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11810:, pp. 27ff. – "Feyzullah's family is said to have come from the country near Vodina (now Edhessa in western Greek Macedonia). The surname Sofuzade, meaning 'son of a pious man', suggests that the ancestors of Zübeyde and Ali Rıza had a similar background. Cemil Bozok, son of Salih Bozok, who was a distant cousin of Atatürk and, later, his ADC, claims to have been related to both Ali Rıza's and Zübeyde's families. This would mean that the families of Atatürk's parents were interrelated. Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This may have a bearing on the vexed question of Atatürk's ethnic origin. Atatürk's parents and relatives all used Turkish as their mother tongue. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land.
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8079:) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Kemalism defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation." One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish national identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions." The process of unification through
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9020:(August 1930) was founded with a liberal program and proposed that state monopolies should be ended, foreign capital should be attracted, and state investment should be curtailed. Nevertheless, Atatürk maintained the view that "it is impossible to attract foreign capital for essential development," and state capitalism became the dominant agenda during the depression era. In 1931, Atatürk proclaimed: "In the economic area ...the programme of the party is statism." However, the effect of free republicans was felt strongly and state intervention became more moderate and more akin to a form of
8584:, Turkey's foreign minister, initiated a move to revise the Straits' regime. Aras claimed that he was directed by Atatürk, rather than the Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü. İnönü was worried about harming relations with Britain, France, and Balkan neighbors over the Straits. However, the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne agreed to join the conference, since unlimited military passage had become unfavourable to Turkey with the changes in world politics. Atatürk demanded that the members of the Turkish Foreign Office devise a solution that would transfer full control of the waterway to Turkey.
8005:(The Qur'an: the Tongue of the Religion of Truth). However, it was only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's work read in public found its way to print. In 1932, Atatürk justified the translation of the Qur'an by stating how he wanted to "teach religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practising Islam without understanding it for centuries." Atatürk believed that the understanding of religion and its texts was too important to be left to a small group of people. Thus, his objective was to make the Qur'an accessible to a broader demographic by translating it into modern languages.
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7411:, Ahmed Şükrü, and İsmail Canbulat, were found guilty of treason and hanged. Because the investigation found a link between the members of the PRP and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, the PRP was dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The pattern of organized opposition was broken; this action was to be the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Atatürk's statement, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt.
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These states had been ruled by the
Ottoman Empire for centuries and had proved to be a powerful force. While the origins of the Balkan agreement may date as far back as 1925, the Balkan Pact came into being in the mid-1930s. Several important developments in Europe helped the original idea materialise, such as improvements in the Turkish-Greek alliance and the rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The most important factor in driving Turkish foreign policy from the mid-1930s onwards was the fear of Italy.
7687:, introducing it at university level in 1923–24 and establishing it as the norm throughout the educational system by 1927. Atatürk's reforms on education made it significantly more accessible: between 1923 and 1938, the number of students attending primary schools increased by 224% (from 342,000 to 765,000), the number of students attending middle schools increased by 12.5 times (from around 6,000 to 74,000), and the number of students attending high schools increased by almost 17 times (from 1,200 to 21,000).
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9200:, but the relationship inspired a play by the Macedonian writer Dejan Dukovski, later filmed by Aleksandar Popovski. Fikriye was a nominal cousin of Atatürk, though not related by blood (she was Atatürk's stepfather Ragıp Bey's niece). Fikriye grew passionately attached to Atatürk; the full extent of his feelings for her is unclear but it is certain that they became very close after Fikriye divorced her Egyptian husband and returned to Istanbul. During the War of Independence, she lived with him in
7333:. He emphasized the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders, the ban on polygamy, and the new obligatory civil marriage. Sheikh stirred up his followers against the policies of the government, which he considered anti-Islamic. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Sheik's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of
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accepting of and responding to foreign representatives and reserve officers, and participating in official ceremonies and celebrations. He wanted to integrate the powers of the caliphate into the powers of the GNA. His initial activities began on 1 January 1924, when İnönü, Çakmak, and Özalp consented to the abolition of the caliphate. The caliph made a statement to the effect that he would not interfere with political affairs. On 1 March 1924, at the
Assembly, Atatürk said:
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7364:, along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. The censure became a confidence vote at the CHP for Atatürk. On 8 November, the motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent. The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. After the majority of the CHP chose him, Atatürk said, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilization and progress".
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8500:, were received by Atatürk in Istanbul. This meeting was followed by a Turkey-Afghanistan Friendship and Cooperation pact on 22 May 1928. Atatürk supported Afghanistan's integration into international organizations. In 1934, Afghanistan's relations with the international community improved significantly when it joined the League of Nations. Mahmud Tarzi received Atatürk's personal support until he died on 22 November 1933 in Istanbul.
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7522:, was passed. Under the new code, women gained equality with men in such matters as inheritance and divorce, since Atatürk did not consider gender a factor in social organization. According to his view, society marched towards its goal with men and women united. He believed that it was scientifically impossible for Turkey to achieve progress and become civilized if Ottoman gender separation persisted. During a meeting he declaimed:
8884:'s pursuit of state-controlled economic policies was guided by a national vision; their goal was to knit the country together, eliminate foreign control of the economy, and improve communications within Turkey. Resources were channeled away from Istanbul, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, in favor of other, less developed cities in order to achieve a more balanced economic development throughout the country.
8098:, which obligated the Turkish people to adopt fixed, hereditary surnames and forbade names that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions. As a result, many ethnic Armenians, Greeks, and Kurds changed their surnames. Non-Turkish surnames ending with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" could not be registered and were replaced by "-oğlu". Furthermore, the
7557:, which was rarely practised in Turkey due to the Islamic tradition of avoiding idolatry. Atatürk believed that "culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic," and described modern Turkey's ideological thrust as "a creation of patriotism blended with a lofty humanist ideal." He included both his own nation's creative legacy and what he saw as the admirable values of global civilization. The pre-Islamic
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4917:. Harbord would later recall that Atatürk told him of his disapproval of the Armenian genocide, and that he had allegedly stated that "the massacre and deportation of Armenians was the work of a small committee who had seized power", rather than by the government in actuality. In 1920, before the Turkish Parliament, Atatürk called the genocides a "shameful act" and didn't publicly deny them at that time.
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traditions of our country confirm the opinion that
Russian Communism is not applicable in Turkey." And in a speech on 1 November 1924, he said, "Our amicable relations with our old friend the Soviet Russian Republic are developing and progressing every day. As in past our Republican Government regards genuine and extensive good relations with Soviet Russia as the keystone of our foreign policy."
7072:. Abolishing the sultanate was easier because the survival of the caliphate at the time satisfied the partisans of the sultanate. This produced a split system with the new republic on one side and an Islamic form of government with the Caliph on the other side, and Atatürk and İnönü worried that "it nourished the expectations that the sovereign would return under the guise of Caliph." Caliph
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8170:", a perception of peace linked to his project of civilization and modernization. The outcomes of Atatürk's policies depended on the power of the parliamentary sovereignty established by the Republic. The Turkish War of Independence was the last time Atatürk used his military might in dealing with other countries. Foreign issues were resolved by peaceful methods during his presidency.
2025:
8265:. By the end of March 1925, the necessary troop movements were completed, and the whole area of the Sheikh Said rebellion was encircled. As a result of these manoeuvres, the revolt was put down. Britain, Iraq, and Atatürk made a treaty on 5 June 1926, which mostly followed the decisions of the League Council. The agreement left a large section of the Kurdish population and the
7395:. The PRP was not against Atatürk's main positions as declared in its program; they supported establishing secularism in the country and the civil law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49). These principles were set by the leaders at the onset. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views.
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6843:. He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. This had a positive influence on
7496:
17438:. Its unfortunate result was as heavy a burden for Turkey as it was for us. The great and ingenious reconstructor of the new Turkey gave his Allies, beaten by fate, the first example of resurrection. While Turkey, thanks to the realistic attitude of her State leadership, preserved her independent attitude Yugoslavia fell a victim to British intrigues."
8132:
agricultural banks, and implemented land reform that removed heavy taxes on peasants of the
Ottoman era. He was described as the "Father of Turkish Agriculture". Atatürk also massively boomed the Turkish economy with heavy industrial production increased by 150% and GDP per capita rose from 800 USD to around 2000 USD by late 1930s, on par with Japan.
8739:
policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential
Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Atatürk thought of the Balkan Pact as a medium of balance in Turkey's relations with the European countries. He was particularly anxious to establish a region of security and alliances to the west of Turkey in Europe, which the Balkan Pact helped achieve.
12270:"1910, Albania broke a major uprising. Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing. For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. Mustafa at this time was in the Fifth Army Headquarters in Salonica"
11667:İstihbaratımıza nazaran, Atatürk'ün taşıdığı Kamâl adı Arapça bir kelime olmadığı gibi, Arapça Kemal kelimesinin delâlet ettiği manada da değildir. Atatürk'ün muhafaza edilen öz adı, Türkçe 'ordu ve kale' manasında olan Kamâl'dır. Son 'â' üstündeki tahfif işareti 'l'i yumuşattığı için, telâffuz hemen hemen Arapça 'Kemal' telâffuzuna yaklaşır.
4346:'s health facilities after only two weeks, but when his eye's situation worsened, he had to return and resume treatment. On 6 March 1912, Atatürk became the Commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He managed to defend and retain the city and its surrounding region until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on 18 October 1912. Atatürk,
8974:. Atatürk reacted to conditions of this period by moving toward integrated economic policies and establishing a central bank to control exchange rates. However, Turkey could not finance essential imports; its currency was shunned, and zealous revenue officials seized the meagre possessions of peasants who could not pay their taxes.
4326:, did not allow additional Ottoman troops to reach Libya through Egypt. Ottoman soldiers like Atatürk went to Libya either dressed as Arabs (risking imprisonment if noticed by the British authorities in Egypt) or by the very few available ferries (the Italians, who had superior naval forces, effectively controlled the sea routes to
7616:, invited by Atatürk to assist in educational reform, found that learning how to read and write Turkish in the traditional Arabic script took roughly three years. In the spring of 1928, Atatürk met in Ankara with several linguists and professors from all over Turkey to unveil his plan to implement a new alphabet for the written
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were organized on scientific issues, education, history, economics, arts and language. Libraries were systematically developed, and mobile libraries and book transport systems were set up to serve remote districts. Literacy reform was also supported by strengthening the private publishing sector with a new law on copyrights.
8091:), an initiative created in the 1930s by law students but sponsored by the government. This campaign aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public. However, the campaign went beyond the measures of a mere policy of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of any other language.
8540:'s call for greater Oriental-Middle Eastern cooperation, Reza Shah's goal in securing relations with Turkey that would help free Iran from Soviet and British influence, and Atatürk's foreign policy of ensuring stability in the region. The treaty's immediate outcome, however, was deterring Italian leader
7268:
and disciples. The best, the truest order is the order of civilization. To be a man it is enough to carry out the requirements of civilization. The leaders of dervish orders will understand the truth of my words, and will themselves close down their lodges and admit that their disciplines have grown up.
9763:
After the
Istanbul conference ended, we received an invitation to attend the celebration held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the liberator of modern Turkey ... and I said: If the Turks considered you the worthiness of their father and they called you Atatürk, I say that this is not enough, but you are for
9661:
Despite his radical secular reforms, Atatürk remained broadly popular in the Muslim world. He is remembered for being the creator of a new, fully independent Muslim country at a time of encroachment by
Christian powers, and for having prevailed in a struggle against Western imperialism. When he died,
8926:
was established, with Atatürk as the bank's first member. The bank's creation was a response to the growing need for a truly national establishment and a banking system which was capable of backing up economic activities, managing funds accumulated through policies of savings incentives, and offering
8815:
During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to form a closer relationship with
Britain. The risks of this policy change put the two men at odds. The Hatay issue and the Lyon agreement were two important developments in foreign policy that played a significant role in severing relations between
7986:
were read in front of the public, creating significant controversy. These
Turkish Qur'ans were fiercely opposed by members of the religious community, and the incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Qur'an translation of suitable quality. With
7657:
using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. Atatürk himself travelled the countryside in order to teach citizens the new alphabet. After vigorous campaigns, the literacy rate more than doubled from 10.6% in 1927 to 22.4% in 1940. To supplement the literacy reform, a number of congresses
7267:
In the face of knowledge, science, and of the whole extent of radiant civilization, I cannot accept the presence in Turkey's civilized community of people primitive enough to seek material and spiritual benefits in the guidance of sheiks. The
Turkish republic cannot be a country of sheiks, dervishes,
7079:
The caliph had his own personal treasury and also had a personal service that included military personnel; Atatürk said that there was no "religious" or "political" justification for this. He believed that Caliph Abdülmecid II was following in the steps of the sultans in domestic and foreign affairs:
7067:
and other cultural reforms were met with fierce opposition. The conservative elements were not appreciative, and they launched attacks on the Kemalist reformists. This was an important dimension in Atatürk's drive to reform the political system and to promote national sovereignty. By the consensus of
6908:
were all defined under the Six Arrows. These fundamentals were not new in world politics or, indeed, among the elite of Turkey. What made them unique was that these interrelated fundamentals were explicitly formulated for Turkey's needs. A good example is the definition and application of secularism;
4941:
that described the official version of events in the city. In the telegram, he alleged the Greek and Armenian minorities had "pre-arranged plans" to "destroy İzmir". There are allegations Atatürk chose to do little about the Greek and Armenian victims of the fires caused by Muslim rioters in order to
4040:
In his early years, his mother encouraged Atatürk to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. When he was seven years old, his father died. His
13731:
Biz Cumhuriyeti kurduğumuz zaman onu yaşatıp yaşatamayacağımız en büyük sorun idi. Çünkü Saltanatın ve Hilafetin lağvına karşı olanların sayısı çoktu ve hedefleri de Cumhuriyetti. Cumhuriyetin 10 yaşına bastığını görmek o yüzden önemliydi. Nitekim büyük Atatürk'ün emriyle 10'uncu yıl kutlamaları çok
8738:
was negotiated by Atatürk with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. This mutual-defence agreement intended to guarantee the signatories' territorial integrity and political independence against attack from another Balkan state such as Bulgaria or Albania. It countered the increasingly aggressive foreign
8495:
was a follower of Atatürk's domestic policy. Tarzi encouraged Amanullah Khan in social and political reform but urged that reforms should built on a strong government. During the late 1920s, Anglo-Afghan relations soured over British fears of an Afghan-Soviet friendship. On 20 May 1928, Anglo-Afghan
8218:
during the summer of 1920. From the British perspective, if Atatürk stabilized Turkey, he would then turn his attention to Mosul and penetrate Mesopotamia, where the native population would likely join his cause. Such an event would result in an insurgent and hostile Muslim nation in close proximity
8110:
names. The main proponent of the initiative had been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering campaign which aimed to assimilate geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Turkish unity. The names that were considered foreign were usually of Armenian, Greek,
8038:
There is no logical explanation for the political disenfranchisement of women. Any hesitation and negative mentality on this subject is nothing more than a fading social phenomenon of the past. ...Women must have the right to vote and to be elected; because democracy dictates that, because there are
7788:
writes: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime." Even though, at times, he did not appear
7674:
in the country. Turkish women were taught not only child care, dress-making, and household management but also skills necessary for joining the economy outside the home. Atatürk's unified education program became a state-supervised system, which was designed to create a skill base for the social and
7135:
era. The last group included colleges and minority schools in foreign languages that used the latest teaching models in educating pupils. The old medrese education was modernized. Atatürk changed the classical Islamic education for a vigorously promoted reconstruction of educational institutions. He
4808:
which was signed on 30 October 1918, and all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire were granted ample time to withdraw. On 31 October, Atatürk was appointed to the command of the Yıldırım Army Group, replacing Liman von Sanders. Atatürk organized the distribution of weapons to the
3847:
However, Atatürk returned to the old spelling of Kemal from May 1937 and onwards. To make a soft transition, he avoided using the name as much as he could, either by not using it at all or by signing documents as 'K. Atatürk'. An official explanation was never given, but it is widely agreed that the
11813:
But in looks Atatürk resembled local Albanians and Slavs. But there is no evidence that either Ali Riza or Zübeyde was descended from such Turkish nomads." page 28; "It is much more likely that Atatürk inherited his looks from his Balkan ancestors. But Albanians and Slavs are likely to have figured
9212:
and was studying English in London when the war broke out. On 29 January 1923, they were married. Latife was jealous of Fikriye and demanded that she leave the house in Çankaya; Fikriye was devastated and immediately left in a carriage. According to official accounts, she shot herself with a pistol
8511:
and its influence in their countries, resulting in a slow but continuous rapprochement between Ankara and Tehran. Both governments sent diplomatic missions and messages of friendship to each other during the Turkish War of Independence. The policy of the Ankara government in this period was to give
7731:
succeeded all around the country. However, without the establishment of a real political spectrum, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life. On 23 December 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, instigated by
7005:
The heart of the new republic was the GNA, established during the Turkish War of Independence by Atatürk. The elections were free and used an egalitarian electoral system that was based on a general ballot. Deputies at the GNA served as the voice of Turkish society by expressing its political views
4936:
remains a contentious debate and it is unclear if the Turks entered the city with these intentions. Many Turkish apologists argue that the regular Turkish Army did not play a role in these events. At the time, Atatürk was commander of the Turkish armed forces, and sent a telegram to the Minister of
17411:
For example, in 1938, on his birthday, in a meeting with a delegation of Turkish politicians and journalists, he reaffirmed the primal and original role Atatürk had played for him and in doing so also pinpointed what was the essence of most far-right and Nazi interpretations of Atatürk in interwar
12061:
His mother, Subeida, was the daughter of a small tenant of a farm in Southern Albania. According to such reliable evidence as I was able to collect, this blonde-haired, blue-eyed, robust woman was an Albanian whose mother, in turn, was a Macedonian. Mustapha Kemal with his blue eyes and blond hair
9052:
The first (1929–1933) and second five-year economic plans were enacted under the supervision of Atatürk. The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. However, these economic plans changed drastically with the death of Atatürk and the rise of World War II. Subsequent
8722:
In the early 1930s, changes and developments in world politics required Turkey to make multilateral agreements to improve its security. Atatürk strongly believed that close cooperation between the Balkan states based on the principle of equality would have an important effect on European politics.
8451:
once stated, with regard to Atatürk, that "...Greece, which has the highest estimation of the renowned leader, heroic soldier, and enlightened creator of Turkey. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and
8423:
from Greece blocked rapprochement. Venizelos moved forward with an agreement with Turkey, despite accusations of conceding too much on the issues of naval armaments and the properties of Ottoman Greeks from Turkey. In spite of Turkish animosity against the Greeks, Atatürk resisted the pressures of
8260:
In 1925, the League of Nations formed a three-member committee to study the case while the Sheikh Said Rebellion was on the rise. Partly because of the continuing uncertainties along the northern frontier (present-day northern Iraq), the committee recommended that the region should be connected to
8238:
did not signify relinquishing Mosul, but rather waiting for a time when Turkey might be stronger. Nevertheless, the artificially drawn border had an unsettling effect on the population on both sides. Later, it was claimed that Turkey began where the oil ends, as the border was drawn by the British
7702:
Atatürk generated media attention to propagate modern education during this period. He instigated official education meetings called "Science Boards" and "Education Summits" to discuss the quality of education, training issues, and certain basic educational principles. He said, "our should aim to
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in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 constitution. The only political party of the GNA was the "People's Party", founded by Atatürk on 9 September 1923. (But according to the party culture the foundation date was the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). On 10 November 1924, it was
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in 1922, which saw Muslim Turkish mobs and paramilitaries openly engaged in mass murder of Greeks and Armenians and destroy the city's Greek and Armenian quarters, killing an estimated 100,000 people. Whether these atrocities, including the fire, was part of the genocides of Asia Minor's Christian
3669:
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a republican and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over
9060:
was founded on 16 February 1925 by his directive. He also ordered the establishment of the Turkish Aircraft Association Lottery. Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. Most of the lottery income was used to establish a new factory and fund aviation projects.
8131:
Atatürk was also credited for his transformational change in Turkish agriculture and ecological development. The Kemalist government planted four million trees, modernized the Turkish agricultural mechanism, implemented flood controls, opened schools in rural areas with rural institutions such as
8033:
On 5 December 1934, Turkey moved to grant full political rights to women. The equal rights of women in marriage had already been established in the earlier Turkish civil code. The role of women in Atatürk's cultural reforms was expressed in the civic book prepared under his supervision. In it, he
7402:
was uncovered in Smyrna (İzmir). It originated with a former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate. What originally was an inquiry into the planners shifted to a sweeping investigation. Ostensibly, its aims were to uncover subversive activities, but in truth, the investigation was
6879:
He led wide-ranging reforms in social, cultural, and economic aspects, establishing the new Republic's backbone of legislative, judicial, and economic structures. Though he was later idealized by some as an originator of sweeping reforms, many of his reformist ideas were already common in Ottoman
3836:
According to our intelligence, the name 'Kamâl' that Atatürk bears is not an Arabic word, nor does it have the meaning by the Arabic word kemal . Atatürk's given name, which is being retained, is 'Kamâl', the Turkish meaning of which is army and fortress. As the circumflex accent on the final 'â'
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as the prime minister of the 9th government. Integrated economic policies reached their peak with the signing of the 1939 Treaty with Britain and France. The treaty signaled a turning point in Turkish history since it was the first step towards an alliance with the West. After İsmet İnönü became
9080:
became the Minister of Economy at Atatürk's request and served until 1937. During this period, the country moved toward a mixed economy with its first private initiatives. Textile, sugar, paper, and steel factories (financed by a loan from Britain) were the private sectors of the period. Besides
7628:
would serve as a replacement for the old Arabic script and a solution to the literacy problem, since the new alphabet did not retain the complexities of the Arabic script and could be learned within a few months. When Atatürk asked the language experts how long it would take to implement the new
8859:
of 1923. The initial choices of Atatürk's economic policies reflected the realities of his time. After World War I, due to the lack of any real potential investors to fund private sector industry, Atatürk established many state-owned factories for agriculture, machinery, and textile industries.
8854:
Atatürk instigated economic policies to develop small and large scale businesses, but also to create social strata (i.e. industrial bourgeoisie coexisting with the peasantry of Anatolia) that were virtually non-existent during the Ottoman Empire. The primary problem faced by the politics of his
8516:
did not accept Atatürk's stance, and Iranian religious power centres perceived the real motive behind Atatürk's reforms was to undermine the power of the clergy. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's efforts had upset the clergy throughout Iran, thus widening the gap between religion and government. As
6970:
party rule which held sway in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy. Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a means of eliminating competition; others believed it was necessary to protect the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of new ideologies and
6957:
In the following years, he altered his stance somewhat; the country needed an immense amount of reconstruction, and "direct government by the Assembly" could not survive in such an environment. The revolutionaries faced challenges from the supporters of the old Ottoman regime, and also from the
6937:
Atatürk's private journal entries dated before the establishment of the republic in 1923 show that he believed in the importance of the sovereignty of the people. In forging the new republic, the Turkish revolutionaries turned their back on the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan
4949:
Although Atatürk was critical of the Armenian genocide and Kemalists had pledged to prosecute those involved with the genocide, on March 31, 1923, a general amnesty was declared for those who had been convicted of court-martial and by the municipal courts after the defeat of the Ottoman forces.
9216:
The triangle of Atatürk, Fikriye, and Latife became the subject of a manuscript by Atatürk's close friend, Salih Bozok, though the work remained unpublished until 2005. Latife was briefly and literally the face of the new Turkish woman, appearing in public in Western clothing with her husband.
15542:
Haricî siyaset bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkülü dahilisi ile sıkı surette alâkadardır. Çünkü teşekkül-ü dahiliyeye istinat etmeyen haricî siyasetler daima mahkûm kalırlar. Bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkül-ü dahilisi ne kadar kuvvetli olursa, siyaset-i hariciyesi de o nisbette kavi ve rasin
9207:
However, after the Turkish army entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the house of her father, the shipping magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). Latife fell in love with Atatürk; again the extent to which this was reciprocated is unknown, but Atatürk was impressed by
7218:
introduced the use of Western-style hats instead of the fez. Atatürk first made the hat compulsory for civil servants. The guidelines for the proper dressing of students and state employees were passed during his lifetime; many civil servants adopted the hat willingly. In 1925, Atatürk wore a
9081:
these businesses, government-owned power plants, banks, and insurance companies were established. In this period, Atatürk promoted public-private sector cooperation and the expansion of private businesses with private shareholders firms allowed to purchase shares in state-owned enterprises.
8941:
The Turkish government under Atatürk developed many economic and infrastructure projects within the first decade of the republic. However, the Turkish economy was still largely agrarian, with primitive tools and methods. Roads and transportation facilities were still far from sufficient, and
8365:
Despite his relations with the Soviet Union, Atatürk was not willing to commit Turkey to communism. "Friendship with Russia," he said, "is not to adopt their ideology of communism for Turkey." Moreover, Atatürk declared, "Communism is a social issue. Social conditions, religion, and national
6822:
With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and adapted them to the needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation.
8568:
should remain open to all commercial vessels: seizure of foreign military vessels was subject to certain limitations during peacetime, and, even as a neutral state, Turkey could not limit any military passage during wartime. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the waterway was to be
4924:, a key perpetrator of the genocides, has also been controversial but poorly understood. While the two men may have been close at times, Atatürk held a personal dislike of Enver Pasha; he once said to a confidant that Enver Pasha was a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin.
7178:. The unification of education under one curriculum ended "clerics or clergy of the Ottoman Empire", but was not the end of religious schools in Turkey; they were moved to higher education until later governments restored them to their former position in secondary after Atatürk's death.
7157:
reforms aimed to prepare citizens for roles in public life through increasing public literacy. He wanted to institute compulsory primary education for both girls and boys; since then this effort has been an ongoing task for the republic. He pointed out that one of the main targets of
9308:, Atatürk donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the yearly interest of his funds would be used to look after his sister Makbule and his adopted children, and fund the higher education of İsmet İnönü's children. The remainder was willed to the
8907:. Regie, as part of the council, had control over tobacco production, storage, and distribution (including export) with unchallenged price control. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent on the company for their livelihoods. In 1925, Regie was taken over by the state and named
7490:
The social change can come by (1) educating capable mothers who are knowledgeable about life; (2) giving freedom to women; (3) a man can change his morals, thoughts, and feelings by leading a common life with a woman; as there is an inborn tendency towards the attraction of mutual
7238:
Even though he personally promoted modern dress for women, Atatürk never made specific reference to women's clothing in the law, as he believed that women would adapt to the new clothing styles of their own free will. He was frequently photographed on public business with his wife
8718:
Until the early 1930s, Turkey followed a neutral foreign policy with the West by developing joint friendship and neutrality agreements. These bilateral agreements aligned with Atatürk's worldview. By the end of 1925, Turkey had signed fifteen joint agreements with Western states.
8210:, which consolidated the "Turkish lands", declared that Mosul Vilayet was a part of the historic Turkish heartland. The British were in a precarious situation with the Issue of Mosul and were adopting almost equally desperate measures to protect their interests. For example, the
7881:
into Turkish. He wanted the Turkish language reform to be methodologically based. Any attempt to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign influence without modelling the integral structure of the language was inherently wrong to him. He personally oversaw the development of the
7126:
The removal of the caliphate was followed by an extensive effort to establish the separation of governmental and religious affairs. Education was the cornerstone in this effort. In 1923, there were three main educational groups of institutions. The most common institutions were
7665:
at the primary education level, and Dewey proved integral to the effort. Dewey presented a paradigmatic set of recommendations designed for developing societies moving towards modernity in his "Report and Recommendation for the Turkish educational system". He was interested in
5137:, including the regions that Turkish nationals viewed as their heartland. Atatürk insisted on the country's complete independence and the safeguarding of interests of the Turkish majority on "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. The GNA army faced the
3757:" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction". Atatürk was also credited for his
8591:
was signed by Bulgaria, Great Britain, Australia, France, Japan, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. It became the primary instrument governing the passage of commercial and war vessels through the Dardanelles Strait. The agreement was ratified by the
8517:
Russia and Great Britain strengthened their holds in the Middle East, Atatürk feared the occupation and dismemberment of Iran as a multi-ethnic society by these European powers. Like Atatürk, Reza Shah wanted to secure Iran's borders, and in 1934, the Shah visited Atatürk.
8257:(1924–1927) set out to establish a new government positioned to cut Turkey's link to Mesopotamia. The relationship between the rebels and Britain was investigated. In fact, British assistance was sought after the rebels decided that the rebellion could not stand by itself.
6875:...by complete independence, we mean of course complete economic, financial, juridical, military, cultural independence and freedom in all matters. Being deprived of independence in any of these is equivalent to the nation and country being deprived of all its independence.
5219:
on 19 September 1921. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace settlement on Angora, but the proposal was rejected. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek lines at
7165:
Unification of education was put into force on 3 March 1924 by the Law on Unification of Education (No. 430). With the new law, education became inclusive, organized on a model of the civil community. In this new design, all schools submitted their curriculum to the
11964:(2002), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı: "Aile Selânik'e Manastır ilinin Debrei Bâlâ sancağına bağlı Kocacık bucağından gelmişti. Ali Rıza Efendi'nin doğum yeri olan Kocacık bucağı halkı da Anadolu'dan gitme ve tamamıyla Türk, Müslüman Oğuzların Türkmen boylarındandırlar."
9227:
There is a controversy on Atatürk's religious beliefs. Some researchers have emphasized that his discourses about religion are periodic and that his positive views related to this subject are limited in the early 1920s. Some Turkish sources claim he was a devout
7502:
7500:
7497:
7349:, who on 3 March 1925 ordered the invocation of the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to deal with the rebellion. It gave the government exceptional powers and included the authority to shut down subversive groups. The law was repealed in March 1927.
4118:
Shortly after graduation, he was arrested by the police for his anti-monarchist activities. Following confinement for several months he was released only with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director. After his release, Atatürk was assigned to the
11624:
7501:
9464:
9370:. Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in public buildings, in schools, on all
7430:
In the years following 1926, Atatürk introduced a radical departure from previous reformations established by the Ottoman Empire. For the first time in history, Islamic law was separated from secular law and restricted to matters of religion. He stated:
8452:
peaceful cooperation. He developed ties of friendship between the two nations which it would be unthinkable to dissolve. Greece will guard its fervent memories of this great man, who determined an unalterable future path for the noble Turkish nation."
11646:
8989:
but also the turbulent economic issues of the Great Depression. For example, until the early 1930s, Turkish private business could not acquire exchange credits. It was impossible to integrate the Turkish economy without a solution to these problems.
4816:
Atatürk's last active service in the Ottoman Army was organizing the return of the Ottoman troops left behind to the south of the defensive line. In early November 1918, the Yıldırım Army Group was officially dissolved, and Atatürk returned to an
16392:
Nazilli cotton print factory was established over an area of 65.000 m2 on the Nazilli Bozdoğan highway. It is the "first Turkish cotton print factory" the foundation of which was laid on 25 August 1935 and which was opened by Atatürk with great
11987:
4722:), with Turks instead of Germans in command. Following the rejection of his report, Atatürk resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople. There, he was assigned with the task of accompanying the crown prince (and future sultan)
7482:, Ottoman practice discouraged social interaction between men and women. Atatürk began developing social reforms to address this issue very early, as was evident in his personal journal. He and his staff discussed issues such as abolishing the
8427:
Greece renounced all its claims over Turkish territory, and the two sides concluded an agreement on 30 April 1930. On 25 October, Venizelos visited Turkey and signed a treaty of friendship. Venizelos even forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934
7006:
and preferences. It had the right to select and control both the government and the Prime Minister. Initially, it also acted as a legislative power, controlling the executive branch and, if necessary, served as an organ of scrutiny under the
4772:
became the new Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he called Atatürk to Constantinople, and after several meetings in the months July and August 1918, reassigned him to the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine. Atatürk arrived in
4213:, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission. He suppressed the revolt and returned to Constantinople in January 1909.
4655:) and appoint Atatürk to its command, but he refused the proposal and this army was never established. Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was promoted from the command of the XVI Corps to the overall command of the Second Army, although the
4170:, with membership number 322, although in later years he became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of, the policies pursued by the CUP leadership. On 22 June 1908, he was appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in
9153:
In 1935, Turkey was becoming an industrial society based on the Western European model set by Atatürk. However, the gap between Atatürk's goals and the achievements of the socio-political structure of the country had not yet been closed.
8122:
was a policy adopted by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration. The law, however, is regarded by some as a policy of assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through a forced and collective resettlement.
7783:
failed during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. In response to such criticisms, Atatürk's biographer
7707:(Civic knowledge for the citizens, 1930), introduced the science of comparative government and explained the means of administering public trust by explaining the rules of governance as applied to the new state institutions. The second,
9786:
He is a man born out of due season, an anachronism, a throw-back to the Tartars of the Steppes, a fierce elemental force of a man. Had he been born in the centuries when all Central Asia was on the move he would have ridden out with
7534:: If henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West.
4538:
ball in Sofia and fell in love with her. The two danced at the ball and started to secretly date in the following days. Atatürk twice asked Dimitrina's parents for their permission to marry her (the second time was in 1915, during
8750:
The borders of the allies in the Balkan Pact are a single border. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. I recommend avoiding this. The forces that defend our borders are a single and inseparable
7499:
7403:
used to undermine those disagreeing with Atatürk's cultural reforms. The investigation brought a number of political activists before the tribunal, including Karabekir, the leader of the PRP. A number of surviving leaders of the
7018:
between the legislative and the executive organs of the state, whereas the separation of these two within the judiciary system was a strict one. Atatürk, then the President, occupied a dominant position in this political system.
7251:, who provided the real role model for the Turkish women of the future. He wrote: "The religious covering of women will not cause difficulty ... This simple style is not in conflict with the morals and manners of our society."
9764:
us "Atasharq" . Its meaning did not come from any female head of delegation, and thanked me very much for the great influence, and then I begged him to present us with a picture of his Excellency for publication in the journal
9053:
governments took measures that harmed the economic productivity of Turkey in various ways. The achievements of the 1930s were credited to early 1920s implementations of the economic system based on Atatürk's national policies.
8755:
The Balkan Pact was signed by the GNA on 28 February. The Greek and Yugoslav Parliaments ratified the agreement a few days later. The unanimously ratified Balkan pact was formally adopted on 18 May 1935 and lasted until 1940.
15315:Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218–41.
12360:
7648:
Over the next several months, Atatürk pressed for the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet and made public announcements of the upcoming overhaul. The creation of the alphabet was undertaken by the Language Commission
11951:(2004), Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı: "Babası Ali Rıza Efendi (doğ. 1839), annesi Zübeyde Hanımdır, baba dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi, 14–15. yy.da Anadolu'dan göç ederek Makedonya'ya yerleşen Kocacık Yörüklerindendir."
7227:, one of the most conservative towns in Anatolia, to explain that the hat was the headgear of civilized nations. The last part of reform on dress emphasized the need to wear modern Western suits with neckties as well as
9666:
eulogised him as a "truly great personality in the Islamic world, a great general, and a great statesman", declaring that his memory would "inspire Muslims all over the world with courage, perseverance, and manliness".
7513:
Atatürk needed a new civil code to establish his second major step of giving freedom to women. The first part was the education of girls, a feat established with the unification of education. On 4 October 1926, the new
4950:
Turkey also refused to deliver those involved with the crimes to the Allies, arguing that it would violate Turkish sovereignty. Some of the war criminals were also invited to the government of the new Turkish republic.
9791:
under the banner of the Grey Wolf, and with the heart and instincts of a Grey Wolf. With his military genius, and his ruthless determination unweakened by sentiments, loyalties or moralities, he might well have been a
7675:
economic progress of the country by educating responsible citizens as well as useful and appreciated members of society. In addition, Turkish education became an integrative system, aimed to alleviate poverty and used
7111:(1931), but failed to reach a consensus. Turkey did not accept the re-establishment of the caliphate and perceived it as an attack to its basic existence. Meanwhile, Atatürk and the reformists continued their own way.
8855:
period was the lag in the development of political institutions and social classes which would steer such social and economic changes. Atatürk's vision regarding early Turkish economic policy was apparent during the
8424:
historic enmities and was sensitive towards past tensions; at one point, he ordered the removal of a painting showing a Turkish soldier plunging his bayonet into a Greek soldier by stating, "What a revolting scene!"
7144:
Today, our most important and most productive task is the national education affairs. We have to be successful in national education affairs and we shall be. The liberation of a nation is only achieved through this
6891:
to mark the changes between the old Ottoman and the new republican rule. Each change was symbolized as an arrow in this banner. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is referred to as the "Six Arrows", or
17412:
Germany: "Atatürk was the first to show that it is possible to mobilize and regenerate the resources that a country has lost. In this respect Atatürk was a teacher; Mussolini was his first and I his second student."
17338:
4705:
regarding the grim situation and lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front. However, Talaat Pasha ignored their observations and refused their suggestion to form a stronger defensive line to the north, in
9463:
7793:: a system of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions as opposed to the force-backed structures of the state. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Atatürk said in 1933:
9374:
banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families. At 9:05 am on every 10 November, at the exact time of Atatürk's death, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.
7341:. Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at a counter-revolution. They urged immediate military action to prevent its spread. With the support of Atatürk, the acting prime minister
15413:
8536:. The signatories agreed to preserve their common frontiers, to consult together in all matters of common interest, and to commit no aggression against one another's territory. The treaty united the Afghan King
8394:
During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to establish a closer relationship with Britain and other major Western powers, which caused displeasure on the part of the Soviets. The second edition of the
22816:
8919:. Kemalists accompanied this achievement with the development of the country's cotton industry, which peaked during the early 1930s. Cotton was the second most important industrial crop in Turkey at the time.
4901:. Historical evidence proves decisively that he was not involved with the killings, and that he later went on to condemn them. One such explicit condemnation was in September 1919, when Atatürk met with the
4341:
splinter from a damaged building's rubble struck Atatürk's left eye, causing permanent tissue damage, but not total loss of sight. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; he attempted to leave the
8199:
followed the British War Office's instruction that "every effort was to be made to score as heavily as possible on the Tigris before the whistle blew", capturing Mosul three days after the signature of the
9800:
riding at the head of great hordes of wild horsemen, conquering countries, devouring and destroying cities, and filling in the intervals of peace between campaigns with wild and hideous orgies of wine and
5101:
4785:, the Eighth Army was holding the coastal flank but fell apart and Liman Pasha ordered the Seventh Army to withdraw to the north in order to prevent the British from conducting a short envelopment to the
22836:
8353:
Relations between the two countries were friendly but were based on the fact that they were against a common enemy: Britain and the West. In 1920, Atatürk toyed with the idea of using a state-controlled
7288:
in Konya. The institutional expression of religious ideologies became illegal in Turkey; a politically neutral form of any religious ideology, functioning as social associations, was permitted to exist.
7629:
alphabet into the Turkish language, most of the professors and linguists said between three and five years. Atatürk was said to have scoffed and openly stated, "We shall do it in three to five months".
15387:
8827:. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an autonomous
7243:, who covered her head in accordance with Islamic tradition. He was also frequently photographed on public business with women wearing modern Western clothes. But it was Atatürk's adopted daughters,
10608:
10600:
3913:
Atatürk was born either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica (
7866:, which supported intelligent and hard-working children in financial need, as well as material and scientific contributions to the educational life. In 1933, Atatürk ordered the reorganization of
9016:
perspective, Atatürk faced the problem of political upheaval. The establishment of a new party with a different economic perspective was necessary; he asked Ali Fethi Okyar to meet this end. The
7435:
We must liberate our concepts of justice, our laws and our legal institutions from the bonds which, even though they are incompatible with the needs of our century, still hold a tight grip on us.
4604:. He became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack, and held his position until they retreated. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in
16939:
3797:, his teacher gave this name "in admiration of capability and maturity." According to other sources, his teacher wanted to distinguish Atatürk from another student who was also named Mustafa.
12856:
The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna
10680:
His birthday is unknown. 19 May–the day he landed to Samsun in 1919 to start the nationalist resistance–is considered his symbolic birthday. It was also claimed that he was born in 1880. See
7982:
Almost all Qur'ans in Turkey before the 1930s were printed in Old Arabic. However, in 1924, three Turkish translations of the Qur'an were published in Istanbul, and several renderings of the
3358:
8246:
attempted to disclaim the existence of oil in the Mosul area. On 23 January 1923, Curzon argued that the existence of oil was no more than hypothetical. However, according to the biographer
7542:'s labor participation rate was as high as 70%. The participation rate continued to decline after the democratization of Turkey due to the backlash of conservative norms in Turkish society.
9461:
15352:"Atatürk, The National Agricultural Leader, Father of Modern Turkish Agriculture and The National Development: A Review From the Perspective of Agricultural Communications and Leadership"
7162:
had to be raising a generation nourished with what he called the "public culture". The state schools established a common curriculum which became known as the "unification of education".
11264:
11080:
8580:
gave Atatürk the opportunity to resume full control over the Straits. "The situation in Europe", Atatürk declared "is highly appropriate for such a move. We shall certainly achieve it".
4337:
During the Battle of Derna on 16–17 January 1912, while Atatürk was assaulting the Italian-controlled fortress of Kasr-ı Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs on the Ottoman forces; a
17644:
8512:
moral support in order to reassure Iranian independence and territorial integrity. The relations between the two countries were strained after the abolishment of the Caliphate. Iran's
6991:, and Şefik Hüsnü were tried and sentenced to prison terms. Then, in 1937, a delegation headed by Atatürk decided to censor the writings of Kıvılcımlı as harmful communist propaganda.
6946:. Once a provincial town deep in Anatolia, the city was thus turned into the center of the independence movement. Atatürk wanted a "direct government by the Assembly" and visualized a
14961:
Vryonis, Speros (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc.
10452:
9278:. During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle, but eventually succumbed to his illness. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the
12356:
11461:
11294:
7498:
19874:
16056:
9143:
president in 1938, the differences between İnönü (who promoted state control) and Bayar (who was liberal) came to the forefront. On 25 January 1939, Prime Minister Bayar resigned.
8569:
demilitarised and its management left to the Straits Commission. The demilitarised zone heavily restricted Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of
17001:
14691:
7797:
Republic means the democratic administration of the state. We founded the Republic, reaching its tenth year. It should enforce all the requirements of democracy as the time comes.
8399:(Volume 20, 1953) was unequivocally critical of Atatürk's policies in the last years of his rule, calling his domestic policies "anti-popular" and his foreign course as aimed at
8588:
2814:
11477:
19428:
16510:
7371:(PRP) with 29 deputies and the first multi-party system began. Some of Atatürk's closest associates who had supported him in the early days of the War of Independence such as
22711:
22312:
14772:
Ayhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet'in İlk Yıllarında Uygulanan 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi, ve 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları, 2nd ed. (Istanbul: İletişim, 2000), 101.
9487:
5391:
5070:. The fourth (and last) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It was dissolved by British forces on 18 March 1920, shortly after it adopted the
22721:
22464:
9462:
7967:) across the country allowed greater access to a wide variety of artistic activities, sports, and other cultural events. Atatürk supported and encouraged the visual and the
4889:
movement. As for the actual occurrences of the genocides, Atatürk had since divested from the movement and was serving as a relatively junior Lieutenant Colonel fighting in
17342:
7926:"). Atatürk formally introduced the Sun Language Theory into Turkish political and educational circles in 1935, although he did later correct the more extremist practices.
22766:
16383:
15887:
9056:
In 1931, Atatürk watched the development of the first national aircraft, MMV-1. He realised the important role of aviation and stated, "the future lies in the skies". The
5240:
4278:
22343:
16086:
15933:
Narlı, Nilüfer (1993): "Turco-Iranian Relations from the Islamic Revolution to Gulf War and Beyond: Co-operation or Competition in the Muslim World". CEMOTI. (15): 265–95
9759:
was elected by the conference as the vice-president of the International Women's Union. Huda considered Atatürk as a role model for her actions and wrote in her memoirs:
8938:
as another important step in industrialisation, railways were given high priority. The Turkish State Railway developed an extensive railway network in a very short time.
7170:", a government agency modeled after other countries' ministries of education. Concurrently, the republic abolished the two ministries and made clergy subordinate to the
22821:
19406:
15294:
11409:
8373:
on 16 December 1925, they left the League of Nations Council to grant a mandate for the Mosul region to Britain without their consent. Atatürk countered by concluding a
7352:
There were also parliamentarians in the GNA who were not happy with these changes. So many members were denounced as opposition sympathizers at a private meeting of the
15409:
14395:
8742:
The Balkan Pact provided for regular military and diplomatic consultations. The importance of the agreement is best seen in a message Atatürk sent to the Greek Premier
7826:
5030:, declaring the independence of the country was in danger. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July, and the Ottoman government issued a warrant for his arrest. But
17424:
16705:
10934:
4620:
after the massive Russian offensive had reached key Anatolian cities. On 7 August, he rallied his troops and mounted a counteroffensive. Two of his divisions captured
10719:
22444:
19879:
17316:
15351:
15148:
12538:
7391:
of the CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in principle, but had different opinions on the cultural revolution and the principle of
7206:. He was determined to force the abandonment of the sartorial traditions of the Middle East and finalize a series of dress reforms, which were originally started by
1084:
12831:
17597:
16565:
15965:
13260:
1077:
16223:
5051:("National Pact"). Atatürk was appointed as the head of the executive committee of the Congress, which gave him the legitimacy he needed for his future politics.
22801:
22045:
2595:
19884:
4322:
to put down the rebellion there, so the Ottoman government was caught with inadequate resources to counter the Italians in Libya. Britain, which controlled the
22761:
15842:
14516:
9285:
Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the
9088:
print factory" opened. As part of the industrialization process, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements. By 1935,
7232:
19804:
18532:
15585:... Ata'nın öncelikli dış politika sorununun Musul olduğunu söylüyor. Musul'u bırakmama konusunda aktif bir politika izlenmesinden yana olduğunu belirtiyor...
15383:
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Atatürk's regime also passed the 1936 Labor Law, which gave substantial wage increases and improved the working conditions of workers in Turkish enterprises.
18405:Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic".
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spread rapidly, eventually triggering World War II. The goal of Atatürk to protect southeast Europe failed with the dissolution of the pact. In 1938, the
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granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic.
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and other issues. Although the conference paused on 4 February, it continued after 23 April mainly focusing on the economic issues. On 24 July 1923, the
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6966:. Atatürk saw the consequences of fascist and communist doctrines in the 1920s and 1930s and rejected both. He prevented the spread into Turkey of the
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Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar", Volume I, Istanbul, 1939, p. 25; Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar: Bir Türk'ün Biyografisi", Istanbul, Onan Matbaası, t.y., p. 82
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the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations
11244:
the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations
7979:, opera, ballet, and theatre took greater hold in the country. Book and magazine publications increased as well, and the film industry began to grow.
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who became the new commander of the Yıldırım Army Group in early 1918.) Atatürk did not get along well with General von Falkenhayn and, together with
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3654:(known in English at the time as Angora), he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the
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visited Turkey and attended the tenth year celebrations of the Republic. Atatürk explained his position regarding the realization of his plan for a
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7653:) with the initiative of Atatürk. On 1 November 1928, he introduced the new Turkish alphabet and abolished the use of the Arabic script. The first
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in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. His government carried out a policy of
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The Balkan Pact turned out to be ineffective for reasons that were beyond Atatürk's control. The pact failed when Bulgaria attempted to raise the
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in the autumn of 1920 and later against the Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian
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Yilmaz Altuð, "Atatürk'ün Dis Politikasý," B.Ü. Uluslararasi Atatürk Konferansý Tebligleri, 10–11 November 1980, Vol. II, Istanbul 1981, p. 486.
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the support of Atatürk, the Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs appointed Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) to compose a
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ASD: Speeches and statements by Atatürk, volume I pages 361–63 published by Atatürk Culture, language and history Higher Institute, Ankara 1989
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provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and to achieve." He was personally engaged with the development of two textbooks. The first one,
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Peter Sluglett, "The Primacy of Oil in Britain's Iraq Policy", in the book "Britain in Iraq: 1914–1932" London: Ithaca Press, 1976, pp. 103–16
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are a few examples of Atatürk memorials outside Turkey. He has roads named after him in several countries, such as the Kemal Atatürk Marg in
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oriented foreign policy and friendship with neighboring countries such as Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Greece, as well as the creation of the
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Refik Saydam başbakan oldu – İstifa eden Celal Bayar'ın yerine Refik Saydam, 25 Ocak 1939'da Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 11. hükümetini kurdu.
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signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912. Since 1923, historians have preferred to name this treaty as the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the
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He was proposing depoliticization in the army, a proposal which was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. As a result, he was sent away to
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7529:: Win for us the battle of education and you will do yet more for your country than we have been able to do. It is to you that I appeal.
4330:). However, despite all the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya managed to repel the Italians on a number of occasions, such as at the
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was fought from 23 August–13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, Atatürk was given the rank of
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7940:" ("Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal") in the opening speech of the 2nd Language Day on 26 September 1934. Later, the surname "
7383:(later Ali Fuat Cebesoy) were among the members of the new party. The PRP's economic program suggested liberalism, in contrast to the
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Claims and theories about Atatürk's ancestry are strikingly varied and contrasting. According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim,
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newspaper dated 9 August 1921, reproducing the dispatches of AA dated 5 August and 6th, 1921, announced that Atatürk was promoted to
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within Syria. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, an election was conducted in 1938 by the local legislative assembly. The cities of
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Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the
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9196:. Little is known of his relationship with Eleni, who, according to a folk legend, fell in love with him while he was a student in
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However, Atatürk did not live to see the flight of the first Turkish military aircraft built at that factory. Operational American
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in the country. In May 1920, the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Atatürk by the
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held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (
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2951:
16115:
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based on Arabic, the Qur'an, and memorization. The second type of institution was idadî and sultanî, the reformist schools of the
4314:. The invading Italian army had a strength of 150,000 men; it was opposed by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks. A short time before
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mother wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Atatürk took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (
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with Soviet Russia, which was a major diplomatic breakthrough for the Kemalists. The Treaty of Moscow, followed by the identical
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in gold as well as armaments "as first aid" to his forces. In 1920 alone, the Lenin government supplied the Kemalists with 6,000
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because from then on, what mattered at school was science and education; Islam was concentrated in mosques and religious places.
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3070:
3038:
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692:
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12357:"I remember well the meeting very interesting, I had casually with Mustafa Qemali in 1910, at the time, still a mere lieutenant"
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7356:(CHP) that Atatürk expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party. He decided not to purge this group. After a
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in May 1926 and a resolution was passed declaring the caliphate "a necessity in Islam", but failed to implement this decision.
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1990:
271:
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The Unionist Factor: The Rôle [sic] of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926
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17404:
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11390:. A Westview Replica Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. and Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. xiii.
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was founded in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principles. Atatürk aimed to create a nation state (
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as they decided whether they should confirm the Turkish action or appoint a new caliph. A "Caliphate Conference" was held in
6517:
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4589:
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3416:
3381:
3026:
1898:
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14073:
Touraj Atabaki, Erik Jan Zürcher, 2004, Men of Order: authoritarian modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, I.B. Tauris,
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geophysicists based on locations of oil reserves. Atatürk did not want this separation. To address Atatürk's concerns, the
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and integrating women into the outside world. His plans to surmount the task were written in his journal in November 1915:
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and its powers within Turkey were transferred to the GNA. Other Muslim nations debated the validity of Turkey's unilateral
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Book Review of Zürcher's "Political Opposition in the Early Turkish Republic: The Progressive Republican Party, 1924–1925"
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8253:
While three inspectors from the League of Nations Committee were sent to the region to oversee the situation in 1924, the
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became the subject of extensive research, and particular emphasis was placed on the widespread Turkish culture before the
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4994:
4793:
during its retreat from Nablus on 21 September 1918. Nevertheless, Atatürk managed to form a defence line to the north of
1182:
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1114:
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21601:
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15655:'s magazine). Moscow, 1963, № 11, pp. 147–48. The first publication of Atatürk's letter to Lenin in excerpts, in Russian.
15524:'Yurtta Sulh' herşeyden önce ülkede, o insanın, insanca yaşamasını, insanlık tıynetinin gereğinin tanınmasını ifade eder.
14279:
The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic
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13406:
Gerd Nonneman, Analyzing Middle East foreign policies and the relationship with Europe, Published 2005 Routledge, p. 204
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of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty, such as the control of Turkish finances, the
5228:, and Turkish forces regained control of İzmir on 9 September 1922. On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the
5074:("National Pact"). Atatürk called for a national election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Angora. – the "
4656:
3401:
3273:
3203:
3078:
2759:
2048:
1534:
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4821:, the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918. For a period of time, he worked at the headquarters of the Ministry of War (
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9817:(who believed the liberation efforts would fail and cause a more severe punishment by the Allies) as a "bandit chief".
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The religion of Islam will be elevated if it will cease to be a political instrument, as had been the case in the past.
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6487:
5947:
5266:
5134:
5034:
and other military commanders active in Eastern Anatolia followed Atatürk's lead and acknowledged him as their leader.
5018:
to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman military units and to improve internal security. On 19 May 1919, he reached
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3411:
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1923:
1224:
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Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory
17591:
The Two Kemals; The Polished Aristocrat of European Circles in Contrast With the Ruthless Commander of Fanatical Turks
16371:
Formation of factory settlements within Turkish industrialization and modernization in 1930s: Nazilli printing factory
11521:
Benim adım Mustafa. Senin adın da Mustafa. Arada bir fark olmalı, ne dersin, senin adının sonuna bir de Kemal koyalım.
7597:" (1935) after the Hittites. He also stressed the folk arts of the countryside as a wellspring of Turkish creativity.
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21584:
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21193:
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16859:
The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011
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in public, but were allowed to maintain their own languages in private and within their own communities; non-Turkish
3634:; while never involved, Atatürk's role in their aftermath was the subject of discussion. Following the defeat of the
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3083:
2921:
1805:
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1087:
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873:
465:
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9270:. During 1937, indications that Atatürk's health was worsening started to appear. In early 1938, while on a trip to
7711:(Geometry, 1937), was a text for high schools and introduced many of the terms currently used in Turkey to describe
7118:
courts were abolished with the law "Mehakim-i Şer'iyenin İlgasına ve Mehakim Teşkilatına Ait Ahkamı Muaddil Kanun".
4825:) in Constantinople and continued his activities in this city until 16 May 1919. Along the established lines of the
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As a role model that encouraged national sovereignty, Atatürk was especially revered in countries of the so-called
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meant "fortification", "fortress", "army", and "shield". On 4 February 1935, the government's official news agency
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2984:
2961:
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2819:
2718:
2072:
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12709:
12299:
11988:"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – memorial museum in village Kodzadzik (Коџаџик) in Municipality Centar Zupa (Центар Жупа)"
9709:, also respected Atatürk. President Kennedy paid tribute to Atatürk in 1963 on the 25th anniversary of his death.
9351:
8891:
was an important industrial crop, but its cultivation and manufacture had been under French monopolies granted by
8346:
in October the same year, gave Turkey a favourable settlement of its north-eastern frontier at the expense of the
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17:
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representing him. The demarcation between a criticism and an insult was defined as a political argument, and the
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237:
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büyük bir bayram oldu. Biz de Cumhuriyetin ve devletin kurumlaştığını göstermeye bundan sonra hep itina ettik...
11800:
11510:
8432:. Even after Venizelos' fall from power, Greco-Turkish relations remained cordial. Indeed, Venizelos' successor
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883:
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22691:
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4781:. The Seventh Army was holding the central sector of the front lines. On 19 September, at the beginning of the
3328:
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3130:
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31:
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14593:
Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, (1935), "Hak dini Kur'an dili: Yeni mealli Türkçe tefsir" 9 volumes, printed in Istanbul
13296:
13213:
10752:
24 Kasım 1934'te Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2587 sayılı kanunla Gazi Mustafa Kemal'e Atatürk soyadını verdi.
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loan vocabulary. However, as little as 10% of the population was literate. Furthermore, the American reformer
7297:
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22751:
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21981:
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20751:
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Gokhan Cetinsaya "Essential friends and natural enemies: the historical roots of Turkish-Iranian relations."
13706:
13570:
9220:
During his lifetime, Atatürk adopted thirteen children: a boy and twelve girls. Of these, the most famous is
8876:
visiting the Sümerbank Nazilli Cotton Factory, which was established as a part of the cotton-related industry
8119:
8044:
7863:
7259:
On 30 August 1925, Atatürk's view on religious insignia used outside places of worship was introduced in his
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5055:
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4355:
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2615:
863:
717:
707:
639:
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Olson, Robert W. (1989) The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925, p. 45
11643:
9766:
8911:. Government control of tobacco was one of the greatest achievements of the Kemalist political machinery's "
6542:
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88:
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20283:
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18843:
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Michael Radu, (2003), "Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations", p. 125,
12782:
Ottomans Imagining Japan: East, Middle East, and Non-Western Modernity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
10315:
9407:
9387:
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was founded in 1923, and its motto was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities."
8415:, was also determined to establish normal relations between his country and Turkey. The war had devastated
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702:
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438:
410:
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Yılmaz Altuğ, Foreign Policy of Atatürk, Atatürk arastirma merkezi dergisi, Vol. VI, No. 16, November 1989
14751:
9025:
7922:
titled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("the psychology of some elements of the
7459:
were closed. Establishing the civic law needed time, so Atatürk delayed the inclusion of the principle of
1780:
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22020:
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21627:
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15963:
Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII
12238:
D.V.Mikusch: Zwichen Europe und Asien (translation Esat Mermi Erendor), İkarus Yayınları, İstanbul, 1981
11431:
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9217:
However, their marriage was not happy; after frequent arguments, the two were divorced on 5 August 1925.
8803:
8764:
8315:'s government Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against
8162:, 1928. King Amānullāh attempted to emulate many of Atatürk's reforms in Afghanistan, but was overthrown.
7419:
6994:
6984:
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4522:) on 1 March 1914. While in Bulgaria, he met with Dimitrina Kovacheva, the daughter of Bulgarian general
4159:
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3135:
3105:
3021:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2684:
2659:
2517:
1001:
20951:
19819:
17799:
Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939
16273:
Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939
9631:
9494:
news article about the admiration of women from different parts of the world for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,
9425:
objected to the Turkish laws protecting the memory of Atatürk, arguing that they contradict the current
8667:
8552:
8102:
initiative by the Turkish government replaced non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the
8047:
yielded 18 female MPs out of a total of 395 representatives, compared to nine out of 615 members in the
4066:
1356:
42:
22856:
22656:
21743:
21718:
21596:
21446:
21283:
21271:
21137:
20653:
20316:
20306:
20194:
19814:
17709:
17159:
15809:
14988:
10319:
10300:
10277:
10197:
9779:
9651:
9313:
9001:'s role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out. Later specialized banks such as the
8247:
7858:) was established in 1931, and began maintaining archives in 1932 for conducting research works on the
7851:
7811:
7093:
6595:
6296:
5967:
5106:
4739:
4660:
4609:
4495:
between 1365 and 1453, thus of utmost historic importance for the Turks) together with most of eastern
4224:
4008:
3173:
2749:
2573:
1264:
1229:
958:
953:
804:
697:
22459:
19834:
19582:
19246:
17491:
15327:
The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war
15261:
The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war
14178:
13999:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950"
13962:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950"
13844:
11844:
9367:
9335:
9262:
Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of
8856:
8706:
8001:
7231:
and Derby-style hats instead of antiquated religion-based clothing such as the veil and turban in the
7214:
was established by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 as part of the Ottoman Empire's modernization effort. The
4927:
The primary concern towards Atatürk was the Turkish government's involvement with and reaction to the
22716:
22338:
22307:
21921:
21559:
21539:
21186:
20788:
20354:
20179:
20133:
19935:
19501:
19204:
15769:
15724:
15712:
10741:
10254:
10216:
9806:
9647:
9422:
9274:, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with
8711:
8561:
8396:
8240:
8235:
7515:
7479:
7466:
6951:
6933:. The Mevlevi Order managed to transform itself into a non-political organization which still exists.
6605:
6572:
6472:
6467:
6137:
5754:
5282:
5252:
5023:
4842:
3683:
3639:
3564:
3268:
3195:
3065:
2974:
2723:
2701:
2694:
948:
22554:
22544:
20490:
19920:
18587:
15748:
15507:
12082:
9346:, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on October 29.
8581:
8025:
7915:
4938:
22119:
21785:
21483:
21412:
21181:
20998:
20808:
20364:
20344:
20334:
19109:
18474:
Volkan, Vamık D. (1981). "Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader".
17456:
16296:
15852:
14624:
10631:
7976:
7601:
7203:
6947:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6522:
6097:
5500:
5146:
5010:
On 30 April 1919, Fahri Yaver-i Hazret-i Şehriyari ("Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan")
4989:
4782:
4458:
4074:
4058:
3675:
3323:
3220:
2834:
2739:
2482:
1795:
1467:
943:
933:
219:
22484:
19708:
19323:
18564:
13598:
Koçak, Cemil (2005) "Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925–1945)",
11621:
11132:
11130:
11128:
9065:
fighters were being produced in Turkey soon after his death and before the onset of World War II.
8970:
The young republic, like the rest of the world, found itself in a deep economic crisis during the
8295:
7240:
22181:
21468:
21441:
21386:
21381:
21233:
20773:
20746:
20359:
20339:
20214:
20063:
19889:
19219:
14471:
10412:
10174:
9663:
8887:
For Atatürk and his supporters, tobacco remained wedded to his pursuit of economic independence.
8620:
8381:
8339:
7944:" ("father of the Turks") was accepted as the surname of Mustafa Kemal after the adoption of the
7444:
6655:
6645:
6610:
6326:
5972:
5563:
5475:
5343:
4331:
4273:
4236:
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3454:
3291:
3281:
3163:
3153:
2941:
2891:
2856:
2674:
2632:
2627:
2590:
2585:
1913:
1725:
1647:
1329:
1279:
1249:
1244:
983:
938:
912:
853:
770:
760:
80:
22589:
22539:
21228:
20936:
20871:
20724:
19773:
19385:
19375:
19020:
16834:
Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008
14981:"The Social Life of the State's Fantasy: Memories and Documents on Turkey's Surname Law of 1934"
11873:
11173:"The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey"
9132:
9128:
9104:
6840:
5386:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
5309:
5285:
was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey.
5225:
4142:(Özdeş). He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant
4027:
3600:
3584:
2527:
2452:
1217:
1021:
21976:
21916:
21904:
21797:
21654:
21147:
21070:
21017:
20876:
20729:
20708:
20623:
19824:
18745:
18389:
16737:
Prof. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, "Atatürk'ün Din ve Laiklik Anlayışı", Atatürk Research Center, 2012;
15171:
14647:
11125:
11038:
11036:
11034:
10442:
10334:
9701:, who called Atatürk a "star in the darkness". Some presidents of the United States, including
9032:(The Cadre) movement, claimed that Atatürk found a third way between capitalism and socialism.
8931:
8824:
8776:
8768:
8155:
8084:
7727:
to establish a new party. Atatürk insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The brand-new
7108:
7089:
6871:
Atatürk's driving goal was the complete independence of the country. He clarified his position:
6665:
6650:
6182:
6117:
5666:
5656:
5593:
5331:
4854:
4758:
4691:
4466:
4131:
3619:
3183:
3158:
2936:
2876:
2497:
2362:
1941:
1730:
1625:
1586:
1549:
1544:
1387:
1289:
1091:
775:
64:
22594:
22579:
22454:
21971:
19718:
19060:
17300:
17190:
17184:
16858:
16809:
16775:
14546:
Wilson, M. Brett (2009). "The First Translations of the Qur'an in Modern Turkey (1924–1938)".
14422:
13745:
10338:
8488:
8151:
8039:
interests that women must defend, and because there are social duties that women must perform.
7330:
6880:
intellectual circles at the turn of the 20th century and were expressed more openly after the
5779:
2789:
22504:
22358:
22282:
22124:
21909:
21899:
21866:
21606:
21429:
20916:
20906:
20480:
20244:
20239:
20209:
19967:
19859:
19241:
19182:
19172:
18970:
18886:
18853:
16833:
16787:
13424:
12874:
12489:
11679:
10768:
10616:
10091:
10053:
9958:
9810:
9702:
9232:. However, according to other sources, Atatürk himself was an agnostic, i.e. non-doctrinaire
9045:
8881:
8436:
came to visit Atatürk in September 1933 and signed a more comprehensive agreement called the
8412:
8254:
8189:
8188:, was one of the first foreign affairs-related controversies of the new Republic. During the
8063:
7988:
7690:
7346:
7318:
7056:
6942:(as Angora has been known in English since 1930), the country's new capital and reformed the
6917:
6881:
6836:
6710:
6532:
6346:
6227:
5839:
5819:
5729:
5573:
5455:
5293:
5270:
5204:
5003:
4830:
4695:
4395:
4179:
4105:
3961:
3723:
3643:
3168:
2931:
2926:
2896:
2886:
2824:
2532:
2437:
2126:
1963:
1810:
1775:
1637:
1571:
1559:
1067:
1062:
1011:
848:
828:
750:
491:
177:
21039:
20961:
17450:
16962:
11031:
9937:
9515:
9213:
Atatürk had given her as a present. However, it was rumoured that she was instead murdered.
8807:
Telegram sent by Atatürk after the local legislative assembly accepted his proposal for the
7971:, which had been suppressed by Ottoman leaders, who regarded depiction of the human form as
5091:
4596:. Atatürk was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the
4383:
3793:) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi. According to
3746:
1825:
1187:
22666:
22661:
22272:
22060:
22055:
22040:
21986:
21931:
21815:
21674:
21659:
21507:
21424:
21238:
20857:
20783:
20530:
20420:
20400:
20189:
20093:
19928:
19491:
17903:
17067:
16347:
Dilek Barlas, Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies p. 61
13326:
11749:"Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context"
10876:
10833:
10596:
10235:
8772:
8358:
to forestall the perceived spread of communist ideas in the country and gain access to the
8250:, "England wanted Mosul and its oil. The Kurds were the key to Mosul and the oil of Irak."
8095:
7945:
7361:
7175:
7015:
6695:
6437:
6376:
5739:
5661:
5568:
5535:
5237:
5162:
5031:
4838:
4675:
4299:
4287:
4250:
Later, in the autumn of 1910, he was among the Ottoman military observers who attended the
4206:
3805:. According to Alkan, Atatürk seems to have embraced the name Kemal during his army years.
3695:
3588:
3552:
3469:
3459:
2839:
2809:
2578:
2280:
2174:
2164:
2099:
2094:
2080:
1980:
1946:
1750:
1735:
1657:
1652:
1482:
1439:
1414:
1294:
1274:
1239:
1030:
978:
868:
838:
20415:
19869:
19743:
19198:
18664:
14306:
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Atatürk Dönemi Eğitim Politikaları (1923–1938) ve Coğrafya Eğitimi
12381:
KUJTIME nga: Eqrem Bej Vlora. Ekrem Bey Vlora, Lebenserinnerungen – Teilband II: 1912–1925
11322:. Vishal Enclave, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd. p. 133.
11008:
11006:
10736:
9279:
7439:
7140:, which he believed was more important than the Turkish War of Independence. He declared:
4147:
4097:
3715:
1057:
453:
8:
21936:
21887:
21820:
21770:
21669:
21579:
21527:
21340:
21321:
21107:
20911:
20613:
20475:
20329:
20108:
20049:
19703:
18938:
17614:
16285:
Turkey in economic crisis (1927–1930): a panoramic vision. Journal Middle Eastern Studies
13883:
Quoted in Atatürkism, Vol. 1 (Istanbul: Office of the Chief of General Staff, 1982), 126.
12325:
11349:
10432:
9675:
9523:
9209:
8986:
8784:
8508:
8374:
8201:
8148:
7899:
7883:
7867:
7570:
7471:
7159:
6670:
6615:
6537:
6447:
6336:
5849:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5505:
5339:
5045:. Those who opposed the Allies in various provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named
4805:
4679:
4636:
4576:
3770:
3611:
3596:
3576:
3464:
3225:
3053:
2799:
2664:
2552:
2487:
2307:
2221:
2189:
2169:
2104:
1958:
1667:
1610:
1593:
1529:
1509:
1477:
1284:
890:
833:
745:
712:
651:
151:
76:
22429:
22363:
22353:
20658:
19753:
19637:
19486:
19481:
19339:
19333:
19301:
19291:
19281:
19251:
19045:
19005:
18640:
18265:
17243:
15384:"Factories established by Atatürk, the founder of Turkey, in first 15 years of Republic"
14980:
13641:
12870:
12854:
12160:
Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri
9778:, first published in 1932 and the first biography of Atatürk published in his lifetime,
9670:
8564:
included the Lausanne Straits Agreement. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the
7068:
the Muslim majority in early centuries, the caliphate was the core political concept of
6832:
5208:
5130:
3560:
675:
122:
22494:
22107:
22050:
22030:
21943:
21832:
21775:
21571:
21493:
21159:
21080:
21075:
20768:
20688:
20633:
20568:
20510:
20435:
20430:
19904:
19010:
18438:
18430:
18356:
18319:
16110:
15882:
15802:
15460:
14852:
14563:
14493:
14309:
12962:
12701:
12346:
Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912–1939 Von Michael Schmidt-Neke
11770:
11556:
11072:
11003:
9627:
9305:
9293:, but they were transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his death) in a 42-ton
9221:
9173:
8978:
8529:
8521:
8384:
8300:
8193:
7695:
7654:
7244:
6909:
the Kemalist secular state significantly differed from predominantly Christian states.
6751:
6725:
6567:
6557:
6527:
6482:
6427:
6413:
6276:
6217:
5992:
5907:
5626:
5347:
5200:
5138:
5047:
4910:
4902:
4601:
4571:
4558:
4515:
4391:
4323:
4318:
declared war, many of the Ottoman troops in Libya were sent to the Ottoman province of
3942:
3801:
suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet
3610:
Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory at the
3572:
2754:
2502:
2492:
2472:
2442:
2392:
2372:
2357:
2243:
2194:
2116:
1970:
1815:
1740:
1632:
1620:
1499:
1047:
973:
823:
511:
84:
70:
22624:
22619:
22584:
22574:
20535:
20520:
20007:
19783:
19768:
19380:
17842:
The workshop and the world: what ten thinkers can teach us about science and authority
17713:
16434:
14332:
14128:
Atillasoy, Atatürk : The First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic, 13.
10963:. Macmillan Master Series (2nd ed.). Basingstoke or London: MacMillan Education.
9201:
8923:
5141:
propped up by the Allied occupation forces and had the immediate task of fighting the
4742:
and his high-ranking generals in person. During the return trip, he briefly stayed in
4738:
would soon lose the war. He did not hesitate to openly express this opinion to Kaiser
3930:
1760:
1745:
505:
38:
22388:
22205:
22152:
22114:
22077:
21963:
21948:
21765:
21703:
21690:
21664:
21532:
21463:
21407:
21326:
21119:
21094:
21055:
20931:
20603:
20583:
20505:
20440:
20324:
20229:
20184:
20159:
20118:
20073:
19763:
19602:
19355:
18516:
18491:
18483:
18462:
18442:
18422:
18381:
18360:
18348:
18311:
18273:
18251:
18232:
18210:
18193:
18176:
18166:
18147:
18141:
18123:
18104:
18082:
18060:
18041:
18022:
18016:
18003:
17993:
17971:
17952:
17932:
17913:
17889:
17872:
17855:
17845:
17823:
17817:
17802:
17783:
17761:
17738:
17719:
17695:
17460:
17400:
17306:
17223:
17194:
17163:
17112:
17037:
16972:
16901:
16884:
16861:
16836:
16815:
16794:
16768:
16738:
16722:
16688:
16665:
16646:
16518:
16094:
16064:
15974:
15914:
15836:
15813:
15330:
15265:
15228:
15180:
15119:
15091:
15022:
14962:
14930:
14903:
14878:
14873:
Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M., eds. (23 February 2011).
14856:
14815:
14790:
14726:
14603:
14474:
14438:
14428:
14113:
14074:
13751:
13620:
13619:
Majid Khadduri (2006) War and peace in the law of Islam, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.,
13430:
13407:
13374:
13168:
13136:
13104:
13035:
13013:
12954:
12916:
12880:
12786:
12693:
12575:
12558:
12499:
12437:
12269:
12239:
12194:
12111:
12021:
11931:
11792:
11774:
11712:
11685:
11548:
11401:
11391:
11323:
11144:
11112:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11064:
11060:
11018:
10973:
10964:
10926:
10916:
10880:
10864:
10837:
10820:
10794:
10784:
10709:
10034:
9756:
9741:
9686:
9430:
9415:
9168:
9013:
8731:. Both the Turks and the various Balkan states felt threatened by Italian ambitions.
8433:
8429:
8388:
8231:
7871:
7859:
7723:
On 11 August 1930, Atatürk decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked
6988:
6762:
6735:
6512:
6452:
6432:
6316:
6087:
5997:
5749:
5646:
5434:
5229:
5150:
5126:
5115:
4928:
4898:
4617:
4535:
4523:
4473:
4462:
4425:
4295:
4267:
4217:
4216:
In April 1909 in Constantinople, a group of soldiers began a counter-revolution (see
4015:
3679:
3627:
3501:
2881:
2804:
2774:
2387:
2319:
2297:
2204:
2154:
2109:
2029:
2017:
1985:
1870:
1642:
1524:
1514:
988:
897:
858:
843:
799:
765:
755:
22564:
22519:
20762:
20668:
20410:
19909:
19778:
19597:
19592:
19050:
18990:
18524:
18163:
The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani
16326:
15019:
Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day
14926:
Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day
14567:
11076:
9355:
8377:
with the USSR on 17 December. In 1935, the pact was prolonged for another 10 years.
6032:
5490:
3981:
3812:
Atatürk on his first ID card in 1934, his name appeared as Kemal Atatürk, while the
3706:
were replaced and non-Turkish families were ordered to adopt a Turkish surname. The
2412:
22348:
22035:
22003:
21825:
21780:
21723:
21376:
21299:
21114:
20941:
20485:
20143:
19844:
19758:
19541:
19496:
18609:
18414:
18340:
18303:
18294:
Eastham, J. K. (March 1964). "The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years".
18226:
18137:
17837:
16856:"I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..."
15452:
15051:
14844:
14555:
14191:
13998:
13961:
13917:
12946:
12769:
Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Angora (now Ankara) in November 1919
12685:
11760:
11502:
11221:
11180:
11056:
10872:
10829:
10589:
10485:
10373:
9721:
9491:
9085:
9021:
8971:
8963:
8943:
8724:
8525:
8215:
8107:
7960:
7923:
7847:
7776:
7741:
7676:
7637:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7519:
7408:
7380:
7154:
6745:
6705:
6422:
6256:
6162:
6062:
6047:
5957:
5887:
5794:
5789:
5764:
5671:
5651:
5636:
5495:
5199:, just eighty kilometers west of Ankara. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk was promoted to
5095:
4973:
4932:
minorities that the Turkish army and government carried out during WWI is unclear,
4621:
4454:
4435:
4421:
4375:
4315:
4143:
4135:
4128:
3972:, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal and Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, Ali Rıza's ancestors were
3969:
3953:
3671:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3140:
2996:
2829:
2522:
2462:
2447:
2422:
2417:
2209:
2179:
2149:
1951:
1850:
1845:
1790:
1785:
1519:
1504:
1098:
1072:
968:
902:
792:
787:
22614:
22599:
22469:
22393:
20740:
20673:
20545:
20525:
20460:
19972:
19748:
19647:
19365:
19296:
19286:
19271:
19235:
18331:
Emrence, Cem (2003). "Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panoramic Vision".
18081:(Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc.
16813:, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009
14875:
A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire
12047:. United States, University of Wisconsin – Madison: Houghton Mifflin. p. 73.
11765:
11748:
11095:
10667:
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is
9254:
8958:
Atatürk supported large-scale government subsidized industrial complexes, such as
8460:
8206:
8029:
Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.
7929:
7073:
6077:
5987:
4183:
3837:
softens the 'l' the pronunciation closely approximates that of the Arabic 'Kemal'.
3722:, at the age of 57; he was succeeded as president by his long-time prime minister
1865:
907:
22771:
22479:
22378:
22169:
22102:
22082:
22013:
22008:
21953:
21926:
21837:
21810:
21488:
21453:
20628:
20618:
20219:
20204:
20199:
20169:
19728:
19632:
18614:
18344:
17601:
17498:
17275:
17005:
16943:
16672:
16514:
16119:
16090:
16060:
15969:
15859:
15259:
14924:
14780:
14778:
14654:
14248:
Kayadibi, Fahri (2006). "Atatürk Döneminde Eğitim ve Bilim Alanında Gelişmeler".
14098:
13577:
13264:
13069:
13057:
12780:
12542:
12103:
11880:
11854:
11807:
11706:
11650:
11628:
11532:
11517:
11465:
11438:
11138:
10723:
10668:
10651:
10387:
9725:
9706:
9655:
9635:
9550:(which also serves as a memorial to the ANZAC troops who died at Gallipoli); the
8997:
was established. The bank's primary purpose was to control the exchange rate and
8912:
8888:
8743:
8513:
8468:
8448:
8328:
8230:
In 1923, Atatürk tried to persuade the GNA that accepting the arbitration of the
7789:
to be a democrat in his actions, Atatürk always supported the idea of building a
7680:
7667:
7662:
7509:, a documentary film about Atatürk and the modernization of the Turkish Republic.
6972:
6785:
6477:
6462:
6102:
5982:
5942:
5917:
5897:
5844:
5829:
5681:
5676:
5545:
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5530:
5485:
5460:
5278:
5212:
5027:
4981:
4969:
4858:
4727:
4379:
4171:
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3906:
3568:
2467:
2377:
2342:
2260:
2159:
2131:
1855:
1598:
1576:
1492:
1472:
1444:
1424:
1269:
1254:
1016:
963:
116:
22559:
22514:
22499:
22489:
22287:
20425:
19982:
19733:
19723:
19370:
19360:
19350:
19345:
19328:
19306:
19229:
19138:
19015:
18980:
18797:
18718:
18708:
18682:
16754:
Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, Ankara 1959, 2. Baskı, II, 66–67; s. 90. III, 70
15572:
15278:
15253:
15251:
14835:
Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making".
12735:
9193:
9116:
9108:
8899:
and Narquileh Tobacco. The Ottoman Empire had given the tobacco monopoly to the
8556:
Atatürk observes the Turkish troops during the military exercise on 28 May 1936.
8496:
politics gained a positive perspective, when Amanullah Khan and his wife, Queen
8143:
7819:
7387:
of the CHP, and its social program was based on conservatism in contrast to the
6828:
5882:
5709:
4671:
4480:
4362:
on 8 October 1912. Having lost the war, the Ottoman government had to surrender
4347:
4197:
Atatürk (front row, second from left) with the Ottoman Turkish observers at the
3965:
242:
22373:
22302:
22025:
21805:
21728:
21361:
21129:
21090:
20643:
20608:
20578:
20563:
20078:
19738:
19506:
19224:
17753:
16381:
15238:
15221:
The Hemshin: history, society and identity in the highlands of northeast Turkey
14900:
Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni; (1923–1945)
14470:
Geoffrey L. Lewis (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success,
14195:
14090:
13571:
Başvekalet Kararlar Dairesi Müdürlüğü 15 Aralık 1937 tarih, 7829 nolu kararname
13269:
13124:
11677:
11045:"Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority"
9962:
9818:
9733:
9503:
9426:
9418:. A government website was created to denounce websites that violate this law.
9383:
9350:
Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by many memorials throughout Turkey, such as the
8935:
8343:
8308:
8179:
8019:
7898:
primal language. His ideas could be traced to the work by the French scientist
7683:. Atatürk himself put special emphasis on the education of girls and supported
7621:
7589:. To attract public attention to past cultures, he personally named the banks "
7566:
7562:
7558:
7310:
7285:
7215:
7059:
celebrations on the second anniversary of the Turkish Republic, 29 October 1925
6930:
6888:
6715:
6442:
6408:
6207:
6197:
6152:
6112:
6107:
6052:
6042:
6037:
6022:
5952:
5937:
5922:
5912:
5824:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5221:
5038:
4977:
4894:
4886:
4801:, Atatürk was the only Turkish general in the war who never suffered a defeat.
4735:
4719:
4711:
4683:
4593:
4492:
4327:
4151:
3997:
3989:
3973:
3946:
3934:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3871:
3829:
3816:
Mustafa had disappeared altogether. In February 1935, Atatürk began to use the
3734:
3691:
3635:
3623:
3489:
3110:
3048:
2733:
2547:
2537:
2507:
2427:
2402:
2352:
2314:
2292:
2216:
2199:
2184:
1860:
1840:
1830:
1720:
1700:
1581:
1419:
1259:
573:
525:
383:
22529:
22419:
22398:
22292:
20495:
20455:
20385:
20174:
19992:
19642:
19311:
19187:
19000:
18975:
18418:
17859:
17492:
Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Atatürk, 4 November 1963
16122:. AVRASYA Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume: IV, Issue: 7, July 2015.
15456:
15173:
Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
14848:
14775:
14559:
13783:
13128:
9363:
9139:
9077:
8895:. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two French companies: the
8873:
7775:. This came amidst arguments that Atatürk's single-party rule did not promote
7463:(the constitutional principle of secularism in France) until 5 February 1937.
6007:
4841:(the two largest Ottoman cities at the time) sparked the establishment of the
4753:
3956:
and precariously middle-class. His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of
3802:
187:
22645:
22604:
22157:
22097:
21998:
21738:
21733:
21366:
21311:
21102:
20926:
20138:
18596:
18520:
18487:
18466:
18426:
18385:
18352:
18315:
17041:
17033:
16182:
15248:
14745:
13838:
12958:
12697:
11552:
11068:
10780:
10776:
10359:
10296:
10273:
10193:
10072:
9977:
9788:
9623:
9185:
9120:
8896:
8416:
8400:
8266:
8185:
8080:
7895:
7790:
7737:
7671:
7632:
7605:
7302:
6922:
6864:
6844:
6552:
6386:
6356:
6266:
6172:
6167:
6142:
6122:
5962:
5834:
5809:
5784:
5769:
5759:
5744:
5699:
5465:
5441:
5196:
4906:
4715:
4707:
4567:
4319:
3727:
3687:
3363:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3043:
2866:
2287:
2265:
2250:
1800:
1755:
1715:
1710:
1615:
1395:
22534:
20956:
20540:
20083:
19894:
18495:
18214:
18180:
18076:
18007:
17936:
17876:
17269:
Time to break out of legislative straitjacket that is stifling media freedom
17131:
16900:
Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012,
16854:...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said:
15088:
Improvising Turkishness: Being Armenian in post-Ottoman Istanbul (1918–1933)
10968:
10930:
8836:
8083:
continued and was fostered under Atatürk's government with such policies as
7338:
6979:) was launched, and a widespread arrest policy was put in place against the
5398:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
4150:("Motherland and Liberty"). On 20 June 1907, he was promoted to the rank of
2647:
22509:
22439:
22383:
22333:
22297:
22262:
22129:
22087:
21713:
21164:
20946:
20450:
20390:
20234:
20113:
19997:
19987:
19977:
19899:
19192:
18985:
18600:
18591:
18450:
18222:
18197:
18096:
18072:
18064:
17668:
17428:
17100:
16721:(Atatürk ve Din Eğitimi, A. Gürtaş, p. 26), Atatürk Research Center, 2007;
16643:
The Crescent and the Couch: Cross-Currents Between Islam and Psychoanalysis
15425:
15048:
European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey
13156:
12296:"Mustafa Atatürk had assisted in the military operation in Albania in 1910"
11218:
European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey
10702:
10015:
9996:
9797:
9698:
9502:
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the
9371:
9062:
8998:
8900:
8728:
8497:
8492:
8476:
8320:
8112:
8015:
7968:
7785:
7460:
7452:
7322:
6967:
6222:
6202:
6187:
6147:
6132:
6092:
6027:
6012:
5902:
5804:
5470:
5123:
4786:
4761:
4743:
4702:
4699:
4363:
4307:
4283:
4228:
3922:
3875:
3798:
3786:
3733:
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the
2849:
2713:
2610:
2512:
2477:
2397:
1770:
1690:
1685:
379:
22217:
20500:
17944:
16412:
16083:
Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality
12110:, 2nd ed.; Volume 5: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference US, Thomson Gale, 2007,
11450:
10863:
Books, Market House Books Market House (2003), Books, Market House (ed.),
9821:
in this context called him the "most terrible of all the terrible Turks".
9339:
9298:
9224:, Turkey's first female pilot and the world's first female fighter pilot.
9002:
8959:
8934:
was established. Because Atatürk considered the development of a national
8823:
was based on the old administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire called the
8573:
was impossible without sovereignty over the water that passed through it.
7815:
7767:
In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party. A more lasting
7747:
7590:
7248:
4857:
reportedly committed by the CUP and the declining Ottoman Empire, but now
3794:
1207:
419:
22609:
22524:
22424:
22277:
21993:
21304:
20967:
20896:
20470:
20395:
20267:
20098:
19627:
19476:
19261:
19209:
19177:
19148:
18995:
18825:
17775:
17435:
14809:
12950:
12822:""Facing History: Denial and Turkish National Security." | Wilson Center"
9926:
9737:
9729:
9713:
9690:
9679:
9643:
9547:
9359:
9294:
9146:
Atatürk also supported the establishment of the automobile industry. The
9093:
9040:
8820:
8808:
8735:
8565:
8441:
8316:
7891:
7878:
7756:
7724:
7684:
7342:
7334:
7314:
7069:
6700:
6237:
6177:
6127:
6072:
5867:
5799:
5525:
5520:
4921:
4862:
4552:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4450:
4415:
4359:
4351:
4243:, the Albanian lord, politician, writer, and one of the delegates of the
4240:
4057:) where he excelled at mathematics. On 14 March 1899, he enrolled at the
4000:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3615:
3058:
2946:
2901:
2861:
2654:
2542:
2407:
2255:
1997:
1888:
1695:
1434:
813:
782:
182:
20445:
18627:
17538:
16535:
16002:
Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 493
15043:
12966:
12934:
12614:
11560:
11536:
11213:
11172:
10381:
9685:
The range of Atatürk's admirers extends from the British Prime Minister
9068:
7455:, modelled after the Italian penal code, was passed. On 4 October 1926,
6780:
22549:
20993:
20921:
20826:
20369:
19809:
19713:
19677:
19276:
19256:
19214:
19143:
18323:
15790:
Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 29
15464:
15440:
12705:
12673:
10292:
10269:
10189:
9845:
Ta’biye Mes’elesinin Halli ve Emirlerin Sûret-i Tahrîrine Dâir Nasâyih
9595:
9591:
9543:
9539:
9531:
9479:
9099:
8819:
In 1936, Atatürk raised the "Issue of Hatay" at the League of Nations.
8780:
8634: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8537:
8391:
economically uniting Turkey, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.
7975:. Many museums opened, architecture began to follow modern trends, and
7952:
7907:
7894:
theory which proposed that all human languages were descendants of one
7613:
7392:
7376:
7372:
7326:
7220:
7191:
7150:
6954:, where the National Parliament would be the ultimate source of power.
6901:
6740:
6730:
6192:
6157:
6082:
6067:
6002:
5927:
5872:
5774:
5719:
5598:
5583:
4730:
and Germany. While in Germany, Atatürk visited the German lines on the
4254:
army manoeuvres in France, and in 1911, served at the Ministry of War (
4062:
3817:
3813:
3592:
2794:
2642:
2637:
2457:
2382:
2275:
2270:
1975:
1820:
1409:
22817:
Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)
20018:
18434:
18192:(in Turkish). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
18120:
Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges
17965:
17888:. New Jersey and Woodstock (Oxfordshire): Princeton University Press.
16482:
Stone, Norman "Talking Turkey". National Interest, Fall2000, Issue 61.
15056:
14424:
Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges
14179:"Female labor force participation in Turkey: The role of conservatism"
14112:
Daisy Hilse Dwyer, (1990), "Law and Islam in the Middle East", p. 77,
12020:, Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997,
11226:
11185:
9286:
8184:
The Issue of Mosul, a dispute with the United Kingdom over control of
4439:
4354:, and the other Ottoman military commanders in Libya had to return to
4282:
Atatürk (left) with an Ottoman military officer and Bedouin forces in
4110:
4011:
3866:
3359:
Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
3348:
20405:
20249:
19950:
19317:
19266:
17219:
17108:
16968:
16765:
The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World
16451:
14723:
Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity : a history, 1789–2007
14623:. Representation of the European Commission to Turkey. Archived from
13164:
12495:
11343:
11341:
11339:
10114:
9814:
9717:
9639:
9599:
9579:
9559:
9275:
9267:
9092:
became a major industrial center beginning with the establishment of
8541:
8504:
8465:
8359:
8014:. The opera, staged at the People's House in Ankara, was composed by
7911:
7831:
7582:
7574:
7554:
7388:
7224:
7211:
7207:
7149:
In the summer of 1924, Atatürk invited American educational reformer
7064:
6959:
6212:
5892:
5588:
5480:
5177:
4890:
4878:
4870:
4769:
4723:
4687:
4431:
4371:
4338:
4004:
3957:
3496:
2233:
2012:
1539:
1449:
1135:
18307:
17931:. Ankara: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 165–170.
16883:, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017,
14812:
Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world
13559:
1927 Komünist Tevkifatı, "İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemesindeki Duruşma"
13297:"Turkey – Declaration of the Turkish republic | history – geography"
12689:
8985:. At the time, Atatürk not only had to deal with the payment of the
8609:
8299:
Exchanges on the concept of a Balkan Federation during the visit of
7202:
Beginning in the fall of 1925, Atatürk encouraged the Turks to wear
7186:
4034:
3749:, describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against
21849:
21176:
20123:
20088:
17399:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 116.
17140:
15690:
Yılmaz Altuğ, Türk Devrim Tarihi Dersim, 1919–1938, 1980 s. p. 136.
13711:
13217:
12859:. University of California Libraries. London, G. Allen & Unwin.
10464:
10095:
10076:
10057:
10038:
10019:
10000:
9981:
9748:
9603:
9563:
9555:
9124:
8570:
7972:
7771:
began in 1945. In 1950, the CHP ceded the majority position to the
7712:
7586:
7132:
6971:
competing factions. Under Atatürk, the arrest process known as the
6893:
6057:
5814:
5578:
5515:
5305:
5066:), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as
4966:
Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk § War of Independence
4834:
4511:
4484:
4477:
4447:
4430:
On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on the
4387:
4124:
4070:
4023:
3985:
3893:
The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in the
3719:
3604:
2302:
2238:
2121:
1918:
1835:
1554:
1309:
1234:
399:
21859:
17926:
14442:
14210:
Atatürk : first president and founder of the Turkish Republic
12760:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 210
11336:
11044:
10798:
10453:
List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
10406:
9805:
However, Atatürk's acclaim is not universal. As the leader of the
8524:
was paragraphed in Geneva, but its signing was delayed due to the
8010:
7046:
5158:
4943:
4674:
on 7 August 1917, who was under the command of the German general
4608:
until 14 January 1916. He was then assigned to the command of the
4158:) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the
3642:, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition among the victorious
15044:"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey"
13918:"SABAH – 28/10/2005 – Mevlevi Alayı ile Atatürk'e destek oldular"
13548:, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2006, sayı 15.
13076:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p.293
12259:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 68
11214:"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey"
9619:
9607:
9237:
9189:
9089:
9006:
8832:
8792:
8788:
8760:
8332:
7733:
7641:
7594:
7578:
7384:
7357:
7281:
7277:
7128:
6963:
6938:
Constantinople and its Ottoman heritage. For instance, they made
6926:
6905:
5083:
5011:
4757:
Atatürk in 1918, the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group and an
4647:
government in Constantinople proposed to establish a new army in
4543:) and was twice refused, which left him with a lifelong sadness.
4519:
4503:
4251:
4198:
3809:
3782:
2844:
2324:
1662:
1429:
667:
472:
Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia
18248:
The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation
17966:İnan, Ayşe Afet; Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif (1998).
17186:
Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: How to Do Business in Sixty Countries
16358:
The Turkey of Atatürk: Social Process in the Turkish Reformation
16032:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, Vol. 3, Ýstanbul 1988, p. 331.
15118:(in Turkish) (1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.
14902:(in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–47.
13530:
Bozkurt, Gülnihal (2003). "Atatürk Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası".
13463:
The Turkey of Atatürk: social process in the Turkish reformation
11975:
Kutsal İsyan: Millî Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın Gerçek Hikâyesi, 2. cilt
11405:
11287:"Turkey commemorates Atatürk on 78th anniversary of his passing"
9831:
Cumalı Ordugâhı - Süvâri: Bölük, Alay, Liva Tâlim ve Manevraları
9263:
8922:
In 1924, with the initiative of Atatürk, the first Turkish bank
8528:. On 8 July 1937, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan signed the
7744:
came to be considered a serious threat against secular reforms.
7272:
On 2 September, the government issued a decree closing down all
7153:
to Ankara to advise him on how to reform Turkish education. His
3977:
22837:
Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
21854:
21047:
21042:
19447:
19439:
19158:
19104:
18933:
16922:
15109:
15107:
13729:İsmet Paşa "kurumlaşma" ile neyi kastettiğini de şöyle anlattı:
13032:
Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007
9942:
9752:
9694:
9535:
9507:
9343:
9271:
9229:
9197:
9035:
8828:
8775:
at peacetime strength consisted of 174,000 soldiers and 20,000
8533:
8370:
8272:
8159:
8103:
8072:
8008:
In 1934, Atatürk commissioned the first Turkish operatic work,
7996:
7919:
7760:
7456:
7273:
7228:
7136:
linked educational reform to the liberation of the nation from
7115:
6939:
6925:, before its institutional expression became illegal and their
6860:
5734:
5154:
5067:
5019:
4999:
4882:
4794:
4778:
4777:
on 26 August 1918, then continued south to his headquarters in
4774:
4747:
4605:
4496:
4488:
4443:
4403:
4367:
4311:
4232:
4163:
4050:
4003:
ancestry. According to some various claims, she descended from
3926:
3879:
3790:
3738:
3651:
3318:
2815:
International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
2784:
1893:
603:
414:
220:
Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly
135:
18018:
The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
15701:
Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey
15163:
14325:"Kemalizm'in Model Ders Kitabı: Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler"
11604:
Atatürk on Screen: Documentary Film and the Making of a Leader
11257:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934)"
11140:
Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities
8440:
between Greece and Turkey, which was a stepping stone for the
8126:
5232:
stating that the Turkish population was so worked up that the
4625:
20588:
17951:(in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
16937:"Not Everyone Cheers Turkey's Move To Tighten Alcohol Rules."
15116:
Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü
12193:
Falih Rıfkı Atay: Çankaya, Pozitif Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004
11681:
Salonique, 1830–1912: une ville ottomane à l'âge des Réformes
10655:
10645:
10526:
9925:
He received awards and decorations before, during, and after
9865:
9793:
9615:
9611:
9587:
9583:
9575:
9567:
9233:
9177:
9029:
8908:
8324:
7483:
7137:
7104:
7097:
6999:
5261:
A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey
5111:
5042:
4914:
4866:
4813:
in case of a defensive conflict against the invading Allies.
4810:
4648:
4507:
4303:
4210:
4114:
Atatürk on the day of graduation from the War Academy in 1905
3631:
1335:
17735:
Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic
17567:
Huda Shaarawi's Diaries – Book of Al-Hilal, September / 1981
15908:
15104:
14810:
Sibel Bozdoǧan; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007).
14684:
12555:
Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913
11348:
Kandogan, Eser; Seferoglu, Süleyman Sadi (12 January 1994).
10549:
9654:. There are many statues and streets named after Atatürk in
9386:(despite being the conservative opposition to Atatürk's own
9266:
a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of
8727:
had frequently proclaimed his intention to place the entire
8338:
In March 1921, the GNA representatives in Moscow signed the
8335:. In the subsequent two years, the amount of aid increased.
7280:
and other religious ideological lodges. Atatürk ordered the
4848:
4789:. The Seventh Army retired towards the Jordan River but was
4631:
15264:(. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 354.
12472:
12459:
11350:"Ataturk: Creator of Modern Turkey / Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"
10543:
10517:
10509:
10503:
9571:
8472:
8288:
4874:
17844:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. pp. 189–204.
17578:
Grey Wolf: Mustafa Kemal – An intimate study of a dictator
14582:
The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English
14331:, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 233–49, archived from
11980:
11678:
Méropi Anastassiadou; Méropi Anastassiadou-Dumont (1997).
10654:
style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is
10494:
9904:, Selanik Asır Matbaası, Thessaloniki, 1908. (From German)
8279:
Russia–Turkey relations § Turkey and the Soviet Union
8058:
5246:
5098:(Cebesoy) were also sentenced to death alongside Atatürk.
5078:" (GNA). On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as
5026:
against the occupying forces. In June 1919, he issued the
4953:
4502:
In 1913, he was appointed the Ottoman military attaché to
18645:
18136:
17715:
Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator
17244:"Turkish Telecommunications Presidency: Internet Hotline"
17182:
16947:
15590:
13371:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
12532:
The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War
12322:"1912 | Aubrey Herbert: A Meeting with Isa Boletini"
11507:
Sınıf arkadaşım Atatürk: okul ve genç subaylık hâtıraları
11261:İşte Atatürk | Atatürk Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Herşey
10537:
9776:
Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator
9646:. In addition, the entrance to Princess Royal Harbour in
9084:
In 1935, the first Turkish cotton print factory "Nazilli
8927:
resources where necessary to trigger industrial impetus.
8596:
on 31 July 1936 and went into effect on 9 November 1936.
7367:
On 17 November 1924, the breakaway group established the
7076:
was elected after the abolition of the sultanate (1922).
4861:, Atatürk was a member of the CUP, and to that extent, a
4022:
community of Salonica in the Ottoman period, many of his
18117:
17970:(in Turkish). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi.
17871:(in Turkish). Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
17156:
Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey
16919:"Why I Love Turkey's Smoking, Drinking Founding Father."
16508:
Atatürk: Eine Biographie, Klaus Kreiser, C.H. Beck, 2011
16244:İbrahim Kaya, Social Theory and Later Modernities, p. 90
11107:
Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (3 August 2012).
9932:
9851:
Taʼlîm ve Terbiye-i Askeriyye Hakkında Nokta-i Nazarlar
9562:; and squares called the Plaza Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in
9289:. Atatürk's remains were originally laid to rest in the
7830:
Atatürk at the opening of the Türkkuşu flight school in
5296:
has been celebrated as a national holiday on that date.
3690:, trying to create a homogeneous, unified and above all
17216:
Turkey: Terrorism, Civil Rights, and the European Union
16612:"Turkey in the 21st century: The Legacy Of Mrs Ataturk"
13674:
13672:
13640:. The National Interest. 3 January 2007. Archived from
13486:
13484:
9747:
The Twelfth International Women Conference was held in
9622:; Mustafá Kemal Atatürk Street in the Naco district of
9552:
Atatürk Memorial in the place of honour on Anzac Parade
9258:
A view from the state funeral of Atatürk, November 1938
5022:. His first goal was the establishment of an organized
4750:
for medical treatment between 30 May and 28 July 1918.
4690:
in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn was replaced by
4476:, he took part in the Ottoman Army forces commanded by
4220:). Atatürk was instrumental in suppressing the revolt.
2596:
Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
18078:
Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
16685:
Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East?
14250:
Istanbul University Journal of the Faculty of Theology
13615:
13613:
13611:
13609:
13607:
11835:
11833:
11825:
Atatürk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey
11789:
Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
11015:
Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey
10706:
Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
9119:
established the first Turkish aircraft factory in the
8977:
In 1929, Atatürk signed a treaty that resulted in the
8340:
Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty)
8331:, 17,600 projectiles as well as 200.6 kg of gold
7914:
used by Sumerians, and the paper by Austrian linguist
7906:, which postulates that all languages originated from
6839:
in political positions where they could institute his
6414:
4390:
where it was signed, to distinguish it from the later
16382:
Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
12605:
12603:
12601:
12162:, Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, 1972, p. 1.
12075:"Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy"
10762:
10760:
10570:
10552:
10520:
10514:
10506:
10497:
9382:-controlled Turkish parliament led by Prime Minister
9240:, who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general.
7718:
7292:
4833:(British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied
4666:
In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the
4628:, upsetting the calculations of the Russian Command.
4073:) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the
22722:
Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
18165:. Oxford: Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College.
17525:
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Vom Staatsgründer zum Mythos.
17294:
17292:
17290:
13669:
13481:
12158:
T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları,
11017:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167.
10546:
10540:
10529:
10500:
10349:
9755:
on 18 April 1935, and Egyptian nationalist-feminist
9184:
Kemal Atatürk's name is associated with four women:
8915:" of the economy for a country that did not produce
6912:
4837:. The occupation of Constantinople, followed by the
22767:
Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
18370:"Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women"
18146:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
17927:İğdemir, Uluğ; Mango, Andrew (translation) (1963).
17912:. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press.
17751:
17366:"The 20th-Century Dictator Most Idolized by Hitler"
16706:
Taha Akyol: Atatürk yargı bağımsızlığını reddediyor
14746:Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of National Education.
13839:Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education.
13604:
12993:
Judgement at Istanbul: the Armenian Genocide Trials
12816:
12814:
11830:
11704:
11000:, Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, pp. 48, 59, 250
10534:
10523:
10491:
10488:
8261:Iraq with the condition that the UK would hold the
7904:
L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples
7801:
7470:Atatürk attending a class at the Law School of the
7414:
5187:
Atatürk inspects the Turkish troops on 18 June 1922
4461:'s 7th Rila Infantry Division under the command of
4374:(three provinces forming present-day Libya) to the
3618:. During this time, the Ottoman Empire perpetrated
22822:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class
20974:Association for the Support of Contemporary Living
18563:. 23 November 1953. pp. 37–39. Archived from
17968:Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları
16791:by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84
16496:The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years
15801:
15639:, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1999, 20
15410:"Turkish GDP per capita and GDP growth, 1923–1990"
15227:(Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 161.
14680:Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el yazıları
14263:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994).
14177:
13133:Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials
12598:
11949:Türk dünyası edebiyatçıları ansiklopedisi, 2. cilt
10819:
10757:
8507:, leader of Iran, had a common approach regarding
8115:, Bulgarian, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin.
7995:to author a Turkish language Qur'anic commentary (
7810:In 1931, during the establishment ceremony of the
7263:. This speech also had another position. He said:
5269:began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by
4635:Atatürk with Ottoman military officers during the
22712:Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)
20804:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation
17840:(2019). "Kemal Atatürk: Science and Patriotism".
17298:
17287:
15909:Jentleson, Bruce W.; Paterson, Thomas G. (1997).
15747:. 6 November 1933. pp. 37–39. Archived from
15727:, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 377.
15715:, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 374.
15287:"Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey"
14648:Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women
13743:
13737:
13422:
12411:
12409:
12407:
11665:, volume 2, Millî Eğitim Matbaası, 1974, p. 131.
11347:
11109:Social relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915
9024:. One of Atatürk's radical left-wing supporters,
7877:Atatürk dealt with the translation of scientific
6904:. The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and
3945:. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named
3664:proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic
22643:
18190:Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920
14872:
14739:
14698:(in Slovenian). 18 November 2013. Archived from
13416:
13216:. Anadolu Ajansı Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from
12827:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
12811:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12389:
12387:
12127:Bernd Rill: Kemal Atatürk. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985
11894:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans
11106:
10906:Zürcher, Erik Jan (1993). "Biographical Notes".
10251:3rd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)
10232:2nd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)
9250:Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
8863:
8303:, a vision of Atatürk's which was never achieved
7870:into a modern institution and later established
5082:; this act effectively created the situation of
3988:. His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of
3670:the country. He also introduced the Latin-based
20699:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings
18615:Newspaper clippings about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18143:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
17536:
16181:(in Turkish). BİA Haber Merkezi. Archived from
16165:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
16041:Atatürk'ün Milli Dış Politikası, Vol. 2, p. 355
15553:
15551:
15090:. Ann Arbor: New York University. p. 169.
14427:. United Nations University Press. p. 95.
13284:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
12732:"RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary"
12221:
12219:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12148:
11377:
11375:
10734:
9392:a law (Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk)
8942:management of the economy was inefficient. The
8369:After the Turks withdrew their delegation from
8226:Atatürk in the days of the Mosul question, 1925
7047:Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925
6896:. Kemalism is based on Atatürk's conception of
5288:On 29 October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was
4530:), who had recently completed her education in
4526:(against whose forces he had fought during the
37:"Atatürk" redirects here. For the airport, see
22802:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
18505:"John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission"
17452:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination – Stefan Ihrig
15329:(. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
15141:"Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız"
14420:
12487:
11013:Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008).
10171:Commander Grand Cross Order of Saint Alexander
9208:Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the
8949:
4261:
3960:origin by some authors; however, according to
3765:that resisted the expansionist aggressions of
3146:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
2765:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
2707:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
22762:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
22233:
21025:
20842:
20034:
19936:
19422:
19087:
18916:
18228:The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923
17339:"Hitler's Infatuation with Atatürk Revisited"
17153:
16323:"History of Turkish Aeronautical Association"
15772:, 2nd edition, Moscow, Vol. 20, 1953, p. 504.
15735:
15733:
15629:
14787:Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey
14526:
12654:
12652:
12384:
8483:From 1919, Afghanistan was in the midst of a
8166:Atatürk's foreign policy followed his motto "
6983:members. Communist political figures such as
6803:
5350:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
5014:Atatürk was assigned as the inspector of the
4453:, but this offensive was repulsed during the
3694:under the Turkish banner. Under Atatürk, the
3603:and socio-political theories became known as
3559:1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish
3521:
2049:
1364:
87:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
18407:International Journal of Middle East Studies
17363:
16146:
16144:
15878:"Meanwhile: Dressing to rule in Afghanistan"
15642:
15548:
15535:
15488:
15486:
14916:
14548:International Journal of Middle East Studies
14466:
14464:
14262:
14202:
13827:John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission
13123:
12638:
12636:
12216:
12176:Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar
12145:
11908:Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar
11616:Murat Belge, Tanıl Bora, Murat Gültekingil.
11384:"Atatürk's Achievement: Some Considerations"
11372:
11352:. Türkiye On The Web: A Cultural Warehouse.
10771:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
9614:, Pakistan; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Street in
9036:Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939
8520:In 1935, the draft of what would become the
8273:Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union
7769:multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey
7732:the rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in
5180:government from the autumn of 1920 onwards.
4546:
4438:, he took part in the amphibious landing at
4201:army manoeuvres in France, 28 September 1910
4061:in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı within the
3848:issue with Atatürk's name was linked to the
3682:during Atatürk's presidency. In particular,
325:9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938
313:Leader of the Republican People's Party
22682:Committee of Union and Progress politicians
22247:
17760:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
17718:. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press.
17539:"Habib Bourguiba ou la modernité inachevée"
17305:. Princeton University Press. p. 128.
17183:Morrison, Terry; Conaway, Wayne A. (1994).
16403:
16401:
16267:
16265:
16263:
15949:Middle East Review of International Affairs
15085:
13750:. Princeton University Press. p. 158.
13373:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226.
13368:
13098:
12863:
12436:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 17.
11742:
11740:
10766:
10458:Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence
10333:Kingdom of Afghanistan: Alüyülala Order of
9606:; the Atatürk Road in the southern city of
9455:John F. Kennedy's speech concerning Atatürk
9331:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality
8127:Social policy reforms and economic progress
8094:Another example of nationalisation was the
7553:) opened its doors. The museum highlighted
7360:gave the chance to have a breakaway group,
7284:lodges to be converted to museums, such as
7233:Law Relating to Prohibited Garments of 1934
7103:Two other Islamic conferences were held in
3941:), title deed clerk and lumber trader, and
3583:in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive
164:29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938
22240:
22226:
21032:
21018:
20849:
20835:
20165:Association for Defence of National Rights
20041:
20027:
19943:
19929:
19429:
19415:
19094:
19080:
18923:
18909:
18122:. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
17902:
17527:Parthas-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, p. 228.
16597:Latife ve Fikriye İki Aşk Arasında Atatürk
15730:
15677:
15675:
15673:
14517:"Gazi, önerilen 14. soyadını kabul etmiş!"
14421:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003) .
14058:
13866:
13864:
13862:
13594:
13592:
13590:
13429:. Princeton University Press. p. 55.
13099:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (7 May 2013).
12674:"Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht"
12649:
12415:Ana Britannica (1987) Vol. 2 (Ami – Avr):
11938:, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17)
6810:
6796:
5064:Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti
4176:Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi
3591:, industrializing nation. Ideologically a
3528:
3514:
2056:
2042:
1371:
1357:
134:
30:For other people named Mustafa Kamal, see
22757:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
20799:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk
18632:
18502:
18160:
18118:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003).
17815:
17732:
17708:
16490:
16488:
16141:
15911:The American Journal of International Law
15875:
15596:
15483:
15324:
15257:
15055:
15012:
15010:
14461:
14131:
14108:
14106:
13886:
13387:
12852:
12778:
12633:
12168:
11900:
11864:
11862:
11764:
11601:
11480:. Turkish Embassy website. Archived from
11315:
11225:
11184:
11143:( ed.). London: Tauris. p. 45.
10054:Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie
9914:
8849:Atatürk's reforms § Economic reforms
8694:Learn how and when to remove this message
8455:
8406:
5418:Learn how and when to remove this message
4986:Government of the Grand National Assembly
4849:Ottoman genocides (1913–1924) and Atatürk
4178:). In July 1908, he played a role in the
3014:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
2670:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
20856:
19952:Leaders of the Republican People's Party
17883:
17641:"Atatürk'ün Rütbe, Nişan ve Madalyaları"
17580:(fifth cheap edition, July 1935), p. 333
17530:
17010:Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)
16645:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68.
16603:
16398:
16260:
15943:
15941:
15939:
15658:
15505:
15217:
15169:
15113:
14868:
14866:
14725:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
14303:
14247:
13030:Findley, Carter V. (21 September 2010).
11922:Vamık D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz,
11891:
11746:
11737:
10092:First Class Knight Order of the Medjidie
9959:Fifth Class Knight Order of the Medjidie
9936:
9669:
9486:
9334:
9253:
9167:
9098:
9067:
9039:
8953:
8867:
8802:
8705:
8551:
8459:
8294:
8282:
8221:
8142:
8062:
8024:
7862:. On 1 January 1928, he established the
7825:
7805:
7746:
7689:
7631:
7494:
7478:In keeping with the Islamic practice of
7465:
7438:
7418:
7296:
7185:
7050:
6993:
6916:
6854:
5256:
5195:, the Greek army advanced as far as the
5182:
5100:
4993:
4752:
4630:
4584:In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the
4566:
4510:, Bulgaria) and promoted to the rank of
4409:
4294:In 1911, he volunteered to fight in the
4277:
4192:
4109:
4087:Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3888:
3870:The house where Atatürk was born in the
3865:
2952:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
284:24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923
20704:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault
20048:
18877:Leader of the Republican People's Party
18606:Works by or about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18330:
18293:
18264:
18245:
18204:
18054:
18038:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
18014:
17984:
17801:. New York: Brill Academic Publishers.
15913:. Oxford University Press. p. 24.
15866:. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
15670:
15132:
14789:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
14720:
14390:
14388:
14354:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
14292:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
14236:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
14038:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14030:
13859:
13821:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13587:
13580:. Erişim tarihi: 9 Şubat 2019. Ayrıca:
13529:
13505:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
13101:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey
13079:
13029:
12869:
12671:
12434:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
12225:T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayınları,
12189:
12187:
12136:
11896:. Intercultural Press Inc. p. 212.
11597:
11595:
11388:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey
10905:
10418:Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk
9853:, Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916.
9847:, Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916.
9570:and the Largo Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in
8839:(Alexandretta) joined Turkey in 1939.
8350:, then nominally an independent state.
8311:, the Bolshevik leader and head of the
8269:on the non-Turkish side of the border.
8059:Unification and nationalisation efforts
7932:, a politician who was the head of the
7846:) for conducting research works in the
6958:supporters of newer ideologies such as
6859:Atatürk at the opening ceremony of the
6367:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
5247:Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
5172:The GNA military successes against the
4954:Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)
4791:destroyed by British aerial bombardment
4045:) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in the
3789:(meaning "perfection" or "maturity" in
14:
22672:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey
22644:
21962:
18473:
18404:
18187:
18035:
17949:Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler
17836:
17796:
17774:
17664:
17662:
17517:
17425:address to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941
17364:O'Connor, William (24 November 2014).
17099:
17095:
17093:
16960:
16687:G. Jenkins, Publisher Springer, 2008,
16640:
16609:
16594:
16485:
16219:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
16104:
15827:
15566:
15508:"Peace at home and peace in the world"
15471:from the original on 18 September 2023
15438:
15318:
15284:
15007:
14978:
14784:
14618:
14545:
14380:Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler
14322:
14175:
14103:
13307:from the original on 14 September 2020
13155:
13034:. Yale University Press. p. 222.
12712:from the original on 25 September 2021
12611:"Atatürk'ün Bulgar aşkı belgesel oldu"
12586:from the original on 21 September 2022
12467:The History of the Italian-Turkish War
12431:
11859:
11531:
11455:Atatürk hakkında hâtıralar ve belgeler
11381:
11136:
11042:
10991:
10213:Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)
9921:List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards
9164:Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
9138:On 25 October 1937, Atatürk appointed
8995:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
8946:brought many changes to this picture.
7698:after the 7th-year celebration meeting
7569:civilizations. He instigated study of
5203:of the forces by the GNA. The ensuing
4942:rebuild the city as Turkish-dominated
4306:). He served mainly in the areas near
4258:) in Constantinople for a short time.
4077:in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.
3949:survived childhood; she died in 1956.
3862:Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3339:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
272:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly
22787:People sentenced to death in absentia
22221:
21013:
20830:
20022:
19924:
19410:
19075:
18904:
18646:Offices held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18644:
18631:
18509:Journal of American Studies of Turkey
18449:
18095:
18071:
18040:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
17909:Political Order in Changing Societies
17866:
17822:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
17689:
17394:
17213:
16917:Aydıntaşbaş, Aslı (7 December 2008).
16457:Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey
16136:Political Order in Changing Societies
15936:
15799:
15416:from the original on 2 September 2022
15390:from the original on 15 December 2021
15138:
15041:
14863:
14834:
14596:
13990:
13953:
13928:from the original on 21 December 2019
13719:from the original on 21 November 2011
13135:. Berghahn Books. pp. 196, 199.
13053:
13051:
12932:
12491:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991
12427:
12425:
12363:from the original on 26 February 2021
12324:. Albanianhistory.net. Archived from
12040:
11297:from the original on 11 December 2021
11211:
11193:from the original on 29 December 2012
11170:
11012:
10940:from the original on 27 February 2023
10862:
10682:Personal life of Atatürk § Birth date
10588:
10035:Second Class Knight Order of Osmanieh
9933:Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey
9732:. The Pakistani poet and philosopher
9598:; the Atatürk Avenue in the heart of
8544:from interfering in the Middle East.
8319:governments" and requested 5 million
8291:Embassy in Ankara, on 7 November 1927
7254:
7121:
7022:The one-party regime was established
6921:Atatürk in 1923, with members of the
6518:1946 Italian institutional referendum
6458:Spanish American wars of independence
5191:After a series of battles during the
4845:and the Turkish War of Independence.
4682:(after the British forces of General
4563:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
4491:(Adrianople, the capital city of the
4065:district of the Ottoman capital city
3933:, a military officer originally from
417:(21 November 1938 – 10 November 1953)
232:3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921
27:President of Turkey from 1923 to 1938
22827:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey
22732:Monastir Military High School alumni
22727:Military personnel from Thessaloniki
22188:
22176:
20679:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt
18881:9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938
18367:
18221:
18207:Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy
17943:
17758:Mustafa Kemal et la Turquie nouvelle
17319:from the original on 6 November 2023
16767:, Cambridge University Press, 2008;
16176:
16093:, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
16063:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001,
15973:(PDF), University Press of America.
15890:from the original on 4 February 2021
15514:from the original on 30 January 2008
15016:
14943:from the original on 7 December 2023
14922:
14897:
14385:
14152:Universality of Atatürk's philosophy
14027:
14015:from the original on 3 November 2020
13978:from the original on 3 November 2020
13802:
13704:
13258:Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres
13247:Greco-Turkish wars, Britannica CD 99
12991:Dadrian, Vahakn N. and Taner Akçam.
12184:
11592:
11509:, İnkılâp ve Aka Kitabevleri, 1967,
11457:, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959,
11360:from the original on 9 November 2015
10958:
10915:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 384.
10877:10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001
10834:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001
10635:
10429:– 24 March 1923 and 21 February 1927
10316:1st Class Order of the Crown Prussia
9883:, Milliyet Matbaası, İstanbul, 1930.
9516:Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial
9243:
9096:followed by a calico print factory.
8842:
8632:adding citations to reliable sources
8603:
8526:border dispute between Iran and Iraq
7951:Beginning in 1932, several hundred "
7938:Ulu Önderimiz Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal
7321:. Sheikh Said was a wealthy Kurdish
6850:
5370:
5314:
5037:On 4 September 1919, he assembled a
4324:Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan
4245:Albanian Declaration of Independence
3747:Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial
2907:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
2690:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
47:
18848:29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938
18816:Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey
17819:A History of the Modern Middle East
17659:
17514:Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985, p. 146.
17250:from the original on 5 October 2011
17090:
16303:from the original on 24 August 2006
15876:Datta-Ray, Sunanda (18 June 2002).
15151:from the original on 6 January 2014
14929:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61.
14877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14748:"Turkish National Education System"
14534:A History of the Modern Middle East
14449:from the original on 5 October 2023
14184:Women's Studies International Forum
13786:. Ministry of Culture And Tourism.
13600:European Journal of Turkish Studies
13561:, Birikim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1978
13337:from the original on 21 August 2022
13206:
13188:Documents on British Foreign Policy
13149:
13117:
11267:from the original on 5 October 2023
11177:European Journal of Turkish Studies
10767:Cuthell Jr., David Cameron (2009).
9414:to execute the law rather than the
9297:to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara,
8893:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
8795:brigades, and 7 frontier commands.
8729:Mediterranean under Italian control
8138:
7600:At the time, the republic used the
7472:Istanbul House of Multiple Sciences
7423:Atatürk at the 1927 opening of the
7088:On 3 March 1924, the caliphate was
6287:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
4239:as well. In 1910, Atatürk met with
3650:in the present-day Turkish capital
3274:Republican Democratic Concentration
2760:Federal Democratic Republican Party
24:
22807:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
20350:Nationalist and Conservative Party
19793:Interim speakers of the parliament
17886:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography
17647:from the original on 15 March 2020
17621:from the original on 15 March 2020
17537:Girbeau, Sabine (18 August 2003).
17302:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography
16464:from the original on 31 March 2016
16177:Aysu, Abdullah (29 January 2003).
13764:from the original on 1 August 2023
13747:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography
13443:from the original on 1 August 2023
13426:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography
13048:
12973:from the original on 31 March 2022
12893:from the original on 1 August 2023
12799:from the original on 1 August 2023
12512:from the original on 1 August 2023
12422:
11847:Turkish mother and Albanian father
11725:from the original on 1 August 2023
11412:from the original on 1 August 2023
10869:Who's Who in the Twentieth Century
10773:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
10155:
9443:
8983:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
8547:
8348:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
7719:Opposition to Atatürk in 1930–1931
7593:" (1932) after the Sumerians and "
7293:Opposition to Atatürk in 1924–1927
5135:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
4827:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
4231:was leading Albanian uprisings in
4080:
3246:Radical Socialist Republican Party
25:
22888:
22677:20th-century presidents of Turkey
20779:Confiscation of Armenian property
20649:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul
20297:Republican Villagers Nation Party
19445:Speakers of the Parliament of the
18588:Works about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18581:
18272:. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.
17615:"Atatürk'ün Madalya ve Nişanları"
17549:from the original on 17 June 2018
17473:from the original on 12 July 2014
17434:"Turkey had been our ally in the
16546:from the original on 6 April 2023
16411:. Nuridemirag.com. Archived from
16386:. T.C. Government. Archived from
16112:Hatay'ın Anavatana Katılma Süreci
15853:"Atatürk on a Gallipoli pedestal"
15349:
15297:from the original on 20 July 2009
15064:from the original on 26 July 2012
15042:Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009).
14750:. T.C. Government. Archived from
13996:
13959:
13843:. T.C. Government. Archived from
13790:from the original on 3 March 2016
13638:"Review: Revivalism, Shi'a Style"
13532:Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi
12834:from the original on 2 April 2022
12621:from the original on 10 July 2022
12276:from the original on 26 July 2011
12081:. 12 October 1953. Archived from
12051:from the original on 9 March 2024
11567:from the original on 3 April 2022
11356:. New York: Columbia University.
11234:from the original on 26 July 2012
11212:Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009).
10590:[mʊs'tafɑce'mɑʎ̟ɑtɑ'tyrc]
10438:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
10147:Turkey: Murassa Order awarded by
10134:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
9135:, were produced in this factory.
8798:
8173:
8168:Peace at home, peace in the world
7838:In 1931, Atatürk established the
7301:Atatürk is greeted by marines in
7181:
6913:Emergence of the state, 1923–1924
5236:would not be responsible for the
5114:, U.S., called Atatürk "Turkey's
4400:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3666:in its place the following year.
3587:, which modernized Turkey into a
2922:National Progressive Center Union
1318:Peace at Home, Peace in the World
1183:Atatürk International Peace Prize
422:, Ankara (since 10 November 1953)
22847:Turkish political party founders
22199:
22187:
22175:
22164:
22163:
22151:
21555:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
21041:
19515:
19438:
19103:
19029:
18932:
18820:24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923
18792:25 April 1920 – 24 January 1921
18246:Webster, Donald Everett (1973).
18140:; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976–1977).
17990:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation
17737:. Woodside, NY: Woodside House.
17633:
17607:
17584:
17570:
17561:
17504:
17501:. Audio file on: jfklibrary.org.
17485:
17443:
17417:
17388:
17357:
17341:. Turkey Analyst. Archived from
17331:
17262:
17236:
17207:
17176:
17147:
17125:
17078:from the original on 26 May 2021
17060:
17048:from the original on 26 May 2021
17018:
16992:
16954:
16929:
16911:
16894:
16873:
16848:
16827:
16803:
16781:
16757:
16748:
16731:
16711:
16704:Düzel, Neşe (6 February 2012). "
16698:
16678:
16659:
16634:
16588:
16558:
16528:
16501:
16476:
16444:
16427:
16375:
16363:
16350:
16341:
16315:
16289:
16277:
16247:
16238:
16226:from the original on 4 June 2020
16206:
16197:
16170:
16157:
16128:
16074:
16044:
16035:
16026:
16017:
16005:
15996:
15983:
15954:
15927:
15902:
15869:
15846:
15835:The Nomination Database for the
15793:
15784:
15775:
15763:
15718:
15706:
15693:
15684:
15620:
15611:
15602:
15560:
15529:
15499:
15432:
15402:
15376:
15343:
15309:
15196:from the original on 26 May 2013
15079:
15035:
14995:from the original on 8 June 2020
14972:
14955:
14891:
14828:
14803:
14766:
14714:
14672:
14660:
14639:
14612:
14587:
14574:
14539:
14510:
14501:
14484:
14414:
14372:
14359:
14346:
14316:
14297:
14284:
14271:
14256:
14241:
14228:
14215:
14169:
14164:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation
14156:
14144:
14122:
14084:
14067:
14045:
13948:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation
13940:
13910:
13899:
13877:
13832:
13776:
13698:
13685:
13656:
13630:
13564:
13551:
13538:
13523:
13510:
13497:
13468:
13455:
13423:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (9 May 2011).
13400:
13362:
13349:
13319:
13289:
13276:
13250:
13241:
12660:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation
12178:, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 29.
11910:, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17.
11289:. News > Türkiye > Local.
11137:Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006).
11061:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x
10769:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)"
10484:
10380:
10366:
10352:
10326:
10307:
10284:
10261:
10242:
10223:
10204:
10181:
10162:
10149:Turkish Aeronautical Association
10140:
10121:
10102:
10083:
10064:
10045:
10026:
10007:
9988:
9969:
9950:
9873:Turkish Aeronautical Association
9857:Zâbit ve Kumandan ile Hasb-ı Hâl
9841:, Selanik Askeri Matbaası, 1911.
9478:Problems playing this file? See
9459:
9157:
9058:Turkish Aeronautical Association
9048:at Nazilli Cotton Factory (1937)
8608:
8307:In his 26 April 1920 message to
8212:Iraqi revolt against the British
8204:(30 October 1918). In 1920, the
7802:Modernization efforts, 1931–1938
7415:Modernization efforts, 1926–1930
6779:
6307:Discourses Concerning Government
5375:
5334:to read and navigate comfortably
5319:
4885:, as it was then simply an anti-
4406:(at that time known as Angora).
4026:opponents who were disturbed by
3832:gave the following explanation:
3680:equal civil and political rights
3495:
3483:
2872:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
2820:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
2719:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
2023:
2011:
1344:
1134:
645:
633:
621:
597:
582:
567:
546:
478:Official Turkish Communist Party
67:to read and navigate comfortably
52:
22877:20th-century presidents in Asia
22797:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal
22747:Ottoman Military College alumni
22742:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
22200:
20276:Committee of Union and Progress
20225:Turkish Resistance Organisation
18476:Psychoanalytic Study of Society
17694:. London; New York: Routledge.
17677:
17397:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination
16961:Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014).
16719:Atatürk'ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri
16675:, Hargrave Pioneers of Aviation
16409:"Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Factory"
16012:League of Nations Treaty Series
14837:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
14721:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010).
14621:"Interview with Semiha Berksoy"
14265:Encyclopedia of Library History
13193:
13181:
13092:
13063:
13023:
13002:
12985:
12933:Kırlı, Biray Kolluoḡlu (2005).
12926:
12913:The Whispering Voices of Smyrna
12905:
12846:
12772:
12763:
12750:
12724:
12665:
12568:
12547:
12524:
12481:
12450:
12375:
12349:
12340:
12314:
12288:
12262:
12249:
12232:
12203:
12130:
12121:
12097:
12067:
12034:
12010:
11967:
11954:
11941:
11916:
11885:
11817:
11781:
11747:Zadrożna, Anna (31 July 2017).
11698:
11671:
11663:Atatürk'ün İstanbul'daki Hayatı
11655:
11633:
11610:
11579:
11537:"Atatürk as Founder of a State"
11525:
11496:
11470:
11444:
11424:
11309:
11279:
11249:
11205:
11164:
11083:from the original on 3 May 2020
11049:Journal of Historical Sociology
10952:
10899:
10401:European interwar dictatorships
9893:
9809:, Atatürk was described by the
9632:the street and memorial Atatürk
9586:; the Kemal Atatürk Avenues in
9520:Atatürk Monument in Mexico City
9127:. The first Turkish airplanes,
9115:In 1936, Turkish industrialist
8903:as a limited company under the
8619:needs additional citations for
8411:The post-war leader of Greece,
8403:with the "imperialist powers".
8219:to British territory in India.
7405:Committee of Union and Progress
7172:department of religious affairs
6573:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
5122:On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman
4592:of World War I allied with the
4182:which seized power from Sultan
4168:Committee of Union and Progress
4102:Committee of Union and Progress
3658:. He subsequently proceeded to
2780:Free-thinking Democratic League
2601:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
718:Army of Grand National Assembly
460:Committee of Union and Progress
69:. When this tag was added, its
22812:Recipients of the Liakat Medal
22782:People of the Dersim rebellion
20984:Atatürkist Thought Association
20815:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!
20684:Zirve Publishing House murders
20674:Assassination of Kemal Türkler
20639:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale
19399:denote acting prime ministers.
18597:Works by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18539:. pp. 7–8. Archived from
17595:New York Times, 1 October 1922
15951:Vol. 7, No. 3 – September 2003
15139:Halis, Mujgan (30 July 2011).
14619:Paydak, Selda (January 2000).
13841:"Atatürk's views on education"
12853:Oeconomos, Lysimachos (1922).
12456:Jacob M. Landau, (1984), p. 48
12041:Fodor, Marcel William (1939).
11111:. Leiden: Brill. p. 300.
10961:Mastering Modern World History
10909:Turkey : a modern history
10856:
10812:
10750:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
10728:
10696:
10674:
10671:, and there is no family name.
10661:
10658:, and there is no family name.
10625:
10477:
9807:national movement of 1919–1923
9421:In 2010, the French-based NGO
9342:, the mausoleum of Atatürk in
9148:Turkish Automobile Association
8979:restructuring of Turkey's debt
8599:
8419:, and the financial burden of
8263:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
7984:Qur'an in the Turkish language
7779:. The reason experiments with
7547:State Art and Sculpture Museum
7445:Çankaya Presidential Residence
7443:Atatürk at the library of the
7425:State Art and Sculpture Museum
7223:during a public appearance in
7168:Ministry of National Education
6998:In 1924, during his speech in
6508:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
6488:German Revolution of 1918–1919
5174:Democratic Republic of Armenia
5016:Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate
4358:following the outbreak of the
4223:In 1910, he was called to the
4091:
3684:women were given voting rights
3638:after World War I, he led the
2912:National and Social Liberation
2621:Union of the Democratic Centre
1302:State Art and Sculpture Museum
466:Ottoman Liberal People's Party
32:Mustafa Kamal (disambiguation)
13:
1:
22872:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
22792:Politicians from Thessaloniki
18231:. London; New York: Longman.
18059:. New York: The John Day Co.
17816:Cleveland, William L (2004).
17752:Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis;
16935:Kenyon, Peter (7 June 2013).
16610:Turgut, Pelin (1 July 2006).
15667:. Moscow, 1963, № 11, p. 148.
15285:Korkut, Tolga (14 May 2009).
14668:Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler
14523:. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
13705:Eksi, Oktay (16 April 2008).
12915:, Dorrance Publishing, 2010,
11994:. 24 May 2013. Archived from
11827:, (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27.
11766:10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690
11711:. Pal Medya ve Organizasyon.
10690:
9879:Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler
9839:Ta’biye ve Tatbîkat Seyahati
9728:, and the Egyptian President
9512:The Atatürk Year in the World
9352:Atatürk International Airport
8864:State intervention, 1923–1929
8847:For conceptual analysis, see
8578:reoccupation of the Rhineland
7864:Turkish Education Association
7705:Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler
7551:Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi
7451:On 1 March 1926, the Turkish
5304:For conceptual analysis, see
5299:
4659:were soon withdrawn when the
4047:Monastir Military High School
3976:, ultimately descending from
3878:(Thessaloniki in present-day
3855:
3743:The Atatürk Year in the World
3556:
3354:Union, Progress and Democracy
2962:Party of Independence and '48
2957:Party of Democratic Socialism
2729:European Republicans Movement
372:
22777:People from Salonica vilayet
22046:Intangible cultural heritage
21392:Southeastern Anatolia Region
21224:Proclamation of the republic
20664:Political violence in Turkey
18368:Omur, Aslı (December 2002).
18345:10.1080/00263200412331301787
17867:Doğan, Çağatay Emre (2003).
17154:Navaro-Yashin, Yael (2002).
16599:. Istanbul: Truva Yayınları.
15571:(in Turkish). Archived from
15439:Singer, Morris (July 1983).
15218:Simonian, Hovann H. (2007).
15017:İnce, Başak (15 June 2012).
14497:. Istanbul. 9 February 1936.
14491:"Turks Teach New Theories".
13546:Kadro Hareketi ve Kadrocular
12935:"Forgetting the Smyrna Fire"
12734:. Raf.mod.uk. Archived from
12298:. Zeriyt.com. Archived from
11705:Cemal Çelebi Granda (2007).
11620:(2002), İletişim Yayınları,
11293:. Ankara. 10 November 2016.
10646:
9720:, the Indian Prime Minister
9436:
9310:Turkish Language Association
9291:Ethnography Museum of Ankara
8763:issue, only to end with the
7934:Turkish Language Association
7840:Turkish Language Association
7369:Progressive Republican Party
7174:, one of the foundations of
7012:Turkish Constitution of 1924
7008:Turkish Constitution of 1921
6758:Republic without republicans
6503:11 September 1922 Revolution
6498:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
5400:Knowledge's inclusion policy
4643:Following this victory, the
4225:Ottoman provinces in Albania
2680:Democratic Left of Catalonia
2229:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
922:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
7:
21317:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
20694:Assassination of Hrant Dink
20599:Turkish War of Independence
20129:Turkish Cypriot nationalism
18619:20th Century Press Archives
18209:. Ankara: Pan Matbaacılık.
17884:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2011).
17710:Armstrong, Harold Courtenay
17692:The Making of Modern Turkey
15804:A Concise History of Greece
15781:Karamanlis, 1995, pp. 95–97
15540:(in Turkish). p. 123.
15441:"Atatürk's Economic Legacy"
15086:Ekmekcioglu, Lerna (2010).
14308:(PhD thesis) (in Turkish),
13087:The Making of Modern Turkey
11962:Atatürk ve Kocacık Türkleri
11930:), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998,
11868:Isaac Frederick Marcosson,
10871:, Oxford University Press,
10448:Turkish War of Independence
10396:Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo
10345:
9410:(a political position) was
9204:as his personal assistant.
9192:, Dimitrina Kovacheva, and
9172:Kemal Atatürk and his wife
9109:Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Works
9076:In 1932, liberal economist
8950:Great Depression, 1929–1931
8765:Italian invasion of Albania
8067:Statue of Atatürk in Samsun
8053:US House of Representatives
7814:. Atatürk is standing with
7812:Turkish History Institution
7670:with the goal of forming a
7538:Additionally, the Kemalist
7400:plot to assassinate Atatürk
6929:lodge was changed into the
6493:Turkish War of Independence
6415:
5342:content into sub-articles,
5133:, finalizing plans for the
4960:Turkish War of Independence
4262:Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
3656:Turkish War of Independence
3567:statesman, author, and the
3344:Transnational Radical Party
3106:Radical Federative Movement
3002:Portuguese Republican Party
2992:Political Party of Radicals
2685:Democratic-Republican Party
2660:Czech National Social Party
1002:Turkish War of Independence
79:content into sub-articles,
10:
22893:
22852:Turkish religious sceptics
21148:Conquest of Constantinople
20654:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
20307:Nationalist Movement Party
18503:Wolf-Gazo, Ernest (1996).
18453:(2000). "Talking Turkey".
18205:Tüfekçi, Gürbüz D (1981).
17733:Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002).
17299:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011).
17160:Princeton University Press
16951:. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
16926:. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
16778:. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
16384:"Aydın – Historical Ruins"
15810:Cambridge University Press
14989:University of Pennsylvania
14196:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.006
13744:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011).
12672:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975).
11843:, (Goemaere Press, 2007),
10748:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10737:"II. ATATÜRK ve TÜRK DİLİ"
9918:
9744:wrote poems in his honor.
9542:; the Atatürk Memorial in
9534:; the Atatürk Monument in
9328:
9314:Turkish Historical Society
9247:
9161:
8905:Council of the Public Debt
8846:
8491:. Afghan Foreign Minister
8287:During a reception at the
8276:
8177:
8051:and six out of 435 in the
7991:, and the Islamic scholar
7852:Turkish Historical Society
7540:one-party period of Turkey
7447:in Ankara, on 16 July 1929
7094:abolition of the caliphate
6548:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
6297:The Commonwealth of Oceana
5303:
5250:
5107:The Abilene Daily Reporter
4963:
4957:
4556:
4550:
4434:peninsula and, during the
4419:
4413:
4271:
4265:
4095:
4084:
3859:
3039:Progressive People's Party
2770:Free-minded People's Party
1230:Abolition of the caliphate
1225:Abolition of the sultanate
805:Siege of Adrianople (1913)
36:
29:
22407:
22326:
22318:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu
22255:
22147:
21880:
21796:
21689:
21655:The constitutional system
21615:
21570:
21515:
21506:
21400:
21348:
21339:
21292:
21259:
21209:
21187:Second Constitutional Era
21172:Decline and modernization
21128:
21089:
21063:
21054:
20989:Republican People's Party
20885:
20864:
20789:Denial of Kurds by Turkey
20717:
20554:
20378:
20355:Rights and Equality Party
20284:Republican People's Party
20258:
20152:
20134:Turkish-Islamic synthesis
20056:
19958:
19850:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
19792:
19686:
19660:
19616:
19571:
19553:in period of Bicameralism
19550:
19524:
19513:
19454:
19394:
19157:
19116:
19110:Prime ministers of Turkey
19038:
19027:
18958:
18945:
18883:
18874:
18865:
18860:
18850:
18841:
18832:
18822:
18813:
18804:
18794:
18785:
18776:
18771:
18750:
18742:
18723:
18715:
18705:
18695:
18689:
18679:
18669:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18638:
18419:10.1017/s0020743800032803
18015:Kinross, Patrick (1979).
17992:. London: Phoenix Press.
17497:22 September 2018 at the
17281:Reporters Sans Frontières
17214:Yonah, Alexander (2007).
16789:Political Islam in Turkey
16763:Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk",
16435:"Tarihte Bugün – 25 Ocak"
15703:. New York, 1965, p. 464.
15457:10.1080/00263208308700552
15325:Jongerden, Joost (2007).
15258:Jongerden, Joost (2007).
15170:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
14849:10.1080/13537110701293500
14560:10.1017/s0020743809091132
14267:. Routledge. p. 462.
14221:Falih Rıfkı Atay (1969).
13103:. Routledge. p. 41.
12779:Worringer, Renée (2014).
12432:Landau, Jacob M. (1984).
11872:, Ayer Publishing, 1969,
11382:Landau, Jacob M. (1984).
10742:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
10620:
9724:, the Tunisian President
9648:Albany, Western Australia
9423:Reporters Without Borders
9400:hatırasına alenen hakaret
9388:Republican People's Party
9324:
9319:
9026:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
8962:, increasingly after the
8712:Alexander I of Yugoslavia
8710:During the visit of King
8397:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
8241:British Foreign Secretary
8100:geographical name changes
8018:and performed by soprano
7354:Republican People's Party
7039:was replaced by the word
7033:Republican People's Party
6981:Communist Party of Turkey
6952:parliamentary sovereignty
6721:The Emperor's New Clothes
6473:5 October 1910 revolution
6468:French Revolution of 1848
5491:Liberty as non-domination
5253:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
4920:Atatürk's relations with
4843:Turkish National Movement
4726:during his train trip to
4574:and Atatürk on the daily
4547:First World War (1914–18)
4472:In June 1913, during the
4392:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
4380:Treaty of Lausanne (1912)
3992:origin, and according to
3820:name Kamâl. According to
3726:, and was honored with a
3678:. Turkish women received
3640:Turkish National Movement
3196:Radical Party of the Left
3075:Radical Democratic Party
2724:European Radical Alliance
2695:Georgios Papandreou Party
2616:Centre Union – New Forces
1324:Republican People's Party
1121:
1112:
726:
685:
660:
613:
559:
554:
542:
532:
521:
498:
487:
444:
439:Republican People's Party
434:
426:
406:
389:
368:(Mustafa son of Ali Rıza)
360:
355:
351:
341:
329:
318:
310:
300:
288:
277:
270:
260:
248:
236:
225:
218:
208:
196:
168:
157:
149:
145:
133:
112:
22707:Field marshals of Turkey
21638:Ministry of the Interior
21623:Administrative divisions
21182:First Constitutional Era
20809:Armenian genocide denial
20574:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
20335:Independent Turkey Party
20069:Atatürk personality cult
19525:House of Representatives
19118:Government of the Grand
18861:Party political offices
18788:Prime Minister of Turkey
18762:October – November 1918
18731:August – September 1918
18270:Turkey: A Modern History
18161:Spangnolo, John (1992).
18036:Landau, Jacob M (1983).
17780:Lords of the Golden Horn
16879:Phil Zuckerman, John R.
16566:"Atatürk'ün Özel Hayatı"
15179:. Montreal: Arod Books.
15114:Nişanyan, Sevan (2010).
14692:"commonslibraryblog.com"
14252:(in Turkish) (13): 1–21.
13327:"Republic Day in Turkey"
12939:History Workshop Journal
12016:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir,
11973:Dinamo, Hasan İzzettin.
11791:, Overlook Press, 2002,
11354:Thousand Lakes Web Pages
10746:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10735:Hasan Eren (1988–2016).
10708:, Overlook Press, 2002,
10470:
9908:Bölüğün Muharebe Tâlimi
9861:, Minber Matbaası, 1918.
9824:
9813:and Istanbul journalist
9528:Atatürk Monument in Baku
9018:Liberal Republican Party
8576:In March 1936, Hitler's
8049:British House of Commons
7753:Liberal Republican Party
7729:Liberal Republican Party
7661:Atatürk promoted modern
7638:the new Turkish alphabet
7602:Ottoman Turkish language
6948:representative democracy
6563:1987 Fijian coups d'état
6523:1952 Egyptian revolution
5501:Political representation
5153:advancing eastward from
4990:1st Parliament of Turkey
4653:Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi
4075:Ottoman Military College
4059:Ottoman Military Academy
4043:Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi
4033:that Atatürk had Jewish
3676:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3230:Radical Socialist Party
3221:Radical Republican Party
2835:Italian Republican Party
2740:German Free-minded Party
1143:This article is part of
1053:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
43:Atatürk (disambiguation)
22862:Turkish revolutionaries
22832:Turkish anti-communists
22249:Party leaders in Turkey
21585:Parliamentary elections
21387:Eastern Anatolia Region
21382:Central Anatolia Region
21064:Ancient and Middle Ages
20774:Citizen, speak Turkish!
20215:Turkish Revenge Brigade
20064:16 Great Turkic Empires
19875:Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu
19687:Grand National Assembly
19608:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
19551:Grand National Assembly
19455:Grand National Assembly
19056:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
18557:"The Burial of Atatürk"
18533:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"
18250:. New York: AMS Press.
18103:. London: John Murray.
18057:They Called Him Atatürk
17189:. Adams Media. p.
17026:"The Burial of Ataturk"
16666:Sabiha Gokcen biography
16641:Akhtar, Salman (2008).
16050:Douglas Arthur Howard:
16014:, vol. 173, pp. 214–41.
15800:Clogg, Richard (2002).
15021:. London: I.B. Tauris.
14979:Turkoz, Meltem (2004).
14898:Bali, Rifat N. (1999).
14785:Ertürk, Nergis (2011).
14472:Oxford University Press
14304:Kapluhan, Erol (2011),
14006:University of Amsterdam
13969:University of Amsterdam
13301:Encyclopedia Britannica
13214:"A short history of AA"
12644:They called him Atatürk
12580:Encyclopedia Britannica
12488:Erik Goldstein (2005).
12465:William Henry Beehler,
12137:Atatürk, Kemal (1998).
12018:Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal
11977:(1986), Tekin Yayınevi.
11892:Richmond, Yale (1995).
11478:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"
11263:. www.isteataturk.com.
10413:Kemalist historiography
9900:Takımın Muharebe Tâlimi
9664:All-India Muslim League
9498:of the Turkish Republic
9072:Atatürk and Celâl Bayar
8857:İzmir Economic Congress
8767:on 7 April 1939. These
8643:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"
8421:Ottoman Muslim refugees
8382:Soviet Defence Minister
8356:Turkish Communist Party
8055:inaugurated that year.
7977:classical Western music
7571:Anatolian civilizations
7029:Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası
6543:1969 Libyan coup d'état
6327:Discourse on Inequality
5476:Consent of the governed
5217:Grand National Assembly
5076:Grand National Assembly
4913:into the genocides, in
4819:occupied Constantinople
4804:The war ended with the
4734:and concluded that the
4590:Middle Eastern theatres
4274:Battle of Tobruk (1911)
4188:constitutional monarchy
3850:Turkish language reform
3776:
3714:on 10 November 1938 at
3575:, serving as its first
3455:Conservative liberalism
3334:Socialist Radical Party
3329:Social Democratic Party
3200:Radical People's Party
3180:Radical Party of Chile
3071:Radical Democracy Party
2971:People's Radical Party
2942:Opportunist Republicans
2892:Manhood Suffrage League
2857:Labour Democratic Party
2633:Colombian Liberal Party
2591:Alsatian Progress Party
2586:Alfarista Radical Front
1648:Sustainable development
1572:Progressive nationalism
1280:Citizen, speak Turkish!
1250:Turkish language reform
1203:Death and state funeral
1198:Attempted assassination
761:Albanian Revolt of 1910
21756:Science and technology
21590:Presidential elections
21071:Prehistory of Anatolia
20730:Turkish History Thesis
20709:Murder of Deniz Poyraz
20624:Racism-Turanism trials
19572:Senate of the Republic
18746:Otto Liman von Sanders
18333:Middle Eastern Studies
18055:Lengyel, Emil (1962).
17797:Barlas, Dilek (1998).
17440:
17395:Ihrig, Stefan (2014).
16717:Prof. Utkan Kocatürk,
16595:Bozdağ, İsmet (2005).
16572:. 2008. Archived from
16179:"Tütün, İçki ve Tekel"
16118:25 August 2019 at the
15538:Atatürk'ten Düşünceler
15445:Middle Eastern Studies
14696:commonslibraryblog.com
14653:7 October 2007 at the
14323:Gürses, Fatma (2010),
13707:"Paralardaki resimler"
12417:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
12272:. Albania.dyndns.org.
11708:Cemal Granda anlatıyor
11661:Niyazi Ahmet Banoğlu,
11437:5 October 2022 at the
11432:Balkan Pact and Turkey
11319:Modern Asia Since 1900
11316:Jayapalan, N. (1999).
10443:Turkish History Thesis
10335:Kingdom of Afghanistan
9945:
9915:Awards and decorations
9803:
9772:
9682:
9499:
9448:
9404:destruction of objects
9347:
9259:
9181:
9112:
9073:
9049:
8967:
8932:Turkish State Railways
8877:
8825:Sanjak of Alexandretta
8812:
8753:
8715:
8557:
8480:
8456:Neighbours to the east
8407:Turkish-Greek alliance
8304:
8292:
8227:
8214:was suppressed by the
8163:
8089:Vatandaş Türkçe konuş!
8085:Citizen speak Turkish!
8068:
8045:1935 general elections
8041:
8030:
7835:
7823:
7822:(first from the left).
7799:
7764:
7736:, a small town in the
7699:
7645:
7620:, based on a modified
7536:
7510:
7493:
7475:
7448:
7437:
7427:
7317:began to organize the
7306:
7270:
7204:modern European attire
7199:
7147:
7086:
7060:
7002:
6944:Turkish postal service
6934:
6877:
6868:
5267:Conference of Lausanne
5262:
5188:
5119:
5088:Turkish courts-martial
5007:
4855:late Ottoman genocides
4765:
4692:Otto Liman von Sanders
4640:
4581:
4291:
4202:
4115:
3994:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir
3910:
3886:
3845:
3648:provisional government
3115:Radical Liberal Party
2917:National Radical Party
1942:Economic progressivism
1626:Ecological engineering
1587:Social justice warrior
1550:Philosophy of progress
1545:Philosophical progress
1290:Turkish History Thesis
819:Middle Eastern theatre
454:Motherland and Liberty
41:. For other uses, see
22737:Ottoman Army generals
22692:Deaths from cirrhosis
22652:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
22268:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
21751:Free trade agreements
21633:Intelligence Services
21430:North Anatolian Fault
20902:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
20757:1934 Resettlement Law
20594:Deportations of Kurds
20516:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu
20466:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
20345:People's Ascent Party
20245:Youth Union of Turkey
20240:Sultan Murad Division
20210:Peace at Home Council
19963:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
19815:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan
19661:Consultative Assembly
19558:Çift Meclisli Dönemde
19472:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
19134:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18966:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18633:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
18455:The National Interest
18188:Tunçay, Mete (1972).
17904:Huntington, Samuel P.
17690:Ahmad, Feroz (1993).
17432:
17274:19 March 2012 at the
17068:"Atatürk's Last Will"
16942:30 April 2021 at the
16390:on 7 September 2007.
16053:The history of Turkey
15741:"Oh, What Happiness!"
15637:Atatürk and the Kurds
14176:Göksel, İdil (2013).
13203:Moscow, 1995, p. 241.
13012:, John Murray, 1999,
12879:. Brill. p. 59.
12541:23 April 2023 at the
12139:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
12108:Encyclopaedia Judaica
11992:Macedonia Travel Blog
11879:25 March 2023 at the
11814:among his ancestors."
11806:23 April 2023 at the
11684:. Brill. p. 71.
11649:16 April 2024 at the
11171:Öktem, Kerem (2008).
11043:Toktaş, Şule (2005).
10959:Lowe, Norman (1988).
10722:23 April 2023 at the
10169:Kingdom of Bulgaria:
10130:Medal of Independence
9941:Statue of Atatürk in
9940:
9910:, 1912. (From German)
9835:, Thessaloniki, 1909.
9784:
9761:
9703:Franklin D. Roosevelt
9673:
9490:
9447:
9412:assigned in Article 5
9396:insults to his memory
9338:
9329:Further information:
9257:
9171:
9102:
9071:
9043:
9009:(1935) were founded.
8957:
8871:
8806:
8748:
8709:
8587:On 20 July 1936, the
8560:On 24 July 1923, the
8555:
8464:Atatürk (right) with
8463:
8413:Eleftherios Venizelos
8298:
8286:
8255:Sheikh Said rebellion
8225:
8190:Mesopotamian campaign
8146:
8120:1934 Resettlement Law
8066:
8036:
8028:
7874:in the capital city.
7829:
7809:
7795:
7750:
7694:In 1930, leaving the
7693:
7635:
7524:
7518:, modelled after the
7505:
7488:
7469:
7442:
7433:
7422:
7319:Sheikh Said Rebellion
7300:
7265:
7189:
7142:
7082:
7063:The abolition of the
7054:
6997:
6920:
6882:Young Turk Revolution
6873:
6858:
6711:Criticism of monarchy
6533:North Yemen civil war
6347:The Federalist Papers
5642:Federal parliamentary
5260:
5205:Battle of the Sakarya
5186:
5104:
4997:
4756:
4634:
4580:dated 29 October 1915
4570:
4499:from the Bulgarians.
4467:Bulgarian Fourth Army
4410:Balkan Wars (1912–13)
4396:Allies of World War I
4334:on 22 December 1911.
4281:
4196:
4180:Young Turk Revolution
4113:
4106:Young Turk Revolution
3892:
3869:
3860:Further information:
3834:
3660:abolish the sultanate
3541:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3502:Liberalism portal
2927:National Reform Union
2897:Mexican Liberal Party
2887:Liberal Swedish Party
2825:Italian Radical Party
2745:German People's Party
2127:History of liberalism
2030:Philosophy portal
2018:Liberalism portal
1964:Libertarian socialism
1638:Scientific management
1560:Progressive education
1152:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1068:Sheikh Said rebellion
1063:Beytussebab rebellion
751:Young Turk Revolution
365:Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa
128:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
22842:Turkish nationalists
22752:Ottoman Thessalonica
22687:Critics of religions
22540:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
22313:Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ
22135:World heritage sites
21660:Turkish Armed Forces
21545:Constitutional Court
21459:Flora and vegetation
21437:Environmental issues
21425:East Anatolian Fault
21372:Mediterranean Region
20937:Cavit Orhan Tütengil
20858:Secularism in Turkey
20421:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
20094:Nine Lights Doctrine
19840:Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın
19690:Büyük Millet Meclisi
19556:Büyük Millet Meclisi
19458:Büyük Millet Meclisi
19376:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
19021:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
18939:Presidents of Turkey
18766:Formation dissolved
18703:July – October 1917
18296:The Economic Journal
18021:. New York: Morrow.
17600:5 March 2016 at the
17036:. 23 November 1953.
17004:1 April 2019 at the
16671:9 March 2018 at the
16618:. UK. Archived from
16536:"Balkan Is Not Dead"
16513:7 April 2023 at the
16089:8 April 2023 at the
16059:8 April 2023 at the
15837:Nobel Prize in Peace
15386:. 23 November 2020.
14923:İnce, Başak (2012).
13369:Baten, Jörg (2016).
13273:, 11 September 1922.
13263:3 March 2016 at the
12553:Edward J. Erickson,
12141:. Akşit. p. 13.
11853:8 April 2023 at the
11753:Nationalities Papers
11516:8 April 2023 at the
11484:on 27 September 2007
11464:8 April 2023 at the
11441:" by Esra S. Değerli
10314:Kingdom of Prussia:
10293:2nd Class Iron Cross
10270:1st Class Iron Cross
10073:Golden Imtiyaz Medal
9978:Silver Imtiyaz Medal
9697:leader and dictator
9674:Atatürk memorial on
9510:, which declared it
8628:improve this article
8002:Hak Dini Kur'an Dili
7993:Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır
7759:and his daughter in
7644:on 20 September 1928
7636:Atatürk introducing
7559:culture of the Turks
7375:(later Rauf Orbay),
7313:" was on the table,
7309:In 1924, while the "
7196:the Kastamonu speech
7176:secularism in Turkey
7090:officially abolished
7016:separation of powers
6696:Classical radicalism
6438:Republic of Florence
6377:Democracy in America
5536:Separation of powers
5511:Public participation
5226:Battle of Dumlupınar
5165:in May 1919, on the
5118:" on 13 October 1922
4909:, the leader of the
4698:, wrote a report to
4676:Erich von Falkenhayn
4300:Tripolitania Vilayet
4288:Tripolitania Vilayet
4207:Tripolitania Vilayet
3929:). His parents were
3808:After receiving the
3741:, which declared it
3696:minorities in Turkey
3674:, replacing the old
3551:from 1921 until the
3470:Liberalism in Europe
3460:History of socialism
3255:Radicals of the Left
2840:Jacksonian Democrats
2810:Independent Radicals
2628:Civic Workers' Party
2175:Classical radicalism
2165:Classical liberalism
2100:Atlantic Revolutions
2095:Age of Enlightenment
1981:Classical radicalism
1947:Democratic socialism
1816:Roosevelt (Theodore)
1811:Roosevelt (Franklin)
1658:Techno-progressivism
1653:Technological change
1483:Economic development
1440:New Culture Movement
1415:Age of Enlightenment
1031:Turkish-Armenian War
22867:Turkish secularists
22595:Temel Karamollaoğlu
22580:Selahattin Demirtaş
22455:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
21704:Banking and Finance
21322:History of Anatolia
21219:War of Independence
21211:Republic of Türkiye
21108:Battle of Manzikert
20979:Atheism Association
20952:Ahmet Taner Kışlalı
20912:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
20752:Animal name changes
20614:1934 Thrace pogroms
20476:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
20330:Bright Turkey Party
20312:Nation Party (1992)
20302:Nation Party (1962)
20292:Nation Party (1948)
20109:Sun Language Theory
20050:Turkish nationalism
19820:Necip Asım Yazıksız
19719:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
19704:Necmettin Karaduman
19575:Cumhuriyet Senatosu
19528:Temsilciler Meclisi
19061:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
18844:President of Turkey
18736:Formation destroyed
18567:on 14 November 2006
17246:. Ihbarweb.org.tr.
17162:. pp. 196–99.
16576:on 31 December 2012
16329:on 19 December 2007
15858:2 June 2020 at the
15751:on 13 November 2008
15665:Международная жизнь
15649:Международная жизнь
15575:on 20 November 2007
15569:"Atatürk yaşasaydı"
14402:on 17 November 2007
14064:Mango, Atatürk, 419
14042:Mango, Atatürk, 418
13971:. pp. 235–36.
13644:on 13 February 2008
13576:7 June 2016 at the
13331:www.timeanddate.com
13190:, vol. vii, p. 303.
13074:Rebirth of a Nation
13058:Rustow, Dankwart A.
12999:, 2011. pp. 104-105
12758:Rebirth of a Nation
12678:Die Welt des Islams
12534:, Routledge, 2002,
12257:Rebirth of a Nation
11841:The Rising Crescent
11627:4 June 2012 at the
11533:Rustow, Dankwart A.
11291:Hürriyet Daily News
10998:Türkiye'nin 75 yılı
10597:Surname Law of 1934
10433:Sun Language Theory
10079:(23 September 1917)
10016:Golden Liakat Medal
9997:Silver Liakat Medal
9782:wrote these words:
9774:In the epilogue of
9676:Paseo de la Reforma
9524:Paseo de la Reforma
9496:the handsome leader
9408:Minister of Justice
8987:Ottoman public debt
8816:Atatürk and İnönü.
8589:Montreux Convention
8509:British imperialism
8375:non-aggression pact
8202:Armistice of Mudros
7900:Hilaire de Barenton
7884:Sun Language Theory
7868:Istanbul University
7763:, on 13 August 1930
7507:The Incredible Turk
7347:İsmet Pasha (İnönü)
7160:education in Turkey
7055:Atatürk during the
6786:Politics portal
6591:Antigua and Barbuda
6538:Zanzibar Revolution
6448:American Revolution
6337:The Social Contract
5506:Popular sovereignty
4998:Atatürk (right) in
4853:At the time of the
4839:occupation of İzmir
4806:Armistice of Mudros
4680:Yildirim Army Group
4637:Battle of Gallipoli
4602:Battle of Gallipoli
4506:(his office was in
4394:signed between the
4018:. Due to the large
3612:Battle of Gallipoli
3553:Surname Law of 1934
3549:Ghazi Mustafa Kemal
3545:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
3465:Irish republicanism
3226:Radical Republicans
3054:Radical Civic Union
2800:Historical Far Left
2790:Giustizia e Libertà
2665:Czech Realist Party
2222:Left-libertarianism
2190:Freedom of movement
2170:Cultural radicalism
2105:American Revolution
1959:Left-libertarianism
1766:Kirchner (Cristina)
1611:Scientific progress
1594:Social organization
1530:Liberation theology
1510:Freedom of movement
1478:Cultural liberalism
1285:Sun Language Theory
1178:Cult of personality
1115:Detailed chronology
746:Macedonian Struggle
713:Yıldırım Army Group
152:President of Turkey
71:readable prose size
22697:Deputies of Ankara
22570:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
22460:Aydın Güven Gürkan
21761:Telecommunications
21550:Court of Cassation
21251:Multi-party period
21160:Ottoman Old Regime
21081:Byzantine Anatolia
21076:Classical Anatolia
20962:Necip Hablemitoğlu
20769:The Twenty Classes
20735:Place name changes
20689:Gezi Park protests
20634:Battle of Tillyria
20569:Hamidian massacres
20431:Ali bey Huseynzade
20003:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
19885:Süleyman Arif Emre
19880:Ali Rıza Septioğlu
19835:Ali Münif Yeğenağa
19583:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
19448:Republic of Turkey
19247:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
19220:Şemsettin Günaltay
19159:Republic of Turkey
19011:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
18772:Political offices
18754:Thunder Army Group
18677:March – July 1917
18665:Ahmet İzzet Furgaç
18138:Shaw, Stanford Jay
17376:on 4 February 2021
17345:on 23 January 2021
17118:978-1-138-83-647-1
17008:(Atatürk's Life).
16185:on 15 October 2007
15968:2009-03-26 at the
15883:The New York Times
15833:Nobel Foundation.
15536:Enver Ziya Karal.
15350:Budak, Derya Nil.
14754:on 7 February 2008
14494:The New York Times
14310:Marmara University
14225:. Istanbul. p. 440
14097:5 May 2008 at the
13922:arsiv.sabah.com.tr
13847:on 28 October 2007
13174:978-1-138-83-647-1
13125:Dadrian, Vahakn N.
13060:(1968). pp.794–795
12951:10.1093/hwj/dbi005
12911:Niki Karavasilis,
12873:(1 January 1984).
12738:on 12 October 2012
12328:on 22 October 2012
12174:Falih Rıfkı Atay,
11998:on 4 November 2014
11906:Falih Rıfkı Atay,
11642:(1934), volume 2,
11602:Enis Dinç (2020).
10828:, Philip's, 2014,
10826:World Encyclopedia
10783:. pp. 56–60.
10647:Mustafa Kemal Paşa
10617:identity documents
10423:List of covers of
10303:(9 September 1917)
10136:(21 November 1923)
10098:(16 December 1917)
10060:(12 December 1916)
10003:(1 September 1915)
9965:(25 December 1906)
9946:
9689:, his opponent in
9683:
9628:Dominican Republic
9500:
9449:
9348:
9260:
9182:
9113:
9074:
9050:
8968:
8878:
8813:
8716:
8562:Treaty of Lausanne
8558:
8522:Treaty of Saadabad
8485:reformation period
8481:
8479:'s visit to Turkey
8385:Kliment Voroshilov
8305:
8293:
8236:Treaty of Lausanne
8228:
8194:Lieutenant General
8164:
8073:Republic of Turkey
8069:
8031:
7989:Qur'an translation
7916:Hermann F. Kvergić
7836:
7824:
7818:(on his left) and
7765:
7700:
7646:
7516:Turkish civil code
7511:
7476:
7449:
7428:
7345:was replaced with
7307:
7255:Religious insignia
7200:
7122:Educational reform
7061:
7003:
6935:
6887:Atatürk created a
6869:
6827:." Atatürk placed
6752:Primus inter pares
6568:Nepalese Civil War
6558:Iranian Revolution
6528:14 July Revolution
6483:Russian Revolution
6478:Chinese Revolution
6428:Republic of Venice
6277:Discourses on Livy
5283:Treaty of Lausanne
5263:
5201:commander in chief
5189:
5120:
5060:Ottoman parliament
5008:
4911:Harbord Commission
4903:United States Army
4865:, but so had many
4766:
4661:Russian Revolution
4641:
4582:
4559:Gallipoli Campaign
4516:Lieutenant Colonel
4292:
4237:revolts in Albania
4203:
4146:(Cantekin) called
4134:in the company of
4116:
3911:
3887:
3785:. His second name
3759:peace-in-the-world
3708:Turkish Parliament
3573:Republic of Turkey
3490:History portal
3131:Radical Left Party
3018:Progressive Party
2463:Mill (John Stuart)
2244:Left-wing populism
2117:Belgian Revolution
1971:Left-wing populism
1806:Rodríguez Zapatero
1633:Self-determination
1621:Sustainable design
1500:Empirical evidence
1245:Educational reform
1188:Atatürk Centennial
1048:Assyrian rebellion
929:Southern Palestine
913:Battle of Çapakçur
824:Gallipoli Campaign
604:Republic of Turkey
411:Ethnography Museum
336:Office established
295:Office established
255:Office established
203:Office established
22857:Turkish reformers
22702:Dolmabahçe Palace
22657:Age controversies
22639:
22638:
22633:
22632:
22555:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk
22545:İsmail Cem İpekçi
22465:Ülkü Söylemezoğlu
22435:Ahmet Nusret Tuna
22389:Necmettin Erbakan
22215:
22214:
22143:
22142:
21685:
21684:
21628:Foreign relations
21602:Political parties
21502:
21501:
21335:
21334:
21327:History of Thrace
21229:Atatürk's reforms
21120:Anatolian beyliks
21007:
21006:
20872:Atatürk's reforms
20824:
20823:
20725:Atatürk's reforms
20604:Elza Niego affair
20589:Assyrian genocide
20584:Armenian genocide
20491:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
20441:Zeki Velidi Togan
20416:Noman Çelebicihan
20325:Great Unity Party
20230:Turkists of Gebze
20185:Counter-Guerrilla
20160:9 September Front
20074:Idealism (Turkey)
20016:
20015:
19918:
19917:
19870:Fahrettin Özdilek
19855:Orhan Seyfi Orhon
19825:Besim Ömer Akalın
19805:Abdurrahman Şeref
19669:(1981–1983)
19656:
19655:
19617:National Assembly
19563:(1961–1980)
19463:(1920–1960)
19404:
19403:
19356:Necmettin Erbakan
19199:Ahmet Fikri Tüzer
19120:National Assembly
19069:
19068:
19039:Acting presidents
18898:
18897:
18893:
18892:
18884:Succeeded by
18851:Succeeded by
18823:Succeeded by
18795:Succeeded by
18758:Residual elements
18725:Commander of the
18706:Succeeded by
18697:Commander of the
18680:Succeeded by
18671:Commander of the
18657:Military offices
18527:on 27 March 2009.
18392:on 7 October 2007
18279:978-1-85043-399-6
18266:Zürcher, Erik Jan
18257:978-0-404-56333-2
18238:978-0-582-49380-3
18172:978-0-86372-164-9
18153:978-0-521-21280-9
18129:978-92-808-1085-1
18110:978-0-7195-6592-2
18088:978-1-58567-334-6
18047:978-0-86531-986-8
18028:978-0-688-08093-8
17999:978-1-84212-599-1
17977:978-975-16-1276-2
17958:978-9944-88-140-1
17919:978-0-300-11620-5
17895:978-0-691-15109-0
17851:978-0-393-29243-5
17838:Crease, Robert P.
17829:978-0-8133-4048-7
17808:978-90-04-10855-4
17789:978-0-09-953950-6
17782:. London: Arrow.
17744:978-0-9712353-4-2
17725:978-0-8369-6962-7
17701:978-0-415-07835-1
17406:978-0-674-36837-8
17312:978-1-4008-3817-2
17284:, 1 December 2010
17229:978-0-415-44163-6
17200:978-1-55850-444-8
17169:978-0-691-08845-7
16999:Atatürk'ün Hayatı
16773:978-0-521-62096-3
16743:978-975-16-2490-1
16652:978-0-7657-0574-7
16542:. 9 August 2012.
15960:Rajaee, Farhang,
15920:978-0-19-511055-5
15819:978-0-521-00479-4
15699:Patrick Kinross.
15271:978-90-04-15557-2
15234:978-0-7007-0656-3
15186:978-0-9699879-7-0
15125:978-975-289-730-4
15097:978-1-124-04442-2
15057:10.4000/ejts.4142
15028:978-1-78076-026-1
14884:978-0-19-539374-3
14814:. Leiden: Brill.
14796:978-0-19-974668-2
14732:978-0-300-15260-9
14608:978-0-7658-0166-1
14434:978-92-808-1085-1
14118:978-0-89789-151-6
13946:Patrick Kinross,
13757:978-1-4008-3817-2
13436:978-1-4008-3817-2
13256:James, Edwin L. "
13220:on 9 January 2008
13142:978-0-85745-251-1
13110:978-1-136-30964-9
13041:978-0-300-15260-9
13018:978-0-7195-6592-2
12921:978-1-4349-6381-9
12871:Zürcher, Erik Jan
12756:Patrick Kinross,
12658:Patrick Kinross,
12617:. 18 April 2006.
12557:, Praeger, 2003,
12530:Richard C. Hall,
12255:Patrick Kinross:
12244:978-605-5834-32-6
11797:978-1-58567-334-6
11718:978-9944-203-01-2
11691:978-90-04-10798-4
11227:10.4000/ejts.4142
11186:10.4000/ejts.2243
11118:978-90-04-22518-3
10790:978-0-8160-6259-1
10714:978-1-58567-334-6
10644:
10249:Austria-Hungary:
10230:Austria-Hungary:
10211:Austria-Hungary:
10041:(1 February 1916)
10022:(17 January 1916)
9742:Kazi Nazrul Islam
9718:Reza Shah Pahlavi
9687:Winston Churchill
9465:
9431:freedom of speech
9416:public prosecutor
9354:in Istanbul, the
9280:Dolmabahçe Palace
9244:Illness and death
9176:during a trip to
9014:political economy
8843:Economic policies
8704:
8703:
8696:
8678:
8582:Tevfik Rüştü Aras
8434:Panagis Tsaldaris
8430:Nobel Peace Prize
8389:Balkan Federation
8327:, over 5 million
8232:League of Nations
7888:Güneş Dil Teorisi
7872:Ankara University
7860:history of Turkey
7856:Türk Tarih Kurumu
7751:Atatürk with the
7655:Turkish newspaper
7640:to the people of
7503:
7343:Ali Fethi (Okyar)
7190:Atatürk with his
7114:On 8 April 1924,
6985:Hikmet Kıvılcımlı
6851:Domestic policies
6820:
6819:
6763:Republican empire
6736:List of republics
6585:National variants
6513:Spanish Civil War
6453:French Revolution
6433:Republic of Genoa
6317:The Spirit of Law
6250:Theoretical works
5594:Neo-republicanism
5428:
5427:
5420:
5369:
5368:
5310:Atatürk's reforms
5234:Ankara Government
5230:League of Nations
5211:and the title of
5193:Greco-Turkish War
5127:Damat Ferid Pasha
5116:George Washington
5024:national movement
4929:burning of Smyrna
4899:Armenian genocide
4877:, and initially,
4783:Battle of Megiddo
4724:Mehmed Vahideddin
4710:(in parts of the
4696:Miralay İsmet Bey
4639:, Çanakkale, 1915
4618:Caucasus Campaign
4524:Stiliyan Kovachev
4504:all Balkan states
4474:Second Balkan War
4463:Stiliyan Kovachev
4426:Second Balkan War
4296:Italo-Turkish War
4268:Italo-Turkish War
4235:, and there were
4218:31 March Incident
4186:and restored the
4148:Vatan ve Hürriyet
4098:Vatan ve Hürriyet
4016:Muslim Bulgarians
3781:Atatürk was born
3716:Dolmabahçe Palace
3646:. Establishing a
3632:Assyrian subjects
3538:
3537:
3269:Republican Action
3066:Radical Democracy
2882:Liberal Reformers
2805:Independence Club
2775:Free-minded Union
2320:Utopian socialism
2298:Social liberalism
2205:Liberal socialism
2155:Civic nationalism
2110:French Revolution
2066:
2065:
1986:Social liberalism
1761:Kirchner (Néstor)
1643:Scientific method
1604:List of countries
1525:Industrialisation
1515:Human enhancement
1381:
1380:
1265:Industrialization
1160:
1159:
1125:
1124:
1058:Koçgiri rebellion
1041:Anglo-Turkish War
1007:Greco-Turkish War
898:Caucasus campaign
800:Second Balkan War
766:Italo-Turkish War
756:31 March Incident
668:Brigadier General
106:
105:
73:was 16,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
22884:
22717:Macedonian Turks
22505:Murat Karayalçın
22485:Yıldırım Akbulut
22364:Turhan Feyzioğlu
22359:Alparslan Türkeş
22354:Süleyman Demirel
22349:Mehmet Ali Aybar
22242:
22235:
22228:
22219:
22218:
22203:
22202:
22191:
22190:
22179:
22178:
22167:
22166:
22155:
21960:
21959:
21845:Cities and towns
21826:Turkish language
21781:Turkish Airlines
21597:Electoral system
21560:Council of State
21513:
21512:
21447:Waste management
21377:Black Sea Region
21355:
21346:
21345:
21300:Turkic migration
21246:One-party period
21115:Sultanate of Rum
21061:
21060:
21046:
21045:
21034:
21027:
21020:
21011:
21010:
20917:Falih Rıfkı Atay
20851:
20844:
20837:
20828:
20827:
20659:Beyazıt massacre
20486:Abulfaz Elchibey
20481:Alparslan Türkeş
20321:
20288:
20280:
20279:(Ottoman Empire)
20272:
20271:(Ottoman Empire)
20104:Racism in Turkey
20043:
20036:
20029:
20020:
20019:
19945:
19938:
19931:
19922:
19921:
19845:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
19754:Mehmet Ali Şahin
19714:İsmet Kaya Erdem
19709:Yıldırım Akbulut
19697:
19696:
19691:
19671:
19670:
19665:
19638:Sabit Osman Avcı
19621:
19576:
19569:
19568:
19565:
19564:
19559:
19535:
19534:
19529:
19519:
19518:
19497:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
19487:Abdülhalik Renda
19465:
19464:
19459:
19443:
19442:
19431:
19424:
19417:
19408:
19407:
19334:Süleyman Demirel
19324:Yıldırım Akbulut
19302:Süleyman Demirel
19292:Süleyman Demirel
19282:Süleyman Demirel
19252:Süleyman Demirel
19166:
19165:
19127:
19126:
19108:
19107:
19096:
19089:
19082:
19073:
19072:
19046:Abdülhalik Renda
19033:
19006:Süleyman Demirel
18937:
18936:
18925:
18918:
18911:
18902:
18901:
18759:
18743:Preceded by
18716:Preceded by
18690:Preceded by
18662:Preceded by
18654:
18653:
18642:
18641:
18629:
18628:
18610:Internet Archive
18576:
18574:
18572:
18552:
18550:
18548:
18543:on 30 April 2008
18528:
18523:. Archived from
18499:
18470:
18446:
18401:
18399:
18397:
18388:. Archived from
18364:
18327:
18302:(298): 132–136.
18283:
18261:
18242:
18218:
18201:
18184:
18157:
18133:
18114:
18092:
18068:
18051:
18032:
18011:
17986:Kinross, Patrick
17981:
17962:
17940:
17923:
17899:
17880:
17863:
17833:
17812:
17793:
17771:
17748:
17729:
17705:
17672:
17666:
17657:
17656:
17654:
17652:
17637:
17631:
17630:
17628:
17626:
17611:
17605:
17588:
17582:
17574:
17568:
17565:
17559:
17558:
17556:
17554:
17534:
17528:
17523:Halil Gülbeyaz:
17521:
17515:
17508:
17502:
17489:
17483:
17482:
17480:
17478:
17447:
17441:
17421:
17415:
17414:
17392:
17386:
17385:
17383:
17381:
17372:. Archived from
17361:
17355:
17354:
17352:
17350:
17335:
17329:
17328:
17326:
17324:
17296:
17285:
17266:
17260:
17259:
17257:
17255:
17240:
17234:
17233:
17211:
17205:
17204:
17180:
17174:
17173:
17151:
17145:
17129:
17123:
17122:
17097:
17088:
17087:
17085:
17083:
17064:
17058:
17057:
17055:
17053:
17022:
17016:
17014:
16996:
16990:
16989:
16987:
16985:
16958:
16952:
16933:
16927:
16915:
16909:
16898:
16892:
16877:
16871:
16870:
16852:
16846:
16845:
16831:
16825:
16824:
16807:
16801:
16785:
16779:
16761:
16755:
16752:
16746:
16735:
16729:
16715:
16709:
16702:
16696:
16682:
16676:
16663:
16657:
16656:
16638:
16632:
16631:
16629:
16627:
16607:
16601:
16600:
16592:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16581:
16562:
16556:
16555:
16553:
16551:
16532:
16526:
16505:
16499:
16492:
16483:
16480:
16474:
16473:
16471:
16469:
16448:
16442:
16441:
16431:
16425:
16424:
16422:
16420:
16405:
16396:
16395:
16379:
16373:
16367:
16361:
16354:
16348:
16345:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16334:
16325:. Archived from
16319:
16313:
16312:
16310:
16308:
16293:
16287:
16281:
16275:
16269:
16258:
16251:
16245:
16242:
16236:
16235:
16233:
16231:
16210:
16204:
16201:
16195:
16194:
16192:
16190:
16174:
16168:
16161:
16155:
16148:
16139:
16132:
16126:
16125:
16108:
16102:
16080:Selim Deringil:
16078:
16072:
16048:
16042:
16039:
16033:
16030:
16024:
16021:
16015:
16009:
16003:
16000:
15994:
15987:
15981:
15958:
15952:
15945:
15934:
15931:
15925:
15924:
15906:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15895:
15873:
15867:
15850:
15844:
15831:
15825:
15823:
15807:
15797:
15791:
15788:
15782:
15779:
15773:
15767:
15761:
15760:
15758:
15756:
15737:
15728:
15722:
15716:
15710:
15704:
15697:
15691:
15688:
15682:
15679:
15668:
15662:
15656:
15653:Foreign Ministry
15646:
15640:
15633:
15627:
15624:
15618:
15615:
15609:
15606:
15600:
15594:
15588:
15587:
15582:
15580:
15564:
15558:
15555:
15546:
15545:
15533:
15527:
15526:
15521:
15519:
15503:
15497:
15490:
15481:
15480:
15478:
15476:
15436:
15430:
15429:
15423:
15421:
15406:
15400:
15399:
15397:
15395:
15380:
15374:
15373:
15371:
15369:
15364:on 4 August 2021
15363:
15357:. Archived from
15356:
15347:
15341:
15340:
15322:
15316:
15313:
15307:
15306:
15304:
15302:
15282:
15276:
15275:
15255:
15246:
15245:
15243:
15237:. Archived from
15226:
15215:
15206:
15205:
15203:
15201:
15195:
15178:
15167:
15161:
15160:
15158:
15156:
15136:
15130:
15129:
15111:
15102:
15101:
15083:
15077:
15076:
15071:
15069:
15059:
15039:
15033:
15032:
15014:
15005:
15004:
15002:
15000:
14985:ScholarlyCommons
14976:
14970:
14959:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14920:
14914:
14913:
14895:
14889:
14888:
14870:
14861:
14860:
14832:
14826:
14825:
14807:
14801:
14800:
14782:
14773:
14770:
14764:
14763:
14761:
14759:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14718:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14702:on 23 April 2018
14688:
14682:
14676:
14670:
14664:
14658:
14643:
14637:
14636:
14634:
14632:
14627:on 18 April 2003
14616:
14610:
14600:
14594:
14591:
14585:
14578:
14572:
14571:
14543:
14537:
14530:
14524:
14514:
14508:
14505:
14499:
14498:
14488:
14482:
14468:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14454:
14418:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14407:
14398:. Archived from
14392:
14383:
14376:
14370:
14363:
14357:
14350:
14344:
14343:
14342:
14340:
14320:
14314:
14313:
14312:, pp. 203–5
14301:
14295:
14288:
14282:
14275:
14269:
14268:
14260:
14254:
14253:
14245:
14239:
14232:
14226:
14219:
14213:
14206:
14200:
14199:
14181:
14173:
14167:
14160:
14154:
14148:
14142:
14135:
14129:
14126:
14120:
14110:
14101:
14088:
14082:
14071:
14065:
14062:
14056:
14049:
14043:
14040:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14020:
14014:
14003:
13994:
13988:
13987:
13985:
13983:
13977:
13966:
13957:
13951:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13933:
13914:
13908:
13903:
13897:
13890:
13884:
13881:
13875:
13868:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13836:
13830:
13823:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13780:
13774:
13773:
13771:
13769:
13741:
13735:
13734:
13726:
13724:
13702:
13696:
13689:
13683:
13676:
13667:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13634:
13628:
13617:
13602:
13596:
13585:
13582:Arşiv bağlantısı
13568:
13562:
13555:
13549:
13542:
13536:
13535:
13527:
13521:
13514:
13508:
13501:
13495:
13488:
13479:
13472:
13466:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13450:
13448:
13420:
13414:
13404:
13398:
13391:
13385:
13384:
13366:
13360:
13353:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13342:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13293:
13287:
13280:
13274:
13254:
13248:
13245:
13239:
13238:
13227:
13225:
13210:
13204:
13197:
13191:
13185:
13179:
13178:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13121:
13115:
13114:
13096:
13090:
13083:
13077:
13067:
13061:
13055:
13046:
13045:
13027:
13021:
13006:
13000:
12989:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12930:
12924:
12909:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12898:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12850:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12839:
12818:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12776:
12770:
12767:
12761:
12754:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12743:
12728:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12717:
12669:
12663:
12656:
12647:
12640:
12631:
12630:
12628:
12626:
12607:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12572:
12566:
12551:
12545:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12485:
12479:
12476:
12470:
12463:
12457:
12454:
12448:
12447:
12429:
12420:
12413:
12382:
12379:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12359:. Albislam.com.
12353:
12347:
12344:
12338:
12337:
12335:
12333:
12318:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12307:
12302:on 6 August 2011
12292:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12266:
12260:
12253:
12247:
12236:
12230:
12223:
12214:
12207:
12201:
12191:
12182:
12181:
12172:
12166:
12165:
12156:
12143:
12142:
12134:
12128:
12125:
12119:
12101:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12090:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12062:resembled his...
12058:
12056:
12038:
12032:
12031:
12014:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
11984:
11978:
11971:
11965:
11958:
11952:
11947:Cunbur, Müjgân.
11945:
11939:
11928:Immortal Atatürk
11920:
11914:
11913:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11889:
11883:
11866:
11857:
11837:
11828:
11821:
11815:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11768:
11744:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11702:
11696:
11695:
11675:
11669:
11659:
11653:
11637:
11631:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11599:
11590:
11583:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11529:
11523:
11503:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11474:
11468:
11448:
11442:
11428:
11422:
11421:
11419:
11417:
11379:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11365:
11345:
11334:
11333:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11241:
11239:
11229:
11209:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11188:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11159:
11157:
11134:
11123:
11122:
11104:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11040:
11029:
11028:
11010:
11001:
10995:
10989:
10972:
10956:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10945:
10939:
10914:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10865:"Atatürk, Kemal"
10860:
10854:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10823:
10821:"Atatürk, Kemal"
10816:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10805:
10764:
10755:
10754:
10732:
10726:
10700:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10665:
10659:
10649:
10639:
10637:
10629:
10623:
10592:
10587:
10580:
10577:
10573:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10548:
10545:
10542:
10539:
10536:
10532:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10522:
10519:
10516:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10505:
10502:
10499:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10481:
10427:magazine (1920s)
10390:
10385:
10384:
10376:
10374:Biography portal
10371:
10370:
10369:
10362:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10313:
10311:
10310:
10290:
10288:
10287:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10248:
10246:
10245:
10229:
10227:
10226:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10109:Ottoman Empire:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10090:Ottoman Empire:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10071:Ottoman Empire:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10052:Ottoman Empire:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10033:Ottoman Empire:
10032:
10030:
10029:
10014:Ottoman Empire:
10013:
10011:
10010:
9995:Ottoman Empire:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9976:Ottoman Empire:
9975:
9973:
9972:
9957:Ottoman Empire:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9722:Jawaharlal Nehru
9693:, to the German
9514:and adopted the
9492:Associated Press
9467:
9466:
9446:
9174:Latife Uşakizâde
9022:state capitalism
8972:Great Depression
8964:Great Depression
8944:Great Depression
8725:Benito Mussolini
8699:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8636:
8612:
8604:
8438:Entente Cordiale
8417:Western Anatolia
8329:rifle cartridges
8216:RAF Iraq Command
8197:William Marshall
8139:Foreign policies
8104:Turkish Republic
8071:When the modern
7924:Turkic Languages
7848:Turkish language
7777:direct democracy
7773:Democratic Party
7742:Menemen Incident
7677:female education
7663:teaching methods
7626:Turkish alphabet
7618:Turkish language
7608:with Arabic and
7520:Swiss Civil Code
7504:
7484:veiling of women
7261:Kastamonu speech
7241:Lâtife Uşaklıgil
7155:public education
6812:
6805:
6798:
6784:
6783:
6768:Republican Party
6746:Peasant republic
6706:Communitarianism
6423:Classical Athens
6418:
6392:
6382:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6312:
6302:
6292:
6282:
6272:
6262:
5496:Mixed government
5430:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5403:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5355:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5157:(today known as
5131:Treaty of Sèvres
4974:Erzurum Congress
4937:Foreign Affairs
4823:Harbiye Nezareti
4716:Damascus Vilayet
4616:and sent to the
4455:Battle of Bulair
4442:on the coast of
4436:First Balkan War
4422:First Balkan War
4376:Kingdom of Italy
4332:Battle of Tobruk
4256:Harbiye Nezareti
4166:. He joined the
3970:Norman Itzkowitz
3962:Falih Rıfkı Atay
3954:Turkish-speaking
3947:Makbule (Atadan)
3843:
3771:Tsarist Bulgaria
3745:and adopted the
3698:were ordered to
3672:Turkish alphabet
3579:from 1923 until
3558:
3547:until 1921, and
3543:, also known as
3530:
3523:
3516:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3324:Social Democracy
3314:Rose Street Club
3309:Rose in the Fist
3304:Resolution Party
3299:Republican Union
3278:Republican Left
3141:Radical Movement
3007:Democratic Party
2997:Popular Councils
2830:Italian Radicals
2750:FDP.The Liberals
2702:Democratic Union
2308:Women's suffrage
2210:Social democracy
2180:Direct democracy
2150:Anti-clericalism
2068:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2015:
1991:In United States
1952:Social democracy
1668:Women's suffrage
1565:In Latin America
1520:Idea of Progress
1505:Direct democracy
1383:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1099:Dersim rebellion
1073:Ararat rebellion
959:Jisr Benat Yakub
903:Battle of Bitlis
793:Battle of Bulair
788:First Balkan War
771:Battle of Tobruk
737:
672:
650:
649:
648:
638:
637:
636:
626:
625:
624:
602:
601:
600:
593:
587:
586:
585:
578:
572:
571:
570:
555:Military service
550:
537:List (24 medals)
492:Latife Uşaklıgil
430:Ottoman, Turkish
396:
393:10 November 1938
377:
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356:Personal details
344:
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110:
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22629:
22590:Binali Yıldırım
22585:Ahmet Davutoğlu
22575:Numan Kurtulmuş
22480:Necdet Karababa
22403:
22379:Ferruh Bozbeyli
22339:Ragıp Gümüşpala
22322:
22308:Osman Bölükbaşı
22273:Kâzım Karabekir
22251:
22246:
22216:
22211:
22139:
21958:
21954:Women in Turkey
21922:Law enforcement
21876:
21872:Life expectancy
21838:Islam in Turkey
21792:
21681:
21643:National Police
21611:
21566:
21498:
21489:Turkish Riviera
21396:
21353:
21352:
21331:
21288:
21255:
21234:Language reform
21205:
21124:
21085:
21050:
21040:
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21008:
21003:
20999:Nation Alliance
20890:
20888:
20881:
20860:
20855:
20825:
20820:
20747:Language reform
20713:
20629:Istanbul pogrom
20619:Dersim massacre
20556:
20550:
20531:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
20521:Kemal Kerinçsiz
20401:Kâzım Karabekir
20374:
20365:Patriotic Party
20319:
20286:
20278:
20270:
20260:
20254:
20220:Turkish Hearths
20205:Ottoman Hearths
20200:Kuva-yi Milliye
20170:Alperen Hearths
20148:
20052:
20047:
20017:
20012:
19954:
19949:
19919:
19914:
19788:
19784:Numan Kurtulmuş
19774:Binali Yıldırım
19769:İsmail Kahraman
19729:Mustafa Kalemli
19694:
19693:
19692:
19689:
19688:
19682:
19668:
19667:
19666:
19664:Danışma Meclisi
19663:
19662:
19652:
19633:Ferruh Bozbeyli
19619:
19618:
19612:
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19562:
19561:
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19554:
19552:
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19502:Şükrü Saracoğlu
19492:Kâzım Karabekir
19462:
19461:
19460:
19457:
19456:
19450:
19437:
19435:
19405:
19400:
19390:
19386:Binali Yıldırım
19381:Ahmet Davutoğlu
19205:Şükrü Saracoğlu
19163:
19162:
19161:
19153:
19124:
19123:
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19119:
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18647:
18634:
18584:
18579:
18570:
18568:
18555:
18546:
18544:
18531:
18395:
18393:
18308:10.2307/2228117
18280:
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18239:
18173:
18154:
18130:
18111:
18089:
18048:
18029:
18000:
17978:
17959:
17945:İnan, Ayşe Afet
17920:
17896:
17852:
17830:
17809:
17790:
17768:
17754:Roux, Jean-Paul
17745:
17726:
17702:
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17370:The Daily Beast
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17276:Wayback Machine
17267:
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17241:
17237:
17230:
17222:. p. 137.
17212:
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17111:. p. 182.
17098:
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16699:
16683:
16679:
16673:Wayback Machine
16664:
16660:
16653:
16639:
16635:
16625:
16623:
16622:on 18 July 2006
16616:The Independent
16608:
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16593:
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16579:
16577:
16564:
16563:
16559:
16549:
16547:
16534:
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16529:
16525:, p. 80, (Ger.)
16515:Wayback Machine
16506:
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16493:
16486:
16481:
16477:
16467:
16465:
16450:
16449:
16445:
16437:. İnönü Vakfı.
16433:
16432:
16428:
16418:
16416:
16415:on 21 July 2012
16407:
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16109:
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15970:Wayback Machine
15959:
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15314:
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15256:
15249:
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15029:
15015:
15008:
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14996:
14977:
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14960:
14956:
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14937:
14921:
14917:
14910:
14896:
14892:
14885:
14871:
14864:
14833:
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14822:
14808:
14804:
14797:
14783:
14776:
14771:
14767:
14757:
14755:
14744:
14740:
14733:
14719:
14715:
14705:
14703:
14690:
14689:
14685:
14677:
14673:
14665:
14661:
14655:Wayback Machine
14644:
14640:
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14628:
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14597:
14592:
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14575:
14544:
14540:
14531:
14527:
14515:
14511:
14506:
14502:
14490:
14489:
14485:
14469:
14462:
14452:
14450:
14435:
14419:
14415:
14405:
14403:
14394:
14393:
14386:
14377:
14373:
14364:
14360:
14351:
14347:
14338:
14336:
14335:on 9 April 2017
14321:
14317:
14302:
14298:
14289:
14285:
14276:
14272:
14261:
14257:
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14203:
14174:
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14157:
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14145:
14136:
14132:
14127:
14123:
14111:
14104:
14099:Wayback Machine
14089:
14085:
14072:
14068:
14063:
14059:
14050:
14046:
14041:
14028:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14008:. p. 258.
14001:
13995:
13991:
13981:
13979:
13975:
13964:
13958:
13954:
13945:
13941:
13931:
13929:
13916:
13915:
13911:
13906:Kastamonu Nutku
13904:
13900:
13891:
13887:
13882:
13878:
13869:
13860:
13850:
13848:
13837:
13833:
13824:
13803:
13793:
13791:
13782:
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13777:
13767:
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13703:
13699:
13690:
13686:
13677:
13670:
13661:
13657:
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13645:
13636:
13635:
13631:
13618:
13605:
13597:
13588:
13578:Wayback Machine
13569:
13565:
13556:
13552:
13544:Demirci, Fatih
13543:
13539:
13528:
13524:
13515:
13511:
13502:
13498:
13489:
13482:
13473:
13469:
13460:
13456:
13446:
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13437:
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13417:
13405:
13401:
13392:
13388:
13381:
13367:
13363:
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13350:
13340:
13338:
13325:
13324:
13320:
13310:
13308:
13295:
13294:
13290:
13281:
13277:
13265:Wayback Machine
13255:
13251:
13246:
13242:
13235:Chief Commander
13223:
13221:
13212:
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13207:
13198:
13194:
13186:
13182:
13175:
13154:
13150:
13143:
13122:
13118:
13111:
13097:
13093:
13084:
13080:
13070:Patrick Kinross
13068:
13064:
13056:
13049:
13042:
13028:
13024:
13007:
13003:
12990:
12986:
12976:
12974:
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12906:
12896:
12894:
12887:
12868:
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12851:
12847:
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12835:
12820:
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12812:
12802:
12800:
12793:
12777:
12773:
12768:
12764:
12755:
12751:
12741:
12739:
12730:
12729:
12725:
12715:
12713:
12690:10.2307/1569959
12670:
12666:
12657:
12650:
12641:
12634:
12624:
12622:
12609:
12608:
12599:
12589:
12587:
12576:"Kemal Atatürk"
12574:
12573:
12569:
12552:
12548:
12543:Wayback Machine
12529:
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12345:
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12192:
12185:
12179:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12157:
12146:
12135:
12131:
12126:
12122:
12104:Gershom Scholem
12102:
12098:
12088:
12086:
12073:
12072:
12068:
12054:
12052:
12044:South of Hitler
12039:
12035:
12029:
12015:
12011:
12001:
11999:
11986:
11985:
11981:
11972:
11968:
11960:Kartal, Numan.
11959:
11955:
11946:
11942:
11924:Ölümsüz Atatürk
11921:
11917:
11911:
11905:
11901:
11890:
11886:
11881:Wayback Machine
11870:Turbulent Years
11867:
11860:
11855:Wayback Machine
11839:Jackh, Ernest,
11838:
11831:
11823:Mango, Andrew,
11822:
11818:
11808:Wayback Machine
11786:
11782:
11745:
11738:
11728:
11726:
11719:
11703:
11699:
11692:
11676:
11672:
11660:
11656:
11651:Wayback Machine
11638:
11634:
11629:Wayback Machine
11615:
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11593:
11584:
11580:
11570:
11568:
11530:
11526:
11518:Wayback Machine
11501:
11497:
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11471:
11466:Wayback Machine
11449:
11445:
11439:Wayback Machine
11429:
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10803:
10801:
10791:
10765:
10758:
10733:
10729:
10724:Wayback Machine
10701:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10687:
10679:
10675:
10666:
10662:
10652:Ottoman Turkish
10636:مصطفی كمال پاشا
10632:Ottoman Turkish
10630:
10626:
10594:
10585:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10561:
10560:
10533:
10513:
10487:
10483:
10482:
10478:
10473:
10388:Politics portal
10386:
10379:
10372:
10367:
10365:
10358:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10341:(27 March 1923)
10327:
10325:
10308:
10306:
10291:German Empire:
10285:
10283:
10268:German Empire:
10262:
10260:
10243:
10241:
10224:
10222:
10205:
10203:
10188:German Empire:
10182:
10180:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:Foreign honours
10141:
10139:
10122:
10120:
10103:
10101:
10084:
10082:
10065:
10063:
10046:
10044:
10027:
10025:
10008:
10006:
9989:
9987:
9984:(30 April 1915)
9970:
9968:
9951:
9949:
9935:
9923:
9917:
9896:
9875:, Ankara, 1927.
9827:
9780:H. C. Armstrong
9726:Habib Bourguiba
9707:John F. Kennedy
9656:Northern Cyprus
9652:Atatürk Channel
9636:Amsterdam-Noord
9485:
9484:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9468:
9460:
9457:
9450:
9444:
9439:
9433:in news media.
9368:Atatürk Stadium
9333:
9327:
9322:
9252:
9246:
9202:Çankaya, Ankara
9166:
9160:
9038:
9005:(1932) and the
8952:
8913:nationalization
8889:Turkish tobacco
8866:
8852:
8845:
8801:
8787:, one armoured
8744:Ioannis Metaxas
8700:
8689:
8683:
8680:
8637:
8635:
8625:
8613:
8602:
8550:
8548:Turkish Straits
8458:
8449:Ioannis Metaxas
8409:
8281:
8275:
8248:H. C. Armstrong
8182:
8176:
8141:
8129:
8061:
7953:People's Houses
7890:), which was a
7844:Türk Dil Kurumu
7804:
7721:
7681:gender equality
7668:adult education
7604:written in the
7530:
7495:
7480:sex segregation
7417:
7398:During 1926, a
7362:Kâzım Karabekir
7305:(14 July 1927).
7295:
7257:
7216:Hat Law of 1925
7184:
7124:
7049:
6973:1927 Detentions
6915:
6867:railroad (1928)
6853:
6816:
6778:
6773:
6772:
6691:
6683:
6682:
6586:
6578:
6577:
6463:Trienio Liberal
6404:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6350:
6340:
6330:
6320:
6310:
6300:
6290:
6280:
6270:
6260:
6251:
6243:
6242:
5978:Flynn (Stephen)
5863:
5855:
5854:
5695:
5687:
5686:
5612:
5604:
5603:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5546:Social equality
5541:Social contract
5531:Self-governance
5486:Democratization
5461:Anti-corruption
5456:Anti-monarchism
5451:
5435:Politics series
5424:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5390:Please help by
5389:
5380:
5376:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5337:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5302:
5255:
5249:
5143:Armenian forces
5032:Kâzım Karabekir
5028:Amasya Circular
4992:
4982:Amasya Protocol
4970:Amasya Circular
4962:
4956:
4851:
4797:. According to
4728:Austria-Hungary
4565:
4555:
4549:
4483:that recovered
4428:
4418:
4412:
4384:Château d'Ouchy
4298:in the Ottoman
4276:
4270:
4264:
4227:. At that time
4172:Eastern Rumelia
4108:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:Military career
4055:North Macedonia
3966:Vamık D. Volkan
3931:Ali Rıza Efendi
3925:in present-day
3907:North Macedonia
3905:in present-day
3864:
3858:
3844:
3841:
3779:
3569:founding father
3534:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3377:
3369:
3368:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2261:Reform movement
2160:Civil liberties
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:Progressive Era
2090:
2062:
2024:
2022:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1599:Social progress
1577:Reform movement
1493:Economic growth
1473:Civil liberties
1463:
1455:
1454:
1445:Progressive Era
1425:Information Age
1405:
1377:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1306:
1270:Nation-building
1214:
1193:Military career
1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1017:Great Offensive
934:Transjordan III
776:Battle of Derna
739:
738:
733:
722:
681:
670:
656:
646:
644:
640:Army of the GNA
634:
632:
622:
620:
609:
598:
596:
591:
589:State of Turkey
583:
581:
576:
568:
566:
517:
506:Ali Rıza Efendi
483:
446:
445:Other political
435:Political party
418:
398:
394:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
366:
342:
330:
324:
319:
301:
289:
283:
278:
261:
249:
231:
226:
209:
197:
192:
169:
163:
158:
141:
140:Atatürk in 1932
129:
126:
120:
102:
96:
93:
74:
57:
53:
46:
39:Atatürk Airport
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22890:
22880:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22864:
22859:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22839:
22834:
22829:
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22814:
22809:
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22794:
22789:
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22759:
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22714:
22709:
22704:
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22659:
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22622:
22617:
22612:
22607:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22582:
22577:
22572:
22567:
22565:Süleyman Soylu
22562:
22557:
22552:
22547:
22542:
22537:
22532:
22527:
22522:
22520:Devlet Bahçeli
22517:
22512:
22507:
22502:
22497:
22492:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22472:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
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22422:
22417:
22411:
22409:
22405:
22404:
22402:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22374:Mustafa Timisi
22371:
22366:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22346:
22341:
22336:
22330:
22328:
22324:
22323:
22321:
22320:
22315:
22310:
22305:
22303:Adnan Menderes
22300:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22275:
22270:
22265:
22259:
22257:
22253:
22252:
22245:
22244:
22237:
22230:
22222:
22213:
22212:
22210:
22209:
22197:
22185:
22173:
22161:
22148:
22145:
22144:
22141:
22140:
22138:
22137:
22132:
22127:
22122:
22117:
22112:
22111:
22110:
22100:
22095:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22075:
22074:
22073:
22071:Radio stations
22068:
22063:
22053:
22048:
22043:
22038:
22033:
22028:
22023:
22018:
22017:
22016:
22006:
22001:
21996:
21991:
21990:
21989:
21984:
21974:
21968:
21966:
21957:
21956:
21951:
21946:
21941:
21940:
21939:
21934:
21929:
21919:
21914:
21913:
21912:
21902:
21897:
21896:
21895:
21884:
21882:
21878:
21877:
21875:
21874:
21869:
21864:
21863:
21862:
21857:
21852:
21842:
21841:
21840:
21830:
21829:
21828:
21818:
21813:
21808:
21806:Turkish people
21802:
21800:
21794:
21793:
21791:
21790:
21789:
21788:
21783:
21778:
21771:Transportation
21768:
21763:
21758:
21753:
21748:
21747:
21746:
21741:
21736:
21731:
21721:
21716:
21711:
21706:
21701:
21695:
21693:
21687:
21686:
21683:
21682:
21680:
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21678:
21677:
21672:
21667:
21657:
21652:
21651:
21650:
21645:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21619:
21617:
21613:
21612:
21610:
21609:
21604:
21599:
21594:
21593:
21592:
21587:
21576:
21574:
21568:
21567:
21565:
21564:
21563:
21562:
21557:
21552:
21547:
21537:
21536:
21535:
21525:
21519:
21517:
21510:
21504:
21503:
21500:
21499:
21497:
21496:
21491:
21486:
21481:
21479:National parks
21476:
21471:
21466:
21461:
21456:
21451:
21450:
21449:
21444:
21434:
21433:
21432:
21427:
21417:
21416:
21415:
21413:Climate change
21404:
21402:
21398:
21397:
21395:
21394:
21389:
21384:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21364:
21362:Marmara Region
21358:
21356:
21354:(west to east)
21343:
21337:
21336:
21333:
21332:
21330:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21308:
21307:
21296:
21294:
21290:
21289:
21287:
21286:
21281:
21280:
21279:
21269:
21267:Constitutional
21263:
21261:
21257:
21256:
21254:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21242:
21241:
21236:
21226:
21221:
21215:
21213:
21207:
21206:
21204:
21203:
21202:
21201:
21191:
21190:
21189:
21184:
21179:
21169:
21168:
21167:
21157:
21155:Transformation
21152:
21151:
21150:
21140:
21134:
21132:
21130:Ottoman Empire
21126:
21125:
21123:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21111:
21110:
21099:
21097:
21087:
21086:
21084:
21083:
21078:
21073:
21067:
21065:
21058:
21052:
21051:
21037:
21036:
21029:
21022:
21014:
21005:
21004:
21002:
21001:
20996:
20991:
20986:
20981:
20976:
20971:
20964:
20959:
20954:
20949:
20944:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20919:
20914:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20893:
20891:
20886:
20883:
20882:
20880:
20879:
20874:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20861:
20854:
20853:
20846:
20839:
20831:
20822:
20821:
20819:
20818:
20811:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20763:Varlık Vergisi
20759:
20754:
20749:
20744:
20737:
20732:
20727:
20721:
20719:
20715:
20714:
20712:
20711:
20706:
20701:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20669:Maraş massacre
20666:
20661:
20656:
20651:
20646:
20644:Sivas massacre
20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20609:Zilan massacre
20606:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20581:
20579:Greek genocide
20576:
20571:
20566:
20564:Adana massacre
20560:
20558:
20552:
20551:
20549:
20548:
20543:
20538:
20533:
20528:
20523:
20518:
20513:
20508:
20503:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20418:
20413:
20411:Ömer Seyfettin
20408:
20403:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20382:
20380:
20376:
20375:
20373:
20372:
20367:
20362:
20360:National Party
20357:
20352:
20347:
20342:
20340:Homeland Party
20337:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20317:Workers' Party
20314:
20309:
20304:
20299:
20294:
20289:
20281:
20273:
20264:
20262:
20256:
20255:
20253:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20182:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20156:
20154:
20150:
20149:
20147:
20146:
20141:
20136:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20091:
20086:
20081:
20079:Islamokemalism
20076:
20071:
20066:
20060:
20058:
20054:
20053:
20046:
20045:
20038:
20031:
20023:
20014:
20013:
20011:
20010:
20005:
20000:
19995:
19990:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19965:
19959:
19956:
19955:
19948:
19947:
19940:
19933:
19925:
19916:
19915:
19913:
19912:
19910:Devlet Bahçeli
19907:
19902:
19897:
19892:
19887:
19882:
19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19812:
19807:
19802:
19796:
19794:
19790:
19789:
19787:
19786:
19781:
19779:Mustafa Şentop
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19711:
19706:
19700:
19698:
19684:
19683:
19681:
19680:
19674:
19672:
19658:
19657:
19654:
19653:
19651:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19624:
19622:
19620:Millet Meclisi
19614:
19613:
19611:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19598:Tekin Arıburun
19595:
19593:Şevki Atasagun
19590:
19585:
19579:
19577:
19566:
19548:
19547:
19545:
19544:
19538:
19536:
19522:
19521:
19514:
19512:
19510:
19509:
19507:Refik Koraltan
19504:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19468:
19466:
19452:
19451:
19434:
19433:
19426:
19419:
19411:
19402:
19401:
19395:
19392:
19391:
19389:
19388:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19368:
19363:
19358:
19353:
19348:
19343:
19336:
19331:
19326:
19321:
19314:
19309:
19304:
19299:
19294:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19232:
19227:
19225:Adnan Menderes
19222:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19169:
19167:
19155:
19154:
19152:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19136:
19130:
19128:
19114:
19113:
19099:
19098:
19091:
19084:
19076:
19067:
19066:
19064:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19051:Tekin Arıburun
19048:
19042:
19040:
19036:
19035:
19028:
19026:
19024:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18991:Fahri Korutürk
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18962:
18960:
18956:
18955:
18953:
18952:
18946:
18943:
18942:
18928:
18927:
18920:
18913:
18905:
18896:
18895:
18891:
18890:
18885:
18882:
18873:
18870:
18863:
18862:
18858:
18857:
18852:
18849:
18840:
18837:
18830:
18829:
18824:
18821:
18812:
18809:
18802:
18801:
18796:
18793:
18784:
18781:
18774:
18773:
18769:
18768:
18763:
18749:
18744:
18740:
18739:
18732:
18722:
18717:
18713:
18712:
18707:
18704:
18694:
18691:
18687:
18686:
18681:
18678:
18668:
18663:
18659:
18658:
18652:
18649:
18648:
18639:
18636:
18635:
18626:
18625:
18612:
18603:
18594:
18583:
18582:External links
18580:
18578:
18577:
18553:
18529:
18500:
18471:
18447:
18402:
18365:
18328:
18290:
18289:
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17772:
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17743:
17730:
17724:
17706:
17700:
17686:
17685:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17673:
17658:
17632:
17606:
17583:
17569:
17560:
17529:
17516:
17512:Kemal Atatürk.
17503:
17484:
17465:
17442:
17416:
17405:
17387:
17356:
17330:
17311:
17286:
17261:
17235:
17228:
17206:
17199:
17175:
17168:
17146:
17144:, 1994, p. 103
17124:
17117:
17089:
17072:www.ktb.gov.tr
17059:
17017:
16991:
16977:
16953:
16928:
16910:
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16756:
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16710:
16697:
16677:
16658:
16651:
16633:
16602:
16587:
16557:
16527:
16500:
16484:
16475:
16460:(in Turkish).
16443:
16426:
16397:
16374:
16362:
16349:
16340:
16314:
16288:
16276:
16259:
16246:
16237:
16205:
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16156:
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16103:
16073:
16043:
16034:
16025:
16016:
16004:
15995:
15982:
15953:
15935:
15926:
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15901:
15868:
15845:
15826:
15818:
15792:
15783:
15774:
15762:
15729:
15717:
15705:
15692:
15683:
15669:
15657:
15641:
15635:Andrew Mango,
15628:
15619:
15610:
15601:
15599:, p. 225.
15597:Armstrong 1972
15589:
15559:
15547:
15528:
15510:(in Turkish).
15506:Hamza Eroğlu.
15498:
15482:
15431:
15401:
15375:
15342:
15335:
15317:
15308:
15277:
15270:
15247:
15244:on 3 May 2013.
15233:
15207:
15185:
15162:
15147:(in Turkish).
15131:
15124:
15103:
15096:
15078:
15034:
15027:
15006:
14971:
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14525:
14509:
14500:
14483:
14460:
14433:
14413:
14384:
14371:
14358:
14345:
14329:Akademik Bakış
14315:
14296:
14283:
14270:
14255:
14240:
14227:
14214:
14201:
14168:
14155:
14143:
14130:
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14026:
13989:
13952:
13939:
13909:
13898:
13885:
13876:
13858:
13831:
13801:
13775:
13756:
13736:
13697:
13684:
13668:
13655:
13629:
13603:
13586:
13563:
13550:
13537:
13522:
13509:
13496:
13480:
13467:
13454:
13435:
13415:
13399:
13386:
13379:
13361:
13348:
13318:
13288:
13275:
13270:New York Times
13249:
13240:
13205:
13192:
13180:
13173:
13167:. p. 97.
13148:
13141:
13116:
13109:
13091:
13078:
13062:
13047:
13040:
13022:
13008:Andrew Mango,
13001:
12984:
12925:
12923:, pp. 208–209.
12904:
12885:
12862:
12845:
12810:
12791:
12771:
12762:
12749:
12723:
12664:
12648:
12632:
12597:
12567:
12546:
12523:
12504:
12498:. p. 37.
12480:
12478:Beehler, p. 14
12471:
12458:
12449:
12442:
12421:
12383:
12374:
12348:
12339:
12313:
12287:
12261:
12248:
12231:
12215:
12202:
12183:
12167:
12144:
12129:
12120:
12096:
12085:on 22 May 2010
12066:
12033:
12009:
11979:
11966:
11953:
11940:
11915:
11899:
11884:
11858:
11829:
11816:
11780:
11736:
11717:
11697:
11690:
11670:
11654:
11640:Tarama Dergisi
11632:
11609:
11606:. p. 180.
11591:
11578:
11547:(3): 793–828.
11524:
11495:
11469:
11443:
11423:
11397:978-9004070707
11396:
11371:
11335:
11328:
11308:
11278:
11248:
11204:
11163:
11149:
11124:
11117:
11094:
11055:(4): 394–429.
11030:
11023:
11002:
10990:
10986:978-0333465776
10982:978-0333465769
10978:978-0333485538
10951:
10921:
10898:
10885:
10855:
10842:
10811:
10789:
10756:
10727:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10673:
10660:
10624:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10377:
10363:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10339:Amānullāh Khān
10323:
10304:
10281:
10258:
10257:(27 July 1916)
10255:Franz Joseph I
10239:
10220:
10217:Franz Joseph I
10201:
10178:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10137:
10118:
10111:Gallipoli Star
10099:
10080:
10061:
10042:
10023:
10004:
9985:
9966:
9963:Abdul Hamid II
9934:
9931:
9919:Main article:
9916:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9905:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9884:
9876:
9862:
9854:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9826:
9823:
9757:Huda Sha'arawi
9740:national poet
9734:Muhammad Iqbal
9504:United Nations
9475:
9469:
9458:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9427:European Union
9384:Adnan Menderes
9380:Democrat Party
9356:Atatürk Bridge
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9245:
9242:
9162:Main article:
9159:
9156:
9037:
9034:
8951:
8948:
8865:
8862:
8844:
8841:
8835:(Antioch) and
8800:
8799:Issue of Hatay
8797:
8702:
8701:
8616:
8614:
8607:
8601:
8598:
8549:
8546:
8489:Amanullah Khan
8457:
8454:
8447:Greek Premier
8408:
8405:
8362:'s financing.
8344:Treaty of Kars
8309:Vladimir Lenin
8274:
8271:
8180:Mosul Question
8175:
8174:Issue of Mosul
8172:
8152:Amānullāh Khān
8140:
8137:
8128:
8125:
8060:
8057:
8020:Semiha Berksoy
7961:People's Rooms
7803:
7800:
7720:
7717:
7622:Latin alphabet
7457:Islamic courts
7416:
7413:
7381:Ali Fuat Pasha
7358:censure motion
7311:Issue of Mosul
7294:
7291:
7286:Mevlana Museum
7256:
7253:
7183:
7182:Western attire
7180:
7123:
7120:
7048:
7045:
6977:1927 Tevkifatı
6931:Mevlana Museum
6914:
6911:
6852:
6849:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6716:Egalitarianism
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:Related topics
6689:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6661:United Kingdom
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Dutch Republic
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6411:
6409:Roman Republic
6405:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6373:
6363:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6323:
6313:
6303:
6293:
6283:
6273:
6263:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:Wollstonecraft
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5426:
5425:
5383:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5346:it, or adding
5327:
5325:
5318:
5301:
5298:
5292:. Since then,
5248:
5245:
5222:Afyonkarahisar
5139:Caliphate army
4978:Sivas Congress
4958:Main article:
4955:
4952:
4934:responsibility
4895:Western Thrace
4850:
4847:
4736:Central Powers
4720:Aleppo Vilayet
4712:Beirut Vilayet
4684:Edmund Allenby
4594:Central Powers
4577:Tasvîr-i Efkâr
4551:Main article:
4548:
4545:
4536:New Year's Eve
4493:Ottoman Empire
4459:Georgi Todorov
4414:Main article:
4411:
4408:
4356:Ottoman Europe
4266:Main article:
4263:
4260:
4152:Senior Captain
4138:(Cebesoy) and
4093:
4090:
4085:Main article:
4082:
4079:
4067:Constantinople
3982:Aydın Province
3919:Ottoman Empire
3857:
3854:
3842:Anadolu Agency
3839:
3830:Anadolu Agency
3822:Tarama Dergisi
3778:
3775:
3735:United Nations
3692:secular nation
3636:Ottoman Empire
3614:(1915) during
3607:(Atatürkism).
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Ultra-radicals
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:Radical Party
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3111:Radical League
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3049:Radical Change
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2967:People's Party
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:National Union
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:Fabian Society
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Democrat Party
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:Wollstonecraft
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Utilitarianism
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2293:Social justice
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:Libertarianism
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2200:Labor movement
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Egalitarianism
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Abbott (Grace)
1688:
1686:Abbott (Edith)
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1582:Social justice
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Linear history
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:Broad measures
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Industrial Age
1417:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1330:Historiography
1326:
1321:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Westernization
1257:
1255:Women's rights
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1145:a series about
1141:
1139:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1014:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Jisr ed Damieh
946:
941:
936:
931:
919:
918:
917:
916:
915:
908:Ognot campaign
905:
895:
894:
893:
888:
887:
886:
884:Kocaçimen tepe
881:
879:Anafartalar II
876:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
797:
796:
795:
780:
779:
778:
773:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
732:
731:
730:
728:
724:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:
683:
682:
680:
679:
678:(Turkish Army)
673:
671:(Ottoman Army)
664:
662:
658:
657:
655:
654:
642:
630:
617:
615:
614:Branch/service
611:
610:
608:
607:
594:
579:
574:Ottoman Empire
563:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
529:
526:Makbule Atadan
523:
519:
518:
516:
515:
509:
502:
500:
496:
495:
489:
485:
484:
482:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
450:
448:
442:
441:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
423:
408:
404:
403:
397:(aged 57)
391:
387:
386:
384:Ottoman Empire
364:
362:
358:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
316:
315:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
275:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
223:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
180:
174:
172:
170:Prime Minister
166:
165:
155:
154:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
127:
113:
104:
103:
83:it, or adding
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22889:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22800:
22798:
22795:
22793:
22790:
22788:
22785:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22770:
22768:
22765:
22763:
22760:
22758:
22755:
22753:
22750:
22748:
22745:
22743:
22740:
22738:
22735:
22733:
22730:
22728:
22725:
22723:
22720:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22663:
22660:
22658:
22655:
22653:
22650:
22649:
22647:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22615:Muharrem İnce
22613:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22605:Fatih Erbakan
22603:
22601:
22600:Meral Akşener
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22576:
22573:
22571:
22568:
22566:
22563:
22561:
22558:
22556:
22553:
22551:
22548:
22546:
22543:
22541:
22538:
22536:
22533:
22531:
22528:
22526:
22523:
22521:
22518:
22516:
22513:
22511:
22508:
22506:
22503:
22501:
22498:
22496:
22495:Doğu Perinçek
22493:
22491:
22488:
22486:
22483:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22473:
22471:
22470:Rahşan Ecevit
22468:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22451:
22448:
22446:
22445:Yıldırım Avcı
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22416:
22415:Turgut Sunalp
22413:
22412:
22410:
22406:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22394:Bülent Ecevit
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22369:Hüseyin Balan
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22345:
22342:
22340:
22337:
22335:
22332:
22331:
22329:
22325:
22319:
22316:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22271:
22269:
22266:
22264:
22261:
22260:
22258:
22254:
22250:
22243:
22238:
22236:
22231:
22229:
22224:
22223:
22220:
22208:
22207:
22198:
22196:
22195:
22186:
22184:
22183:
22174:
22172:
22171:
22162:
22160:
22159:
22154:
22150:
22149:
22146:
22136:
22133:
22131:
22128:
22126:
22123:
22121:
22118:
22116:
22113:
22109:
22106:
22105:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22058:
22057:
22054:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22019:
22015:
22012:
22011:
22010:
22007:
22005:
22002:
22000:
21997:
21995:
21992:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21979:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21970:
21969:
21967:
21965:
21961:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21947:
21945:
21942:
21938:
21935:
21933:
21930:
21928:
21925:
21924:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21915:
21911:
21908:
21907:
21906:
21903:
21901:
21898:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21889:
21886:
21885:
21883:
21879:
21873:
21870:
21868:
21865:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21847:
21846:
21843:
21839:
21836:
21835:
21834:
21831:
21827:
21824:
21823:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21803:
21801:
21799:
21795:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21773:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21757:
21754:
21752:
21749:
21745:
21742:
21740:
21737:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21727:
21726:
21725:
21722:
21720:
21717:
21715:
21712:
21710:
21707:
21705:
21702:
21700:
21697:
21696:
21694:
21692:
21688:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21662:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21640:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21620:
21618:
21614:
21608:
21605:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21582:
21581:
21578:
21577:
21575:
21573:
21569:
21561:
21558:
21556:
21553:
21551:
21548:
21546:
21543:
21542:
21541:
21538:
21534:
21531:
21530:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21520:
21518:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21505:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21480:
21477:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21467:
21465:
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21452:
21448:
21445:
21443:
21442:Air pollution
21440:
21439:
21438:
21435:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21422:
21421:
21418:
21414:
21411:
21410:
21409:
21406:
21405:
21403:
21399:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21367:Aegean Region
21365:
21363:
21360:
21359:
21357:
21351:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21338:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21312:Turkification
21310:
21306:
21303:
21302:
21301:
21298:
21297:
21295:
21291:
21285:
21282:
21278:
21275:
21274:
21273:
21270:
21268:
21265:
21264:
21262:
21258:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21231:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21216:
21214:
21212:
21208:
21200:
21197:
21196:
21195:
21192:
21188:
21185:
21183:
21180:
21178:
21175:
21174:
21173:
21170:
21166:
21163:
21162:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21153:
21149:
21146:
21145:
21144:
21143:Classical Age
21141:
21139:
21136:
21135:
21133:
21131:
21127:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21109:
21106:
21105:
21104:
21103:Seljuk Empire
21101:
21100:
21098:
21096:
21092:
21088:
21082:
21079:
21077:
21074:
21072:
21069:
21068:
21066:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21053:
21049:
21044:
21035:
21030:
21028:
21023:
21021:
21016:
21015:
21012:
21000:
20997:
20995:
20992:
20990:
20987:
20985:
20982:
20980:
20977:
20975:
20972:
20969:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20927:Muammer Aksoy
20925:
20923:
20920:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20910:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20894:
20892:
20889:organisations
20884:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20869:
20867:
20863:
20859:
20852:
20847:
20845:
20840:
20838:
20833:
20832:
20829:
20817:
20816:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20764:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20742:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20722:
20720:
20716:
20710:
20707:
20705:
20702:
20700:
20697:
20695:
20692:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20652:
20650:
20647:
20645:
20642:
20640:
20637:
20635:
20632:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20561:
20559:
20553:
20547:
20546:Bülent Ecevit
20544:
20542:
20539:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20526:Meral Akşener
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20514:
20512:
20511:Doğu Perinçek
20509:
20507:
20504:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20461:Nejdet Sançar
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20436:Ahmet Ağaoğlu
20434:
20432:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20383:
20381:
20377:
20371:
20368:
20366:
20363:
20361:
20358:
20356:
20353:
20351:
20348:
20346:
20343:
20341:
20338:
20336:
20333:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20300:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20285:
20282:
20277:
20274:
20269:
20266:
20265:
20263:
20257:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20157:
20155:
20153:Organizations
20151:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20139:Turkification
20137:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20061:
20059:
20055:
20051:
20044:
20039:
20037:
20032:
20030:
20025:
20024:
20021:
20009:
20006:
20004:
20001:
19999:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19989:
19986:
19984:
19981:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19973:Bülent Ecevit
19971:
19969:
19966:
19964:
19961:
19960:
19957:
19953:
19946:
19941:
19939:
19934:
19932:
19927:
19926:
19923:
19911:
19908:
19906:
19905:Durmuş Yılmaz
19903:
19901:
19898:
19896:
19893:
19891:
19890:Şükrü Elekdağ
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19865:Kinyas Kartal
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19816:
19813:
19811:
19808:
19806:
19803:
19801:
19798:
19797:
19795:
19791:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19767:
19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19749:Köksal Toptan
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19701:
19699:
19685:
19679:
19676:
19675:
19673:
19659:
19649:
19648:Cahit Karakaş
19646:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19629:
19626:
19625:
19623:
19615:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19580:
19578:
19570:
19567:
19549:
19543:
19540:
19539:
19537:
19523:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19469:
19467:
19453:
19449:
19446:
19441:
19432:
19427:
19425:
19420:
19418:
19413:
19412:
19409:
19398:
19393:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19366:Bülent Ecevit
19364:
19362:
19359:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19341:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19319:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19297:Bülent Ecevit
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19287:Bülent Ecevit
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19272:Bülent Ecevit
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19237:
19236:Fahri Özdilek
19233:
19231:
19228:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19200:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19170:
19168:
19160:
19156:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19131:
19129:
19121:
19115:
19111:
19106:
19097:
19092:
19090:
19085:
19083:
19078:
19077:
19074:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19043:
19041:
19037:
19032:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18963:
18961:
18957:
18951:
18948:
18947:
18944:
18940:
18935:
18926:
18921:
18919:
18914:
18912:
18907:
18906:
18903:
18888:
18879:
18878:
18871:State founded
18868:
18864:
18859:
18855:
18846:
18845:
18838:State founded
18835:
18831:
18827:
18818:
18817:
18810:State founded
18807:
18803:
18799:
18790:
18789:
18782:State founded
18779:
18775:
18770:
18767:
18764:
18760:
18755:
18752:Commander of
18747:
18741:
18738:
18737:
18733:
18729:
18728:
18720:
18714:
18710:
18701:
18700:
18688:
18684:
18675:
18674:
18666:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18643:
18637:
18630:
18624:
18620:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18589:
18586:
18585:
18566:
18562:
18561:Time Magazine
18558:
18554:
18542:
18538:
18534:
18530:
18526:
18522:
18518:
18514:
18510:
18506:
18501:
18497:
18493:
18489:
18485:
18481:
18477:
18472:
18468:
18464:
18460:
18456:
18452:
18451:Stone, Norman
18448:
18444:
18440:
18436:
18432:
18428:
18424:
18420:
18416:
18412:
18408:
18403:
18391:
18387:
18383:
18379:
18375:
18374:Turkish Times
18371:
18366:
18362:
18358:
18354:
18350:
18346:
18342:
18338:
18334:
18329:
18325:
18321:
18317:
18313:
18309:
18305:
18301:
18297:
18292:
18291:
18287:
18286:
18281:
18275:
18271:
18267:
18263:
18259:
18253:
18249:
18244:
18240:
18234:
18230:
18229:
18224:
18223:Yapp, Malcolm
18220:
18216:
18212:
18208:
18203:
18199:
18195:
18191:
18186:
18182:
18178:
18174:
18168:
18164:
18159:
18155:
18149:
18145:
18144:
18139:
18135:
18131:
18125:
18121:
18116:
18112:
18106:
18102:
18098:
18097:Mango, Andrew
18094:
18090:
18084:
18080:
18079:
18074:
18073:Mango, Andrew
18070:
18066:
18062:
18058:
18053:
18049:
18043:
18039:
18034:
18030:
18024:
18020:
18019:
18013:
18009:
18005:
18001:
17995:
17991:
17987:
17983:
17979:
17973:
17969:
17964:
17960:
17954:
17950:
17946:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17925:
17921:
17915:
17911:
17910:
17905:
17901:
17897:
17891:
17887:
17882:
17878:
17874:
17870:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17847:
17843:
17839:
17835:
17831:
17825:
17821:
17820:
17814:
17810:
17804:
17800:
17795:
17791:
17785:
17781:
17777:
17773:
17769:
17767:2-7068-0829-2
17763:
17759:
17755:
17750:
17746:
17740:
17736:
17731:
17727:
17721:
17717:
17716:
17711:
17707:
17703:
17697:
17693:
17688:
17687:
17683:
17682:
17670:
17665:
17663:
17646:
17642:
17636:
17620:
17616:
17610:
17603:
17599:
17596:
17592:
17587:
17581:
17579:
17573:
17564:
17548:
17544:
17540:
17533:
17526:
17520:
17513:
17507:
17500:
17496:
17493:
17488:
17472:
17468:
17466:9780674368378
17462:
17458:
17457:Belknap Press
17454:
17453:
17446:
17439:
17437:
17430:
17426:
17420:
17413:
17408:
17402:
17398:
17391:
17375:
17371:
17367:
17360:
17344:
17340:
17334:
17318:
17314:
17308:
17304:
17303:
17295:
17293:
17291:
17283:
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17277:
17273:
17270:
17265:
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17231:
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17157:
17150:
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17137:
17133:
17128:
17120:
17114:
17110:
17106:
17102:
17096:
17094:
17077:
17073:
17069:
17063:
17047:
17043:
17039:
17035:
17034:Time Magazine
17031:
17027:
17021:
17011:
17007:
17003:
17000:
16995:
16980:
16978:9781317897354
16974:
16971:. p. 6.
16970:
16966:
16965:
16957:
16950:
16949:
16945:
16941:
16938:
16932:
16925:
16924:
16920:
16914:
16907:
16903:
16897:
16890:
16886:
16882:
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16867:
16863:
16860:
16857:
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16842:
16838:
16835:
16830:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16806:
16800:
16796:
16792:
16790:
16784:
16777:
16774:
16770:
16766:
16760:
16751:
16744:
16740:
16734:
16728:
16727:9789751611741
16724:
16720:
16714:
16707:
16701:
16694:
16690:
16686:
16681:
16674:
16670:
16667:
16662:
16654:
16648:
16644:
16637:
16621:
16617:
16613:
16606:
16598:
16591:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16561:
16545:
16541:
16537:
16531:
16524:
16520:
16516:
16512:
16509:
16504:
16497:
16491:
16489:
16479:
16463:
16459:
16458:
16453:
16447:
16440:
16436:
16430:
16414:
16410:
16404:
16402:
16394:
16389:
16385:
16378:
16372:
16366:
16359:
16353:
16344:
16328:
16324:
16318:
16302:
16298:
16292:
16286:
16280:
16274:
16268:
16266:
16264:
16256:
16250:
16241:
16225:
16221:
16220:
16215:
16214:"Our History"
16209:
16200:
16184:
16180:
16173:
16166:
16160:
16153:
16147:
16145:
16137:
16131:
16121:
16117:
16114:
16113:
16107:
16100:
16099:9780521523295
16096:
16092:
16088:
16085:
16084:
16077:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16058:
16055:
16054:
16047:
16038:
16029:
16020:
16013:
16008:
15999:
15992:
15986:
15980:
15979:0-8191-3578-X
15976:
15972:
15971:
15967:
15964:
15957:
15950:
15944:
15942:
15940:
15930:
15922:
15916:
15912:
15905:
15889:
15885:
15884:
15879:
15872:
15865:
15861:
15857:
15854:
15849:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15830:
15821:
15815:
15811:
15806:
15805:
15796:
15787:
15778:
15771:
15766:
15750:
15746:
15745:Time Magazine
15742:
15736:
15734:
15726:
15721:
15714:
15709:
15702:
15696:
15687:
15678:
15676:
15674:
15666:
15661:
15654:
15650:
15645:
15638:
15632:
15623:
15614:
15605:
15598:
15593:
15586:
15574:
15570:
15563:
15554:
15552:
15544:
15539:
15532:
15525:
15513:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15489:
15487:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15458:
15454:
15451:(3): 301–11.
15450:
15446:
15442:
15435:
15427:
15415:
15411:
15405:
15389:
15385:
15379:
15360:
15353:
15346:
15338:
15336:9789004155572
15332:
15328:
15321:
15312:
15296:
15292:
15288:
15281:
15273:
15267:
15263:
15262:
15254:
15252:
15240:
15236:
15230:
15223:
15222:
15214:
15212:
15192:
15188:
15182:
15175:
15174:
15166:
15150:
15146:
15142:
15135:
15127:
15121:
15117:
15110:
15108:
15099:
15093:
15089:
15082:
15075:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15049:
15045:
15038:
15030:
15024:
15020:
15013:
15011:
14994:
14990:
14986:
14982:
14975:
14968:
14967:0-9747660-3-8
14964:
14958:
14942:
14938:
14936:9781780760261
14932:
14928:
14927:
14919:
14911:
14909:9789754707632
14905:
14901:
14894:
14886:
14880:
14876:
14869:
14867:
14858:
14854:
14850:
14846:
14843:(2): 245–72.
14842:
14838:
14831:
14823:
14821:9789004163201
14817:
14813:
14806:
14798:
14792:
14788:
14781:
14779:
14769:
14753:
14749:
14742:
14734:
14728:
14724:
14717:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14687:
14681:
14675:
14669:
14663:
14657:
14656:
14652:
14649:
14642:
14626:
14622:
14615:
14609:
14605:
14599:
14590:
14583:
14577:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14557:
14554:(3): 419–35.
14553:
14549:
14542:
14535:
14529:
14522:
14518:
14513:
14504:
14496:
14495:
14487:
14480:
14479:0-19-823856-8
14476:
14473:
14467:
14465:
14448:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14430:
14426:
14425:
14417:
14401:
14397:
14391:
14389:
14381:
14375:
14368:
14362:
14355:
14349:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14319:
14311:
14307:
14300:
14293:
14287:
14280:
14274:
14266:
14259:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14231:
14224:
14218:
14211:
14205:
14197:
14193:
14189:
14185:
14180:
14172:
14165:
14159:
14153:
14147:
14140:
14134:
14125:
14119:
14115:
14109:
14107:
14100:
14096:
14092:
14091:The Tomb Room
14087:
14080:
14079:1-86064-426-0
14076:
14070:
14061:
14054:
14048:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14011:
14007:
14000:
13997:Üngör, Umut.
13993:
13974:
13970:
13963:
13960:Üngör, Umut.
13956:
13949:
13943:
13927:
13923:
13919:
13913:
13907:
13902:
13895:
13889:
13880:
13873:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13846:
13842:
13835:
13828:
13822:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13789:
13785:
13779:
13763:
13759:
13753:
13749:
13748:
13740:
13733:
13718:
13714:
13713:
13708:
13701:
13694:
13688:
13681:
13675:
13673:
13665:
13659:
13643:
13639:
13633:
13626:
13625:1-58477-695-1
13622:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13601:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13572:
13567:
13560:
13554:
13547:
13541:
13533:
13526:
13519:
13513:
13506:
13500:
13493:
13487:
13485:
13477:
13471:
13464:
13458:
13442:
13438:
13432:
13428:
13427:
13419:
13413:
13412:0-7146-8427-9
13409:
13403:
13396:
13390:
13382:
13380:9781107507180
13376:
13372:
13365:
13358:
13352:
13336:
13332:
13328:
13322:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13292:
13285:
13279:
13272:
13271:
13266:
13262:
13259:
13253:
13244:
13237:
13236:
13232:
13219:
13215:
13209:
13202:
13196:
13189:
13184:
13176:
13170:
13166:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13144:
13138:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13120:
13112:
13106:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13082:
13075:
13071:
13066:
13059:
13054:
13052:
13043:
13037:
13033:
13026:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13005:
12998:
12997:Bergham Books
12994:
12988:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12945:(60): 25–44.
12944:
12940:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12908:
12892:
12888:
12886:90-04-07262-4
12882:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12866:
12858:
12857:
12849:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12823:
12817:
12815:
12798:
12794:
12792:9781137384607
12788:
12784:
12783:
12775:
12766:
12759:
12753:
12737:
12733:
12727:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12687:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12655:
12653:
12645:
12639:
12637:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12606:
12604:
12602:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12564:
12563:0-275-97888-5
12560:
12556:
12550:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12533:
12527:
12511:
12507:
12505:9781134899128
12501:
12497:
12493:
12492:
12484:
12475:
12468:
12462:
12453:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12428:
12426:
12418:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12398:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12390:
12388:
12378:
12362:
12358:
12352:
12343:
12327:
12323:
12317:
12301:
12297:
12291:
12275:
12271:
12265:
12258:
12252:
12245:
12241:
12235:
12228:
12222:
12220:
12212:
12206:
12200:
12199:975-6461-05-5
12196:
12190:
12188:
12177:
12171:
12161:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12140:
12133:
12124:
12117:
12116:0-02-865933-3
12113:
12109:
12106:, "Doenmeh",
12105:
12100:
12084:
12080:
12079:Time Magazine
12076:
12070:
12063:
12050:
12046:
12045:
12037:
12027:
12026:975-14-0212-3
12023:
12019:
12013:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11983:
11976:
11970:
11963:
11957:
11950:
11944:
11937:
11936:975-7696-97-8
11933:
11929:
11925:
11919:
11909:
11903:
11895:
11888:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11871:
11865:
11863:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11834:
11826:
11820:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11787:Andrew Mango
11784:
11776:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11759:(4): 524–39.
11758:
11754:
11750:
11743:
11741:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11710:
11709:
11701:
11693:
11687:
11683:
11682:
11674:
11668:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11648:
11645:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11626:
11623:
11619:
11618:Milliyetçilik
11613:
11605:
11598:
11596:
11588:
11582:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11499:
11483:
11479:
11473:
11467:
11463:
11460:
11456:
11452:
11447:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11427:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11378:
11376:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11331:
11329:9788171567515
11325:
11321:
11320:
11312:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11282:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11245:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11208:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11167:
11152:
11150:9781845111410
11146:
11142:
11141:
11133:
11131:
11129:
11120:
11114:
11110:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11026:
11024:9780231700528
11020:
11016:
11009:
11007:
10999:
10994:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10955:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10922:9781850436140
10918:
10911:
10910:
10902:
10888:
10886:9780192800916
10882:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10859:
10845:
10843:9780199546091
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10822:
10815:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10782:
10781:Facts On File
10778:
10774:
10770:
10763:
10761:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10743:
10738:
10731:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10704:
10699:
10695:
10683:
10677:
10670:
10664:
10657:
10653:
10648:
10642:
10633:
10628:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10613:Kamâl Atatürk
10610:
10606:
10605:Kemal Atatürk
10602:
10598:
10591:
10583:
10582:
10564:
10557:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10463:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10389:
10383:
10378:
10375:
10364:
10361:
10360:Turkey portal
10350:
10340:
10336:
10324:
10321:
10317:
10305:
10302:
10298:
10297:German Empire
10294:
10282:
10279:
10275:
10274:German Empire
10271:
10259:
10256:
10252:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10221:
10218:
10214:
10202:
10199:
10195:
10194:German Empire
10191:
10179:
10176:
10172:
10160:
10159:
10151:(20 May 1925)
10150:
10138:
10135:
10131:
10119:
10117:(11 May 1918)
10116:
10112:
10100:
10097:
10093:
10081:
10078:
10074:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9939:
9930:
9928:
9922:
9909:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9868:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9783:
9781:
9777:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9745:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9624:Santo Domingo
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9470:November 1963
9456:
9434:
9432:
9429:standards of
9428:
9424:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9378:In 1951, the
9376:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9362:(Haliç), the
9361:
9357:
9353:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9256:
9251:
9241:
9239:
9236:, or even an
9235:
9231:
9225:
9223:
9222:Sabiha Gökçen
9218:
9214:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9190:Fikriye Hanım
9187:
9186:Eleni Karinte
9179:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9158:Personal life
9155:
9151:
9149:
9144:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9110:
9107:built by the
9106:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9079:
9070:
9066:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9047:
9042:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8993:In 1931, the
8991:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8973:
8965:
8961:
8956:
8947:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8897:Regie Company
8894:
8890:
8885:
8883:
8875:
8870:
8861:
8858:
8850:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8810:
8805:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8745:
8740:
8737:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8713:
8708:
8698:
8695:
8687:
8684:November 2020
8676:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645: –
8644:
8640:
8639:Find sources:
8633:
8629:
8623:
8622:
8617:This section
8615:
8611:
8606:
8605:
8597:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8554:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8530:Saadabad Pact
8527:
8523:
8518:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8478:
8475:, during the
8474:
8470:
8467:
8462:
8453:
8450:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8404:
8402:
8401:rapprochement
8398:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8380:In 1933, the
8378:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8270:
8268:
8267:Iraqi Turkmen
8264:
8258:
8256:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8244:George Curzon
8242:
8237:
8233:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8207:Misak-ı Milli
8203:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8186:Mosul Vilayet
8181:
8171:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8147:Atatürk with
8145:
8136:
8133:
8124:
8121:
8116:
8114:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8081:Turkification
8078:
8074:
8065:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8012:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7930:Saffet Arıkan
7927:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7896:Central Asian
7893:
7889:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7834:on 3 May 1935
7833:
7828:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7791:civil society
7787:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7738:Aegean Region
7735:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7679:to establish
7678:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7606:Arabic script
7603:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7545:In 1927, the
7543:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7508:
7492:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7421:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7299:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7245:Sabiha Gökçen
7242:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:Abdülmecid II
7071:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6923:Mevlevi Order
6919:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6845:human capital
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6825:first caliphs
6813:
6808:
6806:
6801:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6679:
6678:United States
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Metapolitefsi
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6389:
6388:
6387:On Revolution
6384:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:Rights of Man
6354:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:De re publica
6264:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:Jones (Lynne)
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Adams (Gerry)
5866:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:Revolutionary
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:Parliamentary
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Civil society
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:Republicanism
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5422:
5419:
5411:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:This section
5382:
5373:
5372:
5363:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5328:This section
5326:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5275:Capitulations
5272:
5268:
5259:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5197:Sakarya River
5194:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5167:Western Front
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5147:Eastern Front
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:(Adıvar) and
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5072:Misak-ı Millî
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:last election
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:Misak-ı Millî
5044:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:James Harbord
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4859:controversial
4856:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4809:civilians in
4807:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4764:of the Sultan
4763:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4732:Western Front
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:Ottoman Syria
4704:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:Czar's armies
4654:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:Yemen Vilayet
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:(present-day
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:Abdülhamid II
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:Mustafa Elvan
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:, she was of
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:Zübeyde Hanım
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:Fascist Italy
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3728:state funeral
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:speak Turkish
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:Turkification
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:Allied powers
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:revolutionary
3562:
3561:field marshal
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:United States
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3364:Young Ireland
3362:
3360:
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3310:
3307:
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3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Reform League
3262:
3260:
3259:Radicals (UK)
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Radical Whigs
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
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3227:
3224:
3222:
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3207:
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3069:
3067:
3064:
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3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Radical Cause
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:United States
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
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2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Liberal Party
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Left Liberals
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
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2818:
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2808:
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2798:
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2696:
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2614:
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2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:Action Party
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
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2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Papanastasiou
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Mendès France
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
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2333:
2326:
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2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Social change
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Republicanism
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Progressivism
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:United States
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Ocasio-Cortez
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Social change
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:Progressivism
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:Turkification
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Republicanism
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Personal life
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
920:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Anafartalar I
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Scimitar Hill
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
740:
736:
729:
725:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:19th Division
691:
690:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
666:
665:
663:
659:
653:
643:
641:
631:
629:
619:
618:
616:
612:
605:
595:
590:
580:
575:
565:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
513:
512:Zübeyde Hanım
510:
507:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
449:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
409:
407:Resting place
405:
401:
392:
388:
385:
381:
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
340:
337:
334:
328:
322:
317:
314:
309:
305:
299:
296:
293:
287:
281:
276:
273:
269:
265:
259:
256:
253:
247:
244:
241:
239:
235:
229:
224:
221:
217:
213:
207:
204:
201:
195:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
167:
161:
156:
153:
148:
144:
137:
132:
125:
124:
119:
118:
111:
108:
100:
97:February 2024
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
66:
61:This article
59:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Kemal Atatürk
22560:Masum Türker
22515:Hikmet Çetin
22510:Deniz Baykal
22500:Tansu Çiller
22490:Mesut Yılmaz
22475:Mehmet Yazar
22450:Ahmet Tekdal
22440:Cezmi Kartay
22408:1980–present
22384:Behice Boran
22334:Ekrem Alican
22298:Hikmet Bayur
22288:Nuri Demirağ
22267:
22263:Talaat Pasha
22204:
22192:
22180:
22168:
22156:
22041:Illumination
21977:Architecture
21905:Human rights
21893:Universities
21811:Ethnic Kurds
21798:Demographics
21709:Construction
20947:Turan Dursun
20932:Bahriye Üçok
20901:
20877:Constitution
20813:
20761:
20739:
20506:Attilâ İlhan
20465:
20451:Papa Eftim I
20426:Yusuf Akçura
20391:Talaat Pasha
20235:TurkHackTeam
20114:Turkish Left
19998:Deniz Baykal
19988:Deniz Baykal
19983:Hikmet Çetin
19978:Deniz Baykal
19962:
19900:Deniz Baykal
19764:İsmet Yılmaz
19744:Bülent Arınç
19734:Hikmet Çetin
19724:İsmet Sezgin
19695:(since 1983)
19603:Sırrı Atalay
19471:
19396:
19371:Abdullah Gül
19361:Mesut Yılmaz
19351:Mesut Yılmaz
19346:Tansu Çiller
19338:
19329:Mesut Yılmaz
19316:
19307:Bülent Ulusu
19234:
19230:Cemal Gürsel
19197:
19193:Refik Saydam
19139:Fevzi Çakmak
19133:
19016:Abdullah Gül
18986:Cevdet Sunay
18981:Cemal Gürsel
18965:
18875:
18866:
18842:
18833:
18814:
18805:
18798:Fevzi Çakmak
18786:
18777:
18765:
18751:
18734:
18727:Seventh Army
18724:
18719:Fevzi Çakmak
18709:Fevzi Çakmak
18699:Seventh Army
18696:
18683:Fevzi Çakmak
18670:
18601:Open Library
18592:Open Library
18569:. Retrieved
18565:the original
18560:
18545:. Retrieved
18541:the original
18536:
18525:the original
18512:
18508:
18479:
18475:
18458:
18454:
18413:(1): 77–92.
18410:
18406:
18394:. Retrieved
18390:the original
18377:
18373:
18339:(4): 67–80.
18336:
18332:
18299:
18295:
18269:
18247:
18227:
18206:
18189:
18162:
18142:
18119:
18100:
18077:
18056:
18037:
18017:
17989:
17967:
17948:
17928:
17908:
17885:
17868:
17841:
17818:
17798:
17779:
17776:Barber, Noel
17757:
17734:
17714:
17691:
17678:Bibliography
17671:(2014) p. 43
17669:Macfie, A.L.
17649:. Retrieved
17635:
17623:. Retrieved
17609:
17590:
17586:
17577:
17572:
17563:
17551:. Retrieved
17542:
17532:
17524:
17519:
17511:
17510:Bernd Rill:
17506:
17487:
17475:. Retrieved
17451:
17445:
17433:
17429:Adolf Hitler
17419:
17410:
17396:
17390:
17378:. Retrieved
17374:the original
17369:
17359:
17347:. Retrieved
17343:the original
17333:
17321:. Retrieved
17301:
17279:
17264:
17252:. Retrieved
17238:
17215:
17209:
17185:
17178:
17155:
17149:
17139:
17135:
17127:
17104:
17101:Macfie, A.L.
17080:. Retrieved
17071:
17062:
17050:. Retrieved
17029:
17020:
17013:(in Turkish)
16994:
16982:. Retrieved
16963:
16956:
16946:
16931:
16921:
16913:
16896:
16880:
16875:
16855:
16850:
16829:
16810:
16805:
16788:
16783:
16764:
16759:
16750:
16733:
16718:
16713:
16700:
16684:
16680:
16661:
16642:
16636:
16626:29 September
16624:. Retrieved
16620:the original
16615:
16605:
16596:
16590:
16578:. Retrieved
16574:the original
16569:
16560:
16548:. Retrieved
16539:
16530:
16503:
16495:
16478:
16466:. Retrieved
16455:
16446:
16438:
16429:
16417:. Retrieved
16413:the original
16391:
16388:the original
16377:
16370:
16365:
16357:
16352:
16343:
16331:. Retrieved
16327:the original
16317:
16305:. Retrieved
16291:
16284:
16279:
16272:
16254:
16249:
16240:
16228:. Retrieved
16217:
16208:
16199:
16187:. Retrieved
16183:the original
16172:
16164:
16159:
16151:
16135:
16134:Huntington,
16130:
16124:(in Turkish)
16111:
16106:
16082:
16076:
16052:
16046:
16037:
16028:
16019:
16011:
16007:
15998:
15990:
15985:
15961:
15956:
15948:
15929:
15910:
15904:
15892:. Retrieved
15881:
15871:
15863:
15848:
15834:
15829:
15803:
15795:
15786:
15777:
15765:
15753:. Retrieved
15749:the original
15744:
15720:
15708:
15700:
15695:
15686:
15664:
15660:
15651:(the Soviet
15648:
15644:
15636:
15631:
15622:
15617:Kinross, 401
15613:
15604:
15592:
15584:
15577:. Retrieved
15573:the original
15567:Can Dündar.
15562:
15541:
15537:
15531:
15523:
15516:. Retrieved
15501:
15493:
15475:12 September
15473:. Retrieved
15448:
15444:
15434:
15426:ResearchGate
15424:– via
15418:. Retrieved
15404:
15392:. Retrieved
15378:
15366:. Retrieved
15359:the original
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13710:
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13646:. Retrieved
13642:the original
13632:
13627:. pp. 290–91
13599:
13566:
13558:
13557:Ergüder, J.
13553:
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13222:. Retrieved
13218:the original
13208:
13200:
13199:В. Шеремет.
13195:
13187:
13183:
13160:
13157:Macfie, A.L.
13151:
13132:
13129:Akçam, Taner
13119:
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12895:. Retrieved
12875:
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12836:. Retrieved
12825:
12801:. Retrieved
12785:. Springer.
12781:
12774:
12765:
12757:
12752:
12740:. Retrieved
12736:the original
12726:
12716:26 September
12714:. Retrieved
12684:(1/4): 169.
12681:
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12579:
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12316:
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12290:
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12264:
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11991:
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10908:
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10890:, retrieved
10868:
10858:
10847:, retrieved
10825:
10814:
10802:. Retrieved
10772:
10751:
10744:(44+2 vols.)
10740:
10730:
10705:
10703:Andrew Mango
10698:
10676:
10663:
10627:
10621:name section
10612:
10604:
10603:appeared as
10479:
10424:
10405:
9924:
9907:
9902:
9899:
9894:Translations
9886:
9881:
9878:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9838:
9833:
9830:
9819:Lord Balfour
9804:
9798:Jenghis Khan
9789:Sulyman Shah
9785:
9775:
9773:
9767:L'Égyptienne
9765:
9762:
9746:
9711:
9699:Adolf Hitler
9684:
9660:
9511:
9501:
9495:
9477:
9420:
9399:
9377:
9372:Turkish lira
9349:
9303:
9284:
9261:
9226:
9219:
9215:
9206:
9194:Latife Uşaki
9183:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9123:district of
9117:Nuri Demirağ
9114:
9094:cotton mills
9083:
9075:
9063:Curtiss Hawk
9055:
9051:
9044:Atatürk and
9011:
8999:Ottoman Bank
8992:
8976:
8969:
8940:
8936:rail network
8929:
8921:
8901:Ottoman Bank
8886:
8880:Atatürk and
8879:
8872:Atatürk and
8853:
8818:
8814:
8773:Turkish Army
8758:
8754:
8749:
8741:
8733:
8721:
8717:
8690:
8681:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8638:
8626:Please help
8621:verification
8618:
8586:
8575:
8559:
8519:
8514:Shi'a clergy
8503:Atatürk and
8502:
8498:Soraya Tarzi
8493:Mahmud Tarzi
8482:
8446:
8437:
8426:
8410:
8393:
8379:
8368:
8364:
8352:
8337:
8313:Russian SFSR
8306:
8259:
8252:
8229:
8205:
8183:
8165:
8134:
8130:
8117:
8093:
8088:
8076:
8070:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8016:Adnan Saygun
8009:
8007:
8000:
7981:
7969:plastic arts
7964:
7956:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7928:
7903:
7887:
7876:
7855:
7843:
7837:
7820:Yusuf Akçura
7796:
7786:Andrew Mango
7766:
7722:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7660:
7651:Dil Encümeni
7650:
7647:
7599:
7550:
7544:
7537:
7531:
7527:To the women
7526:
7525:
7512:
7506:
7489:
7477:
7450:
7434:
7429:
7409:Mehmet Cavid
7407:, including
7397:
7366:
7351:
7323:tribal chief
7308:
7276:orders, the
7271:
7266:
7258:
7237:
7201:
7164:
7148:
7143:
7125:
7113:
7102:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7062:
7057:Republic Day
7040:
7036:
7028:
7023:
7021:
7014:set a loose
7004:
6989:Nâzım Hikmet
6976:
6968:totalitarian
6956:
6936:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6829:Fevzi Çakmak
6821:
6750:
6385:
6375:
6365:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6325:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6068:Jones (Elin)
5973:Flynn (Paul)
5933:Clarke (Tom)
5928:Clark (Katy)
5877:
5873:Adams (John)
5694:Philosophers
5471:Civic virtue
5433:Part of the
5414:
5405:
5392:spinning off
5385:
5357:
5329:
5294:Republic Day
5287:
5264:
5190:
5171:
5163:had occupied
5161:) that they
5151:Greek forces
5124:Grand Vizier
5121:
5105:
5071:
5063:
5053:
5046:
5036:
5009:
4948:
4926:
4919:
4852:
4822:
4815:
4803:
4799:Lord Kinross
4787:Jordan River
4767:
4762:aide-de-camp
4703:Talaat Pasha
4700:Grand Vizier
4670:, replacing
4668:Seventh Army
4665:
4652:
4642:
4583:
4575:
4501:
4471:
4429:
4364:Tripolitania
4344:Red Crescent
4336:
4293:
4255:
4249:
4229:Isa Boletini
4222:
4215:
4204:
4175:
4155:
4117:
4042:
4039:
3951:
3938:
3923:Thessaloniki
3914:
3912:
3846:
3835:
3825:
3821:
3807:
3799:Andrew Mango
3780:
3742:
3732:
3668:
3662:in 1922 and
3622:against its
3609:
3601:his policies
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3287:Spain (1977)
3282:Spain (1934)
3136:Radical Left
2937:New Liberals
2850:The Mountain
2714:Democrats 66
2611:Centre Union
2458:Mill (James)
2443:Lloyd George
2347:
1904:Muslim world
1736:de Condorcet
1726:Breckinridge
1705:
1468:Christianity
1334:
1308:
1307:
1216:
1215:
1150:
734:
727:Battles/wars
652:Turkish Army
628:Ottoman Army
447:affiliations
395:(1938-11-10)
343:Succeeded by
335:
320:
302:Succeeded by
294:
279:
266:Fevzi Çakmak
262:Succeeded by
254:
243:Fevzi Çakmak
227:
210:Succeeded by
202:
159:
121:
114:
107:
94:
62:
22667:1938 deaths
22662:1881 births
22610:Ali Babacan
22530:Altan Öymen
22525:Recai Kutan
22430:Erdal İnönü
22425:Necdet Calp
22420:Turgut Özal
22399:Kemal Satır
22293:Celâl Bayar
22283:İsmet İnönü
22278:Fethi Okyar
22256:Before 1960
22194:WikiProject
22125:Video games
21917:Individuals
21910:LGBT rights
21900:Health care
21867:Immigration
21648:Gendarmerie
21607:Referendums
21523:Legislative
21420:Earthquakes
21305:Oghuz Turks
21194:Dissolution
20968:White Turks
20942:Abdi İpekçi
20907:İsmet İnönü
20897:Young Turks
20794:Article 301
20784:Surname Law
20496:Namık Kemal
20471:Peyami Safa
20456:Nihal Atsız
20396:Enver Pasha
20386:Ziya Gökalp
20320:(left-wing)
20287:(1923–1944)
20268:Young Turks
20195:Grey Wolves
20175:Atsız Youth
20144:Ulusalcılık
20099:Pan-Turkism
19993:Altan Öymen
19968:İsmet İnönü
19860:İsmet İnönü
19830:Suphi Artel
19759:Cemil Çiçek
19643:Kemal Güven
19628:Fuat Sirmen
19542:Kâzım Orbay
19482:Kâzım Özalp
19477:Fethi Okyar
19340:Erdal İnönü
19312:Turgut Özal
19262:Ferit Melen
19242:İsmet İnönü
19210:Recep Peker
19188:Celâl Bayar
19183:İsmet İnönü
19178:Fethi Okyar
19173:İsmet İnönü
19164:(1923–2018)
19149:Fethi Okyar
19125:(1920–1923)
19001:Turgut Özal
18996:Kenan Evren
18976:Celâl Bayar
18971:İsmet İnönü
18887:İsmet İnönü
18854:İsmet İnönü
18826:Fethi Okyar
18673:Second Army
18482:: 221–255.
17254:10 November
17136:Sarı Zeybek
16984:31 December
16580:12 November
16550:12 November
16419:10 November
16333:26 November
16307:26 November
16071:, page 111.
15864:Neos Kosmos
15839:, 1901–1955
14631:11 February
14532:Cleveland,
14507:Laut (2002)
14208:Atillasoy,
13932:10 February
13851:20 November
13825:Wolf-Gazo,
13648:6 September
13341:21 November
13311:21 November
12590:21 November
12367:10 November
12306:10 November
12280:10 November
12089:28 December
11364:22 November
11301:21 November
10337:awarded by
10318:awarded by
10299:awarded by
10276:awarded by
10253:awarded by
10234:awarded by
10215:awarded by
10196:awarded by
10175:Ferdinand I
10173:awarded by
10132:awarded by
10113:awarded by
10094:awarded by
10075:awarded by
10056:awarded by
10037:awarded by
10018:awarded by
9999:awarded by
9980:awarded by
9961:awarded by
9927:World War I
9738:Bangladeshi
9730:Anwar Sadat
9714:Third World
9691:World War I
9680:Mexico City
9644:Netherlands
9638:borough of
9548:New Zealand
9364:Atatürk Dam
9360:Golden Horn
9295:sarcophagus
9140:Celâl Bayar
9111:in Istanbul
9078:Celâl Bayar
9046:İsmet İnönü
8882:İsmet İnönü
8874:Celâl Bayar
8809:Hatay State
8779:forming 11
8736:Balkan Pact
8600:Balkan Pact
8566:Dardanelles
8442:Balkan Pact
8317:imperialist
8156:Afghanistan
8096:Surname Law
8077:ulus devlet
7965:Halkodaları
7946:Surname Law
7908:hieroglyphs
7879:terminology
7757:Fethi Okyar
7725:Fethi Okyar
7685:coeducation
7377:Refet Pasha
7325:of a local
7315:Sheikh Said
7194:just after
7107:(1926) and
7070:Sunni Islam
6837:İsmet İnönü
6833:Kâzım Özalp
6701:Common good
6641:New Zealand
6636:Netherlands
6381:(1835–1840)
6351:(1787–1788)
6261:(c. 375 BC)
6183:Robespierre
5958:Etherington
5893:Benn (Tony)
5862:Politicians
5840:Tocqueville
5800:Montesquieu
5780:Machiavelli
5526:Rule of law
5521:Res publica
5348:subheadings
5271:İsmet İnönü
5129:signed the
5092:Halide Edib
5080:the speaker
5004:İsmet Pasha
4939:Yusuf Kemal
4922:Enver Pasha
4897:during the
4887:Abdul Hamid
4672:Fevzi Pasha
4614:Second Army
4600:during the
4572:Cevat Pasha
4553:World War I
4541:World War I
4534:, during a
4532:Switzerland
4528:Balkan Wars
4416:Balkan Wars
4360:Balkan Wars
4241:Eqrem Vlora
4140:Lütfi Müfit
4092:Early years
4049:(in modern
4037:ancestors.
4028:his reforms
3897:village of
3803:Namık Kemal
3763:Balkan Pact
3755:imperialism
3751:colonialism
3724:İsmet İnönü
3616:World War I
3597:nationalist
3432:Switzerland
3059:Radicales K
3027:South Korea
2947:Parti rouge
2902:More Europe
2862:Left Centre
2655:Clear Grits
2498:Robespierre
2438:La Follette
2256:Rationalism
1998:Technocracy
1909:South Korea
1776:La Follette
1435:Machine Age
1295:Surname Law
849:Chunuk Bair
814:World War I
783:Balkan Wars
606:(1923–1927)
592:(1921–1923)
577:(1893–1919)
494:(1923–1925)
474:(1919–1923)
468:(1918–1919)
462:(1907–1918)
456:(1906–1907)
427:Nationality
376: 1881
347:İsmet İnönü
331:Preceded by
306:Fethi Okyar
290:Preceded by
250:Preceded by
214:İsmet İnönü
198:Preceded by
188:Celâl Bayar
183:Fethi Okyar
178:İsmet İnönü
85:subheadings
22646:Categories
22625:Özgür Özel
22620:Ümit Özdağ
22550:Zeki Sezer
22535:Ahmet Türk
22344:Ahmet Oğuz
22066:Newspapers
22051:Literature
22031:Folk dance
21932:Corruption
21816:Minorities
21744:Renewables
21699:Automotive
21508:Government
21239:Secularism
20994:Good Party
20957:Uğur Mumcu
20922:Aziz Nesin
20887:People and
20555:Historical
20541:Sinan Oğan
20536:Ümit Özdağ
20370:Good Party
20190:Deep State
20180:Black Gang
20084:İttihadism
20008:Özgür Özel
19895:Oktay Ekşi
19810:Hasan Saka
19678:Sadi Irmak
19277:Sadi Irmak
19257:Nihat Erim
19215:Hasan Saka
19144:Rauf Orbay
18959:Presidents
18537:TP Editors
18396:10 October
17860:1037807472
17132:Can Dündar
16906:0199933731
16889:0199988455
16866:0739167936
16841:0313338566
16820:1402768826
16799:0230612458
16693:0230612458
16523:3406619789
16189:10 October
16069:0313307083
15301:19 January
15200:19 January
15155:19 January
14947:19 January
14758:19 January
14443:2002155283
14406:1 February
14396:"About Us"
14081:, page 207
12742:29 October
12443:0865319863
12332:29 October
11416:27 October
11238:16 January
11197:18 January
10804:23 January
10799:2008020716
10691:References
10650:; in this
10595:After the
10574:-tə-fə kə-
10320:Wilhelm II
10301:Wilhelm II
10278:Wilhelm II
10198:Wilhelm II
10190:Iron Cross
9596:Bangladesh
9592:Chittagong
9544:Wellington
9540:Kazakhstan
9532:Azerbaijan
9480:media help
9394:outlawing
9268:cigarettes
9248:See also:
8924:İş Bankası
8837:İskenderun
8781:army corps
8654:newspapers
8538:Zahir Shah
8471:(left) of
8301:Voroshilov
8277:See also:
8178:See also:
7957:Halkevleri
7892:linguistic
7696:parliament
7672:skill base
7624:. The new
7614:John Dewey
7532:To the men
7491:affection.
7453:penal code
7393:secularism
7339:Diyarbakır
7331:Diyarbakır
7327:Naqshbandi
7221:Panama hat
7192:Panama hat
7151:John Dewey
7043:in 1935).
7035:(the word
6902:pragmatism
6741:Monarchism
6731:Liberalism
6726:Jacobinism
6416:Gaṇasaṅgha
6271:(54–51 BC)
5755:Harrington
5632:Democratic
5622:Capitalist
5617:Autonomous
5599:Venizelism
5584:Khomeinism
5396:relocating
5344:condensing
5300:Presidency
5290:proclaimed
5251:See also:
4964:See also:
4863:Young Turk
4740:Wilhelm II
4598:Fifth Army
4557:See also:
4420:See also:
4272:See also:
4160:Third Army
4121:Fifth Army
4096:See also:
4009:Macedonian
3856:Early life
3818:Old Turkic
3814:given name
3593:secularist
3234:Luxembourg
3174:Luxembourg
3119:Luxembourg
2795:GroenLinks
2736:(elements)
2648:Hébertists
2643:Dantonists
2638:Cordeliers
2606:Blue Party
2518:Saint-Just
2488:Papandreou
2373:Clemenceau
2368:Cartwright
2276:Secularism
2271:Revolution
2195:Jacobinism
2081:Radicalism
1976:Liberalism
1410:Atomic Age
1240:Secularism
1092:Ararat III
1022:Dumlupınar
989:Haritan II
979:Khan Ayash
859:Kılıçbayır
839:No. 3 Post
829:Anzac Cove
698:16th Corps
560:Allegiance
81:condensing
22120:TV series
22078:Miniature
22021:Festivals
21937:Terrorism
21888:Education
21821:Languages
21665:Air Force
21580:Elections
21528:Executive
21474:Mountains
21341:Geography
21260:Overviews
21199:Partition
21165:Tulip era
20501:Gün Sazak
20406:Ali Suavi
20259:Political
20250:Wind Unit
19800:Şerif Bey
19739:Ömer İzgi
19588:Enver Aka
19318:Ali Bozer
19267:Naim Talu
18867:New title
18834:New title
18806:New title
18778:New title
18521:1300-6606
18515:: 15–42.
18488:0079-7294
18467:0884-9382
18443:154739517
18427:0020-7438
18386:1043-0164
18361:144066199
18353:0026-3206
18316:0013-0133
18075:(2002) .
17543:Afrik.com
17436:World War
17220:Routledge
17109:Routledge
17042:0040-781X
16969:Routledge
16891:, p. 167.
16869:, p. 146.
16823:, p. 106.
16494:Eastham,
16452:"History"
16393:ceremony.
16356:Webster,
16297:"Skylife"
16283:Emrence,
16167:, 232–33.
15579:1 January
15518:1 January
15420:9 October
15394:9 October
15368:9 October
14991:: 1–226.
14857:144367148
14666:Atatürk,
14521:Habertürk
14453:4 October
14190:: 45–54.
14162:Kinross,
14150:Tüfekçi,
13870:İğdemir,
13478:, 391–392
13461:Webster,
13224:1 January
13165:Routledge
13020:, p. 214.
12959:1363-3554
12698:0043-2539
12642:Lengyel,
12565:, p. 255.
12496:Routledge
12469:, page 96
12419:. p. 490.
12118:, p. 732.
12028:, p. 31.
11801:pp. 25–27
11775:132176422
11553:0011-5266
11451:Afet İnan
11271:3 October
11156:7 January
11087:7 January
11069:0952-1909
10944:4 October
10641:romanized
10236:Charles I
10115:Mehmed VI
9887:Geometri
9815:Ali Kemal
9794:Tamerlane
9650:is named
9640:Amsterdam
9600:Islamabad
9580:New Delhi
9560:Australia
9437:Worldwide
9390:) issued
9358:over the
9340:Anıtkabir
9299:Anıtkabir
9276:cirrhosis
9028:from the
9012:From the
9003:Sümerbank
8981:with the
8960:Sümerbank
8930:In 1927,
8785:divisions
8769:conflicts
8542:Mussolini
8505:Reza Shah
8466:Reza Shah
8360:Comintern
7999:) titled
7948:in 1934.
7912:cuneiform
7832:Etimesgut
7816:Afet İnan
7781:pluralism
7591:Sümerbank
7583:Sumerians
7575:Phrygians
7555:sculpture
7389:modernism
7329:order in
7249:Afet İnan
7225:Kastamonu
7208:Mahmud II
7109:Jerusalem
7065:caliphate
6960:communism
6596:Australia
6228:Venizelos
6218:Spadolini
6208:Slaughter
6153:McDonnell
6118:Mackenzie
6063:Jefferson
6018:Griffiths
5998:de Gaulle
5993:Garibaldi
5953:Drakeford
5845:Warburton
5765:Jefferson
5760:Honderich
5740:Condorcet
5627:Christian
5589:Nasserism
5564:Classical
5481:Democracy
5408:June 2024
5360:June 2024
5352:talk page
5340:splitting
5338:Consider
5241:massacres
5178:Bolshevik
5110:based in
4891:Gallipoli
4879:Armenians
4871:Albanians
4770:Mehmed VI
4688:Jerusalem
4686:captured
4663:erupted.
4610:XVI Corps
4481:Enver Bey
4451:Fethi Bey
4432:Gallipoli
4372:Cyrenaica
4352:Fethi Bey
4348:Enver Bey
4339:limestone
4209:(present
4123:based in
4005:Albanians
3935:Kodžadžik
3903:Kodžadžik
3882:), now a
3795:Afet İnan
3620:genocides
3581:his death
3577:president
3376:By region
2533:Venizelos
2503:Roosevelt
2493:Plastiras
2473:Mossadegh
2423:Jefferson
2393:Garibaldi
2234:Modernity
1889:Argentina
1883:By region
1871:Yavlinsky
1540:Modernity
1450:Space Age
1208:Mausoleum
1085:Ararat II
974:Haritan I
891:Sari Bair
869:Suvla Bay
543:Signature
522:Relatives
420:Anıtkabir
321:In office
280:In office
228:In office
160:In office
115:Halâskâr
89:talk page
77:splitting
75:Consider
22170:Category
22108:Football
22093:Painting
22036:Folklore
21944:Marriage
21850:Istanbul
21833:Religion
21786:Railways
21776:Aviation
21714:Currency
21572:Politics
21540:Judicial
21516:Branches
21494:Wildlife
21284:Military
21272:Economic
21177:Tanzimat
20741:Öztürkçe
20718:Policies
20446:Rıza Nur
20124:Turanism
20089:Kemalism
20057:Ideology
18571:7 August
18547:29 April
18496:60448681
18288:Journals
18268:(2004).
18225:(1987).
18215:54074541
18181:80503960
18099:(2004).
18008:55516821
17988:(2003).
17947:(2007).
17937:75604149
17906:(2006).
17877:54431696
17778:(1988).
17756:(1983).
17712:(1972).
17651:15 March
17645:Archived
17625:15 March
17619:Archived
17598:Archived
17553:19 March
17547:Archived
17495:Archived
17471:Archived
17459:. 2014.
17380:19 April
17349:19 April
17317:Archived
17272:Archived
17248:Archived
17141:Milliyet
17103:(2014).
17076:Archived
17046:Archived
17002:Archived
16940:Archived
16908:, p. 76.
16844:, p. 19.
16695:, p. 84.
16669:Archived
16544:Archived
16511:Archived
16498:, 132–36
16462:Archived
16301:Archived
16271:Barlas,
16224:Archived
16138:, 347–57
16116:Archived
16101:, p. 33.
16087:Archived
16057:Archived
15966:Archived
15888:Archived
15856:Archived
15755:7 August
15512:Archived
15469:Archived
15414:Archived
15388:Archived
15295:Archived
15191:Archived
15149:Archived
15062:Archived
14993:Archived
14941:Archived
14706:23 April
14651:Archived
14568:73683493
14447:Archived
14356:, 204–05
14352:Landau,
14290:Landau,
14277:Özelli,
14234:Landau,
14166:, p. 343
14095:Archived
14055:, 297–98
14051:Weiker,
14010:Archived
13973:Archived
13926:Archived
13874:, 165–70
13829:, 15–42.
13788:Archived
13762:Archived
13723:24 April
13717:Archived
13712:Hurriyet
13574:Archived
13503:Landau,
13441:Archived
13335:Archived
13305:Archived
13261:Archived
13159:(2014).
13131:(2011).
12977:14 March
12971:Archived
12967:25472814
12897:14 March
12891:Archived
12838:14 March
12832:Archived
12803:14 March
12797:Archived
12710:Archived
12625:15 March
12619:Archived
12615:Hürriyet
12584:Archived
12539:Archived
12510:Archived
12361:Archived
12274:Archived
12213:, p. 37.
12049:Archived
12002:23 April
11877:Archived
11851:Archived
11804:Archived
11723:Archived
11647:Archived
11625:Archived
11589:, p. 37.
11565:Archived
11561:20023842
11541:Daedalus
11535:(1968).
11514:Archived
11488:7 August
11462:Archived
11435:Archived
11410:Archived
11406:83-16872
11358:Archived
11295:Archived
11265:Archived
11232:Archived
11191:Archived
11081:Archived
11077:59138386
10969:19922607
10935:Archived
10931:29416622
10777:New York
10720:Archived
10586:Turkish:
10465:Kemalism
10346:See also
10128:Turkey:
10096:Mehmed V
10077:Mehmed V
10058:Mehmed V
10039:Mehmed V
10020:Mehmed V
10001:Mehmed V
9982:Mehmed V
9749:Istanbul
9736:and the
9604:Pakistan
9564:Santiago
9556:Canberra
9312:and the
9210:Sorbonne
9125:Istanbul
9121:Beşiktaş
8777:officers
8571:Istanbul
8034:stated:
7973:idolatry
7936:, said "
7713:geometry
7709:Geometri
7587:Hittites
7373:Rauf Bey
7303:Büyükada
7133:Tanzimat
7129:medreses
7027:renamed
7024:de facto
6894:Kemalism
6865:Çarşamba
6666:Scotland
6606:Barbados
6257:Republic
6173:Prescott
6143:Naysmith
6133:McKechin
6093:La Malfa
6088:Khomeini
6048:Iorwerth
6013:Griffith
5988:Gambetta
5983:Galloway
5968:Ferguson
5948:Davidson
5943:Cromwell
5938:Connolly
5918:Campbell
5835:Sunstein
5820:Rousseau
5815:Polybius
5750:Franklin
5730:Chappell
5725:Cattaneo
5662:People's
5647:Imperial
5579:Kemalism
5516:Republic
5450:Concepts
5332:too long
5306:Kemalism
5149:and the
5096:Ali Fuat
5039:congress
4905:General
4835:Anatolia
4759:Honorary
4744:Karlsbad
4586:European
4512:Kaymakam
4485:Dimetoka
4478:Kaymakam
4398:and the
4388:Lausanne
4252:Picardie
4199:Picardie
4164:Manastır
4156:Kolağası
4136:Ali Fuat
4125:Damascus
4071:Istanbul
4069:(modern
4024:Islamist
3986:Anatolia
3958:Albanian
3876:Salonika
3874:city of
3840:—
3824:(1934),
3720:Istanbul
3704:toponyms
3628:Armenian
3605:Kemalism
3417:Paraguay
3382:Bulgaria
3124:Paraguay
3079:Bulgaria
2755:Far Left
2508:Rosselli
2418:Hobhouse
2303:Suffrage
2239:Populism
2122:Chartism
2073:a series
2071:Part of
1866:Yamamoto
1826:Sampedro
1721:Brandeis
1555:Progress
1388:a series
1386:Part of
1310:Kemalism
1168:Timeline
1078:Ararat I
954:Damascus
834:Baby 700
735:See list
708:7th Army
703:2nd Army
686:Commands
528:(sister)
514:(mother)
508:(father)
402:, Turkey
400:Istanbul
380:Salonica
311:1st
150:1st
65:too long
22327:1960–80
22206:Outline
22182:Commons
22115:Theater
22098:Pottery
22014:Ottoman
22009:Cuisine
21987:Ottoman
21964:Culture
21949:Poverty
21881:Society
21766:Tourism
21719:Defense
21691:Economy
21533:Cabinet
21464:Geology
21408:Climate
21350:Regions
21277:Ottoman
21095:Beyliks
21091:Seljuks
21056:History
20261:parties
19397:Italics
18692:Unknown
18621:of the
18617:in the
18608:at the
18380:(312).
18324:2228117
18198:1926301
18101:Atatürk
18065:1337444
17929:Atatürk
17477:30 June
17423:In his
17105:Atatürk
16964:Ataturk
16811:Atheism
16745:, p. 86
16570:Atatürk
16369:Doğan,
16255:Atatürk
16253:Mango,
16152:Atatürk
16150:Mango,
15991:Atatürk
15989:Mango,
15494:Atatürk
15492:Mango,
15465:4282948
15068:22 July
14584:, xxxix
14481:. p. 66
14367:Atatürk
14365:Mango,
14281:, 77–92
14223:Çankaya
14139:Atatürk
14137:Mango,
14019:8 April
13982:8 April
13894:Atatürk
13892:Mango,
13872:Atatürk
13693:Atatürk
13691:Mango,
13680:Atatürk
13678:Mango,
13664:Atatürk
13662:Mango,
13518:Atatürk
13516:Mango,
13492:Atatürk
13490:Mango,
13476:Atatürk
13474:Mango,
13395:Atatürk
13393:Mango,
13357:Atatürk
13355:Mango,
13201:Босфор.
13161:Atatürk
13085:Ahmad,
13010:Atatürk
12706:1569959
12229:, p. 2.
12209:Mango,
12055:9 March
11874:p. 144.
11845:p. 31,
11729:27 June
11644:p. 1064
11587:Atatürk
11585:Mango,
10643::
10615:on his
10581:-ə-turk
10295:of the
10272:of the
10192:of the
9889:, 1937.
9634:in the
9620:Tunisia
9608:Larkana
9304:In his
9287:cortège
9238:atheist
9133:Nu D.38
9129:Nu D.36
9105:Nu D.36
9090:Nazilli
9007:Etibank
8833:Antakya
8811:'s flag
8793:cavalry
8789:brigade
8761:Dobruja
8714:in 1931
8668:scholar
8469:Pahlavi
8333:bullion
8234:at the
8108:Turkish
7959:) and "
7942:Atatürk
7902:titled
7755:leader
7734:Menemen
7642:Kayseri
7610:Persian
7595:Etibank
7579:Lydians
7567:Ottoman
7474:in 1930
7461:laïcité
7385:statism
7282:dervish
7198:in 1925
6964:fascism
6927:dervish
6906:statism
6898:realism
6841:reforms
6631:Morocco
6621:Jamaica
6616:Ireland
6601:Bahamas
6403:History
6223:Taverne
6198:Skinner
6178:Ritchie
6123:Madison
6103:Lincoln
6053:Jackson
6043:Huppert
6038:Hopkins
5963:Fabiani
5923:Chapman
5908:Bolívar
5898:Bennett
5888:Bartley
5878:Atatürk
5790:Mazzini
5785:Madison
5715:Bentham
5705:Baggini
5672:Secular
5652:Islamic
5637:Federal
5574:Federal
5558:Schools
5330:may be
5279:Straits
5238:ensuing
5224:in the
5215:by the
5209:Mareşal
5145:in the
5084:diarchy
5058:to the
5012:Mirliva
4612:of the
4520:Colonel
4448:Binbaşı
4378:in the
4328:Tripoli
4132:Captain
4031:claimed
4012:Torbeši
3990:Turkish
3939:Kocacık
3915:Selanik
3899:Kocacık
3895:Ottoman
3872:Ottoman
3810:surname
3783:Mustafa
3712:He died
3589:secular
3585:reforms
3571:of the
3449:Related
3422:Romania
3407:Hungary
3397:Ecuador
3392:Denmark
3239:Estonia
3204:Finland
3164:Hungary
3154:Bolivia
3099:Ukraine
3084:Estonia
3022:Belgium
2845:Jacobin
2538:Virchow
2523:Stevens
2468:Mommsen
2448:Mazzini
2433:Leclerc
2428:Lacombe
2378:Cobbett
2358:Bolívar
2353:Bentham
2348:Atatürk
2325:Welfare
2281:Laicité
2089:History
1936:Related
1846:Wallace
1841:Trudeau
1831:Sanders
1771:Krugman
1741:Douglas
1706:Atatürk
1663:Welfare
1430:Jet Age
1404:History
1218:Reforms
1036:Revolts
1012:Sakarya
944:Megiddo
864:Hill 60
676:Marshal
499:Parents
123:Mareşal
63:may be
22772:Pashas
22158:Portal
22103:Sports
22004:Cinema
21999:Carpet
21982:Seljuk
21972:Anthem
21855:Ankara
21724:Energy
21616:Topics
21484:Rivers
21401:Topics
21293:Topics
21048:Turkey
20557:events
20379:People
20119:Taksim
19533:(1961)
18519:
18494:
18486:
18465:
18461:: 66.
18441:
18435:162345
18433:
18425:
18384:
18359:
18351:
18322:
18314:
18276:
18254:
18235:
18213:
18196:
18179:
18169:
18150:
18126:
18107:
18085:
18063:
18044:
18025:
18006:
17996:
17974:
17955:
17935:
17916:
17892:
17875:
17858:
17848:
17826:
17805:
17786:
17764:
17741:
17722:
17698:
17684:Prints
17463:
17431:said:
17403:
17323:5 June
17309:
17226:
17197:
17166:
17115:
17082:26 May
17052:26 May
17040:
16975:
16923:Forbes
16904:
16887:
16864:
16839:
16818:
16797:
16776:p. 163
16771:
16741:
16725:
16691:
16649:
16521:
16468:29 May
16230:29 May
16163:Shaw,
16097:
16067:
15977:
15917:
15894:29 May
15824:p. 107
15816:
15463:
15333:
15291:Bianet
15268:
15231:
15183:
15122:
15094:
15050:(10).
15025:
14999:28 May
14965:
14933:
14906:
14881:
14855:
14818:
14793:
14729:
14678:İnan,
14645:Omur,
14606:
14580:Ünal,
14566:
14477:
14441:
14431:
14378:İnan,
14339:29 May
14116:
14077:
13794:4 June
13784:"1924"
13768:5 June
13754:
13623:
13447:4 June
13433:
13410:
13377:
13282:Shaw,
13171:
13139:
13107:
13038:
13016:
12965:
12957:
12919:
12883:
12789:
12704:
12696:
12561:
12536:p. 81.
12516:15 May
12502:
12440:
12242:
12197:
12114:
12024:
11934:
11795:
11773:
11715:
11688:
11622:p. 254
11571:26 May
11559:
11551:
11404:
11394:
11326:
11220:(10).
11147:
11115:
11075:
11067:
11021:
10976:
10967:
10929:
10919:
10892:9 June
10883:
10849:9 June
10840:
10797:
10787:
10712:
10619:. See
10599:, he
10331:
10322:(1918)
10312:
10289:
10280:(1917)
10266:
10247:
10238:(1916)
10228:
10219:(1916)
10209:
10200:(1915)
10186:
10177:(1915)
10167:
10145:
10126:
10107:
10088:
10069:
10050:
10031:
10012:
9993:
9974:
9955:
9943:Ankara
9811:Allies
9801:women.
9753:Turkey
9630:; and
9536:Almaty
9526:; the
9518:. The
9508:UNESCO
9402:) and
9366:, and
9344:Ankara
9325:Turkey
9320:Legacy
9272:Yalova
9230:Muslim
9198:Bitola
9180:, 1924
9086:Calico
8829:sanjak
8751:force.
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8534:Tehran
8487:under
8371:Geneva
8325:rifles
8160:Ankara
7997:tafsir
7920:Vienna
7850:. The
7761:Yalova
7740:. The
7585:, and
7563:Seljuk
7379:, and
7335:Elazığ
7278:tekkes
7229:Fedora
7210:. The
7116:sharia
7010:. The
6940:Ankara
6889:banner
6861:Samsun
6835:, and
6656:Sweden
6646:Norway
6611:Canada
6391:(1963)
6371:(1794)
6361:(1791)
6341:(1762)
6331:(1755)
6321:(1748)
6311:(1698)
6301:(1656)
6291:(1649)
6281:(1531)
6233:Wilson
6203:Slater
6193:Skates
6148:Mannin
6138:Mullin
6113:Mackay
6078:Juárez
6033:Hébert
6028:Hatton
6023:Harvie
5913:Burgon
5830:Sidney
5825:Sandel
5810:Pettit
5735:Cicero
5700:Arendt
5682:Soviet
5677:Sister
5569:Modern
5277:, the
5155:Smyrna
5068:Ankara
5020:Samsun
5006:(left)
5000:Ankara
4988:, and
4883:Greeks
4831:Allies
4829:, the
4795:Aleppo
4779:Nablus
4775:Aleppo
4748:Vienna
4718:, and
4622:Bitlis
4606:Edirne
4497:Thrace
4489:Edirne
4446:under
4444:Thrace
4440:Bulair
4404:Ankara
4370:, and
4368:Fezzan
4312:Tobruk
4290:, 1912
4233:Kosovo
4104:, and
4051:Bitola
4020:Jewish
3998:Turkic
3927:Greece
3884:museum
3880:Greece
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