1854:
176:
267:. The communities that are in the Kaska Dene region are Fort Ware in N.W.T.; Ross River and Watson Lake in Y.T.; Dease Lake, Good Hope Lake, Lower Post, Fireside, and Muncho Lake in B.C. Kaska is made up of eight dialects, all of which have similar pronunciations and expressional terms. The town of Watson Lake was established around the period of the second World War when the
299:) where the language is taught in schools. Kaska Dena children are not learning to be fluent because many families do not use the Kaska language at home. The Kaska Dena people recognize the importance in revitalizing the Kaska language and have worked towards building Kaska language written and oral materials as well as programs such as culture camps and training programs.
1674:
1648:
1675:"Aboriginal Language Spoken at Home (90), Single and Multiple Responses of Language Spoken at Home (3), Aboriginal Identity (9), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Age (12) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
976:
Kaska is a polysynthetic language, commonly featuring sentence words. It is head-final, availing nine prefix positions to a given stem verb morpheme. Kaska does not mark for control or grammatical gender. (Sexual gender is often implied in narratives through contextual association with the prevalent
985:
Verb-sentences, or single-word sentences consisting of a stem verb modified by inflectional, derivational and/or other types of affixes, commonly appear in Kaska. In these cases, a word-final verb morpheme may be accompanied by up to nine prefixes grouped into three categories: the disjunct, the
1649:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
1285:, which pluralizes otherwise dual subjects and, in some cases, singular objects. The presence (or absence) of this feature bears most of the numerical marking that is not already indicated contextually or through the subject and object affixes themselves. The prefix
1618:
The available literature on Kaska makes no mention of applicatives, relatives or complements, and case marking appears restricted to nominative (subject), accusative (object) and the various forms of locative case marking conveyed through directional morphemes.
1388:) functions largely in complement to the imperfective, expressing complete action, is used in descriptions of kinetic events and establishing realis mood. Kaska narratives tend to express a more serious tone through perfective verb forms.
748:
Kaska makes use of the vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/, which, through various combinations of inflection (high, falling, and rising tone), lengthening and nasalization, produce about 60 vowel sounds in total.
1377:) expresses incomplete action, is used in instrumental marking, descriptions of static situations and to express irrealis mood. In Kaska narratives, imperfective verb forms commonly accompany a humorous tone.
1253:
markings are given in the table at right. The marking for third-person singular direct object depends on the subject of the sentence: if the subject is in first- or second-person, then it is
283:
With around 200 speakers as of 2011, the
Ethnologue lists Kaska as Status 7 (shifting). It is mostly Kaska Dena Elders who are the fluent speakers despite four communities (
3602:
1362:
when described in
Athabaskan languages. These prefixes convey imperfective, perfective and optative aspect. Overt expressions for quantified units of time exist, such as
1143:
markings, Kaska syntactically differentiates between "subject I" and "subject II" morphemes (the latter represented in the gray boxes in the table below to the left).
1139:, which appears between the disjunct prefix group and the verb theme, carries inflectional information including subject, direct object and mood/aspect markings. In
3161:
1520:
When only one independent nominal is present, the subject and object are differentiated by the prefixes in the verb, shown using the same sample sentence.
1069:
classification in
Athabaskan literature, marks transitivity and/or causativity and deletes when preceded by the first-person singular subject marking
271:
was built in 1942. A major consequence of colonization was Kaska language loss. Another major cause of Kaska language loss in Canada was due to the
1698:
275:. The effect that these schools had on the Kaska language have caused a language gap between two generations, resulting in few young speakers.
2037:
2501:
3154:
186:
3607:
1923:
1104:
classifier serves a more complex function, accompanying self-benefactives, reflexives, reciprocals, iteratives (marked by the prefix
1989:
3612:
428:
3597:
3147:
3128:
828:
3194:
604:
449:
715:
551:
2277:
2243:
2030:
839:
558:
272:
3124:
2494:
2009:
1980:
1794:
657:
611:
456:
2579:
930:
854:
3223:
83:
3059:
897:
3246:
2627:
2209:
1752:
3334:
3170:
2384:
2379:
2364:
2054:
2023:
910:
664:
99:
2983:
2963:
2487:
1297:("about"), also appear in the disjunct, along with the oblique object markings listed in the table below.
876:
870:
597:
442:
162:
962:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
3517:
3512:
3432:
3105:
2869:
1406:
Directional prefixes, stems and suffixes also index spatial relations in Kaska narratives. These include
786:
780:
625:
544:
3404:
944:
730:
588:
435:
421:
1717:
Moore, J. P. (2003). "Lessons on the Land: The Role of Kaska Elders in a
University Language Course".
2529:
2224:
650:
618:
530:
1933:. XIII: Papers Dedicated to the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of Arizona: 41–74.
1853:
1457:
When a sentence contains two independent nominals, it takes on
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure.
2137:
807:
801:
3459:
3409:
2943:
2879:
2394:
1867:
Meek, A. B.; Messing, J. (2007). "Framing
Indigenous Languages a Secondary to Matrix Languages".
1787:
We Are Our
Language: An Ethnography of Language Revitalization in a Northern Athabaskan Community
641:
463:
2637:
2214:
1289:
marks for dual subject in at least one verb phrase: "to sit." Postpositional morphemes, such as
3507:
3111:
3090:
2826:
2432:
671:
537:
332:
3522:
3386:
2349:
2142:
2117:
1904:
1722:
1246:
Subject I markers occur conjunct-finally, while subject II markers occur conjunct-initially.
691:
392:
383:
256:
2692:
2263:
3213:
3205:
3095:
2907:
2796:
2619:
2584:
2546:
2046:
248:
94:
2652:
2095:
2074:
1942:
89:
8:
3592:
3399:
3100:
3064:
2740:
2609:
2510:
2106:
565:
3571:
3419:
3292:
3266:
3074:
3009:
2851:
2788:
2773:
2642:
2564:
2559:
2410:
2158:
2132:
2090:
1973:
Guzāgi k'ū́gé': our language book : nouns : Kaska, Mountain Slavey and Sekani
1876:
327:
292:
255:
people. The Kaska Dene region consists of a small area in the
Southwestern part of the
986:
conjunct and the verb theme. O'Donnell's Kaska verb structure diagram is shown below.
154:
3566:
3427:
3376:
3371:
3322:
3310:
3281:
3236:
3054:
3004:
2859:
2841:
2836:
2816:
2811:
2763:
2697:
2257:
2168:
2127:
2122:
1976:
1816:
1790:
1692:
1273:
typically carries adverbial and derivational prefixes, including the negative marker
862:
369:
355:
347:
337:
296:
2004:
3480:
3437:
3394:
3366:
3361:
3256:
3251:
3231:
3184:
3049:
3039:
3024:
3019:
3014:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2889:
2831:
2778:
2725:
2687:
2632:
2594:
2554:
2524:
2455:
2335:
2312:
2305:
2219:
2193:
2112:
1934:
1822:
1758:
1628:
821:
681:
322:
317:
264:
20:
3561:
3536:
3464:
3356:
3339:
3274:
3261:
3044:
3034:
3029:
2988:
2897:
2864:
2821:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2707:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2647:
2599:
2589:
2389:
2342:
2329:
2250:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2163:
848:
377:
342:
75:
3139:
2657:
2100:
1908:
1726:
167:
3545:
3485:
3344:
3327:
3300:
2978:
2928:
2902:
2801:
2604:
2470:
2447:
2415:
2293:
2069:
890:
410:
284:
268:
1841:
1555:
suffix and appear before the independent clause, as in the following example:
3586:
3499:
3349:
2968:
2574:
2569:
2299:
1047:
carries the stem verb morpheme, which is immediately preceded by one of four
762:
3069:
2973:
2730:
470:
55:
3449:
2874:
138:
3315:
2715:
950:
936:
916:
903:
882:
813:
792:
774:
757:
709:
3454:
1938:
1880:
1827:
1754:
The Kaska Dene: A study of
Colonialism, Trauma and Healing in Dene Kēyeh
3305:
2806:
2015:
1846:
1763:
924:
767:
288:
252:
2479:
3442:
2720:
1358:
In Kaska, time is expressed primarily through aspect marking, called
977:
gender roles of Kaska society, particularly with regard to warfare.)
575:
147:
131:
175:
1924:"Inflectional Affixes & Clitics in Kaska (Northern Athabaskan)"
362:
251:. Traditionally, Kaska was an oral aboriginal language used by the
235:
3532:
183:
1999:
1426:
kúh- 'distant location (known to both speaker and addressee)'
260:
214:
1994:
1058:
classifier primarily marks intransitive and stative verbs.
200:
1789:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 1–40.
1673:
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (28 March 2018).
1432:
ah- 'distant location (determined by non-focal character)'
1081:("clothlike object is located"), these generally bear the
1073:. Though it is found in some intransitive clauses, as in
1995:
Kaska
Language Website, University of British Columbia
1429:
de- 'distant location (known exclusively to speaker)'
16:
Northern Athabaskan language of the Kaska Dena people
3603:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
1970:
1438:
degé- 'up ahead' (also used to mean 'in the future')
1818:
Kaska language socialization, acquisition and shift
1444:-áné 'to the side' (often used in conjunction with
1366:("three days"), but rarely appear in Kaska dialog.
182:Kaska is classified as Severely Endangered by the
3169:
1757:(MA thesis). The University of British Columbia.
3584:
1591:
1575:
1487:
3155:
2495:
2031:
1921:
1975:. Watson Lake, Yukon: Kaska Tribal Council.
1901:Point of view in Kaska historical narratives
1697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1524:eskie ganehtan ("She saw/looked at the boy")
1403:) expresses unrealized or desired activity.
1866:
34:
3162:
3148:
2502:
2488:
2038:
2024:
1607:
1580:
174:
1826:
1762:
1350:
1115:classifier combines the functions of the
2045:
187:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2509:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1750:
1655:. Government of Canada. 25 October 2017
1614:While he was eating he was watching us.
1547:Subordinate clauses are marked with an
3585:
1672:
3143:
2483:
2019:
1898:
1716:
1261:when the subject is in third-person.
314:
1887:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1719:Canadian Journal of Native Education
1712:
1710:
1708:
980:
263:Territory, and the Northern part of
1510:
1495:
1422:, with some examples listed below.
13:
1963:
1499:
273:Canadian Residential School System
14:
3624:
3608:First Nations languages in Canada
2005:Kaska Welcome Page - First Voices
1803:
1771:
1733:
1705:
949:
943:
935:
929:
915:
909:
902:
896:
881:
875:
869:
861:
853:
838:
827:
812:
806:
800:
791:
785:
779:
729:
714:
690:
670:
663:
656:
649:
640:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
587:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
391:
382:
1852:
1301:Oblique Object Markers in Kaska
3613:Endangered Athabaskan languages
1915:
1491:
1197:Direct Object Markers in Kaska
1089:etsén segan 'the meat is dried'
278:
1903:(Thesis). Indiana University.
1860:
1835:
1666:
1641:
1516:The boy saw/looked at the girl
1:
3598:Northern Athabaskan languages
3171:Languages of British Columbia
1971:Kaska Tribal Council (1997).
1899:Moore, Patrick James (2003).
1634:
1038:
968:
307:
3508:American Sign Language (ASL)
2984:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2010:Yukon Native Language Centre
1990:Yukon Native Language Center
1435:júh-, jah- 'nearby location'
302:
7:
3106:Plains Indian Sign Language
1815:Meek, Barbra Allyn (2001).
1622:
1543:"The boy saw/looked at her"
1506:eskie ayudeni ga-Ø-ne-h-tan
1399:in conjunction with suffix
1299:
1264:
1195:
1145:
1130:
988:
259:, the Southeastern part of
10:
3629:
2957:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
1922:O'Donnell, Meghan (2004).
18:
3554:
3531:
3498:
3473:
3418:
3385:
3291:
3222:
3204:
3193:
3177:
3121:
3083:
2997:
2956:
2916:
2888:
2850:
2787:
2739:
2706:
2618:
2545:
2538:
2517:
2464:
2446:
2424:
2403:
2372:
2363:
2322:
2285:
2276:
2235:
2202:
2151:
2083:
2062:
2053:
1785:Meek, Barbra A. (2010).
1751:Farnell, Gillian (2014).
1452:
1147:Subject Markers in Kaska
1096:gan 's/he dried the meat'
997:
994:
991:
859:
743:
708:
680:
574:
409:
376:
346:
341:
331:
326:
321:
316:
230:
220:
210:
199:
173:
161:
145:
129:
124:
72:
62:
50:
42:
33:
28:
2964:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2203:Central British Columbia
19:Not to be confused with
965:can also be heard as .
35:
3129:Canadian dictionaries
3112:Maritime Sign Language
3091:American Sign Language
2580:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2236:Other North Athabaskan
1721:. 27. No. 1: 127–139.
1462:eskie ayudeni ganehtan
1351:Space, Time and Aspect
1051:(-h-, -Ø-, -l-, -d-).
68:240 (2016 census)
3523:Plateau Sign Language
3125:Canadian style guides
2286:California Athabaskan
2244:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
1611:{3SG.was watching us}
961:Allophones of sounds
257:Northwest Territories
3335:North Straits Salish
3096:Quebec Sign Language
2539:Indigenous languages
2084:Central Alaska–Yukon
2047:Athabaskan languages
1821:(PhD dissertation).
1509:boy girl at-3SG.SBJ-
1021:Subject Agreement I
1012:Subject Agreement II
1009:Distributive Plural
3555:Immigrant languages
3065:Pennsylvania German
2511:Languages of Canada
2152:Northwestern Canada
1679:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1653:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1302:
1279:distributive plural
1198:
1148:
249:Athabaskan language
100:Northern Athabaskan
3433:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3405:Southern Tsimshian
3247:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3101:Inuk Sign Language
3060:Newfoundland Irish
3025:Tagalog (Filipino)
2998:Minority languages
2870:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
2628:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
2518:Official languages
2210:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
2000:Kaska Dena Council
1764:10.14288/1.0167385
1300:
1196:
1146:
995:Conjunct Prefixes
992:Disjunct Prefixes
234:Kaska Dena Kayeh,
104:Central Cordillera
3580:
3579:
3494:
3493:
3178:Official language
3137:
3136:
3055:Doukhobor Russian
2952:
2951:
2477:
2476:
2471:extinct languages
2442:
2441:
2359:
2358:
2343:Upper Rogue River
2336:Lower Rogue River
2323:Oregon Athabaskan
2272:
2271:
2128:Southern Tutchone
2123:Northern Tutchone
1850:(17th ed., 2013)
1348:
1347:
1244:
1243:
1194:
1193:
1065:, referred to as
1036:
1035:
981:The Verb-Sentence
959:
958:
741:
740:
635:
582:
524:
480:
417:
372:
365:
358:
247:is an endangered
241:
240:
206:
195:
194:
168:Danezāgé' (Kaska)
3620:
3518:Plains Sign Talk
3202:
3201:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3050:Hutterite German
2543:
2542:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2456:Proto-Athabaskan
2404:Eastern Apachean
2373:Western Apachean
2370:
2369:
2283:
2282:
2225:Southern Carrier
2063:Southern Alaskan
2060:
2059:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2016:
1986:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1941:. Archived from
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1629:Tahltan language
1609:
1594:.was watching us
1593:
1582:
1577:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1303:
1199:
1149:
1108:) and passives.
989:
964:
953:
947:
939:
933:
919:
913:
906:
900:
885:
879:
873:
865:
857:
842:
831:
816:
810:
804:
795:
789:
783:
752:
751:
733:
718:
694:
674:
667:
660:
653:
644:
633:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
591:
580:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
522:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
415:
395:
386:
368:
361:
354:
312:
311:
265:British Columbia
225:Kaska Dena Zágéʼ
204:
197:
196:
189:
178:
157:
141:
134:
78:
38:
26:
25:
21:Kaskian language
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3550:
3527:
3490:
3469:
3414:
3410:Coast Tsimshian
3381:
3287:
3218:
3196:
3195:Oral Indigenous
3189:
3173:
3168:
3138:
3133:
3117:
3079:
3045:Canadian Gaelic
2993:
2948:
2944:Coast Tsimshian
2912:
2884:
2846:
2783:
2735:
2702:
2614:
2534:
2513:
2508:
2478:
2473:
2460:
2438:
2425:Plains Apachean
2420:
2399:
2355:
2318:
2268:
2231:
2198:
2147:
2138:Upper Kuskokwim
2079:
2049:
2044:
2014:
1983:
1966:
1964:Further reading
1961:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1897:
1888:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1772:
1749:
1734:
1715:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1616:
1596:
1585:
1566:
1518:
1504:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1441:nā́né- 'across'
1353:
1267:
1133:
1127:) classifiers.
1061:The classifier
1041:
1024:Thematic Prefix
983:
971:
746:
335:
310:
305:
281:
203:
191:
190:
181:
153:
137:
130:
120:
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3546:Chinook Jargon
3542:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:Sign languages
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3474:Other/isolates
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3460:Nuu-chah-nulth
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3224:Dené–Yeniseian
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3084:Sign languages
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Chinook Jargon
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2880:Nuu-chah-nulth
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2448:Proto-language
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2395:Western Apache
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1914:
1886:
1859:
1842:Kaska language
1834:
1802:
1795:
1770:
1732:
1704:
1665:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1586:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1364:tādet'ē dzenḗs
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1266:
1263:
1257:, but becomes
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1132:
1129:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:Oblique Object
1000:
999:
996:
993:
982:
979:
970:
967:
957:
956:
954:
941:
927:
921:
920:
907:
893:
887:
886:
867:
858:
851:
845:
844:
835:
833:
824:
818:
817:
798:
796:
777:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
745:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
688:
686:
684:
678:
677:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
645:
638:
636:
630:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
592:
585:
583:
578:
572:
571:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
525:
519:
518:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
389:
387:
380:
374:
373:
366:
359:
351:
350:
345:
340:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
306:
304:
301:
285:Good Hope Lake
280:
277:
269:Alaska Highway
245:Kaska language
239:
238:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
193:
192:
180:
179:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
151:
143:
142:
135:
127:
126:
125:Language codes
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
84:Dené–Yeniseian
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Broken Slavey
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2433:Plains Apache
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Pacific Coast
2275:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:0-9682022-0-9
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1948:on 2016-03-05
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:Coyote Papers
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1875:(2): 99–118.
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1796:9780816514533
1792:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1484:
1483:ga-Ø-ne-h-tan
1479:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:mode (prefix
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:mode (prefix
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:direct object
1247:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:Direct Object
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
990:
987:
978:
974:
966:
955:
952:
946:
942:
938:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
912:
908:
905:
899:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
878:
872:
868:
864:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
809:
803:
799:
797:
794:
788:
782:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:
750:
737:
735:
732:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
717:
713:
711:
707:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
693:
689:
687:
685:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
646:
643:
639:
637:
632:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
593:
590:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
526:
521:
520:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
394:
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81:
77:
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61:
58:(2016 census)
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49:
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37:
32:
27:
22:
3280:
3273:
3241:
3123:
3110:
3070:Plautdietsch
2731:Inuvialuktun
2662:
2466:
2431:
2350:Upper Umpqua
2348:
2341:
2334:
2311:
2304:
2292:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2173:
2143:Upper Tanana
2118:Lower Tanana
2105:
1972:
1950:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1939:10150/126635
1930:
1917:
1900:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1845:
1837:
1828:10150/290390
1817:
1786:
1753:
1718:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
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1617:
1613:
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1407:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
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1381:
1379:
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1371:imperfective
1370:
1368:
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1357:
1354:
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1124:
1120:
1116:
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1105:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1085:classifier.
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1030:
1006:Postposition
984:
975:
972:
960:
747:
282:
279:Endangerment
244:
242:
224:
146:
107:
3387:Tsimshianic
3214:Plains Cree
2908:Assiniboine
2797:Bella Coola
2716:Inuinnaqtun
2159:Dene Suline
1602:gugā́nehtān
1588:gugā́nehtān
1564:gugā́nehtān
1338:3rd person
1327:2nd person
1316:1st person
1293:("to") and
1234:3rd person
1223:2nd person
1212:1st person
1184:3rd person
1173:2nd person
1162:1st person
1049:classifiers
1018:Mood/Aspect
998:Verb Theme
710:Approximant
293:Watson Lake
3593:Kaska Dena
3587:Categories
3513:Francosign
3306:Halkomelem
3206:Algonquian
2807:Halkomelem
2620:Athabaskan
2610:Potawatomi
2547:Algonquian
2380:Chiricahua
2107:Holikachuk
2091:Deg Hitʼan
1952:2014-02-10
1847:Ethnologue
1684:2018-05-10
1659:2017-11-23
1635:References
1382:perfective
1045:verb theme
1039:Verb Theme
1027:Classifier
969:Morphology
963:/i,e,o,ɛ̃/
822:Near-close
308:Consonants
297:Ross River
289:Lower Post
253:Kaska Dena
215:Kaska Dena
95:Athabaskan
36:Dene Zágéʼ
3572:Ukrainian
3539:and mixed
3450:Kwakʼwala
3443:Oowekyala
3267:Chilcotin
3197:languages
3075:Ukrainian
3010:Cantonese
2875:Kwakʼwala
2774:Tuscarora
2741:Iroquoian
2721:Inuktitut
2693:Tsuutʼina
2643:Chipewyan
2638:Chilcotin
2565:Blackfoot
2560:Algonquin
2469:indicate
2411:Jicarilla
2385:Mescalero
2264:Tsuutʼina
2215:Chilcotin
2133:Tanacross
1909:305335008
1727:230305886
1608:SUBCLAUSE
1581:SUBCLAUSE
1420:punctuals
1412:ablatives
1408:allatives
1308:Singular
1281:morpheme
1204:Singular
1154:Singular
1031:Verb Stem
849:Close-mid
581:voiceless
576:Fricative
479:aspirated
303:Phonology
148:Glottolog
132:ISO 639-3
51:Ethnicity
3455:Liqʼwala
3438:Heiltsuk
3428:Ditidaht
3420:Wakashan
3377:Lillooet
3372:Squamish
3323:Okanagan
3316:Scw'exmx
3311:Thompson
3293:Salishan
3282:Tsetsaut
3237:Dane-zaa
3005:Mandarin
2860:Ditidaht
2852:Wakashan
2842:Thompson
2837:Squamish
2827:shíshálh
2817:Okanagan
2812:Lillooet
2789:Salishan
2764:Onondaga
2698:Tutchone
2653:Gwichʼin
2365:Southern
2258:Tsetsaut
2096:Gwichʼin
2075:Denaʼina
2055:Northern
1905:ProQuest
1881:25166611
1723:ProQuest
1693:cite web
1623:See also
1605:3SG.eat-
1533:ganehtan
1513:-CL-look
1393:optative
1373:(prefix
1355:Source:
1277:and the
1271:disjunct
1265:Disjunct
1137:conjunct
1131:Conjunct
1092:etsén se
973:Source:
891:Open-mid
523:ejective
363:sibilant
333:Post-al.
328:Alveolar
236:Denendeh
221:Language
205:"person"
155:kask1239
3567:Russian
3537:creoles
3533:Pidgins
3481:Kutenai
3400:Nisga'a
3395:Gitxsan
3367:Sechelt
3362:Shuswap
3340:Saanich
3257:Tlingit
3252:Tahltan
3232:Carrier
3185:English
3040:Italian
3020:Spanish
3015:Punjabi
2939:Tlingit
2934:Kutenai
2924:Beothuk
2832:Shuswap
2822:Saanich
2779:Wyandot
2726:Inupiaq
2688:Tahltan
2633:Carrier
2595:Naskapi
2585:Miꞌkmaq
2555:Abenaki
2525:English
2467:Italics
2313:Wailaki
2306:Mattole
2194:Tahltan
2169:Dunneza
2113:Koyukon
1598:etsedz-
1569:etsedz-
1538:3sg.Obj
1475:ayudeni
1448:prefix)
1311:Plural
1237:Ø-/ye-
1207:Plural
1157:Plural
1141:subject
763:Central
370:lateral
356:central
348:Glottal
338:Palatal
231:Country
90:Na-Dené
3562:French
3465:Haisla
3357:Nuxalk
3345:Samish
3328:Sinixt
3275:Nicola
3262:Sekani
3035:German
3030:Arabic
2989:Michif
2974:Bungee
2898:Stoney
2890:Siouan
2865:Haisla
2769:Seneca
2759:Oneida
2754:Mohawk
2749:Cayuga
2683:Tagish
2678:Slavey
2673:Sekani
2668:Nicola
2648:Dogrib
2605:Ottawa
2600:Ojibwe
2590:Munsee
2530:French
2390:Navajo
2330:Tolowa
2251:Nicola
2220:Dakelh
2189:Tagish
2184:Slavey
2179:Sekani
2164:Dogrib
1979:
1907:
1879:
1793:
1725:
1560:etsedz
1529:eskie
1453:Syntax
1416:areals
1291:ts'i'-
1079:tsū́ts
744:Vowels
682:Rhotic
634:voiced
416:tenuis
323:Dental
318:Labial
211:People
184:UNESCO
54:1,435
46:Canada
3486:Haida
3350:Lummi
3301:Comox
3242:Kaska
2929:Haida
2917:other
2903:Sioux
2802:Comox
2708:Inuit
2663:Kaska
2416:Lipan
2174:Kaska
2070:Ahtna
1946:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1877:JSTOR
1578:.eat-
1502:-look
1467:eskie
1360:modes
1333:neh-
1229:neh-
1168:dze-
775:Close
758:Front
378:Nasal
343:Velar
261:Yukon
108:Kaska
56:Kaska
29:Kaska
2575:Innu
2570:Cree
2300:Hupa
2294:Kato
1977:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1699:link
1536:boy
1478:girl
1418:and
1391:The
1380:The
1369:The
1344:ge-
1341:me-
1330:ne-
1322:gu-
1269:The
1249:The
1240:ge-
1226:ne-
1218:gu-
1190:ge-
1179:ah-
1135:The
1119:and
1111:The
1100:The
1054:The
1043:The
925:Open
768:Back
411:Stop
295:and
243:The
201:Dene
2658:Hän
2101:Hän
1935:hdl
1844:at
1823:hdl
1759:doi
1592:3SG
1576:3SG
1551:or
1540:...
1492:SBJ
1488:3SG
1486:at-
1470:boy
1446:ah-
1319:es-
1295:yé-
1287:ɬe-
1283:né-
1275:dū-
1259:ye-
1215:se-
1187:Ø-
1176:n-
1121:-h-
1117:-d-
1113:-l-
1106:ne-
1102:-d-
1083:-Ø-
1063:-h-
1056:-Ø-
937:æ̃ː
934:, (
901:),
559:tʃʼ
552:tɬʼ
545:tsʼ
531:tθʼ
509:tʃʰ
504:tɬʰ
499:tsʰ
489:tθʰ
163:ELP
139:kkz
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3535:,
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1691:{{
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1553:-í
1549:-i
1531:me
1511:MA
1500:CL
1496:MA
1414:,
1410:,
1401:-í
1397:u-
1386:n-
1375:Ø-
1255:Ø-
1165:s-
1075:se
1071:s-
951:ãː
948:,
945:aː
940:)
931:æː
917:ʌ̃
914:,
904:ɛ̃
880:,
877:oː
874:,
866:)
843:)
832:)
811:,
808:uː
805:,
790:,
787:iː
784:,
566:kʼ
538:tʼ
514:kʰ
494:tʰ
484:pʰ
457:tʃ
450:tɬ
443:ts
429:tθ
291:,
287:,
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2039:e
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672:ɣ
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651:z
642:ð
626:h
619:x
612:ʃ
605:ɬ
598:s
589:θ
471:ʔ
464:k
436:t
422:p
393:n
384:m
336:/
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