456:
Special Court convened to investigate the charges, which unanimously found all nine defendants guilty and sentenced them to death. Though very small by comparison to the purges happening elsewhere in the Soviet Union, combined with summary arrests and executions by the NKVD, complete domination of the TNRP and the republic by pro-Moscow
Stalinists was now assured.
418:), and Chair of the Women's Section of the Central Committee of the TNRP. In both these positions Anchimaa took a leading role in coordinating action for improving social and economic conditions for women, in particular the eradication of illiteracy and the promotion of employment and education opportunities for women in Tuvan society.
481:. She retained her maiden name after marriage (which was very common among the communists and revolutionaries) and only changed it after her husband died in 1973. The marriage was of two of the Tuvan Republic's most powerful political figures, and together Anchimaa and Toka would dominate Tuvan politics for the next three decades.
469:, who had become the world's first female government minister in 1917. However, the Tuvan Republic's lack of diplomatic recognition, the scant information and reporting available outside the Soviet Union concerning the extremely isolated Republic (particularly during a period when world attention was focused on Nazi Germany's
434:
monasteries had much of their wealth and power stripped. Tuvan herds and agricultural endeavors were aggressively collectivized along the lines of the Soviet model, however the reforms proved deeply unpopular and were gradually reversed. However, Soviet interference in local matters was frequent, and
520:
After that the TNRP became a local branch of the CPSU, which
Salchak Toka continued to lead. Anchimaa became the deputy chair of the executive committee of the Tuvan CPSU branch, maintaining a leading role in social affairs within Tuva and continuing her work on art and literacy. In 1962, she became
313:
under
Mongolian and Tuvan nobility. Anchimaa was born the third child in a family of peasant hunters. In the spring of 1918, a smallpox epidemic in the region claimed her father and one of her sisters, leaving her mother to care for Anchimaa and her four other siblings alone. To help make ends meet,
63:
455:
in the Tuvan
Republic to expose 'right opportunists'. Leading 'counter-revolutionaries' and 'Japanese spies' exposed included Council of Ministers Chairman Sat-Churmit Dazhy and Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Khural Adyg-Tyulyush Khemchik-ool. As a leading party member Anchimaa sat on the
464:
In April 1940, Anchimaa became the Chair of the
Presidium of Little Khural, the head of state for the Tuvan People's Republic. In doing so she became the first female head of state in the modern era (who did not inherit the title). In doing so she surpassed the achievement of fellow Soviet
376:, helping to oversee local economic production as well as continuing to work to eradicate illiteracy in the district. Her energy and success in these tasks brought her to the attention of the local party leadership. She was admitted to the TNRP and sent, among 70 others, to the
392:
is said to have affected
Khertek greatly. Their education and living while in Moscow was completely funded by the state, however the education proved very challenging for the Tuvans sent due to their low level of basic education and requirement to becoming quickly fluent in
355:. At the age of 18, when the first national Tuvan alphabet was introduced, she was one of the first to learn it, and was subsequently recruited by the state to teach the language to others as a member of the Revolutionary Youth Union (Revsomol), the youth wing of the
516:
to become a constituent state of the USSR. The
Soviets, desiring the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues over the region, acceded to the request and the state formally ceased to exist in November 1944.
405:
Upon her return in 1935, Anchimaa was one of several recent graduates of the
University of the Toilers in the East to be placed in positions of political trust in the TNRP due to their political and administrative education in Moscow and their adherence to
350:
was proclaimed on 17 August 1921. The new Soviet-backed government greatly increased education opportunities, and subsequently in a period where very few Tuvans, particularly women, were literate
Anchimaa managed to learn to write and read in
388:"Where is Moscow" as part of her initial assessment, Anchimaa admitted she did not know but said "If you send me, I will know where it is." Apart from studying, students attended lectures of famous Soviet politicians; the meeting with
473:, the opening salvo of Second World War's western front) meant that this fact went unnoticed for some time. Anchimaa would also hold the record as the longest serving non-royal female head of state until Iceland's
512:
of social and economic practices, and virtually all opposition to
Stalinist policy eradicated. These trends culminated in 1944 in the petition, masterminded by Toka and Anchimaa, for the republic's
529:
She retired in 1972, acquired the family name "Anchimaa-Toka" after her husband's death in 1973 and led a quiet life until her death. Anchimaa-Toka died November 4, 2008, in Tuva. She was 96.
521:
vice-chairwoman of Tuvan Council of Ministers, the number two position in the Tuvan Soviet government, being responsible for social welfare, health, education, culture, sports and propaganda.
274:
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Anchimaa's education meant she had been absent during the height of the 'cultural revolution' of Tuva in the early 1930s, during which time the local nobility,
550:
990:
625:
Vasilev, Dimitri (2005). "The Sayan-Altain Mountain Region and South-Eastern Siberia". In Chahryar Adle, Madhavan Palat and Anara Tabyshalieva (ed.).
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and the republic's economy was entirely dedicated to serving the cause of the war. Tuvan orientation towards Moscow intensified during the war, with
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in which she took a leading role in mobilizing the resources and manpower of the republic to assist the Soviet Union in defending from the
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had led to the end of the nominal Chinese rule over Tuvan territory and the establishment of the independent
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department of Revsomol. In 1938, she became the director of Tuvan Zhenotdel (the analogue of the Soviet
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384:, a journey of some 5000 km over three weeks. When asked by the university selection committee in
370:
347:
270:
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As Chair of the Presidium she had an extensive correspondence with her equivalent Soviet colleague,
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to ensure its adherence to Stalinist ideology. The purges of 1932 had seen the fervently pro-Stalin
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290:
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711:[Khertek Amyrbitovna ANCHIMAA-TOKA. To the 100th anniversary from the date of birth].
980:
851:[Tuva will hold an evening in memory of the first woman president in world history].
659:[The 100th anniversary of the birth of the first female president in world history].
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forces several times. However conservative forces in Tuva were defeated in 1920 and the
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Women leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pacific : a biographical reference
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753:
687:
630:
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331:
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277:, as well as the first elected female head of state in history. She was the wife of
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume 6: Towards the Contemporary Period
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broke it in 1985. In 1940 Anchimaa also married the General Secretary of the TNRP
261:; 1 January 1912 – 4 November 2008) was a Tuvan and Soviet politician who was the
657:"Исполнилось 100 лет со дня рождения первой в мировой истории женщины-президента"
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assume the party chairmanship of the TNRP after the execution of his predecessor
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A year later, Anchimaa began working as a clerk and technical secretary for the
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after 1917 Revolution, where effective control over the territory and capital
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849:"В Туве проведут вечер Памяти первой в мировой истории женщины-президента"
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A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
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took root as well during the late 1930s, with operations mounted by the
62:
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411:
397:. Anchimaa was one of only 11 Tuvan students who ultimately graduated.
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774:"В России отмечают День памяти жерт политических репрессий (Russian)"
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609:"Khertek Anchimaa Toka: the world’s first female head of state"
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281:, who was the republic's general secretary from 1932 to 1973.
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410:, beginning in 1935 when Anchimaa was put in charge of the
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in 1914, however the region became a battleground in the
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Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni
629:. Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 335–336.
496:. Within two years over 200 volunteers had joined the
748:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p.
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551:
List of the first women holders of political offices
795:Alatalu, Toomas (1992). "Tuva: A State Reawakens".
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971:Heads of state of states with limited recognition
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75:Chairwoman of the Presidium of the Little Khural
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378:Communist University of the Toilers of the East
318:out to a more prosperous branch of the family.
273:from 1940 to 1944, and was the first non-royal
222:Communist University of the Toilers of the East
878:Article in Times Online about Khertek Anchimaa
615:. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
826:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 719.
686:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 718.
359:(TNRP) and the functional equivalent to the
326:A Russian protectorate was established over
917:Chair of the Presidium of the Little Khural
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289:Khertek Anchimaa was born in what is now
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460:Chair of the Presidium of Little Khural
208: 1940; died 1973)
91:6 April 1940 – 11 October 1944
16:Tuvan and Soviet politician (1912–2008)
991:History of the Tuvan People's Republic
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297:, near the present day settlement of
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966:Heads of state of former countries
707:Seren, Anatoly (10 January 2012).
357:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
258:Anchimaa-Toka Khertek Amyrbit uruu
182:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
14:
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824:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
709:"Хертек Амырбитовна АНЧИМАА-ТОКА"
684:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
234:Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa-Toka
891:Khertek Anchimaa-Toka's obituary
547:- First elected female president
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250:Анчимаа-Тока Хертек Амырбит уруу
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348:People's Republic of Tannu Tuva
242:Хертек Амырбитовна Анчимаа-Тока
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1001:First women presidents in Asia
847:Oyun, Dina (21 October 2012).
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655:Oyun, Dina (1 January 2012).
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471:assault on Denmark and Norway
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21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
717:(in Russian). Archived from
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301:in 1912. Months earlier the
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883:Article about Anchimaa-Toka
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575:Jackson, Guida M. (2009).
508:for the writing of Tuvan,
488:. Her term coincided with
435:the TNRP was successively
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271:Tuvan People's Republic
79:Tuvan People's Republic
822:Sanders, Alan (2010).
682:Sanders, Alan (2010).
291:Bay-Tayginsky District
961:Female heads of state
545:Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
504:script replacing the
475:Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
344:counter-revolutionary
46:Khertek Anchimaa-Toka
714:Tuva National Museum
585:. pp. 158–159.
338:changed between the
305:of imperial China's
275:female head of state
929:Position abolished
581:. Bloomington, IN:
467:Alexandra Kollontai
54:Хертек Анчимаа-Тока
902:Political offices
408:Stalinist ideology
390:Nadezhda Krupskaya
353:Mongolian language
144:Uryankhay Republic
112:Position abolished
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412:propaganda
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285:Early life
263:Chairwoman
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133:1912-01-01
101:Oyun Polat
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87:In office
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498:Red Army
432:Buddhist
401:Revsomol
364:Komsomol
340:Red Army
316:fostered
303:collapse
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395:Russian
374:kozhuun
269:of the
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77:of the
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382:Moscow
361:CPSU's
322:Career
188:Spouse
172:Russia
23:, the
428:lamas
386:Kyzyl
246:Tuvan
204:(
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164:Kyzyl
861:2023
828:ISBN
782:2013
754:ISBN
727:2023
688:ISBN
669:2023
631:ISBN
587:ISBN
453:NKVD
430:and
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328:Tuva
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