208:
17:
348:
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551:) from which all "physical and mental powers" arise. Vishnu's gada also stands for discipline, complemented by his lotus, that denotes praise. While the lotus and shankha in his hands are water symbols representing life and love, the gada and the chakra are fire symbols denoting pain and destruction and command adherence to the rules of society and nature. The
421:
and looks in adoration towards her master, whose hand rests on her head. She wears a crown or has an elaborate hairstyle. Apart from a lower garment, she might wear a blouse or have a bare torso. She is depicted emerging from the
294:
as well as early images from
Western India depict Vishnu resting his upper right hand on the mace or holding the mace in this hand. Gupta images continue the trend of having upper (back) right hand resting on or holding the
238:, "he who holds in his hands shankha, chakra, and gada". Generally, the gada is held in the lower (natural) left hand of Vishnu in contemporary images. The gada sometimes also appears in the depictions of Vishnu's avatars
277:
does not appear in a stylised design as in later depictions, but the mace is a simple "round top-heavy rod" held in his upper (back) right hand and lifted above the shoulders. In another Kushan sculpture, the
377:(chamara or chowry) in her hands and is adorned with ornaments, with Vishnu's right hand resting on her head; chakra stands as a man on Vishnu's left. The personified weapons known as
207:
503:
sect, Kaumodaki symbolizes "the intellect, the power of knowledge and the power of time". While explaining the symbolism of four attributes in Vishnu's hands, the
461:
The mace or club is one of the oldest types of weapons. The popularity of the weapons with Vishnu worshippers may have led to its depiction with the deity. The
644:
also records at the time of the chakra-musala war, Krishna's
Kaumodaki along with other weapons appear in human form from the heavens to watch the battle. The
465:– a symbol of strength – was a common weapon for hand-to-hand combat and was regarded as the strongest of weapons. Vishnu's attributes originate from his
303:
started being depicted in other arms. Twenty-four configurations of Vishnu images are noted, where the order of the four attributes is changed.
1346:
492:(existing in the 5th to 4th century BCE) respectively. Both the epics narrate various characters – gods, men and demons alike – using the
445:
posture) with the gada depicted on the head as part of the crown or the weapon mark on her forehead, as in Chola era bronzes of the gada.
282:
is depicted as a long rod which is almost the height of Vishnu and is held in his upper right hand. It is depicted similar to a long
140:
in sculptures of Vishnu. In depictions that use this version, Vishnu rests one of his hands on her head, while she herself holds the
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542:, "the power of time". The text further says that like the invincible Time, the mace is the destroyer of all opponents.
1339:
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temple. She is depicted holding the gada. The motif of
Kaumodaki holding the gada is mostly found in Uttar Pradesh and
2009:
1200:
117:. While initially unadorned, the size and shape of Kaumodaki vary in depictions. More elaborate design features like
513:– which represents primordial knowledge – is held in the lower left hand, which denotes "individual existence". The
1244:
409:
depicts Vishnu accompanied by
Gadadevi and the personified chakra. Gadadevi often appears in Vishnu images from
167:
The etymology of, 'Kaumodaki' is unclear. According to a popular etymology, Kaumodaki derives its name from the
1994:
1861:
625:. The duo defeat Indra and Agni burns down the forest, pacing way for the establishment of the Pandava capital
1324:
613:, will interfere. Arjuna and Krishna agreed and were given celestial weapons by Varuna. Krishna was given the
2421:
1332:
1999:
1409:
1151:
Puranic
Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
1042:
577:(left, standing) with Chakra-man (right), while goddess Lakshmi, Vishnu's wife, seated presses his feet.
70:. Vishnu is often depicted holding the Kaumodaki in one of his four hands; his other attributes are the
2487:
2482:
2014:
1984:
1937:
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The Myths and Gods of India: The
Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series
16:
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and his friend
Krishna to aid him, as he feared the king of the gods and protector of the forest,
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387:(320–550 CE) sculptures. The personified Kaumodaki is also known as Gada-Devi (the suffix
8:
2436:
2426:
2356:
2152:
1866:
1727:
1149:
181:). Another theory suggests that the mace may derive its name from the epithet of Vishnu,
54:
770:
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describes four of Vishnu's weapons fall from the heavens to aid
Krishna and his brother
365:
are held in the upper hands, the lower hands rest on two dwarf figures: the personified
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says the gada is to teach a lesson to irreligious rulers. Vishnu is also said to clear
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Kaumodaki in the right upper hand of a seated Vishnu, medieval sculpture currently in
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changed, the design of the weapon transformed too. In late medieval art, especially
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calls the gada the power of knowledge. Kaumodaki is said to "intoxicate" the mind.
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court and summons his weapons, who appear as humans, including the
Kaumodaki. The
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art. In another variation, Kaumodaki stands besides Vishnu with folded hands (in
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Another interpretation suggests that the
Kaumodaki symbolizes the life-force (
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is reduced to a flute, while the top takes a highly decorated round form. In
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159:. Various texts discuss the symbolism of Kaumodaki in Vishnu's iconography.
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Take up thy club Kaumodaki, O lotus-navelled deity, salutation unto thee.
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wanted to "eat" the forest to cure his indigestion. He asked the Pandava
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265:), dated to c. 200 BCE. One of the earliest images of Vishnu date to the
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appears as an attribute in the oldest known sculpture of Vishnu (from
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681:(c. 2nd century BCE – 2nd century CE) describes an episode from the
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Gadadevi may be depicted as a dwarf or as a normal human as in the
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and a chakra, possibly indicating two-armed images of Vishnu. The
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Krsna: Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krsna and Visnu
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In the philosophical meaning expounded by the Vishnu-worshipping
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Vishnu holds the Kaumodaki in his lower right hand; 5th century.
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132:, Kaumodaki sometimes appears personified as a woman known as
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Statue of Vishnu carrying the Kaumodaki in his lower left arm
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mentions dwarf-like ayudhapurushas including Vishnu's mace.
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Vishnu-bhakti, Vaishnava theology, and Vaishnava philosophy
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describes the iconography of Vishnu. While the lotus and
1047:
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Thames & Hudson
2218:
1245:"The prayer of Vishnu Panjaram [Chapter XIII]"
393:
means goddess) or Gada-nari ("gada-woman"). Since the
344:
carve Kaumodaki thinner, but is ridged and segmented.
47:
1069:
1067:
712:, the Kaumodaki is mentioned in the Vishnu Panjaram:
314:(8th–12th century CE), the size of the handle of the
86:
is also found in the iconography of some of Vishnu's
878:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 156–7.
666:; while Krishna battles with Kaumodaki and the bow
189:is interpreted as "joy on the earth". Based on the
1286:. Vol. 1: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House.
1064:
998:
937:
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234:and the Kaumodaki. A popular epithet of Vishnu is
128:Though the weapon may be depicted as an inanimate
121:and segments were added in depictions of Vishnu's
1270:
1242:
1119:
768:
199:translates Kaumodaki as "stupefier of the mind".
185:or vice versa. The literal synonym of Kaumodaki,
2474:
1290:
996:
808:
932:
897:
895:
677:("envoy's message") of the Sanskrit playwright
662:. Balarama uses the plough and the club called
573:Kaumodaki personified as a woman stands with a
102:, where it is associated with Vishnu's avatar,
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617:and Kaumodaki gada, while Arjuna got the bow
589:(demons). It is granted to Vishnu-Krishna by
373:personified as a slim-waisted woman, holds a
351:Kaumodaki as Gadadevi, personified as a woman
1209:
892:
813:. Penguin Books India. pp. 17–9, 25–6.
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1057:
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1005:. University of California Press. pp.
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832:
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222:with the four attributes in his hands: the
1347:
1333:
1277:. Abhinav Publications. GGKEY:GSELHU3JH6D.
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1181:
1154:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p.
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405:is regarded as a woman. A Gupta Vishnu in
93:The name, 'Kaumodak' first appears in the
1097:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
838:
528:, the goddess of wealth and beauty. The
175:, the blue water-lily or the blue lotus (
59:'captivator of the mind') is the
1304:(2). Artibus Asiae publishers: 128–136.
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949:
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925:
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691:(all pervading "Universal form") in the
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333:is thick and "barrel"-shaped, while the
206:
15:
1195:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 48–9.
1037:
1035:
2475:
1271:Dr. Kalpana Desai (31 December 2013).
992:
990:
988:
986:
771:"Kaumodaki, Kaumodakī: 12 definitions"
748:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 65.
413:, including Vishnu's four-headed form
144:, is seen emerging from it or has the
110:is depicted in images of Vishnu since
1328:
944:
920:
741:
601:to build their kingdom. The fire-god
524:, Kaumodaki represents Vishnu's wife
1882:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1144:
1138:
1099:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 363–4.
1032:
902:V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1999).
2457:List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
1281:
1191:Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2005).
983:
843:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99.
13:
1216:Freda Matchett (11 January 2013).
340:is depicted thick throughout. The
14:
2509:
1294:(1955). "The Weapons of Vishṇu".
1243:www.wisdomlib.org (2015-04-12).
1124:. Westland. pp. 70, 210–1.
769:www.wisdomlib.org (2015-08-01).
269:period (30–375 CE) found around
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1995:Science of Identity Foundation
1862:Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami
1043:ayudhapurusha or shastradevata
762:
735:
218:Vishnu is usually depicted as
202:
1:
2010:Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust
1284:Elements of Hindu iconography
1282:Rao, T. A. Gopinatha (1914).
1264:
564:
111:
2000:Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana
1410:Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya
1222:. Routledge. pp. 58–9.
839:Jan Gonda (1 January 1993).
477:, the heroes of the ancient
290:). A similar image found in
162:
24:Mace of the Hindu god Vishnu
7:
2005:Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math
636:describes Vishnu holding a
593:, the god of the seas. The
306:While the hand holding the
48:
10:
2514:
2015:World Vaisnava Association
1938:Six Goswamis of Vrindavana
1120:Devdutt Pattanaik (2011).
1073:C. Sivaramamurti pp. 130–1
1029:C. Sivaramamurti pp. 128–9
1001:Indian Sculpture: 700–1800
745:Hindu Gods & Goddesses
148:carved on her head/crown.
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1193:History of Indian theatre
997:Pratapaditya Pal (1988).
906:. Cosmo. pp. 146–7.
841:Aspects of Early Visnuism
809:Nanditha Krishna (2009).
685:when Krishna depicts his
449:Development and symbolism
37:
2442:Hindu views on evolution
729:
522:Vishnudharmottara Purana
358:Vishnudharmottara Purana
236:Shankha-chakra-gada-pani
1122:Seven secrets of Vishnu
1095:Suresh Chandra (1998).
742:Knapp, Stephen (2012).
597:princes were given the
506:Gopala Tapani Upanishad
1985:Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti
1654:Chaitanya Charitamrita
1041:Anna L. Dallapiccola,
727:
658:in his battle against
578:
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2173:Vaikuntha Chaturdashi
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650:, an appendix to the
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415:Vaikuntha Chaturmurti
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210:
19:
1847:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
1292:C. Sivaramamurti, C.
1274:Iconography of Visnu
941:Sivaramamurti p. 135
904:War in Ancient India
263:Malhar, Chhattisgarh
2437:Hindu units of time
2427:Hinduism by country
2270:Achintya Bhedābheda
2153:Krishna Janmashtami
1867:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
1728:Nimbarka Sampradaya
433:panel of the Gupta
2422:Vaishnava theology
2168:Ananta Chaturdashi
1877:Bhakti Hridaya Bon
1787:Manavala Mamunigal
1405:Om Namo Narayanaya
811:The Book of Vishnu
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431:Sheshashayi Vishnu
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22:
2488:Maces (bludgeons)
2483:Weapons of Vishnu
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2367:Indian philosophy
2082:Sudarshana Chakra
1887:Shrivatsa Goswami
1777:Pillai Lokacharya
1696:Brahma Sampradaya
1249:www.wisdomlib.org
1229:978-1-136-11842-5
1165:978-0-8426-0822-0
1131:978-93-80658-68-1
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850:978-81-208-1087-7
820:978-0-14-306762-7
775:www.wisdomlib.org
755:978-81-8495-366-4
615:Sudarshana Chakra
531:Krishna Upanishad
520:According to the
228:Sudarshana Chakra
178:Nymphaea nouchali
58:
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1712:Rudra Sampradaya
1622:Bhagavata Purana
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971:Rao pp. 289–90
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509:says that the
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417:. She holds a
213:Mathura museum
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197:Alain Daniélou
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115: 200 BCE
63:(mace) of the
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2127:Urdhva Pundra
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2036:Kshira Sagara
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2016:
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1968:Organizations
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1615:Vishnu Purana
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1562:Nara-Narayana
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623:divine arrows
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561:by his gada.
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554:Varaha Purana
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2382:Arthashastra
2250:Dvaitādvaita
2224:Hindu temple
2178:Lakshmi Puja
2107:Narayanastra
2091:
2061:Divya Desams
1975:Gaudiya Math
1852:Jiva Goswami
1767:Yamunacharya
1733:Four Kumāras
1705:Madhvacharya
1659:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
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1447:Sattvic diet
1415:Hare Krishna
1301:
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1283:
1273:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1238:
1218:
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1192:
1174:
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1146:Mani, Vettam
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778:. Retrieved
774:
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737:
724:, Chapter 13
715:
707:
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686:
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651:
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631:
627:Indraprastha
621:and various
582:
580:
574:
552:
546:
544:
535:
534:equates the
529:
521:
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443:anjali mudra
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129:
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107:
97:
92:
83:
29:
28:
26:
2493:Vaishnavism
2417:Krishnology
2183:Chaturmasya
2148:Rama Navami
2077:Panchajanya
1807:Vishnuswami
1802:Dnyaneshwar
1721:Vishnuswami
1672:Sampradayas
1631:Mahabharata
1557:Dhanvantari
1520:Parashurama
1490:Dashavatara
693:Hastinapura
683:Mahabharata
652:Mahabharata
642:Mahabharata
634:Mahabharata
583:Mahabharata
489:Mahabharata
479:Hindu epics
224:Panchajanya
203:Iconography
99:Mahabharata
65:Hindu deity
2477:Categories
2337:Satyabhama
2312:Devis list
2277:Jagannatha
2122:Vaijayanti
2070:Attributes
2046:Vrindavana
1832:Dadu Dayal
1601:Upanishads
1586:Holy texts
1395:Meditation
1375:Krishnaism
1265:References
1254:2022-07-14
1178:Desai p. 7
1082:Desai p. 6
953:Desai p. 9
929:Desai p. 8
780:2022-07-14
698:Raghuvamsa
688:Vishvarupa
675:Duta-Vakya
660:Jarasandha
565:Literature
383:emerge in
220:four-armed
95:Hindu epic
2297:Paramatma
2209:Harmonium
2204:Mridangam
2199:Karatalas
2163:Deepavali
2136:Holy days
2117:Shrivatsa
2112:Kaustubha
2092:Kaumodaki
2031:Vaikuntha
1842:Madhavdev
1837:Sankardev
1822:Ramananda
1812:Vidyapati
1762:Nammalvar
1757:Nathamuni
1577:Hayagriva
1510:Narasimha
647:Harivamsa
501:Vaishnava
385:Gupta era
375:fly-whisk
328:Chalukyan
252:Narasimha
163:Etymology
49:Kaumodakī
43:romanized
30:Kaumodaki
2362:Trimurti
2347:Niladevi
2302:Bhagavan
2282:Narayana
2229:Japamala
2143:Ekadashi
2102:Sharanga
1913:Prahlada
1817:Vallabha
1792:Nimbarka
1772:Ramanuja
1749:Acharyas
1737:Nimbarka
1689:Ramanuja
1647:Ramayana
1530:Balarama
1148:(1975).
874:(1991).
719:—
703:Kalidasa
668:Sharanga
664:Saunanda
656:Balarama
559:illusion
483:Ramayana
395:Sanskrit
183:Kumodaka
169:Sanskrit
138:Gadanari
134:Gadadevi
78:and the
34:Sanskrit
2412:Acharya
2402:Ashrama
2332:Rukmini
2317:Tridevi
2292:Brahman
2245:Vedanta
2192:Worship
2097:Nandaka
2056:Dvaraka
2051:Ayodhya
1959:Valmiki
1947:Writers
1903:Hanuman
1685:Lakshmi
1608:Puranas
1535:Krishna
1482:Avatars
1420:Hari Om
1400:Mantras
1318:3248789
708:In the
619:Gandiva
595:Pandava
587:daityas
581:In the
526:Lakshmi
475:Krishna
467:avatars
435:Deogarh
419:chamara
411:Kashmir
363:shankha
335:Pallava
271:Mathura
187:kaumudi
104:Krishna
88:avatars
57:
45::
38:कौमोदकी
2498:Vishnu
2372:Dharma
2307:Tulasi
2255:Dvaita
2041:Goloka
2024:Abodes
1990:ISKCON
1933:Alvars
1928:Shesha
1923:Garuda
1918:Narada
1908:Arjuna
1797:Madhva
1701:Brahma
1572:Kapila
1567:Prithu
1552:Mohini
1540:Buddha
1515:Vamana
1505:Varaha
1495:Matsya
1472:Diksha
1462:Tilaka
1452:Ahimsa
1442:Kirtan
1437:Bhajan
1370:Bhakti
1363:Topics
1316:
1226:
1199:
1162:
1128:
1103:
1013:
1009:, 78.
910:
882:
847:
817:
752:
607:Arjuna
591:Varuna
439:Bengal
342:Cholas
326:. The
324:flutes
299:. The
288:musala
284:pestle
273:, the
267:Kushan
248:Varaha
240:Matsya
230:, the
226:, the
173:kumuda
157:shakti
119:flutes
106:. The
82:. The
74:, the
72:chakra
68:Vishnu
2407:Swami
2397:Varna
2377:Artha
2342:Bhumi
2327:Radha
2238:Other
2087:Padma
1954:Vyasa
1827:Kabir
1717:Rudra
1594:Vedas
1545:Kalki
1500:Kurma
1457:Rishi
1432:Arati
1314:JSTOR
730:Notes
679:Bhasa
611:Indra
548:prana
397:word
292:Jhusi
244:Kurma
232:Padma
171:word
80:lotus
76:conch
2387:Kama
2352:Deva
2322:Sita
2158:Holi
1525:Rama
1467:Guru
1427:Puja
1390:Yoga
1385:Japa
1224:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1011:ISBN
908:ISBN
880:ISBN
845:ISBN
815:ISBN
750:ISBN
673:The
638:gada
632:The
603:Agni
575:gada
540:Kali
536:gada
511:gada
494:gada
486:and
473:and
471:Rama
463:gada
424:gada
403:gada
399:gada
390:devi
371:gada
367:gada
355:The
338:gada
331:gada
316:gada
312:Pala
308:gada
301:gada
297:gada
280:gada
275:gada
259:gada
257:The
250:and
153:gada
151:The
146:gada
142:gada
130:gada
123:gada
108:gada
84:gada
61:gadā
55:lit.
1306:doi
1156:409
701:of
136:or
2479::
2219:Om
1735:-
1719:-
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1158:.
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1066:^
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1034:^
1007:53
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1308::
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1109:.
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853:.
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783:.
758:.
286:(
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
