Kennewick Man - Knowledge

6626: 3089: 681: 4415: 639: 667: 5127: 2632: 29: 290:, a recognized indigenous people of Northern Japan. However, when size was excluded as a factor, no association to any population was established. In 2001, Chatters wrote that the "craniofacial characteristics of Paleo-Americans, Asians, and early Europeans, loosely resemble the Ainu, Polynesian, and Australian peoples", but that no group was the major contributor to the Paleo-American gene pool. Anthropologist 357:. Of the five tribes that originally claimed Kennewick Man as an ancestor, their members were the only ones to donate DNA samples for evaluation. The low sequencing depth (approximately 1x) of the Kennewick Man's genome, along lack of genomes from North American aboriginal populations have made it impossible to ascertain Kennewick Man's nearest living relatives among regional Native American tribes. His 653: 243:(part of the pelvic bone). There was new bone growing around it indicating a painful but old wound. Chatters made a CT scan which determined the projectile was made from a siliceous gray stone with igneous (volcanic) origins. The projectile, leaf-shaped, long, and broad, with serrated edges, fit the description of a 1347:: "The craniofacial characteristics of Paleo-Americans, Asians, and early Europeans, loosely resembling as they do the Ainu, Polynesian, and Australian peoples, show that neither major contributor to the Paleo-American gene pool had yet differentiated far from the ancestral, generalized Homo sapiens form." 493:

wrote an essay "Mighty White of You: Racial Preferences Color America's Oldest Skulls and Bones", in which he describes a systemic "racial preference" for Kennewick Man, and other old skeletons, to be of European origin. If this theory held true (and DNA evidence shows it does not), it would turn the

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over the identity of the first people of the Americas. "Palaeoamericans" posit the earliest inhabitants are not related to modern day Indians, possibly they were Asians from an extinct lineage, or even from Europe. "Palaeoindians" assert modern Indians are the descendants of the earliest settlers of

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Kennewick Man had been buried deliberately. By examining the calcium carbonate left behind as underground water collected on the underside of the bones and then evaporated, scientists were able to conclude that Kennewick Man was lying on his back with his feet rolled slightly outward and his arms at

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published a study of Kennewick Man's sequenced genome, which found that Kennewick Man is nested within the diversity of contemporary Native Americans, though he cannot be associated specifically with any particular modern group. In September 2016, the US House and Senate passed legislation to return

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Brenner, Joan Coltrain; Dixon, E. James; Edgar, J. H. Heather; Farmer, G. Lang; Fifield, Terence E.; Heaton, Timothy H.; Kemp, Brian M.; Lee, Craig M.; Owsley, Douglas W.; Parrish, Eric; Smith, David G.; Turner, Christy; Worl, Rosita K. (2014). "Evidence of maritime adaptation and coastal migration

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Owsley also found that Kennewick Man had arthritis in his right elbow, both of his knees, and several vertebrae but not severe enough to be crippling. Kennewick Man had suffered some trauma in his lifetime, which was evident by a fractured rib that had healed, a depression fracture on his forehead,

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race near Kennewick. Thomas was wading in about 50 cm (18 in) of water, about 3 m (10 ft) from shore, when his foot struck something hard and round. He pulled up a human skull. They stashed it in the bushes, waited for the race to finish, then found a plastic bucket and took the

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The use of the word "Caucasoid" to describe Kennewick Man, and his facial reconstruction that appeared plausibly European, were taken by many to mean that Kennewick Man was "Caucasian", European, or "white", rather than an ancestor of present-day Native Americans, although the term "Caucasoid" had

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Forensic anthropologist Douglas Owsley, who later led the scientific team that examined Kennewick Man's skeleton in 2005, discovered that the bones in Kennewick Man's arms were bent. Owsley theorized that this was the result of powerful muscles built up over the course of a lifetime of hunting and

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indicate that the man lived almost exclusively on a diet of marine mammals for the last 20 or so years of his life, and that the water he drank was glacial melt. The closest marine coastal environment where this water could have been found during his lifetime was in Alaska. That, combined with the

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After the suspension of the government studies, anthropologists sued the government, and in 2002 won the right to study the bones. For the next six years beginning in 2005, Douglas Owsley of the Smithsonian Institution coordinated more than a dozen experts, who analyzed the bones in numerous ways

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Later studies criticised claims made about the ancestry of the Kennewick Man purely based on skull morphology, noting that that a single skull is too small a sample size to accurately determine affinities with any degree of certainty, and that the Kennewick Man's skull morphology falls within the

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archeologists voiced concern and criticism of the Owsley team's preliminary findings (not published fully until 2014). First, it was noted that no one outside of Owsley's team had an opportunity to examine the Smithsonian's data to see how the team reached its conclusions. Second, the absence of

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introduced an amendment to NAGPRA, which (section 108) would have changed the definition of "Native American" from being that which "is indigenous to the United States" to "is or was indigenous to the United States". However, the 109th Congress concluded without enacting the bill. By the bill's

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goes back 10,000 years, and they had been present on the territory since the dawn of time. Native American tribes asserted that the claims that Kennewick Man was of non-Indian origin was an attempt to evade the law governing custodianship of ancient bones. The Corps of Engineers and the Clinton

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The discovery of Kennewick Man, along with other ancient skeletons, has furthered scientific debate over the origin and history of early Native American people. One hypothesis holds that a single source of migration occurred, consisting of hunters and gatherers following large herds of game who

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Between 1998 and 2000, the Department of the Interior and National Park Service, in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, the federal agency responsible for the Kennewick remains, conducted a series of scientific examinations of the remains. Eighteen nationally and internationally recognized

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and a few in the hands and feet. After further study, Chatters concluded it was "a male of late middle age (40–55 years), and tall (170 to 176 cm, 5′7″ to 5′9″), and was fairly muscular with a slender build". The Owsley team in 2005 reported he may have been as young as 38 at the time of death.

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The similarity of some ancient skeletal remains in the Americas, such as Kennewick Man, to coastal Asian phenotypes is suggestive of more than one migration source. Classification of DNA from ancient skeletons such as Kennewick Man and others of similar phenotype may or may not reveal genetic

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The Smithsonian Institution alone had 18,600 American Indian remains. Indians are further dehumanized by being exhibited alongside mastodons and dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. No other issue has touched a more sensitive chord than these disrespectful nineteenth-century collecting

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the remains to a coalition of Columbia basin tribes. Kennewick Man was buried according to Indian traditions on February 18, 2017, with 200 members of five Columbia basin tribes in attendance, at an undisclosed location in the area. Within the scientific community since the 1990s,

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articles published prior to Owsley unveiling the bones' "secrets" was criticized. Third, Owsley's non-Native argument hinged on the assumption that Kennewick Man's skull was a reliable means of assessing ancestry. This was a "nineteenth-century skull science paradigm", said

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The remains of Kennewick Man were cataloged and removed from the Burke Museum on February 17, 2017. The following day, more than 200 members of five Columbia Plateau tribes were present at a burial of the remains, according to their traditions, at an undisclosed location.

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traits lack of definitive Native-American characteristics", as well as the apparent context of the skeleton as part of an early Paleo-American group led him to state that the body was "Caucasian" (an anthropological term not synonymous with "white" or "European").

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skull to a Kennewick police officer. The police returned with the students to the location. After further searching more bones were found underwater, and along the shore. The county coroner determined the skull was not modern, and it was given to archaeologist

140:, which holds jurisdiction over the land where the remains were found, retained legal custody. The science community wished to conduct research on the skeleton and asserted he was only distantly related to today's Native Americans and more closely resembled 164:, including by ancient peoples from Europe, have been losing ground in the face of ancient DNA analysis. The identification of Kennewick Man as closely related to modern Native Americans symbolically marked the "end of a non-Indian ancient North America". 399:

scientists and scholars conducted a variety of historical and scientific examinations, analyses, tests, and studies. Nevertheless, the "analysis was quickly suspended by the U.S. government" because of the controversy over custodianship of the remains.

353:, which concluded that his genome was nested within the diversity of contemporary Native Americans. The study concluded Kennewick Man belonged to a population closely related to contemporary Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, including 1679:

Adachi N.; Shinoda K; Umetsu K; Matsumura H. (2009), "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar; 141(3):504–05",

532:. The Burke Museum was the court-appointed neutral repository for the remains, and did not exhibit them. They were then still legally the property of the US Army Corps of Engineers, as they were found on land under its custody. 543:

tribe requested custody of the remains so they could be reburied according to tribal tradition. It was contested by researchers who believed Kennewick Man was not affiliated with modern Indians. The Umatilla argued that their

2863: 2329:; Chisholm, Brian; Knyf, Martin; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Owsley, Douglas W.; Schwarcz, Henry P.; Stafford, Thomas W. (2014). "Stable isotope evidence for diet and origin". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.). 435:

North America. Kennewick Man, and DNA from other ancient skeletons, has played a significant role in eroding Palaeoamerican theories. Kennewick Man's DNA results mark an "end of a non-Indian ancient North America".

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magazine, "Scientists have found only about 50 skeletons of such antiquity, most of them fragmentary. Any new find can thus add crucial insight into the ongoing mystery of who first colonized the New World."

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Advances in genetic research made it possible to analyze ancient DNA (aDNA) more accurately than earlier attempts when the skeleton was found. In June 2015, a study was published which analysed his sequenced

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Brace, C. Loring; Brace, Mary L.; Nelson, A. Russel; Qifeng, Pan; Sequchi, Noriko; Umeda, Hideyuki; Wilson, Margaret (2014). "The Ainu and Jōmon connection". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.).

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passed legislation to return the ancient bones to a coalition of Columbia Basin tribes. The coalition included the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the

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Regardless of the debate over whether there were more than one source of migration following the LGM, Kennewick Man has yielded insight into the marine lifestyle and mobility of early coastal migrants.

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tables on Indian claims of being the first inhabitants, white Europeans would be the victims of Indian invaders, and politically modern Indians would have less claim to sovereignty.

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Our oral history goes back 10,000 years. We know how time began and how Indian people were created. They can say whatever they want, the scientists. They are being disrespectful.

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group like that of North Asia. Powell said analysis of the skull showed it to be "unlike American Indians and Europeans". Powell concluded that the remains were "clearly not a

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were invented as a means of identification. Kennewick Man follows the practice of naming a discovery after the place it was found. Ancient One is his Indian-given name.

3665: 3954: 1531: 5194: 4345: 3073: 7864: 3063: 313:; this had the advantage of including data drawn from Asian and North American populations. Powell said that Kennewick Man was not European but most resembled the 286:(2000) conducted a graphic comparison, including size, of Kennewick Man to eighteen modern populations. They found Kennewick Man to be most closely related to the 2477:

Owsley, Douglas L.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Williams, Aleitha A. (2014). "Taphonomic indicators of burial context". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.).

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and seven other anthropologists sued the United States for the right to conduct research. The anthropologists won the case in 2002, and on February 4, 2004, the

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reported "White supremacist groups are among those who used Kennewick Man to claim that Caucasians came to America well before Native Americans." Additionally,

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Kennewick Man was discovered by accident by two college students, Will Thomas and David Deacy, on July 28, 1996. They were at the Columbia River to watch a

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titled "The Ancestry and Affiliations of Kennewick Man" analyzed ancient DNA from Kennewick Man, and determined he is associated with modern day Indians.

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organization, sued to have the bones genetically tested before it was adjudicated that Kennewick Man was an ancestor of present-day Native Americans.

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Berryman, Hugh (2014). "Postmortem breakage as a taphonomic tool for determining burial position". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.).

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Scientists attempted DNA analysis within a few years of discovery, but reported "available technology and protocols do not allow the analysis of

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definition, Kennewick Man would have been classified as Native American regardless of whether any link to a contemporary tribe could be found.

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The discovery precipitated a nearly twenty-year-long dispute. Native American tribes asserted legal rights to rebury the man under the federal

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location of the find, led to the conclusion that the individual led a highly mobile, water-borne lifestyle centered on the northern coast.

3939: 3924: 3908: 136:(NAGPRA), a law that protects Indian remains from disrespectful treatment, such as storage in labs, museums, and private collections. The 7685: 5543: 5166: 3764: 3638: 3483: 3016: 2851: 1272: 525: 181:, who over the course of ten visits to the site, assembled 350 bones and bone fragments creating a nearly complete articulated skeleton. 1409: 7625: 7314: 3343: 3338: 1576:

Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, et al. (2007), "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders",

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including forensic anthropology, physical anthropology, and isotope chemistry. Their report was published in 2014, in the book titled

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Report on the Non-Destructive Examination, Description, and Analysis of the Human Remains from Columbia Park, Kennewick, Washington

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spearfishing. Kennewick Man was found to be right-handed, as the bones of the right arm are noticeably larger than the left.

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No bone unturned: Inside the world of a top forensic scientist and his work on America's most notorious crimes and disasters

1080: 6652: 6477: 5592: 3604: 3599: 2929: 1540: 1115:"The Repatriation of the Palaeoamericans: Kennewick Man/the Ancient One and the End of a Non-Indian Ancient North America" 7854: 7849: 7670: 7645: 7595: 7059: 6536: 5587: 5465: 4978: 3624: 3479: 3303: 2847: 2604:

Stafford, Thomas W. (2014). "Chronology of the Kennewick Man skeleton". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.).

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Cook, Della Collins (2014). "The natural shocks that flesh is heir to". In Owsley, Douglas W.; Jantz, Richard L. (eds.).

1906: 1879: 1724:"Genetic Analysis of Early Holocene Skeletal Remains From Alaska and its Implications for the Settlement of the Americas" 431: 203: 161: 443:. An alternative hypothesis is that more than one source population was involved in migration immediately following the 7419: 7199: 7024: 6591: 5570: 5209: 4361: 3464: 3293: 3039: 2813: 2798: 2753: 2613: 2527: 2486: 2357: 2338: 2316: 2274: 2186: 2166: 2146: 1972: 478: 366: 194:

The cranium was fully intact including all of its teeth from the time of death. All major bones were found except the

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was a Native American man who lived during the early Holocene, whose skeletal remains were found washed out on a

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In September 2016, in light of new DNA evidence associating Kennewick Man with modern day Native Americans, the

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maintained in a 2006 interview that, by his analysis, Kennewick Man was "likely related" to the Ainu of Japan.

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peoples". Powell said that dental analysis showed the skull to have a 94-percent consistency with being of a

6518: 2108: 7859: 7580: 7129: 6596: 6524: 6488: 5558: 3852: 3522: 3502: 3459: 3449: 3409: 2936:– The scientific team assembled to study the Kennewick Man skeletal finished the second phase of research. 1533:

From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmedpoints of the northwest Pacific

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Report on the DNA Testing Results of the Kennewick Human Remains from Columbia Park, Kennewick, Washington

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tribe can be established, the affiliated tribe may claim them. Two months after discovery in 1996, the

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people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than

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According to NAGPRA, if human remains are found on federal lands and their cultural affiliation to a

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was also allowed to examine the remains. Powell used craniometric data obtained by anthropologist

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Chatters, who initially investigated the skeleton, early on concluded that the "presence of

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administration supported the Native American claim in what became a long-running lawsuit.

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Chatters, James C. (2000). "The Recovery and First Analysis of an Early Holocene Human".

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There have been three major scientific initiatives to study and report on Kennewick Man.

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from these remains" ie. multiple experts were unable to extract enough DNA for analysis.

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his side, with the palms facing down, a position that could not have been accidental.

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group like the Ainu and Polynesians and only a 48-percent consistency with being of a

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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals)

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affiliation between them, with either Beringian or coastal Asian source populations.

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and a similar indentation on the left side of the head, and a spear jab that healed.

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Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West

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Originally published in the "Newsletter of the American Anthropological Association"

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Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity

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Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity

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Riddle of the Bones: Politics, Science, Race, and the Story of Kennewick Man

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