239:
the normal loaded weight to 2,750 kilograms (6,060 lb). Coupled with a slight increase in wing area to 1.5 m (16 sq ft), this resulted in a slightly lower wing loading of 169.7 kg/m (34.76 lb/ft). Detail changes were made to airframe sealing and to the contours of the air intakes and radiator bath. Flight tests were still disappointing, with both of the modified prototypes displaying most of the shortcomings of the first. A top speed of only 560 kilometres per hour (350 mph) was reached, with a climb rate still well below specifications. By this time the
29:
208:
sliding canopy and an elongated rear transparent section. The main coolant radiator was housed in a long ventral bath under the wing centre-section and central fuselage, while the oil cooler was mounted under the engine with a long air intake. The prototype was powered by an imported DB 601A as production of the Ha-40 had not yet started. A total fuel capacity of 410 L (90.2
230:
20 mm cannon was housed in a weapons bay in each wing. With a normal loaded weight of 2,890 kilograms (6,370 lb) and a gross wing area of 1.48 m (15.9 sq ft) the wing loading was 181.76 kg/m (37.23 lb/ft), which was extremely high by
Japanese standards (the standard
238:
As a result, the second and third prototypes, which were still being built, were hurriedly modified in an attempt to mitigate some of the more undesirable traits. Approximately 100 kilograms (220 lb) were removed, primarily by replacing the MG 151 cannon with Ho-103 machine guns. This reduced
234:
From the start of flight testing it became apparent that the design was seriously flawed in several key areas. The take-off run was unacceptably long, while in flight the aircraft displayed some lateral instability, excessively heavy controls and poor control response. The spinning characteristics
207:
and long, narrow chord ailerons, while the front spar incorporated the undercarriage pivot points. The undercarriage track was 3 metres (9 ft 10 in). The pilot's seat was mounted high over the rear spar, giving the fuselage a distinctive "humped" profile; the hood featured a framed, rear
247:
selected this in fulfilment of its requirements. From early 1941 the full attention of Takeo Doi and Shin Owada was focused on the Ki-61; the Ki-60 became important in that the Ki-61 design was able to be improved using the lessons learned from the poor characteristics of the Ki-60. Plans for
195:
The first prototype of the Ki-60 emerged in March 1941 as a compact, all metal, stressed skin monoplane with a relatively deep fuselage (1.46 metres or 4 feet 9 inches) and tapered wings with rounded tips built around a system of three spars; a
235:
were described as "dangerous" and the stalling speed was extremely high. Although a top speed of 600 kilometres per hour (370 mph) had been projected the Ki-60 was only able to achieve 548 kilometres per hour (341 mph).
176:, which had been selected for license production by Kawasaki as the Ha-40. The emphasis in the requirements was for a high speed and a good rate of climb, along with a cannon armament. This was a complete change from the usual
162:
188:. A requirement was issued at the same time for a lighter, less heavily armed, general-purpose fighter which was to be designed almost in parallel with the Ki-60; this became the
223:
which were set in a "staggered" configuration (the port weapon slightly further forward than that to starboard) in a bay just above and behind the engine. One German made
1267:
1787:
1742:
1702:
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1938:
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1557:
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1396:
1366:
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1023:
998:
948:
850:
1974:
1186:
1401:
1964:
1260:
921:
870:
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liquid-cooled engine. This was at that time an unusual choice because the majority of
Japanese aircraft at that time used air-cooled
1979:
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627:
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1st prototype:5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 8 minutes; 2nd and 3rd prototypes 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 6 minutes
1898:
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penchant for lightly armed, highly manoeuvrable fighters with lightweight structures, epitomised by the
1969:
1959:
835:
812:
118:
69:
243:, which had also been designed as a dedicated interceptor, was beginning to show some promise and the
166:
777:
Tanimura, Masami with Kozo Tanaka; Yuji
Kishida; Makoto Oda; Yoshiharu Nakano and Saburo Kawasaki.
799:
64:
1151:
1146:
636:
Kawasaki Ki. 61/Ki. 100 Hien in
Japanese Army Air Force service, Aircam Aviation Series No.21
372:
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8:
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requirement for a heavily armed specialised interceptor fighter to be powered by the
329:
V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine, 875 kW (1,173 hp) for take=off
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16.2 m (174 sq ft) (1st prototype 15.9 m (171 sq ft))
192:. Priority was to be given to the Ki-60, design of which started in February 1940.
114:
47:
231:
IJAAF fighter, the Ki-27, had a wing loading of 70 kg/m (14.33 lb/ft)).
1933:
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production were cancelled in late 1941 after three airplanes had been built.
227:
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Famous
Aircraft of the World, no.76: Japanese Army Experimental Fighters (1)
1823:
1717:
1632:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1079:
900:
890:
710:
683:
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2,750 kg (6,063 lb) (1st prototype 2,890 kg (6,370 lb))
197:
111:
739:
654:
350:
560 km/h (350 mph, 300 kn) at 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
173:
663:
634:
804:
1141:
702:
The
Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien (Aircraft in Profile, Volume 5, No. 118)
224:
57:
712:
War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters
540:
538:
260:
Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters
203:
and two auxiliary spars. The rear spar carried the split
741:
JWW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Japanese Army
Fighters, Part 1
264:
WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Japanese Army
Fighters, Part 1
251:
535:
620:
Surviving
Fighter Aircraft of World War Two: Fighters
704:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd.
766:
601:
1951:
788:. Tokyo, Japan: Bunrin-Do Co. Ltd., August 1976.
737:
688:(new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books,
556:
544:
529:
469:
154:
148:
1261:
820:
781:. Blaine, WA: Paul Gaudette, Publisher, 1967.
738:Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1976).
767:Januszewski, Tadeusz; Jarski, Adam (1992).
1268:
1254:
827:
813:
800:The Ki-60 at www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org
770:Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien, Monografie Lotnicze 5
699:
661:
622:. London: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011.
589:
517:
505:
493:
368:169.8 kg/m (34.8 lb/sq ft)
132:
1073:Japanese Self-Defense Force designations
632:
481:
219:, fuselage mounted 12.7 mm caliber
407:2 x 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103
1975:World War II Japanese fighter aircraft
1952:
396:2 x 20 mm (0.787 in) Mauser
163:Imperial Japanese Army Aviation Bureau
1249:
834:
808:
708:
577:
1965:1940s Japanese experimental aircraft
715:(7th ed.). Macdonald & Co.
665:Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War
268:Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
252:Specifications (Ki-60 2nd prototype)
33:The first of three prototype KI-60s.
1187:World War II Allied reporting names
910:Imperial Japanese Army designations
400:or 2 x 12.7 mm (0.50 in)
13:
1277:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
446:List of military aircraft of Japan
295:10.5 m (34 ft 5 in)
289:8.47 m (27 ft 9 in)
14:
1991:
793:
335:3-bladed Constant-speed propeller
301:3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)
110:was an experimental Japanese pre-
744:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
27:
1980:Single-engined tractor aircraft
595:
583:
571:
145:of Kawasaki Aircraft Industries
562:
550:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
463:
356:10,000 m (33,000 ft)
1:
633:Bueschel, Richard M. (1971).
602:Januszewski & Jarski 1992
451:
313:2,150 kg (4,740 lb)
215:The armament carried was two
16:Japanese experimental fighter
700:Francillon, René J. (1966).
662:Francillon, René J. (1979).
557:Green & Swanborough 1976
545:Green & Swanborough 1976
530:Green & Swanborough 1976
470:Green & Swanborough 1976
411:machine guns in the fuselage
404:(3rd prototype) in the wings
7:
415:
155:
117:that used a license-built (
10:
1996:
156:Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.
137:The Ki-60 was designed by
70:Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.
1801:
1545:
1284:
1185:
1134:
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773:(in Polish). A. J.-Press.
377:0.310 kW/kg (0.189 hp/lb)
149:
96:
91:
83:
75:
63:
53:
43:
38:
26:
21:
709:Green, William (1973) .
274:General characteristics
568:Berliner 2011, p. 141.
212:gallons) was carried.
161:in response to a 1939
133:Design and development
1279:aircraft designations
779:Kawasaki Ki-61 (Tony)
844:Company designations
327:Daimler-Benz DB 601A
1162:Boeing-Vertol CH-47
1157:Boeing-Vertol V-107
1135:Licensed production
784:Unknown Author(s).
639:. Reading: Osprey.
428:Related development
402:Ho-103 machine guns
221:Ho-103 machine guns
170:Daimler-Benz DB 601
39:General information
668:. London: Putnam.
1970:Kawasaki aircraft
1960:Low-wing aircraft
1947:
1946:
1243:
1242:
628:978-1-8488-4265-6
559:, pp. 20–21.
360:Time to altitude:
104:
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115:fighter aircraft
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141:and his deputy
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241:Nakajima Ki-44
186:Nakajima Ki-43
184:and the later
182:Nakajima Ki-27
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1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
842:
837:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
807:
801:
798:
797:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
771:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:0-356-08224-5
747:
743:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
722:0-356-01447-9
718:
714:
713:
707:
703:
698:
695:
694:0-85177-801-1
691:
685:
681:
677:
675:0-370-30251-6
671:
667:
666:
660:
656:
652:
648:
646:0-85045-026-8
642:
638:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
580:, p. 18.
579:
574:
565:
558:
553:
547:, p. 20.
546:
541:
539:
532:, p. 19.
531:
526:
519:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
483:
482:Bueschel 1971
478:
472:, p. 18.
471:
466:
462:
456:
455:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:Related lists
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
423:
420:
419:
410:
406:
403:
399:
398:MG 151 cannon
395:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
376:
374:
370:
367:
366:Wing loading:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
344:
342:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
317:Gross weight:
315:
312:
311:Empty weight:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
277:
275:
270:
269:
265:
261:
258:
249:
246:
242:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
206:
202:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
167:liquid-cooled
164:
157:
144:
140:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1597:
1172:Lockheed P-2
983:
785:
778:
769:
740:
711:
701:
664:
635:
619:
612:Bibliography
604:, p. 40
597:
585:
573:
564:
552:
525:
513:
508:, p. 5.
501:
489:
484:, p. 3.
477:
465:
439:
438:
427:
426:
409:synchronized
390:
382:
380:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
340:
338:
332:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
255:
244:
237:
233:
217:synchronized
214:
198:Warren truss
194:
136:
112:World War II
107:
105:
97:First flight
84:Number built
65:Manufacturer
520:, p. .
341:Performance
333:Propellers:
323:Powerplant:
150:川崎航空機工業株式会社
1954:Categories
1152:Hughes 369
1147:Hughes 500
578:Green 1973
452:References
373:Power/mass
305:Wing area:
245:Koku Hombu
174:V12 engine
143:Shin Owada
100:March 1941
1126:BK 117-C2
760:820486093
731:523287224
293:Wingspan:
257:Data from
228:MG 151/20
201:main spar
172:inverted
139:Takeo Doi
79:Cancelled
838:aircraft
836:Kawasaki
416:See also
383:Armament
119:Kawasaki
1142:Bell 47
927:Type 92
922:Type 88
917:Type 87
684:6124909
299:Height:
287:Length:
92:History
48:Fighter
1939:Ki-337
1934:Ki-230
1929:Ki-202
1924:Ki-201
1919:Ki-200
1914:Ki-174
1909:Ki-167
1904:Ki-148
1899:Ki-147
1894:Ki-119
1889:Ki-118
1884:Ki-117
1879:Ki-116
1874:Ki-115
1869:Ki-114
1864:Ki-113
1859:Ki-112
1854:Ki-111
1849:Ki-110
1844:Ki-109
1839:Ki-108
1834:Ki-107
1829:Ki-106
1824:Ki-105
1819:Ki-103
1814:Ki-102
1809:Ki-101
1793:Ki-100
1546:51-100
1230:Thalia
1121:BK 117
1064:Ki-174
1059:Ki-148
1054:Ki-119
1049:Ki-108
1044:Ki-102
1039:Ki-100
758:
748:
729:
719:
692:
682:
672:
655:678232
653:
643:
626:
225:Mauser
123:DB 601
76:Status
1788:Ki-99
1783:Ki-98
1778:Ki-97
1773:Ki-96
1768:Ki-95
1763:Ki-94
1758:Ki-93
1753:Ki-92
1748:Ki-91
1743:Ki-90
1738:Ki-89
1733:Ki-88
1728:Ki-87
1723:Ki-86
1718:Ki-85
1713:Ki-84
1708:Ki-83
1703:Ki-82
1698:Ki-81
1693:Ki-80
1688:Ki-79
1683:Ki-78
1678:Ki-77
1673:Ki-76
1668:Ki-75
1663:Ki-74
1658:Ki-73
1653:Ki-72
1648:Ki-71
1643:Ki-70
1638:Ki-69
1633:Ki-68
1628:Ki-67
1623:Ki-66
1618:Ki-64
1613:Ki-63
1608:Ki-62
1603:Ki-61
1598:Ki-60
1593:Ki-59
1588:Ki-58
1583:Ki-57
1578:Ki-56
1573:Ki-55
1568:Ki-54
1563:Ki-53
1558:Ki-52
1553:Ki-51
1537:Ki-50
1532:Ki-49
1527:Ki-48
1522:Ki-47
1517:Ki-46
1512:Ki-45
1507:Ki-44
1502:Ki-43
1497:Ki-42
1492:Ki-41
1487:Ki-40
1482:Ki-39
1477:Ki-38
1472:Ki-37
1467:Ki-36
1462:Ki-35
1457:Ki-34
1452:Ki-33
1447:Ki-32
1442:Ki-31
1437:Ki-30
1432:Ki-29
1427:Ki-28
1422:Ki-27
1417:Ki-26
1412:Ki-25
1407:Ki-24
1402:Ki-23
1397:Ki-22
1392:Ki-21
1387:Ki-20
1382:Ki-19
1377:Ki-18
1372:Ki-17
1367:Ki-16
1362:Ki-15
1357:Ki-14
1352:Ki-13
1347:Ki-12
1342:Ki-11
1337:Ki-10
1220:Randy
1215:Perry
1034:Ki-96
1029:Ki-91
1024:Ki-89
1019:Ki-88
1014:Ki-85
1009:Ki-81
1004:Ki-78
999:Ki-66
994:Ki-64
989:Ki-61
984:Ki-60
979:Ki-56
974:Ki-48
969:Ki-45
964:Ki-38
959:Ki-32
954:Ki-28
949:Ki-22
944:Ki-10
891:KDC-5
886:KDC-2
881:KDA-5
876:KDA-3
871:KDA-2
866:KAQ-1
861:KAT-1
856:KAL-2
851:KAL-1
457:Notes
391:Guns:
281:Crew:
205:flaps
190:Ki-61
178:IJAAF
58:Japan
22:Ki-60
1802:100-
1332:Ki-9
1327:Ki-8
1322:Ki-7
1317:Ki-6
1312:Ki-5
1307:Ki-4
1302:Ki-3
1297:Ki-2
1292:Ki-1
1285:1-50
1235:Tony
1210:Nick
1205:Mary
1200:Lily
1100:P-2J
1090:OH-1
939:Ki-5
934:Ki-3
896:KH-4
756:OCLC
746:ISBN
727:OCLC
717:ISBN
690:ISBN
680:OCLC
670:ISBN
651:OCLC
641:ISBN
624:ISBN
325:1 ×
106:The
44:Type
1225:Rob
1195:Bob
1105:T-4
1095:P-1
1085:C-2
1080:C-1
901:YPX
210:Imp
1956::
754:.
725:.
696:.)
678:.
649:.
537:^
153:,
129:.
121:)
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
828:e
821:t
814:v
762:.
733:.
686:.
657:.
375::
283:1
266:;
262:;
159:)
147:(
87:3
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