:Karna Within the Net of the Mahabharata
4907:
4884:
4857:
4664:Chaturvedi, Devika (14 December 2010).
4508:
4484:
4436:
4412:
4397:
4358:
4346:
4222:
4210:
4186:
4171:
4120:
4096:
4084:
4060:
4000:
3988:
3973:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3760:, pp. 30ā31, 33ā35 with footnotes.
3757:
3745:
3721:
3685:
3622:
3607:
3578:
3559:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3485:
3473:
3437:
3413:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3311:
3111:
3096:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3042:
3000:
2983:
2959:
2947:
2932:
2861:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2774:Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary
2758:
2746:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2506:, pp. 2ā3, 31ā32 with footnote 19.
2503:
2491:
2476:
2461:
2446:
2434:
2358:
2342:, pp. 119ā228, context: chapter 9.
2204:
2159:
1362:
1088:, was also born from an unwed union of
1066:
623:. The basket floats on and reaches the
536:
8413:
5841:. State University of New York Press.
5764:
5659:
5617:
5138:
5110:(1). University of Hawai'i Press: 38.
5052:
5031:
5010:
4992:International Journal of Hindu Studies
4568:
4556:
4496:
4448:
4382:
4370:
4282:
4234:
4108:
3774:
3733:
3649:
3230:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p.
3147:
3135:
3015:
2421:Monier Monier-Williams (2008 update),
1531:
1305:
518:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
7552:
5917:
5834:
5638:
5330:
5246:
4926:
4801:"It's a scary scenario: Pankaj Dheer"
4631:Date, Vidyadhar (23 September 2002).
4520:
4258:
4123:, pp. 101ā102, 109ā112, 209ā210.
4024:
3912:, pp. 97ā98, 153 with footnotes.
3838:de Silva-Vigier & von Simson 1964
3425:
3371:
3299:
3138:, pp. xxviiiāxxix, xxxviāxxxvii.
2971:
2920:
2903:
2770:
2615:
2613:
2564:. Oriental Publishing Co. p. 264
1419:
1243:and as Karna's story illustrates, is
1195:Circumstances and subjective morality
615:The basket floats, reaches the river
238:. He is adopted and raised by foster
5502:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001
5429:10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001
5309:
5208:Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata
4533:de Bruin & Brakel-Papenyzen 1992
4293:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001
3724:, pp. 31ā32, 37 with footnotes.
3590:
3254:
3223:
3205:. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
3179:. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
2542:
2371:de Bruin & Brakel-Papenyzen 1992
1133:-coated body and with Irish warrior
1030:, it is mentioned that he married a
398:Vijayadhari ā holder of a bow named
7533:
5813:. Motilal Banarsidass Publication.
5267:
4969:Bhattacharya, Abheda Nanda (1992).
4799:Olivera, Roshni K. (30 July 2010).
4693:"Vote! The Best Shashi Kapoor Film"
4600:"Moortidevi Awards for two writers"
4361:, pp. 49ā50, 108ā110, 198ā199.
4334:
4287:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4270:
4246:
4159:
3662:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
3401:"Interpolations in the Mahabharata"
2777:. South Asia Books. pp. LāLi.
1343:, the Karna character refutes the "
1072:Vedic and Indo-European parallelism
1055:, nine sons of Karna are mentionedā
13:
7616:
5865:(1). University of Hawai'i Press.
5706:Man Through His Art: War and Peace
5470:A concise encyclopedia of Hinduism
5292:Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden: Orissa
3991:, pp. 16ā17 with footnote 59.
3712:, pp. 457ā459 with footnotes.
3688:, pp. 154ā158 with footnotes.
3625:, pp. 154ā156 with footnotes.
3562:, pp. 142ā145 with footnotes.
3464:, pp. 196ā197 with footnotes.
3124:van Buitenen & Fitzgerald 1975
3114:, pp. 119ā121 with footnotes.
3099:, pp. 116ā120 with footnotes.
3084:, pp. 116ā119 with footnotes.
3072:, pp. 116ā118 with footnotes.
3060:, pp. 115ā117 with footnotes.
3045:, pp. 114ā116 with footnotes.
2962:, pp. 218ā222 with footnotes.
2705:van Buitenen & Fitzgerald 1973
2610:
1269:Karna and other characters in the
1264:
856:Discovery of his biological mother
755:of Mahabharata, Karna fought with
421:The story of Karna is told in the
417:Mythology and sources: MahÄbhÄrata
332:Karna inside the chariot fighting
14:
8447:
5895:
5721:. Northwestern University Press.
5620:Journal of South Asian Literature
4954:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
4930:Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia
4831:
4582:Indian Literature, Issues 225ā227
3150:, pp. xxviāxxx, xxxvāxxxvii.
1051:In the modern day version of the
655:in critical moments of the epic.
528:and various Indian universities.
8397:
8396:
7532:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7501:
6206:
5952:
5944:
5901:
5488:Lemming, David (2005). "Karna".
5419:Johnson, W. J. (2009). "Karna".
5337:. University of Virginia Press.
5205:Chakravarti, Bishnupada (2007).
4825:
4792:
4764:
4736:
4710:
4685:
4657:
4624:
4592:
4574:
4439:, pp. 29ā30 with footnotes.
4427:, p. 457 with footnote 109.
4276:
3927:
3816:, pp. 35ā38 with footnotes.
3792:, pp. 35ā36 with footnotes.
3748:, pp. 33ā35 with footnotes.
3643:
3628:
3527:, pp. 85ā86 with footnotes.
3515:, pp. 82ā85 with footnotes.
3488:, pp. 81ā83 with footnotes.
3476:, pp. 79ā81 with footnotes.
2825:, pp. 21ā26 with footnotes.
2801:, pp. 19ā21 with footnotes.
2749:, pp. 27ā28 with footnotes.
2494:, pp. 39ā43 with footnotes.
2479:, pp. 39ā41 with footnotes.
2464:, pp. 31ā32 with footnotes.
2105:
2092:
2074:According to the Indologist and
1803:Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki
1487:performed Karna on the stage in
1140:
763:, in the Swayamvar of daughter (
713:
43:
7837:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra
7578:
7502:
5527:(1). SAGE Publications: 19ā32.
5467:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1998).
5359:. University of Chicago Press.
5250:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
5229:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities
5190:. University of Chicago Press.
5169:. University of Chicago Press.
4914:. University of Chicago Press.
4850:
4535:, pp. 38ā40, 52ā54, 59ā62.
3392:
3377:
3279:
3261:. Motilal Banarsidass. p.
3248:
3217:
3191:
3165:
2867:
2828:
2764:
2710:
2576:
2548:
2509:
2388:
2373:, pp. 38ā39, 47ā49, 53ā54.
2082:
2068:
2054:
2037:
2015:
2006:
1992:
1410:in 1978 published an epic poem
1009:
573:(Vedic scholar and seer) named
16:Warrior in the epic Mahabharata
7427:Relations with other religions
5786:Valmiki; Vyasa (19 May 2018).
5687:. Princeton University Press.
5398:Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1965).
2133:
2102:, see Silva-Vigier and Simson.
647:due to his impressive skills.
385:Sutaputra ā son of charioteer.
250:. He is appointed the king of
98:(varying in later adaptations)
1:
8436:People of the Kurukshetra War
8421:Characters in the Mahabharata
5289:Donaldson, Thomas E. (1987).
5038:. New York University Press.
5017:. New York University Press.
4716:
4249:, pp. 124, 211ā212, 248.
3403:– via Internet Archive.
3384:Vishnu S. Sukthankar (1942).
2147:
1904:Sony Entertainment Television
1374:
799:Hostilities with the Pandavas
722:mentions Karna's battle with
230:(the Sun deity) and princess
5807:Winternitz, Maurice (1996).
5681:Shulman, David Dean (2014).
5404:. Harvard University Press.
5035:Mahabharata: Karna, Volume 2
5014:Mahabharata: Karna, Volume 1
4933:. Harvard University Press.
4400:, pp. 121ā122, 138ā142.
4310:UK public library membership
3287:"Karna fled from Chitrasena"
3203:Internet Sacred Text Archive
3177:Internet Sacred Text Archive
659:Relationship with Duryodhana
531:
336:standing over horses, Kota,
7:
5710:. New York Graphic Society.
5645:. Oxford University Press.
5554:. Oxford University Press.
5496:. Oxford University Press.
5452:. Oxford University Press.
5423:. Oxford University Press.
5383:. Oxford University Press.
5331:Greer, Patricia M. (2002).
5274:. Oxford University Press.
5148:. Oxford University Press.
5074:Brockington, J. L. (1998).
4868:10.1007/978-1-4020-8192-7_7
1497:play that was premiered in
1153:. Karna's story raises the
273:He is a tragic hero in the
63:Vasusena, Angaraja, Radheya
10:
8452:
8431:Mythological kings of Anga
5533:10.1177/097168581101800103
4772:"Mohanlal's new obsession"
4261:, pp. 43ā46, 130ā132.
4213:, pp. 92ā98, 115ā119.
2880:World History Encyclopedia
2280:Klaus K. Klostermaier 1998
2030:and finally Indra to have
1013:
619:, which carries it to the
479:Manuscripts, many versions
18:
8426:People related to Krishna
8394:
8358:
7920:
7887:
7814:
7746:
7627:
7614:
7588:
7499:
7326:
7291:
7117:
7052:
6959:
6886:
6879:
6778:
6681:
6672:
6580:
6466:
6423:
6390:
6308:
6282:
6254:
6245:
6224:
6215:
6204:
6123:
5992:
5983:
5962:
5835:Woods, Julian F. (2014).
5663:Essays on the MahÄbhÄrata
3826:Bharne & Krusche 2014
3668:(4): 1ā26. Archived from
2771:Minor, Robert N. (1982).
1902:
1890:
1887:
1834:
1822:
1819:
1699:
1669:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1627:
1590:
1507:Kavalam Narayana Panicker
1315:) yet is cruel and mean (
402:which was gifted by Lord
344:ā is also found near the
298:Nomenclature and epithets
120:
102:
91:
83:
75:
67:
59:
54:
42:
37:
6571:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
5765:Trikha, Pradeep (2006).
5421:A Dictionary of Hinduism
4911:Karna in the Mahabharata
4908:Adarkar, Aditya (2001).
4893:. Munshiram Manoharlal.
4885:Adarkar, Aditya (2005).
4752:. New Delhi. 4 June 2010
4641:. Mumbai. Archived from
4099:, pp. 36ā39, 44ā46.
3637:Encyclopedia of Religion
3399:M. A. Mehendale (2001).
2852:, pp. 130ā131, 198.
2626:. Leadstart Publishing.
2589:. Leadstart Publishing.
2026:, then god Vayu to have
1998:The Karna legend in the
1985:
1483:South Indian film actor
975:panels in many historic
962:
871:and the subtlety of the
759:, the powerful ruler of
8381:Epic-Puranic chronology
6650:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
5715:Slavitt, David (2015).
5666:. Motilal Banarsidass.
5660:Sharma, Arvind (2007).
5569:McGrath, Kevin (2004).
5521:Journal of Human Values
5446:Johnson, W. J. (1998).
5268:Das, Gurcharan (2010).
4671:Daily News and Analysis
2321:David Dean Shulman 2014
2239:David Dean Shulman 2014
1878:Aarya DharmChand Kumar
1596:Daana Veera Soora Karna
1525:Karna ā Destiny's Child
1517:Bala Devi Chandrashekar
1501:in 2001 as part of the
1355:sense, states Ingalls.
911:Role in Kurukshetra War
443:in the verse 1.1.65 of
342:Patung Satria Gatotkaca
7621:
6625:Eighteen Greater Texts
5247:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
3939:. BhÄrata Press. 1886.
1192:
1006:
988:
920:
639:and the Vishnu avatar
552:
353:
25:Karna (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
7620:
7378:Hindu gurus and sants
6630:Eighteen Lesser Texts
5871:10.1353/atj.2002.0020
5859:Asian Theatre Journal
5639:Nandy, Ashis (2008).
5104:Asian Theatre Journal
5053:Bowles, Adam (2007).
5032:Bowles, Adam (2008).
5011:Bowles, Adam (2006).
4283:Bowker, John (2000).
3255:Mani, Vettam (2015).
3224:Mani, Vettam (1975).
3018:, pp. xxiiiāxxx.
1408:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
1170:
1004:
970:
918:
544:
331:
7368:Anti-Hindu sentiment
5771:. Sarup & Sons.
5642:A Very Popular Exile
4588:. 2005. p. 132.
3876:, pp. 5ā6, 203.
2555:Pratap Chandra Roy.
2398:. District of Karnal
2299:Alf Hiltebeitel 2011
1503:Bharat Rang Mahotsav
1363:Secondary literature
1067:Themes and symbolism
537:Birth and early life
526:Cambridge University
434:story within a story
376:Suryaputra ā Son of
340:. This artwork ā as
7474:Hinduism by country
6640:Iraiyanar Akapporul
6600:TirumurukÄį¹į¹uppaį¹ai
5792:. Delphi Classics.
5473:. Oxford Oneworld.
4975:. S.S. Publishers.
4571:, pp. 134ā140.
4547:, pp. 100ā102.
4487:, pp. 380ā381.
4475:, pp. 249ā250.
4463:, pp. 310ā311.
4415:, pp. 140ā142.
4337:, pp. 175ā177.
4273:, pp. 211ā212.
4162:, pp. 180ā182.
4135:, pp. 622ā623.
3736:, pp. 432ā433.
3503:, pp. 458ā459.
3452:, pp. 314ā316.
3428:, pp. 162ā164.
3374:, pp. 160ā161.
3350:, pp. 117ā118.
3326:, pp. 309ā310.
3302:, pp. 131ā134.
3162:, pp. 458ā460.
3126:, pp. 313ā314.
3003:, pp. 114ā116.
2974:, pp. 210ā212.
2923:, pp. 197ā198.
2906:, pp. 209ā210.
2707:, pp. 142ā145.
2437:, pp. 231ā234.
2385:, pp. 134ā135.
2340:Aditya Adarkar 2005
2323:, pp. 380ā389.
2241:, pp. 381ā382.
2179:, pp. 262ā263.
1562:Shree Nath Patankar
1532:Film and television
1394:(1967) authored by
1386:(1973) authored by
1380:Rabindranath Tagore
1306:Flawed, tragic hero
1239:, according to the
985:Hoysaleswara Temple
852:private suffering.
735:Pandavas performed
520:, preserved at the
388:Angaraja ā king of
226:. He is the son of
32:Fictional character
7622:
7589:Traditional author
5575:. Brill Academic.
5316:. Scholars Press.
5080:. Brill Academic.
5077:The Sanskrit Epics
5059:. BRILL Academic.
4813:on 4 November 2013
4806:The Times of India
4749:The Economic Times
4645:on 24 October 2012
4638:The Times of India
4612:on 3 December 2013
4605:The Times of India
4225:, pp. 91ā104.
3593:, pp. 89ā102.
3386:"The Mahabharatha"
2361:, pp. 90ā118.
2220:David Lemming 2005
2115:code (rules of a "
1420:In popular culture
1404:Bharatiya Jnanpith
1007:
989:
921:
553:
354:
290:, in contemporary
96:Unnamed SÅ«ta women
8408:
8407:
7546:
7545:
7322:
7321:
6875:
6874:
6668:
6667:
6582:Sangam literature
6538:YÄjƱavalkya Smį¹ti
6386:
6385:
6202:
6201:
5906:Works related to
5848:978-0-7914-9058-7
5799:978-1-78656-128-2
5778:978-81-7625-691-9
5728:978-0-8101-3060-9
5694:978-1-4008-5775-3
5673:978-81-208-2738-7
5652:978-0-19-569322-5
5561:978-0-19-565511-7
5511:978-0-19-515669-0
5480:978-1-85168-175-4
5459:978-0-19-282361-8
5438:978-0-19-861025-0
5390:978-0-19-987524-5
5366:978-0-226-34053-1
5323:978-0-89130-196-7
5302:978-81-7018-393-8
5281:978-0-19-977960-4
5260:978-0-14-341421-6
5253:. Penguin Books.
5239:978-1-135-96390-3
5218:978-93-5214-170-8
5211:. Penguin Books.
5197:978-0-226-84664-4
5176:978-0-226-84663-7
5155:978-0-19-972431-4
5066:978-90-04-15815-3
5045:978-0-8147-9995-6
5024:978-0-8147-9981-9
4982:978-81-85396-05-7
4961:978-1-4438-6734-4
4940:978-1-888789-04-1
4900:978-8-1215-1130-8
4877:978-1-4020-8191-0
4832:River, Trending.
4559:, pp. 47ā56.
4523:, pp. 45ā46.
4511:, pp. 16ā17.
4499:, pp. 20ā23.
4451:, pp. 24ā27.
4385:, pp. 24ā29.
4373:, pp. 24ā25.
4349:, pp. 49ā50.
4325:, pp. 77ā82.
4323:Bhattacharya 1992
4308:(subscription or
4201:, pp. 26ā34.
4199:Bhattacharya 1992
4189:, pp. 24ā26.
4174:, pp. 19ā35.
4087:, pp. 36ā37.
4073:Bhattacharya 2006
4027:, pp. 19ā27.
4003:, pp. 32ā34.
3840:, pp. 32ā35.
3777:, pp. 33ā36.
3610:, pp. 80ā81.
3581:, pp. 79ā80.
3416:, pp. 78ā82.
3314:, pp. 75ā79.
3272:978-81-208-0597-2
3030:, pp. 95ā96.
3028:Klostermaier 1998
2950:, pp. 78ā79.
2864:, pp. 31ā32.
2813:, pp. 21ā22.
2784:978-0-8364-0862-1
2692:, pp. 26ā27.
2680:, pp. 25ā26.
2633:978-93-5201-304-3
2596:978-93-5201-304-3
2529:978-0-19-969838-7
2282:, pp. 95ā96.
2261:W.J. Johnson 2009
1983:
1982:
1788:Praphulla Pandey
1748:Praphulla Pandey
1705:Ek Aur Mahabharat
1650:Harendra Paintal
1276:According to the
1210:According to the
1040:as the mother of
200:), also known as
183:
182:
175:adoptive brothers
136:(adoptive mother)
130:(adoptive father)
8443:
8400:
8399:
7608:Ugrashrava Sauti
7573:
7566:
7559:
7550:
7549:
7536:
7535:
7526:
7516:
7515:
7505:
7504:
7415:Pilgrimage sites
7169:Ganesh Chaturthi
6884:
6883:
6679:
6678:
6660:Vedarthasamgraha
6655:Vinayagar Agaval
6620:Five Great Epics
6595:Divya Prabandham
6508:Minor Upanishads
6252:
6251:
6222:
6221:
6210:
6209:
5990:
5989:
5956:
5948:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5905:
5890:
5852:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5803:
5782:
5761:
5732:
5711:
5709:
5698:
5677:
5656:
5635:
5614:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5565:
5544:
5515:
5495:
5484:
5463:
5442:
5415:
5394:
5375:Hiltebeitel, Alf
5370:
5351:Hiltebeitel, Alf
5346:
5327:
5306:
5285:
5264:
5243:
5222:
5201:
5180:
5159:
5140:Bryant, Edwin F.
5135:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5070:
5049:
5028:
5007:
4986:
4965:
4944:
4923:
4904:
4881:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4809:. Archived from
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4473:Hiltebeitel 2001
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4425:Hiltebeitel 2011
4422:
4416:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4133:Hiltebeitel 2011
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4049:Brockington 1998
4046:
4040:
4037:Brockington 1998
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4013:Brockington 1998
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3710:Hiltebeitel 2011
3707:
3701:
3698:Chakravarti 2007
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3675:on 11 June 2007.
3674:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3557:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3501:Hiltebeitel 2011
3498:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3160:Hiltebeitel 2011
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2654:Brockington 1998
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2049:critical edition
2041:
2035:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1724:Mahabharat Katha
1536:
1535:
1402:, instituted by
1400:Moortidevi Award
1190:
522:Kyoto University
510:critical edition
47:
35:
34:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8390:
8386:Sarasvati River
8354:
7916:
7900:Kurukshetra War
7883:
7810:
7795:List of tribes
7742:
7728:Mahaprasthanika
7623:
7612:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7547:
7542:
7509:
7495:
7318:
7287:
7278:Vasant Panchami
7212:Pahela Baishakh
7194:Makar Sankranti
7113:
7048:
6955:
6871:
6774:
6664:
6645:Abhirami Antati
6615:Kamba Ramayanam
6576:
6462:
6419:
6382:
6304:
6278:
6241:
6211:
6198:
6182:Vishishtadvaita
6119:
5979:
5958:
5942:
5908:The Mahabharata
5898:
5893:
5849:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5800:
5779:
5750:10.2307/3208814
5738:Theatre Journal
5729:
5695:
5674:
5653:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5562:
5512:
5481:
5460:
5439:
5412:
5391:
5367:
5324:
5303:
5282:
5261:
5240:
5219:
5198:
5177:
5156:
5116:10.2307/1124249
5092:
5090:
5088:
5067:
5046:
5025:
4998:(3). Springer.
4983:
4962:
4941:
4901:
4878:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4780:. 13 March 2001
4770:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4723:Behindwoods.com
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4586:Sahitya Akademi
4580:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4461:Winternitz 1996
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4303:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3657:
3651:Witzel, Michael
3648:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3566:
3558:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3450:Winternitz 1996
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3324:Winternitz 1996
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2935:, pp. 4ā5.
2931:
2927:
2919:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2207:, pp. 1ā3.
2203:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1893:Suryaputra Karn
1847:Gananay Shukla
1784:Maharathi Karna
1711:Samar Jai Singh
1666:Jeffrey Kissoon
1660:The Mahabharata
1534:
1511:Kurukshetra War
1422:
1377:
1365:
1308:
1267:
1265:Human behaviour
1197:
1191:
1185:Gurcharan Das,
1184:
1179:
1164:. According to
1143:
1079:Georges DumƩzil
1074:
1069:
1018:
1012:
965:
913:
858:
801:
716:
708:Alf Hiltebeitel
661:
607:Ashwini Kumaras
539:
534:
481:
419:
300:
179:
170:(half-brothers)
50:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8449:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8406:
8405:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8015:Dhrishtadyumna
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7918:
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7915:
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7913:
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7907:
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7874:
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7851:
7850:
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7844:
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7818:
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7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7793:
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7781:
7776:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7750:
7748:
7744:
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7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7637:
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7613:
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7610:
7605:
7600:
7594:
7592:
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7585:
7576:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7520:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7332:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7144:
7142:Raksha Bandhan
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6892:
6890:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6784:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6687:
6685:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6353:Shvetashvatara
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Brihadaranyaka
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6225:Classification
6219:
6213:
6212:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5897:
5896:External links
5894:
5892:
5891:
5853:
5847:
5832:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5783:
5777:
5762:
5733:
5727:
5712:
5699:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5636:
5615:
5594:
5581:
5566:
5560:
5545:
5516:
5510:
5485:
5479:
5464:
5458:
5443:
5437:
5416:
5410:
5395:
5389:
5371:
5365:
5347:
5328:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5286:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5244:
5238:
5223:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5136:
5099:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5050:
5044:
5029:
5023:
5008:
4987:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4924:
4905:
4899:
4882:
4876:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4824:
4791:
4763:
4735:
4717:R, Narendran.
4709:
4684:
4656:
4623:
4591:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4402:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4301:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4176:
4164:
4149:
4145:Manikutty 2012
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3978:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3926:
3924:, p. 114.
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3779:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3642:
3627:
3612:
3595:
3583:
3564:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3462:Mehendale 2001
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3391:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3338:, pp. 76.
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3278:
3271:
3247:
3240:
3216:
3190:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3101:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3047:
3032:
3020:
3005:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2937:
2925:
2908:
2893:
2866:
2854:
2850:Donaldson 1987
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2783:
2763:
2751:
2734:
2717:John Garrett.
2709:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2632:
2609:
2595:
2575:
2547:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2496:
2481:
2466:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2409:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2332:
2310:
2301:, p. 457.
2291:
2272:
2250:
2231:
2209:
2188:
2164:
2162:, p. 132.
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2104:
2091:
2081:
2067:
2053:
2036:
2014:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:Vishesh Bansal
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:Vidyut Xavier
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:N. T. Rama Rao
1599:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:Sivaji Ganesan
1579:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1481:
1465:
1445:
1421:
1418:
1396:Shivaji Sawant
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1341:Daniel Ingalls
1307:
1304:
1300:Mahatma Gandhi
1266:
1263:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1142:
1139:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1016:Wives of Karna
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
1005:Death of Karna
964:
961:
912:
909:
860:Book 5 of the
857:
854:
800:
797:
715:
712:
660:
657:
557:Yadava dynasty
548:gives boon to
538:
535:
533:
530:
480:
477:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
407:
396:
393:
386:
383:
380:
374:
299:
296:
181:
180:
178:
177:
173:Possibly some
171:
149:
143:
137:
131:
124:
122:
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
87:Bow and arrows
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8448:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8403:
8393:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8305:Vichitravirya
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8020:Dhritarashtra
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:Swarnaprastha
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7804:Mahajanapadas
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7718:Ashramavasika
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7671:Bhagavad Gita
7669:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7619:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:and narrators
7587:
7583:
7582:
7574:
7569:
7567:
7562:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7539:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7498:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:Hindu temples
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7383:Hindu studies
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:Denominations
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7162:Vijayadashami
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Simantonayana
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:Yoga Vasistha
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
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6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Bhagavad Gita
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6456:
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6451:
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6444:
6441:
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6431:
6430:
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6426:
6422:
6416:
6415:Sthapatyaveda
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
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5927:
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5910:at Wikisource
5909:
5904:
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5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5822:
5820:81-208-0264-0
5816:
5812:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5770:
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5633:
5629:
5625:
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5612:
5608:
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5600:
5595:
5584:
5582:90-04-13729-7
5578:
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5411:9780674039506
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5283:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5262:
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5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:. Routledge.
5231:
5230:
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5210:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5193:
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5100:
5089:
5087:90-04-10260-4
5083:
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4906:
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4887:T. S. Rukmani
4883:
4879:
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4855:
4835:
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4606:
4601:
4595:
4587:
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4577:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4545:Zarrilli 2002
4541:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4469:
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4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4304:
4302:9780192800947
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4207:
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4156:
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4146:
4141:
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4129:
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4117:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4051:, p. 71.
4050:
4045:
4039:, p. 23.
4038:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4015:, p. 70.
4014:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3828:, p. 57.
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3767:
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3663:
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3646:
3638:
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3308:
3301:
3296:
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3274:
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3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3241:9780842608220
3237:
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3228:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3168:
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3144:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3098:
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3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3059:
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3044:
3039:
3037:
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3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2985:
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2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2761:, p. 29.
2760:
2755:
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2722:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2699:
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2512:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2449:, p. 31.
2448:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2383:Terrence 1995
2379:
2372:
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2355:
2347:
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2322:
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2315:
2306:
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2295:
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2257:
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2132:
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2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:Kalki 2898 AD
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Aashim Gulati
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:Vasant Bhatt
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Dharmakshetra
1872:
1869:
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1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Hiten Tejwani
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
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1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
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1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:Govind Khatri
1689:
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1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1667:
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1661:
1653:
1649:
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1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:Krishnam Raju
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
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1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1522:
1521:Bharatanatyam
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:Shashi Kapoor
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:'s 1981 film
1427:
1426:Shyam Benegal
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:dharmasastras
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:Bimal Matilal
1202:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1166:Gurcharan Das
1163:
1162:
1161:dharmasastras
1156:
1155:dharma-ethics
1152:
1151:dharma-ethics
1147:
1141:Dharma-ethics
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
986:
982:
978:
977:Hindu temples
974:
969:
960:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
931:
929:
928:
917:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
880:
876:
874:
873:dharmasastras
870:
865:
863:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
816:
815:
809:
806:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
738:
733:
731:
730:
725:
721:
714:Minor battles
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
689:
684:
680:
676:
674:
668:
666:
656:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
608:
605:and the twin
604:
600:
596:
590:
586:
584:
583:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
551:
547:
543:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
492:
491:
490:Bhagavad Gita
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
430:
427:, one of the
426:
425:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
381:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
363:
360:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
324:
319:
316:
311:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
281:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Dhritarashtra
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
8345:Yudhishthira
8141:
8140:Role in the
8114:
7995:Bhurishravas
7877:Vyagaprastha
7862:Pranaprastha
7857:Indraprastha
7853:Panchagrama
7830:Indraprastha
7753:Main tribes
7733:Svargarohana
7713:Ashvamedhika
7630:
7603:Vaisampayana
7579:
7489:Architecture
7092:Brahmacharya
7034:Samavartanam
6999:Annaprashana
6865:
6768:
6569:
6523:DharmaÅÄstra
6513:Arthashastra
6348:Maitrayaniya
6180:
6173:
6166:
6088:Brahmacharya
5862:
5858:
5837:
5824:. Retrieved
5809:
5788:
5767:
5741:
5737:
5717:
5705:
5683:
5662:
5641:
5623:
5619:
5602:
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5571:
5550:
5524:
5520:
5491:
5469:
5448:
5420:
5400:
5379:
5355:
5333:
5312:
5291:
5270:
5249:
5228:
5207:
5186:
5165:
5144:
5107:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5076:
5055:
5034:
5013:
4995:
4991:
4971:
4950:
4929:
4910:
4890:
4859:
4851:Bibliography
4837:. Retrieved
4827:
4815:. Retrieved
4811:the original
4804:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4775:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4747:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4722:
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4696:
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4669:
4659:
4647:. Retrieved
4643:the original
4636:
4626:
4614:. Retrieved
4610:the original
4603:
4594:
4581:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4516:
4509:Ingalls 1965
4504:
4492:
4485:Shulman 2014
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4437:McGrath 2004
4432:
4420:
4413:Adarkar 2008
4398:Adarkar 2008
4378:
4366:
4359:Adarkar 2001
4354:
4347:Adarkar 2001
4342:
4330:
4318:
4284:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4223:Johnson 1998
4218:
4211:Matilal 2002
4206:
4194:
4187:Matilal 2002
4172:Matilal 2002
4167:
4140:
4128:
4121:Adarkar 2001
4116:
4104:
4097:Matilal 2002
4092:
4085:Matilal 2002
4080:
4068:
4063:, p. 4.
4061:McGrath 2004
4056:
4044:
4032:
4020:
4008:
4001:Adarkar 2001
3996:
3989:McGrath 2004
3974:McGrath 2004
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3935:
3929:
3922:McGrath 2004
3917:
3910:McGrath 2004
3905:
3898:McGrath 2004
3893:
3886:McGrath 2004
3881:
3874:Adarkar 2001
3869:
3862:McGrath 2004
3857:
3850:McGrath 2004
3845:
3833:
3821:
3814:McGrath 2004
3809:
3802:McGrath 2004
3797:
3790:McGrath 2004
3758:McGrath 2004
3753:
3746:McGrath 2004
3741:
3729:
3722:McGrath 2004
3717:
3705:
3693:
3686:McGrath 2004
3681:
3670:the original
3665:
3661:
3645:
3639:. MacMillan.
3636:
3630:
3623:McGrath 2004
3608:Adarkar 2001
3586:
3579:Adarkar 2001
3560:McGrath 2004
3537:McGrath 2004
3532:
3525:McGrath 2004
3520:
3513:McGrath 2004
3508:
3486:McGrath 2004
3481:
3474:McGrath 2004
3469:
3457:
3445:
3438:McGrath 2004
3433:
3421:
3414:McGrath 2004
3409:
3394:
3379:
3367:
3360:Lemming 2005
3355:
3348:Matilal 2002
3343:
3336:McGrath 2004
3331:
3319:
3312:McGrath 2004
3307:
3295:
3281:
3257:
3250:
3226:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3176:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3112:McGrath 2004
3097:McGrath 2004
3082:McGrath 2004
3077:
3070:McGrath 2004
3065:
3058:McGrath 2004
3043:McGrath 2004
3023:
3001:McGrath 2004
2984:McGrath 2004
2979:
2967:
2960:McGrath 2004
2955:
2948:McGrath 2004
2933:Adarkar 2001
2928:
2884:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2862:McGrath 2004
2857:
2830:
2823:McGrath 2004
2818:
2811:McGrath 2004
2806:
2799:McGrath 2004
2794:
2773:
2766:
2759:McGrath 2004
2754:
2747:McGrath 2004
2725:. Retrieved
2719:
2712:
2690:McGrath 2004
2685:
2678:McGrath 2004
2673:
2668:, p. 2.
2666:McGrath 2004
2661:
2656:, p. 26
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2622:
2600:. Retrieved
2585:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2550:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2504:McGrath 2004
2499:
2492:McGrath 2004
2477:McGrath 2004
2462:McGrath 2004
2447:McGrath 2004
2442:
2435:Slavitt 2015
2430:
2400:. Retrieved
2390:
2378:
2366:
2359:Matilal 2002
2354:
2335:
2294:
2275:
2234:
2205:McGrath 2004
2160:McGrath 2004
2155:
2135:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2044:
2039:
2024:Yudhishthira
2017:
2008:
1999:
1994:
1967:
1948:
1927:Karn Sangini
1925:
1891:
1853:
1823:
1801:
1783:
1769:Shahbaz Khan
1762:
1742:
1730:Pankaj Dheer
1722:
1703:
1685:Shri Krishna
1683:
1658:
1639:Pankaj Dheer
1631:
1613:Kurukshetram
1611:
1594:
1574:
1556:
1524:
1505:directed by
1488:
1475:
1455:
1435:
1434:adapted the
1429:
1411:
1391:
1388:Ranjit Desai
1383:
1378:
1371:manuscript.
1368:
1366:
1357:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:dharmasutras
1224:
1220:Arthashastra
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1112:of the epic
1105:
1097:
1083:
1075:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1027:Udyoga Parva
1025:
1021:
1019:
1010:Marital life
993:
990:
987:, Karnataka.
972:
955:
946:
942:
940:
932:
925:
922:
904:
900:
896:
894:
888:
885:folded hands
881:
877:
872:
868:
866:
861:
859:
850:
846:
841:
837:
829:
819:
812:
810:
804:
802:
780:Yudhishthira
769:
753:Shanti Parva
750:
745:
741:
734:
729:Gurudakshina
727:
719:
717:
703:
699:
693:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
664:
662:
649:
630:
625:Ganges River
621:Yamuna River
614:
611:
591:
587:
579:
568:
554:
513:
505:Karna parvan
503:
488:
484:
482:
464:
459:
453:
448:
444:
440:
438:
422:
420:
368:
364:
358:
355:
352:, Indonesia.
341:
322:
320:
314:
312:
301:
285:
278:
274:
272:
263:
239:
236:Ganges River
221:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
185:
184:
152:Yudhishthira
79:King of Anga
29:
20:
8290:Upapandavas
8190:Parashurama
8142:Mahabharata
8080:Ghatotkacha
8005:ChitrÄngadÄ
8000:ChitrÄngada
7960:Babruvahana
7955:Ashwatthama
7910:Chakravyūha
7872:Tilaprastha
7842:Kurukshetra
7581:Mahabharata
7538:WikiProject
7410:Persecution
7398:Nationalism
7388:Iconography
7268:Ratha Yatra
7179:Janmashtami
7174:Rama Navami
7102:Vanaprastha
7053:Varnashrama
7029:Ritushuddhi
7014:Vidyarambha
7004:Chudakarana
6994:Nishkramana
6969:Garbhadhana
6610:Thirukkural
6605:Thiruppugal
6533:NÄradasmį¹ti
6496:Mahabharata
6274:Atharvaveda
6152:Vaisheshika
6039:Puruį¹£Ärthas
5826:25 November
5718:Mahabharata
5588:25 November
5093:25 November
4728:18 February
4702:18 February
4649:25 November
4616:25 November
4569:Trikha 2006
4557:Miller 1985
4497:Bowles 2006
4449:Bowles 2006
4383:Bowles 2008
4371:Bowles 2008
4235:Bowles 2007
4109:Bowles 2007
3775:Bryant 2007
3734:Sharma 2007
3148:Bowles 2008
3136:Bowles 2008
3016:Bowles 2008
2568:21 February
2423:ą¤ą¤°ą„ą¤£, Karna
2402:26 November
2100:Mahabharata
2076:Mahabharata
2045:Mahabharata
2000:Mahabharata
1955:Arjun Sarja
1949:Kurukshetra
1899:Gautam Rode
1860:Anil Kapoor
1831:Aham Sharma
1792:DD National
1743:Jai Hanuman
1735:DD National
1675:Lou Bihler
1644:DD National
1523:production
1490:Karnabharam
1468:Ajay Devgan
1448:Rajinikanth
1413:Rashmirathi
1369:Mahabharata
1353:Elizabethan
1349:Aristotlean
1283:Mahabharata
1278:Mahabharata
1271:Mahabharata
1241:Mahabharata
1212:Mahabharata
1201:Mahabharata
1175:Mahabharata
1102:Kumbhakarna
1098:Mahabharata
1053:Mahabharata
1046:Mahabharata
1022:Mahabharata
973:Mahabharata
951:Ghatotkacha
947:Mahabharata
943:Mahabharata
897:Mahabharata
889:Mahabharata
862:Mahabharata
805:Mahabharata
790:to release
704:Mahabharata
700:Mahabharata
665:Mahabharata
641:Parashurama
617:Charmanwati
514:Mahabharata
500:South India
485:Mahabharata
465:Mahabharata
441:Mahabharata
424:MahÄbhÄrata
404:Parashurama
334:Ghatotkacha
323:Mahabharata
315:Mahabharata
275:Mahabharata
264:Mahabharata
223:MahÄbhÄrata
109:, Sushena,
55:Information
21:Mahabharata
8415:Categories
8330:Vrishasena
8325:Vrishaketu
8270:Shishupala
8255:Shakuntala
8150:Kritavarma
8110:Jayadratha
8105:Jarasandha
8100:Janamejaya
8050:Duryodhana
7975:Bhagadatta
7922:Characters
7905:Vishvarupa
7895:Svayamvara
7825:Hastinapur
7738:Harivamsha
7708:Anushasana
7239:Kumbh Mela
7207:Gudi Padwa
7152:Durga Puja
7137:Shivaratri
7009:Karnavedha
6989:Namakarana
6951:Tirthatana
6718:Dattatreya
6555:Subhashita
6528:Manusmriti
6405:Dhanurveda
6338:Taittiriya
6323:Kaushitaki
6310:Upanishads
6083:Aparigraha
5985:Philosophy
5744:(1): 134.
5343:1049048537
5295:. Advent.
4839:15 October
4784:3 December
4777:rediff.com
4697:rediff.com
4521:Woods 2014
4259:Woods 2014
4025:Allen 1999
3426:Greer 2002
3372:Greer 2002
3300:Nandy 2008
3209:15 January
3183:15 January
2972:Greer 2002
2921:Dalal 2010
2904:Greer 2002
2875:"Pandavas"
2148:References
1854:Mahabharat
1825:Mahabharat
1774:Sahara One
1633:Mahabharat
1462:Duryodhana
1457:Thalapathi
1437:Mahabharat
1392:Mrityunjay
1375:Literature
1189:(abridged)
1100:resembles
1061:Vrishaketu
1057:Vrishasena
1042:Vrishasena
1037:Stri Parva
1032:Suta woman
981:Angkor Wat
901:satpurusha
842:suta-putra
838:svayamvara
830:Kshatriyas
814:svayamvara
788:Chitrasena
772:Chitrasena
757:Jarasandha
449:Adi Parvan
445:Adi Parvan
248:Duryodhana
115:other sons
111:Vrishaketu
107:Vrishasena
8376:Vedic era
8265:Shikhandi
8235:Satyavati
8205:Pururavas
8200:Purochana
8195:Parikshit
8060:Dushyanta
8055:Dushasana
8010:Damayanti
7930:Abhimanyu
7821:Capitals
7799:Janapadas
7462:Theosophy
7393:Mythology
7373:Criticism
7341:Etymology
7299:SvÄdhyÄya
7198:New Year
7147:Navaratri
7119:Festivals
7097:Grihastha
7070:Kshatriya
7044:Antyeshti
7019:Upanayana
6984:Jatakarma
6974:Pumsavana
6961:Sanskaras
6926:Naivedhya
6880:Practices
6825:Mahavidya
6793:Saraswati
6780:Goddesses
6738:Kartikeya
6635:Athichudi
6590:Tirumurai
6443:VyÄkaraį¹a
6410:Natyaveda
6358:Chandogya
6283:Divisions
6264:Yajurveda
5887:161376487
5541:145704002
5124:0742-5457
4920:255075356
4312:required)
3591:Falk 1977
2543:Mani 1975
1938:STAR Plus
1836:STAR Plus
1545:Played by
1499:New Delhi
1477:Raajneeti
1472:Bollywood
1452:Kollywood
1094:Parashara
1092:and sage
1090:Satyavati
956:rakshasha
776:Gandharva
765:Bhanumati
720:Adi Parva
561:Shurasena
532:Biography
469:metaphors
348:airport,
338:Rajasthan
310:prosody.
210:Sutaputra
206:Anga-Raja
128:Adhiratha
121:Relatives
8402:Category
8371:Kingdoms
8280:Sudeshna
8275:Subhadra
8245:Shantanu
8220:Sahadeva
8070:Gandhari
8065:Ekalavya
8025:Draupadi
7970:Balarama
7945:Ambalika
7847:Jyotisar
7784:Gandhara
7767:Pandavas
7762:Kauravas
7693:Sauptika
7518:Category
7469:Glossary
7437:Buddhism
7403:Hindutva
7363:Calendar
7244:Haridwar
7222:Vaisakhi
7217:Puthandu
7107:Sannyasa
7024:Keshanta
6855:Shashthi
6691:Trimurti
6518:Nitisara
6491:Ramayana
6486:Itihasas
6458:Jyotisha
6400:Ayurveda
6392:Upavedas
6373:Mandukya
6318:Aitareya
6300:Aranyaka
6295:Brahmana
6269:Samaveda
6194:Charvaka
5994:Concepts
5975:Timeline
5967:Glossary
5950:Hinduism
5632:40872709
5611:41694638
5377:(2011).
5353:(2001).
5142:(2007).
5004:20106984
4335:Das 2010
4271:Das 2010
4247:Das 2010
4160:Das 2010
3653:(1995).
2396:"Karnal"
2140:Supriya.
2124:himself.
2117:just war
2089:husband.
2003:awaits".
1862:(voice)
1763:Draupadi
1752:DD Metro
1694:DD Metro
1548:Channel
1495:Sanskrit
1485:Mohanlal
1183:ā
1127:Achilles
1115:Ramayana
1106:Ramayana
995:senapati
792:Kauravas
737:Rajasuya
706:scholar
696:Draupadi
502:for the
473:metonyms
429:Sanskrit
346:Denpasar
308:Sanskrit
202:Vasusena
192:: ą¤ą¤°ą„ą¤£,
190:Sanskrit
168:Sahadeva
148:(mother)
142:(father)
103:Children
8366:Avatars
8359:Related
8350:Yuyutsu
8315:Vikarna
8250:Shakuni
8240:Savitri
8230:Satyaki
8225:Sanjaya
8215:Rukmini
8170:Nahusha
8160:Lomasha
8135:Krishna
8125:Kindama
8120:Kichaka
8090:Hidimbi
8085:Hidimba
8045:Durvasa
8040:Duhsala
8035:Drupada
7990:Bhishma
7980:Bharata
7965:Bahlika
7757:Bharata
7723:Mausala
7666:Bhishma
7629:Books (
7507:Outline
7457:Sikhism
7452:Judaism
7447:Jainism
7328:Related
7304:Namaste
7157:Ramlila
7087:Ashrama
7075:Vaishya
7065:Brahmin
6888:Worship
6840:Rukmini
6830:Matrika
6803:Parvati
6798:Lakshmi
6788:Tridevi
6743:Krishna
6728:Hanuman
6723:Ganesha
6674:Deities
6560:Tantras
6550:Stotras
6503:Puranas
6448:Nirukta
6438:Chandas
6433:Shiksha
6425:Vedanga
6378:Prashna
6368:Mundaka
6290:Samhita
6259:Rigveda
6190:NÄstika
6175:Advaita
6162:Vedanta
6157:MÄ«mÄį¹sÄ
6137:Samkhya
6125:Schools
6113:Akrodha
6032:Saį¹sÄra
6012:Ishvara
6002:Brahman
5879:1124427
5758:3208814
5132:1124249
4889:(ed.).
4817:17 July
4756:17 July
1975:Prabhas
1384:Radheya
1345:bon mot
1317:adharma
1291:dhirata
1259:dharmas
1254:adharma
1245:sukshma
1135:Ferdiad
1123:kavacha
1104:of the
811:At the
761:Magadha
751:In the
746:Kundala
742:Kavacha
724:Drupada
653:dharmic
580:Siddha
575:Durvasa
460:shlokas
313:In the
304:spondee
292:Haryana
214:Radheya
92:Spouses
60:Aliases
8340:Yayati
8320:Virata
8310:Vidura
8300:UttarÄ
8295:Uttara
8260:Shalya
8175:Nakula
8095:Iravan
7950:Arjuna
7940:Ambika
7888:Events
7815:Places
7789:Matsya
7747:Tribes
7703:Shanti
7688:Shalya
7661:Udyoga
7656:Virata
7528:Portal
7432:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć
7336:Hindus
7314:Tilaka
7283:Others
7259:Ujjain
7254:Prayag
7249:Nashik
7189:Pongal
7127:Diwali
7080:Shudra
7039:Vivaha
6946:DhyÄna
6921:Bhajan
6911:Bhakti
6896:Temple
6850:Shakti
6758:Varuna
6701:Vishnu
6696:Brahma
6545:Sutras
6481:Agamas
6237:Smriti
6168:Dvaita
6133:Ästika
6078:Asteya
6073:Ahimsa
6059:Moksha
6044:Dharma
5957:topics
5885:
5877:
5845:
5817:
5796:
5775:
5756:
5725:
5691:
5670:
5649:
5630:
5609:
5579:
5558:
5539:
5508:
5477:
5456:
5435:
5408:
5387:
5363:
5341:
5320:
5299:
5278:
5257:
5236:
5215:
5194:
5173:
5152:
5130:
5122:
5084:
5063:
5042:
5021:
5002:
4979:
4958:
4937:
4918:
4897:
4874:
4677:3 June
4299:
3269:
3238:
2886:13 May
2781:
2727:13 May
2639:1 July
2630:
2602:1 July
2593:
2526:
2121:dharma
2113:dharma
2032:Arjuna
1716:Zee TV
1576:Karnan
1431:Kalyug
1330:phobos
1325:dharma
1321:dharma
1313:dharma
1295:dharma
1249:dharma
1236:dharma
1146:Dharma
1110:Ravana
905:dharma
826:Arjuna
784:Arjuna
782:asked
688:Bhisma
673:Arajna
645:Vijaya
582:mantra
559:named
524:, the
400:Vijaya
359:Makara
288:Karnal
280:dharma
268:Arjuna
260:Bengal
164:Nakula
160:Arjuna
84:Weapon
68:Gender
8335:Vyasa
8285:Ulupi
8210:Rukmi
8185:Pandu
8165:Madri
8155:Kunti
8130:Kripa
8115:Karna
8075:Ganga
8030:Drona
7985:Bhima
7779:Kunti
7683:Karna
7678:Drona
7646:Sabha
7631:parva
7598:Vyasa
7442:Islam
7420:India
7309:Bindi
7292:Other
7232:Ugadi
7227:Vishu
7060:Varna
6941:Tapas
6931:Yajna
6901:Murti
6835:Radha
6815:Durga
6810:Bhumi
6753:Surya
6733:Indra
6706:Shiva
6468:Other
6453:Kalpa
6343:Katha
6247:Vedas
6232:Åruti
6217:Texts
6147:Nyaya
6103:Damah
6093:Satya
6049:Artha
6027:Karma
6017:Atman
5971:Index
5883:S2CID
5875:JSTOR
5754:JSTOR
5628:JSTOR
5607:JSTOR
5537:S2CID
5128:JSTOR
5000:JSTOR
3673:(PDF)
3658:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2028:Bhima
1986:Notes
1964:2024
1944:2019
1870:2014
1798:2008
1780:2002
1758:2001
1700:1997
1557:Karna
1553:1922
1474:film
1454:film
1336:eleos
1086:Vyasa
963:Death
936:Indra
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