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artists during the Thaw, Khrushchev declared: "As long as I am president of the
Council of Ministers, we are going to support a genuine art. We aren't going to give a kopeck for pictures painted by jackasses." In comparison, the consumption of material goods acted as a measure of economic success. Khrushchev stated: "We are producing an ever-growing quantity of all kinds of consumer goods; all the same, we must not force the pace unreasonably as regards the lowering of prices. We don't want to lower prices to such an extent that there will be queues and a black market." Previously, excessive consumerism under Communism was seen as detrimental to the common good. Now, it was not enough for the consumer goods to be made more available; quality of consumer goods needed to be raised as well. A misconception surrounding the quality of consumer goods existed because of advertising's role in the market. Advertising controlled sale quotas by increasing the desirability of surplus sub-standard goods.
1825:
million city apartments and 7 million rural houses. Alongside the increased number of private apartments was the emergence of changing attitudes toward the family. The prior Soviet ideology disdained conceptions of the traditional family, especially under Stalin, who created the vision of a large, collective family under his paternal leadership. The new emphasis on private housing created hope that the Thaw-era private realm would provide an escape from the intensities of public life and the eye of the government. Indeed, Khrushchev introduced the ideology that private life was valued and was ultimately a goal of social development. The new political rhetoric regarding the family reintroduced the concept of the nuclear family, and, in doing so, cemented the idea that the women were responsible for the domestic realm and running the home.
1838:
kitchen came to be associated with the projects of modernization in the era of the Cold War's "peaceful competition." In this time, the primary competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union was the battle of providing the better quality of life. In 1959, at the
American National Exhibition in Moscow, U.S. Vice-president Richard Nixon declared the superiority of the capitalist system while standing in front of an example of a modern American kitchen. Known as the "Kitchen Debate," the exchange between Nixon and Khrushchev foreshadowed Khrushchev's increased attention to the needs of women, especially by creating modern kitchens. While affirming his dedication to increasing the living standard, Khrushchev associated the transition to communism with abundance and prosperity.
1829:
workforce, women's conditions were considered by the western, capitalist world to exemplify the "backwardness" of the Soviet Union. This concept goes back to traditional
Marxism, which found the roots of woman's inherent backwardness in fact that she was confined to the home; Lenin spoke of woman as a "domestic slave" who would remain in confinement as long as housework remained an activity for individuals inside the home. The prior abolition of private homes and the individual kitchen attempted to move away from the domestic regime that imprisoned women. Instead, the government tried to implement public dining, socialized housework, and collective childcare. These programs that fulfilled the original tenets of Marxism were widely resisted by traditionally-minded women.
1525:
1508:
liberating activity, connoting resistance, opposition, or protest of some sort", some critics claim that rather than taking an active role in opposing Soviet power, composers of unofficial music simply "withdrew" from the demands of the socialist realist music and chose to ignore the norms of the system. Although
Westerners tend to categorize unofficial composers as "dissidents" against the Soviet system, many of these composers were afraid to take action against the system in fear that it might have a negative impact on their professional advancement. Many composers favored a less direct, yet significant method of opposing the system through their lack of musical compliance.
42:
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appliances that would decrease the intensity of housework. The kitchen was defined as a "workshop" that relied on the "correct organization of labour" to be most efficient. Creating what were perceived to be the best conditions for the woman's work in the kitchen was an attempt on the part of the government to ensure that the Soviet woman would be able to continue her labor inside and outside of the home. Despite the increasing demands of housework, women were expected to maintain jobs outside the home in order to sustain the national economy as well as fulfill the ideals of a Soviet well-rounded individual.
975:. However, the hidden ambitions of the top people around Stalin, as well as Stalin's own suspicions, had prompted Khrushchev that he could rely only on those few; they would stay with him through the entire political power struggle. That power struggle was surreptitiously prepared by Khrushchev while Stalin was alive, and came to surface after Stalin's death in March 1953. By that time, Khrushchev's people were planted everywhere in the Soviet hierarchy, which allowed Khrushchev to execute, or remove his main opponents, and then introduce some changes in the rigid Soviet ideology and hierarchy.
952:
1816:
also to teach them…to live correctly." He saw a high living standard as a precondition leading the path on the transition to full communism and believed that private apartments could achieve this. Although the Thaw marked a time of openness and liberalization primarily located in the public sphere, the emergence of private housing allowed for a new formulation of a private sphere in Soviet life. This resulted in a changing ideology that needed to make room for women, who were traditionally associated with the home, and consumption of goods in order to create a well-ordered "Soviet" home.
1931:
1923:
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reduction of war materials. An estimated number of over twenty million Soviet citizens viewed the twenty-three U.S. exhibitions during a thirty-year period. These exhibitions were part of the
Cultural Agreement formed by the United States and the Soviet Union in order to acknowledge the long-term exchange of science, technology, agriculture, medicine, public health, radio, television, motion pictures, publications, government, youth, athletics, scholarly research, culture, and tourism. In addition to the influences of European and Western culture, the spoils of the
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Khrushchev delivered a speech which began to reverse some of his de-Stalinization reforms, in which he stated: "We flatly reject this cacophonous music. Our people can't use this garbage as a tool for their ideology. ... Society has a right to condemn works which are contrary to the interests of the people." Although the Thaw was considered a time of openness and liberalization, Khrushchev continued to place restrictions on these newfound freedoms.
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Thaw emphasized that which was simple and functional, for those items could be easily mass-produced. Khrushchev promoted a culture of increased consumption and publicly announced that the per capita consumption of the Soviet Union would exceed that of the United States. However, consumption consisted of modern goods that lacked decorative qualities and were often poor quality, which spoke to the society's emphasis on production rather than consumption.
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1777:. These items were specifically targeted at women in the Soviet Union with the idea that they relieved women of their domestic burden. Additionally, an interest in changing the western image of a dowdy Russian woman led to the cultural acceptance of beauty products. The modern Russian woman wanted the clothing, cosmetics, and hairstyles available to Western women. Under the Thaw, beauty shops selling cosmetics and
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pieces developed during this phase of unofficial music allowed the listeners the ability to escape the familiar sounds that Soviet officials officially sanctioned. The second phase of unofficial music emerged during the late 1960s, when the plots of the music became more apparent, and composers wrote in a more mimetic style, writing in contrast to their earlier compositions of the first phase.
1712:, were undertaken during the 1950s and 1960s. Millions of cheap and basic residential blocks of low-end flats were built all over the Soviet Union to accommodate the largest migration ever in the Soviet history, when masses of landless peasants moved to Soviet cities. The move caused a dramatic change of the demographic picture in the USSR, and eventually finalized the decay of
1512:
Although the music of the younger generation of unofficial Soviet composers experienced little widespread success in the West, its success within the Soviet Union was apparent throughout the Thaw (Schwarz 423). Even after
Khrushchev's fall from power in October 1964, the freedoms that composers, performers, and listeners felt through unofficial concerts lasted into the 1970s.
1504:, among others, developed abstract musical practices that created sounds that were new to the common listener's ear. Socialist realist music was widely considered "boring", and the unofficial concerts that the young composers presented allowed the listeners "a means of circumventing, reinterpreting, and undercutting the dominant socialist realist aesthetic codes".
990:, and official criticisms of writers and other intellectuals. At the same time, millions of soldiers and officers had seen Europe after World War II and had become aware of different ways of life which existed outside the Soviet Union. Upon Stalin's orders many were arrested and punished again, including the attacks on the popular Marshal
1484:"unofficial", "left", "avant-garde", or "underground" music, marked by a general state of opposition against the Soviet Union. Although both groups are widely considered to be interdependent, many regard the unofficial music scene as more independent and politically influential than the former in the context of the Thaw.
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style that allowed for efficient mass production. However, in the newly built apartments of the
Khrushchev era, the individual kitchens were rarely up to the standards invoked by the government's rhetoric. Providing fully fitted kitchens were too expensive and time-consuming to be realized in the mass housing project.
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production of this music, composers, performers, and listeners of "unofficial" music actually used "official" means of production. Rather, the music was considered unofficial within a context that counteracted, contradicted, and redefined the socialist realist requirements from within their official means and spaces.
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The streamlined, simple design and aesthetic of the kitchen was promoted throughout the rest of the home. Previous styles were labeled as petit-bourgeois once
Khrushchev came to power. Khrushchev denounced the ornate style of high Stalinism for its wastefulness. The arrangement of the home during the
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The roots of consumerism started as early as the 1930s when in 1935 each Soviet
Republic capital city established a model department store. The department stores acted as representatives of Soviet economic success. Under Khrushchev the retail sectors gained prevalence as Soviet department stores such
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However, despite the powerful role that unofficial music played in the Soviet Union during the Thaw, much of the music that was composed during that time continued to be controlled. As a result of this, a great deal of this unofficial music remains undocumented. Consequently, much of what we know now
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Throughout the musical Thaw, the generation of "young composers" who had matured their musical tastes with broader access to music that had previously been censored was the prime focus of the unofficial music scene. The Thaw allowed these composers the freedom to access old and new scores, especially
1824:
Khrushchev's policies showed an interest in rebuilding the home and the family after the devastation of World War II. Soviet rhetoric exemplified a shift in emphasis from heavy industry to the importance of consumer goods and housing. The Seven-Year Plan was launched in 1958 and promised to build 12
1471:
Nonetheless, despite
Khrushchev's inconsistent liberalization of musical expression, his speeches were not so much "restrictions" as "exhortations". Artists, and especially musicians, were provided access to resources that had previously been censored or altogether inaccessible prior to Khrushchev's
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and other top generals, who had exceeded the limits on taking trophies when they looted the defeated nation of Germany. The loot was confiscated by Stalin's security apparatus, and Marshal Zhukov was demoted, humiliated and exiled; he became a staunch anti-Stalinist. Zhukov waited until the death of
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coined the term "Operation Abundance" also known as the "Nylon War" which predicted "Russian people would not long tolerate masters who gave them tanks and spies instead of vacuum cleaners and beauty parlors." The Soviets would have to produce more consumer goods to quell mass discontent. Riesman's
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had changed the popular culture forever in the USSR. Their poetry and songs broadened the public consciousness of the Soviet people and pushed guitars and tape recorders to masses, so the Soviet people became exposed to independent channels of information and public mentality was eventually updated
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As Soviet composers gained access to new scores and were given a taste of freedom of expression during the late 1950s, two separate groups began to emerge. One group wrote predominantly "official" music which was "sanctioned, nourished, and supported by the Composers' Union". The second group wrote
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Despite these liberalizing reforms in music, some have argued that Khrushchev's legislation of the arts was based more his own personal tastes than the principle of freedom of expression. Following the emergence of some unconventional, avant-garde music as a result of his reforms, on 8 March 1963,
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Khrushchev's attempts in reforming the Soviet industrial infrastructure led to his clashes with professionals in most branches of the Soviet economy. His reform of administrative organization caused him more problems. In a politically motivated move to weaken the central state bureaucracy in 1957,
998:
The temporary union between Nikita Khrushchev and Marshal Georgy Zhukov was founded on their similar backgrounds, interests and weaknesses: both were peasants, both were ambitious, both were abused by Stalin, both feared the Stalinists, and both wanted to change these things. Khrushchev and Zhukov
1815:
On 31 July 1957 the Communist party decreed to increase housing construction and Khrushchev launched plans for building private apartments that differed from the old, communal apartments that had come before. Khrushchev stated that it was important "not only to provide people with good homes, but
2011:
during the 1980s. Although they led the Soviet Union in different eras, both Khrushchev and Gorbachev had initiated dramatic reforms. Both efforts lasted only a few years and were supported by the people, while being opposed by the hard-liners. Both leaders were dismissed, albeit with completely
1845:
During this time, women were flooded with pamphlets and magazines teeming with advice on how best to run a household. This literature emphasized the virtues of simplicity and efficiency. Additionally, furniture was designed to suit the average height of Moscow women, emphasizing a modern, simple
1841:
The Third Party Programme of 1961, the defining document of Khrushchev's policies, related social progress with technological progress, especially technological progress inside the home. Khrushchev spoke of a commitment to increasing production of consumer goods, specifically household goods and
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Unofficial music emerged in two distinct phases. The first phase of unofficial music was marked by performances of "escapist" pieces. From a composer's perspective, these works were escapist in the sense that their sound and structure withdrew from the demands of socialist realism. Additionally,
1261:
In 1956, Khrushchev introduced the concept of a minimum wage. The idea was met with much criticism from communist hardliners, who claimed that the minimum wage was too low and that most people were still underpaid in reality. The next step was a contemplated financial reform. However, Khrushchev
1837:
In March 1958, Khrushchev admitted to the Supreme Soviet his embarrassment about the public perception of Soviet women as unhappily relegated to the ranks of a manual laborer. The new private housing provided individual kitchens for many families for the first time. The new technologies of the
1739:
came to Moscow with the goals of displaying United States' productivity and prosperity. The latent goal of the Americans was to get the Soviet Union to reduce production of heavy industry. If the Soviet Union started putting their resources towards producing consumer goods, it would also mean a
1789:
Khrushchev responded to consumerism more diplomatically than to cultural consumption. In response to American jazz Khrushchev stated: "I don't like jazz. When I hear jazz, it's as if I had gas on the stomach. I used to think it was static when I heard it on the radio." Concerning commissioning
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Khrushchev's Thaw developed largely as a result of Khrushchev's theory of peaceful co-existence which believed the two superpowers (USA and USSR) and their ideologies could co-exist together, without war. Khrushchev had created the theory of peaceful existence in an attempt to reduce hostility
1087:
Khrushchev's 1956 speech was the strongest effort ever in the USSR to bring political change, at that time, after several decades of fear of Stalin's rule, that took countless innocent lives. Khrushchev's speech was published internationally within a few months, and his initiatives to open and
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and introduced to Stalin in 1952. Then Khrushchev promoted Brezhnev to Presidium (Politburo) and made him the Head of Political Directorate of the Red Army and Navy and moved him up to several other powerful positions. Brezhnev in return helped Khrushchev by tipping the balance of power during
1511:
Regardless of the intentions of the composers, the effect of their music on audiences throughout the Soviet Union and abroad "helped audiences imagine alternative possibilities to those suggested by Soviet authorities, principally through the ubiquitous stylistic tropes of socialist realism".
1507:
Despite the seemingly rebellious nature of the unofficial music of the Thaw, historians' debate whether the unofficial music that emerged during this time should truly be considered as resistance to the Soviet system. While a number of participants in unofficial concerts "claimed them to be a
1463:
Censorship of the arts relaxed throughout the Soviet Union. During this time of liberalization, Russian composers, performers, and listeners of music experienced a newfound openness in musical expression which led to the foundation of an unofficial music scene from the mid-1950s to the 1970s.
1115:, Stalin's homeland, especially the young generation, bred on the panegyrics and permanent praise of the "genius" of Stalin, perceived it as a national insult. In March 1956, a series of spontaneous rallies to mark the third anniversary of Stalin's death quickly evolved into an uncontrollable
1828:
Recognizing the necessity of rebuilding the family in the postwar years, Khrushchev enacted policies that attempted to reestablish a more conventional domestic realm, moving away from the policies of his predecessors, and most of these were aimed at women. Despite being an active part of the
1487:
The unofficial music that emerged during the Thaw was marked by the attempt, whether successful or unsuccessful, to reinterpret and reinvigorate the "battle of form and content" of the classical music of the period. Although the term "unofficial" implies a level of illegality involved in the
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1949:
1955: Khrushchev met with US President Eisenhower. West Germany's entry into NATO causes the Soviet Union to respond with the establishment of the Warsaw Pact. Khrushchev reconciled with Tito. Zhukov appointed Minister of Defence. Brezhnev appointed to run Virgin Lands
1233:
again. Khrushchev was saved by several strong appearances in his support – especially powerful was support from both Zhukov and Mikoyan. At the extraordinary session of the Central Committee held in late June 1957, Khrushchev labeled his opponents the
1281:. The removal of Stalin's body out of Lenin's Mausoleum was arguably among the most provocative moves made by Khrushchev during the Thaw. The removal of Stalin's body consolidated pro-Stalinists against Khrushchev, and alienated even his loyal apprentices, such as
1448:, a new campaign launched in 1959. Khrushchev closed around 11000 of the 20000 working church buildings that were around in 1959 and introduced many restrictions on all kinds of denominations. Of the 1500 working mosques in 1959, he closed around 1100.
1080:. This action officially restored the reputations of many millions of innocent victims, who were killed or imprisoned in the Great Purge under Stalin. Further, tentative moves were made through official and unofficial channels to relax restrictions on
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had opened many eyes and ears in the Soviet Union. Many new social trends stemmed from that festival. Many Russian women became involved in love affairs with men visiting from all over the world, what resulted in the so-called "inter-baby boom" in
1351:
in 1946, to invite Soviet scholars to the United States had been frustrated. The decision to allow Kursanov and Rybakov to attend marked the beginning of a new period of academic exchange between the Soviet Union and the United States:
1173:. Such democratic changes in the internal life of Poland were also perceived with fear and anger in Moscow, where the rulers did not want to lose control, fearing the political threat to Soviet security and power in Eastern Europe.
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McKenzie, Brent, "The 1960s, the Central Department Store and Successful Soviet Consumerism: the Case of Tallinna Kaubamaja—Tallinn's "Department Store", "International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5, no.9 (2011),
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McKenzie, Brent, "The 1960s, the Central Department Store and Successful Soviet Consumerism: the Case of Tallinna Kaubamaja—Tallinn's "Department Store", "International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5, no.9 (2011),
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McKenzie, Brent, "The 1960s, the Central Department Store and Successful Soviet Consumerism: the Case of Tallinna Kaubamaja—Tallinn's "Department Store", "International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5, no.9 (2011),
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Khrushchev finally liberated millions of peasants; by his order the Soviet government gave them identifications, passports, and thus allowed them to move out of poor villages to big cities. Massive housing construction, known as
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was held in Moscow. It was the first World Festival of Youth and Students held in the Soviet Union, which was opening its doors for the first time to the world. The festival attracted 34,000 people from 130 countries.
1324:, and several popular music festivals. Some classical musicians, filmmakers and ballet stars were allowed to make appearances outside the Soviet Union in order to better represent its culture and society to the world.
1956:
1957: Coup against Khrushchev. Old Guard ousted from Kremlin. World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow. Tape recorders spread popular music all over the Soviet State. Sputnik orbited the Earth. Introduced
1983:
1963: Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space. Ostankino TV tower construction started. Treaty banning Nuclear Weapon Tests signed. Kennedy assassinated. Khrushchev hosted Fidel Castro in Moscow.
1760:. The "Khrushchev regime had promised abundance to secure its legitimacy." The ideology of strict functionality concerning material goods evolved into a more relaxed view of consumerism. American sociologist
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was the only country where intellectuals avoided an open clash with the regime, influenced partly by the lack of any earlier revolt in post-war Romania that would have forced the regime to make concessions.
1953:
1956: Khrushchev denounced Stalin in his Secret Speech. Hungarian Revolution crushed by the Soviet Army. Ended Polish uprising earlier that year by granting some concessions, i.e. removal of some troops.
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caused thousands of casualties among Hungarian civilians and militia, as well as hundreds of the Soviet military personnel killed. The attack by the Soviet Red Army also caused massive emigration from
1970:
1960: Kennedy elected President of the USA. Vietnam War escalated. American U–2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union. Pilot Powers pleaded guilty. Khrushchev cancelled the summit with Eisenhower.
1964:
1958: Khrushchev named premier of the Soviet Union, ousted Zhukov from Minister of Defence, cut military spending, (Councils of People's Economy). 1st International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.
246:
1973:
1961: Stalin's body removed from Lenin's mausoleum. Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. Khrushchev approved the Berlin Wall. The Soviet rouble redenominated 10:1, food crisis continued.
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David Riesman as quoted in Reid, Susan, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002), 222.
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Khrushchev's power, although indisputable, had never been comparable to that of Stalin's, and eventually began to fade. Many of the new officials who came into the Soviet hierarchy, such as
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The death of Stalin in 1953 and the twentieth CPSU congress of February 1956 had a huge impact throughout Eastern Europe. Literary thaws actually preceded the congress in Hungary, Poland,
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and won a vote which reaffirmed his position as First Secretary. He then expelled Molotov, Kaganovich, and Malenkov from the Secretariat and ultimately from the Communist Party itself.
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about unofficial music in the Thaw can be sourced only through interviews with those composers, performers, and listeners who witnessed the unofficial music scene during the Thaw.
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1990:
came to the Soviet Union, music bands formed at many Russian schools. 40 bugs found in the US Embassy in Moscow. Brezhnev ousted Khrushchev, and placed him under house arrest.
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liberalize the USSR had surprised the world. Khrushchev's speech had angered many of his powerful enemies, thus igniting another round of ruthless power struggle within the
1894:
in 1968. It is generally accepted that the invasion of Czechoslovakia marked the beginning of the gradual rollback of the Thaw, which was undone by 1973, the first year of
1614:
He tried to prove peaceful coexistence by attending international peace conferences, such as the Geneva Summit, and by traveling internationally, such as his trip to USA's
1010:, who was promptly executed in Moscow, as well as several other figures of Stalin's circle. Soon Khrushchev ordered the release of millions of political prisoners from the
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1959: Khrushchev visited the US. Unsuccessful introduction of maize during agricultural crisis in the Soviet Union caused serious food crisis. Sino-Soviet split started.
397:
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Khrushchev's Thaw opened the Soviet society to a degree that allowed some foreign movies, books, art and music. Some previously banned writers and composers, such as
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4037:
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Reid, Susan, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002), 228.
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Reid, Susan, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002), 237.
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Reid, Susan, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002), 233.
2942:
Reid, Susan, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev," Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (2002), 242.
1420:, among others, were brought back to public life, as the official Soviet censorship policies had changed. Books by some internationally recognized authors, such as
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In 1956, an agreement was achieved between the Soviet and US Governments to resume the publication and distribution in the Soviet Union of the US-produced magazine
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1065:, behind closed doors, after midnight on 25 February 1956. After the delivery of the speech, it was officially disseminated in a shorter form among members of the
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concluded only seven years after Brezhev's death. He installed a more authoritarian regime that lasted throughout his premiership and that of his two successors,
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at the May 1960 Paris Peace Summit and Eisenhower's refusal to apologize ended much of the progress of this era. Then Khrushchev approved the construction of the
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and liberalization of Soviet society. One year after Khrushchev's secret speech, the Stalinists attempted to oust Khrushchev from the leadership position in the
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905:. Such political and cultural updates altogether had a significant influence on the public consciousness of several generations of people in the Soviet Union.
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1386:. Khrushchev used the event to accentuate his new political and social goals, and to show himself as a new leader who was completely different from Stalin.
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camps. Under Khrushchev's rule the number of prisoners in the Soviet Union was decreased, according to some writers, from 13 million to 5 million people.
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Both the cultural and the political thaws were effectively ended with the removal of Khrushchev as Soviet leader in October 1964, and the installment of
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in 1962. At that time, the Soviet and international media were making two completely opposite pictures of reality, while the world was at the brink of a
422:
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1946:. Started rehabilitation and release of Soviet political prisoners. Allowed uncensored public performances of poets and songwriters in the Soviet Union.
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1727:, who was chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee in 1959 and then a full member of the Presidium (also known as Politburo after 1966) in 1960.
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has called Khrushchev's achievements remarkable; he praised Khrushchev's 1956 speech, but stated that Khrushchev did not succeed in his reforms.
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After the early 1950s, Soviet society enjoyed a series of cultural and sports events and entertainment of unprecedented scale, such as the first
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Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union by Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott (eds). Palgrave Macmillan, 2002,
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Many historians compare Khrushchev's Thaw and his massive efforts to change the Soviet society and move away from its past, with Gorbachev's
1382:. The event was made pompous in the Soviet style: Moscow hosted large sports teams and groups of fans in national costumes who came from all
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The most secretive people (in Russian): Зенькович Н. Самые закрытые люди. Энциклопедия биографий. М., изд. ОЛМА-ПРЕСС Звездный мир, 2003 г.
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several critical confrontations with the conservative hard-liners, including the ouster of pro-Stalinists headed by Molotov and Malenkov.
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Cultural Relations Between the United States and the Soviet Union: Efforts to Establish Cultural-scientific Exchange Blocked by U.S.S.R.
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exposed the Soviet people to a new way of life. Through motion pictures from the United States, viewers learned of another way of life.
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1409:, who gave sensational performances of Russian music. Khrushchev personally approved giving the top award to the American musician.
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Richmond, Yale, "The 1959 Kitchen Debate (or, how cultural exchanges changed the Soviet Union)," Russian Life 52, no. 4 (2009), 45.
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Richmond, Yale, "The 1959 Kitchen Debate (or, how cultural exchanges changed the Soviet Union)," Russian Life 52, no. 4 (2009), 47.
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Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
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Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
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Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
3133:
Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
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Susan E. Reid, "Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
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899:, ranging from massive parades and celebrations to popular music and variety shows, satire and comedies, and all-star shows like
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Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press.
1891:
1444:
Actions against religion that had temporarily halted during the war effort and the years after toward the end of Stalin's rule
1433:
936:
409:
251:
2131:
959:
Khrushchev's Thaw had its genesis in the concealed power struggle among Stalin's lieutenants. Several major leaders among the
713:
5938:
5605:
5106:
5072:
5060:
5055:
4946:
2709:
1398:
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Khrushchev's enemies considered him hypocritical as well as ideologically wrong, given Khrushchev's involvement in Stalin's
5642:
5410:
3506:
3501:
3445:
1879:
was not successful and hardline communists led by Brezhnev blocked any motions for reforms after Kosygin's failed attempt.
1524:
1222:, who joined at the last minute after Kaganovich convinced him the group had a majority, attempted to depose Khrushchev as
640:
2440:
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5188:
5135:
5123:
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3956:
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3739:
3558:
1192:
1089:
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330:
106:
61:
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5285:
5233:
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4032:
3997:
3939:
2345:
1112:
520:
360:
289:
204:
76:
2933:
Brusilovskaia, Lidiia, "The Culture of Everyday Life During the Thaw," Russian Studies in History 48, no. 1 (2009) 19.
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2900:
2601:
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2549:
2533:
2506:
2466:
2314:
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1327:
The first Soviet academics to visit the United States in an official capacity following World War II were biochemist
392:
88:
1939:
1953: Stalin died. Beria eliminated by Zhukov. Khrushchev and Malenkov became leaders of the Soviet Communist Party.
5852:
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5654:
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5425:
5101:
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3400:
1541:
1336:
645:
581:
404:
278:
3055:
Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,"
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5600:
5502:
5084:
4904:
4422:
3909:
3904:
3884:
3832:
3548:
2116:
1636:
Further deterioration of the Thaw and decay of Khrushchev's international political standing happened during the
1378:
In the summer of 1956, just a few months after Khrushchev's secret speech, Moscow became the center of the first
515:
224:
17:
5798:
5778:
5475:
5089:
4914:
4842:
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4012:
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1591:'s cautious attitude and peace attempts. For example, both leaders attempted to achieve peace by attending the
1585:
1159:
1120:
896:
793:
670:
620:
325:
315:
1656:
Khrushchev's Thaw caused unprecedented social, cultural and economic transformations in the Soviet Union. The
5869:
5696:
5560:
5512:
5273:
5067:
4941:
4924:
3992:
3889:
1599:
and Quest for Arms Agreement. The leaders' attitudes allowed them to, as Khrushchev put it, "break the ice."
1565:
1496:
those originating in the Western avant-garde. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, young composers such as
1383:
1187:
A faction of the Soviet communist party was enraged by Khrushchev's speech in 1956 and rejected Khrushchev's
857:
586:
555:
66:
2841:
From Scriabin to Pink Floyd The ANS Synthesizer and the Politics of Soviet Music between Thaw and Stagnation
5465:
5140:
5035:
4836:
4744:
4647:
4412:
4074:
3924:
3837:
3563:
3553:
3526:
1736:
1676:. The festival also brought new styles and fashions that caused further spread of youth subculture called "
1147:
1106:
895:; international festivals; foreign films; uncensored books; and new forms of entertainment on the emerging
601:
33:
5933:
5746:
5728:
5494:
5352:
5313:
5280:
4970:
4958:
4874:
4776:
4094:
3749:
3521:
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3472:
3380:
3321:
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1876:
1170:
912:
892:
570:
530:
505:
345:
2632:"Two Soviet Scientists on Way Here For Last of Columbia Bicentennial: Soviet Will Join in Columbia Fete"
5943:
5741:
5718:
5691:
4707:
4437:
4427:
4392:
3929:
3585:
1887:
1545:
924:
818:
591:
41:
5948:
5783:
5756:
5659:
3531:
2617:
1040:
884:
550:
5751:
3228:, Melanie Ilic, Susan E. Reid, and Lynne Attwood, eds., (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 153.
3072:, Melanie Ilic, Susan E. Reid, and Lynne Attwood, eds., (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 177.
1890:
in 1965, which showed that a conservative communist ideology was being established. He approved the
1807:(Central Department Store), both located in Moscow, began to focus on trade and social interaction.
1247:
Khrushchev replaced the industrial ministries in Moscow with regional Councils of People's Economy,
967:
and his loyal officers, had some serious tensions with Stalin's secret service. On the surface, the
5864:
4432:
4268:
4184:
4121:
3914:
3797:
3754:
3714:
2525:
1680:". The festival also "revolutionized" the underground currency trade and boosted the black market.
1596:
1269:
In 1961, Khrushchev finalized his battle against Stalin: the body of the dictator was removed from
1202:, and other similar events as one of Stalin's favorites. They believed that Khrushchev's policy of
304:
299:
294:
2561:
Stalinism in Poland, 1944-1956, ed. and tr. by A. Kemp-Welch, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999,
1472:
reforms. The composers of this time, for example, were able to access scores by composers such as
5113:
4642:
4246:
4135:
4002:
3869:
3094:
Iurii Gerchuk, "The Aesthetics of Everyday Life in the Khrushchev Thaw in the USSR (1954-64)" in
1357:
1116:
1077:
765:
387:
219:
3211:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3198:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3172:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3146:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3120:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3081:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
3029:
Susan E. Reid, "The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution,"
1976:
1962: Khrushchev and Kennedy struggled through the Cuban Missile Crisis. Food crisis caused the
1765:
theory came true to some extent as the Soviet culture changed to include consumer goods such as
5793:
5385:
5323:
4725:
4634:
3729:
3615:
3314:
2498:
2331:
1977:
1800:
1428:
2225:
1781:, which had previously only been available to the wealthy, became available for common women.
5912:
4884:
4621:
4166:
4155:
4089:
3669:
3390:
3107:
Natasha Kolchevska, "Angels in the Home and at Work: Russian Women in the Khrushchev Years,"
2336:
1903:
1360:, and by 1958 the universities had established an exchange program for students and faculty.
869:
1930:
1922:
1143:
The first big international failure of Khrushchev's politics came in October–November 1956.
951:
940:
5674:
5537:
5357:
5155:
4869:
4573:
4501:
4442:
4353:
4308:
3985:
3486:
3467:
1911:
1660:
actually started in the 1950s, with their uncensored poetry, songs and books publications.
1637:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1572:
In the West, Khrushchev's Thaw is known as a temporary thaw in the icy tension between the
1348:
1270:
1203:
809:
438:
5761:
1580:. The tensions were able to thaw because of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization of the USSR and
8:
5901:
5630:
5435:
5364:
5172:
5021:
4899:
4821:
4794:
4581:
4565:
4549:
4318:
4273:
4241:
4027:
3620:
3610:
3541:
1692:
1626:
1353:
978:
Stalin's leadership had reached new extremes in ruling people at all levels, such as the
707:
535:
214:
1076:
and a small but prominent group of Gulag returnees, Khrushchev also initiated a wave of
5768:
5679:
4996:
4909:
4799:
4789:
4605:
4533:
4525:
4484:
4457:
4452:
4189:
4142:
3934:
3827:
3719:
3578:
2517:
1606:
1437:, which became a sensation, and made history as the first uncensored publication about
1424:, were published in millions of copies to satisfy the interest of readers in the USSR.
1417:
1365:
1207:
596:
1356:
repaid the visit in 1955, when it sent its own representatives to the bicentennial of
5876:
5816:
5595:
5381:
5077:
4879:
4864:
4806:
4652:
4283:
4084:
4007:
3724:
3568:
3491:
3462:
3284:
2972:
Johnson, Priscilla, Khrushchev and the Arts (Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press, 1965), 102.
2896:
2705:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2562:
2545:
2529:
2502:
2462:
2436:
Russian source: Factbook on the history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union.
2341:
2310:
2294:
2255:
2229:
2218:
2186:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2015:
1700:
1696:
1622:
1473:
1255:
1081:
901:
873:
801:
545:
3899:
999:
needed one another to eliminate their mutual enemies in the Soviet political elite.
4597:
4589:
4407:
4365:
4339:
4228:
4099:
4079:
4052:
3812:
3573:
2128:
1533:
1497:
1421:
1235:
1211:
1188:
1182:
987:
983:
932:
805:
780:
464:
433:
1131:
appeared, leading to the Soviet army intervention and bloodshed in the streets of
1111:
Khrushchev's denouncement of Stalin came as a shock to the Soviet people. Many in
995:
Stalin, which allowed Khrushchev to bring Zhukov back for a new political battle.
5788:
5001:
4953:
4541:
4333:
4047:
3976:
3807:
3652:
3642:
3431:
2880:
2699:
2656:
2444:
2135:
2112:
1864:
1770:
1684:
1645:
1641:
1529:
1328:
1282:
1219:
1215:
1073:
1018:
908:
2737:
2392:
1648:
helped to end the crisis, Khrushchev's political image in the West was damaged.
5808:
5736:
5016:
5006:
4665:
4657:
4462:
4387:
4303:
4263:
3822:
3817:
3759:
2437:
2360:
Georgy Zhukov's Memoirs: Marshal G.K. Zhukov, Memoirs, Moscow, Olma-Press, 2002
2052:
1872:
1774:
1766:
1753:
1724:
1673:
1549:
1501:
1413:
1320:
1278:
1262:
stopped short of real monetary reform, and made a simple redenomination of the
1166:
1022:
1003:
916:
849:
813:
3096:
Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe
2405:
1480:, gaining inspiration from and imitating previously concealed musical scores.
5927:
5669:
4557:
4517:
4313:
4206:
4201:
4057:
3980:
3946:
3709:
3704:
3590:
3337:
1907:
1761:
1709:
1573:
1477:
1452:
1340:
1332:
1297:
1263:
1230:
991:
964:
685:
560:
456:
2701:
Soviet Americana: The Cultural History of Russian and Ukrainian Americanists
2438:Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991
1293:
5552:
5373:
4767:
4613:
4509:
4328:
4069:
3854:
3764:
3625:
2148:
1688:
1371:
1302:
1128:
972:
797:
1756:
at the 1959 Exhibition in Moscow fueled Khrushchev to catch up to Western
5415:
5377:
5369:
4991:
4975:
4889:
4831:
4346:
4172:
3859:
2001:
1987:
1899:
1757:
1630:
1406:
1199:
928:
630:
470:
2895:
Kennedy, Robert F. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis;
1644:. Although direct communication between Khrushchev and the US president
1251:, making himself many new enemies among the ranks in Soviet government.
1047:, Polish March 1956 print of the Secret Speech for the inner use in the
5405:
4323:
3971:
3657:
3536:
2027:
1958:
1943:
1615:
1553:
1315:
1274:
1248:
888:
833:
680:
4736:
2805:
Such freedom, if only musical: Unofficial Soviet Music during the Thaw
2661:
Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1949. p. 7.
2202:
Rettie, John. "How Khrushchev Leaked his Secret Speech to the World",
5625:
5620:
5442:
5335:
5165:
4826:
3951:
3842:
3699:
3637:
2726:
Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961
1402:
845:
451:
2586:
Autopsy for an Empire: the Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
5615:
5160:
4894:
4854:
3894:
3605:
3267:
SovLit - Free summaries of Soviet era books, many from the Thaw Era
2495:
Soviet disunion: a history of the nationalities problem in the USSR
2007:
1741:
1677:
1657:
1577:
1536:, Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight Eisenhower at a state dinner in 1959
1155:
1151:
968:
960:
861:
477:
446:
3098:, Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, eds., (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 88.
2856:
Soviet Music after the Death of Stalin: The Legacy of Shostakovich
5507:
5011:
3630:
3455:
3450:
1778:
1713:
1132:
935:
in 1966—the first such public trial since Stalin's reign—and the
853:
158:
3306:
1858:
1258:, were younger, better educated, and more independent thinkers.
2382:
Strobe Talbott, ed., Khrushchev Remembers (2 vol., tr. 1970–74)
1895:
1669:
1162:, as hundreds of thousands of Hungarians had fled as refugees.
1124:
971:
and the Soviet leadership seemed united after their victory in
1451:
The era of the Cultural Thaw ended in December 1962 after the
5430:
5308:
3849:
2220:
Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900
1557:
1438:
1154:
troops in Budapest. The street fighting against the invading
1029:
1011:
911:, who succeeded Khrushchev, put an end to the Thaw. The 1965
635:
3349:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1980:. First publication about the "Gulag" camps by Solzhenitsyn.
1902:
1964–1975 continued all throughout Brezhev's tenure and the
1869:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1560:. With the exception of the arch Stalinist and anti-Titoist
5542:
5318:
1804:
1427:
In 1962, Khrushchev personally approved the publication of
1138:
1048:
2968:
2966:
5527:
5347:
3266:
1610:
Khrushchev meeting U.S. president John F. Kennedy in 1961
1307:
1150:
was suppressed by a massive invasion of Soviet tanks and
852:. The Thaw was highlighted by Khrushchev's 1954 visit to
788:) is the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s when
3386:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
3355:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
2858:. Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 123–124.
2807:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–25.
1651:
1621:
This spirit of co-operation was severely damaged by the
3237:
Susan E. Reid, "Destalinization and Taste, 1953-1963,"
2963:
2459:
The Victims Return: Survivors of the Gulag After Stalin
1875:
took over Khrushchev's position as Soviet Premier, but
1819:
1318:, as well as several innovative film comedies, such as
1288:
4418:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
2911:
2909:
2461:. London: I. B. Tauris & Company. pp. 89–91.
2330:
2293:
Dmitri Volkogonov. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 1996,
1942:
1954: Khrushchev visited Beijing, China, met Chairman
1347:. Earlier attempts by American institutions, such as
770:
3865:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
2843:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 254–272.
883:
The Thaw allowed some freedom of information in the
2906:
1127:and calls for the independence of Georgia from the
4150:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
3068:Lynne Attwood, "Housing in the Khrushchev Era" in
2260:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
2217:
2823:Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia 1917–1970
2765:Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1985).
1810:
1241:
1084:that had been held over from the rule of Stalin.
836:denounced former General Secretary Stalin in the
5925:
5616:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2764:
2584:(Author); Shukman, Harold (Editor, Translator).
1119:and political demands such as the change of the
923:discontinued by the end of the 1960s, while the
4258:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2825:. New York City: N.W. Norton. pp. 416–439.
2704:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 19.
2151:[The Thaw (text in original Russian)].
1176:
1058:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1036:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1002:In 1953, Zhukov helped Khrushchev to eliminate
2886:, vol. XLII, no. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 365-404.
2874:-a-Vu: Early Roots of Romania's Independence,"
2146:
1169:emerged as the political and social climax in
812:with other nations. The term was coined after
4752:
3833:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
3735:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
3596:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
3322:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2209:
1859:Khrushchev's dismissal and the end of reforms
1206:would leave the Soviet Union open to attack.
758:
734:
878:Khrushchev's 1959 visit to the United States
3793:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
2853:
2798:
2796:
2749:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
4759:
4745:
4219:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
3329:
3315:
2834:
2832:
2816:
2814:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2738:Moscow marks 50 years since youth festival
2612:
2610:
2577:
2575:
2278:
2193:, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990.
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1625:. The Soviet presentation of downed pilot
1519:
1055:Khrushchev denounced Stalin in his speech
1030:Khrushchev's 1956 speech denouncing Stalin
872:in 1948), and his subsequent meeting with
868:(with whom relations had soured since the
741:
727:
3803:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
3775:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
2493:Nahaylo, Bohdan; Swoboda, Victor (1990),
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2275:, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
1832:
1277:and then buried outside the walls of the
1061:, delivered at the closed session of the
3745:Great Construction Projects of Communism
2847:
2752:Ideology and Atheism in the Soviet Union
2629:
2411:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2273:Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes
1929:
1921:
1871:in 1964. When Khrushchev was dismissed,
1784:
1665:6th World Festival of Youth and Students
1605:
1523:
1391:6th World Festival of Youth and Students
1292:
1139:Polish and Hungarian Revolutions of 1956
1039:
950:
946:
822:("Оттепель"), sensational for its time.
4766:
4161:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2773:
2607:
2572:
2224:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1345:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
1069:across the USSR starting 5 March 1956.
14:
5926:
4785:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
4196:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
3224:Susan E. Reid, "Women in the Home" in
2630:Grutzner, Charles (October 29, 1954).
2363:
2215:
2065:
1793:
1723:Economic reforms were contemplated by
1593:1955 Geneva International Peace Summit
1434:One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
1095:
1045:O kulcie jednostki i jego następstwach
4740:
3310:
3293:5 March 1953 – 14 October 1964
2456:
2319:
2271:Schecter, Jerrold L, ed. and trans.,
2012:different results for their country.
1849:
1747:
1652:Social, cultural and economic reforms
1399:International Tchaikovsky Competition
1380:Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR
1369:, and to launch its counterpart, the
1229:However, Khrushchev had used Marshal
1017:Khrushchev also promoted and groomed
779:
4279:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
4237:20th Congress of the Communist Party
3680:19th Congress of the Communist Party
3517:18th Congress of the Communist Party
3482:17th Congress of the Communist Party
2697:
2511:
2177:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995
1820:A shift away from collective housing
1289:Openness and cultural liberalization
955:Khrushchev and Stalin, 1936, Kremlin
842:20th Congress of the Communist Party
4213:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
3437:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
2623:
1994:
1683:Emergence of such popular stars as
1401:was held in Moscow. The winner was
825:The Thaw became possible after the
27:Period of Soviet history, 1950s-60s
24:
4360:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
4179:The History of the Communist Party
3998:Soviet offensive plans controversy
3963:Ideological repression in science
3507:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
2391:Vladimir Karpov. (Russian source:
1100:
781:[xrʊˈɕːɵfskəjəˈotʲ:ɪpʲɪlʲ]
25:
5975:
4398:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
4129:Marxism and the National Question
3336:
3260:
2754:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 114.
2618:The first steps towards a new era
2522:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2189:, translated by William Taubman,
941:reversal of Soviet liberalization
848:during his power struggle in the
5908:
5907:
5895:
4721:
4720:
4038:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
3502:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
1337:Columbia University Bicentennial
876:later that year, culminating in
701:
40:
4423:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
3559:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
3549:Occupation of the Baltic states
3244:
3231:
3218:
3213:Journal of Contemporary History
3205:
3200:Journal of Contemporary History
3192:
3179:
3174:Journal of Contemporary History
3166:
3153:
3148:Journal of Contemporary History
3140:
3127:
3122:Journal of Contemporary History
3114:
3101:
3088:
3083:Journal of Contemporary History
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3031:Journal of Contemporary History
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2889:
2862:
2758:
2743:
2731:
2718:
2691:
2665:
2649:
2588:. Free Press, 1998 (Hardcover,
2555:
2538:
2487:
2475:
2450:
2398:
2385:
2354:
2303:
2117:Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
1548:and later burgeoned briefly in
2265:
2249:
2196:
2180:
2167:
2140:
2122:
1898:. Soviet interventions in the
1811:An increase of private housing
1730:
1242:Economy and political tensions
13:
1:
5448:Political abuse of psychiatry
5240:Congress of People's Deputies
4264:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
4075:1946–1947 Soviet famine
3648:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2582:Volkogonov, Dmitri Antonovich
2059:
1603:between the two superpowers.
1306:magazine, presents it to the
980:deportations of nationalities
656:Political abuse of psychiatry
235:Congress of People's Deputies
5939:Politics of the Soviet Union
4413:1956 Georgian demonstrations
2854:McBurney, Gerald (123–124).
2767:Muslims of the Soviet Empire
2395:) Moscow, Veche publication.
2175:Khrushchev: A Political Life
1737:American National Exhibition
1446:intensified under Khrushchev
1177:1957 plot against Khrushchev
1148:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1107:1956 Georgian demonstrations
963:commanders, such as Marshal
34:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
5611:Academy of Medical Sciences
4428:Stalin Monument in Budapest
4095:Night of the Murdered Poets
4013:Allegations of antisemitism
3750:Engineers of the human soul
3497:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
3473:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
3289:History of the Soviet Union
3226:Women in the Khrushchev Era
3070:Women in the Khrushchev Era
2021:
1934:European military alliances
1926:European economic alliances
1917:
1584:theory and also because of
771:
195:Central Executive Committee
10:
5980:
4468:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
4438:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
3586:Soviet atomic bomb project
2750:Van den Bercken, William.
2457:Cohen, Stephen F. (2011).
2119:, London: Free Press, 2004
1892:invasion of Czechoslovakia
1343:as representatives of the
1226:of the Party in May 1957.
1180:
1104:
1033:
937:invasion of Czechoslovakia
5959:1960s in the Soviet Union
5954:1950s in the Soviet Union
5889:
5833:
5807:
5727:
5650:
5641:
5586:
5493:
5456:
5396:
5299:
5261:
5181:
5043:
5034:
4984:
4932:
4923:
4775:
4716:
4633:
4494:
4476:
4448:Places named after Stalin
4433:Stalin Monument in Prague
4380:
4292:
4227:
4113:
3957:Repressions in Azerbaijan
3783:
3692:
3675:1950 legislative election
3601:1946 legislative election
3512:1937 legislative election
3424:
3373:
3364:
3344:
3295:
3282:
3274:
3239:Journal of Design History
3109:Women's Studies Quarterly
2393:Маршал Жуков: Опала, 1994
2262:, Penn State Press, 2000.
2129:Joseph Stalin killer file
1877:Kosygin's economic reform
1021:, whom he brought to the
759:
551:Material balance planning
252:1989 Legislative election
5964:1953 in the Soviet Union
4269:Soviet Nonconformist Art
4185:1936 Soviet Constitution
3838:Soviet famine of 1932–33
3798:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
3770:Transformation of nature
3755:1936 Soviet Constitution
3715:Socialism in One Country
3554:German–Soviet Axis talks
2526:Indiana University Press
2216:Stites, Richard (1992).
2191:Khrushchev on Khrushchev
2033:Economic reforms in 1957
1576:and the USSR during the
1458:
366:Administrator of Affairs
5902:Soviet Union portal
4393:Iosif Stalin locomotive
4136:Foundations of Leninism
4122:Anarchism or Socialism?
4003:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
3870:NKVD prisoner massacres
3522:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3411:Death and state funeral
2884:East European Quarterly
2839:Schmelz, Peter (2009).
2821:Schwarz, Boris (1972).
2803:Schmelz, Peter (2009).
2728:(MacMillan 1997), p.117
2673:"Columbia Hails Moscow"
2147:Ilya Ehrenburg (1954).
2134:August 3, 2013, at the
1520:International relations
1358:Moscow State University
1300:(right), the editor of
1072:Together with his ally
772:khrushchovskaya ottepel
708:Soviet Union portal
220:Soviet of Nationalities
5794:Stalinist architecture
5548:Science and technology
5458:Ideological repression
5386:Soviet Airborne Forces
5324:Destruction battalions
4601:(second father-in-law)
3855:Murder of Sergey Kirov
3730:Stalinist architecture
3616:Turkish Straits crisis
2332:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1978:Novocherkassk massacre
1935:
1927:
1888:Sinyavsky–Daniel trial
1833:The individual kitchen
1611:
1537:
1429:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1311:
1193:Soviet Communist Party
1165:At the same time, the
1090:Soviet Communist Party
1067:Soviet Communist Party
1052:
956:
827:death of Joseph Stalin
651:Ideological repression
541:Science and technology
5576:List of metro systems
5129:Collective leadership
4622:William Wesley Peters
4167:Falsifiers of History
4090:Rootless cosmopolitan
3396:Rule as Soviet leader
2698:Zhuk, Sergei (2018).
2337:The Gulag Archipelago
2256:Khrushchev, Sergei N.
2187:Khrushchev, Sergei N.
1933:
1925:
1882:Brezhnev's career as
1785:Khrushchev's Response
1609:
1527:
1296:
1043:
954:
947:Khrushchev and Stalin
939:in 1968 signaled the
84:Collective leadership
5538:Net material product
5481:Censorship of images
5398:Political repression
5358:Soviet Border Troops
5291:First Deputy Premier
4875:1965 economic reform
4870:Soviet space program
4643:Stalin's house, Gori
4574:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
4502:Besarion Jughashvili
4443:Batumi Stalin Museum
4354:Nineteen Eighty-Four
4105:Censorship of images
3784:Crimes, repressions,
3487:1931 Menshevik Trial
3468:First five-year plan
3241:, 10 (1997), 177-78.
3059:61.2 (2002): 115-16.
2340:. Harper & Row.
2206:. 2006; 62: 187–193.
2173:Tompson, William J.
1912:Konstantin Chernenko
1699:, and the superstar
1638:Cuban Missile Crisis
1582:peaceful coexistence
1528:From left to right:
1375:magazine in the US.
1204:peaceful coexistence
860:, his 1955 visit to
810:peaceful coexistence
800:were relaxed due to
760:хрущёвская о́ттепель
661:Political repression
626:Censorship of images
356:First Deputy Premier
94:Presidential Council
5606:Academy of Sciences
5421:Population transfer
5365:Soviet Armed Forces
5228:Congress of Soviets
5209:Presidium/Politburo
5173:Soviet anti-Zionism
5022:West Siberian Plain
4900:Revolutions of 1989
4837:Great Patriotic War
4822:New Economic Policy
4635:Stalin's residences
4582:Galina Dzhugashvili
4566:Svetlana Alliluyeva
4550:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
4477:Cultural depictions
4319:Anti-Stalinist left
4274:Shvernik Commission
4242:Pospelov Commission
4018:Population transfer
3993:1941 Red Army purge
3967:Suppressed research
3621:First Indochina War
3564:Great Patriotic War
3542:Moscow Peace Treaty
3406:Cult of personality
3254:61 (2002), 216-243.
3215:40 (2005), 308-309.
3176:40 (2005), 290-303.
2868:Johanna Granville,
2616:Mikhail Gorbachev.
2518:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1794:Origins and outcome
1693:Yevgeny Yevtushenko
1627:Francis Gary Powers
1595:and developing the
1397:In 1958, the first
1354:Columbia University
1335:, who attended the
1096:Issues and tensions
1063:20th Party Congress
676:Suppressed research
666:Population transfer
536:New Economic Policy
215:Soviet of the Union
185:Congress of Soviets
5934:Soviet phraseology
5251:Military Collegium
5119:Capital punishment
4997:Caucasus Mountains
4910:Post-Soviet states
4790:Russian Revolution
4606:Alexander Svanidze
4534:Konstantin Kuzakov
4526:Yakov Dzhugashvili
4485:Apocalypse: Stalin
4458:Stalin Peace Prize
4453:State Stalin Prize
4156:"Ten Blows" speech
4143:Dizzy with Success
4053:Operation "Priboi"
4033:Operation "Lentil"
3986:1937 Soviet Census
3665:Sino-Soviet Treaty
3579:Potsdam Conference
3532:Invasion of Poland
3189:61 (2002), 244-49.
3163:61 (2002), 223-24.
3150:40 (2005), 289-95.
3124:40 (2005), 291-94.
3111:33 (2005), 115-17.
2879:2013-10-14 at the
2724:Walter L. Hixson:
2677:The New York Times
2636:The New York Times
2443:2010-08-14 at the
1936:
1928:
1850:Design of the home
1748:The Kitchen Debate
1612:
1538:
1418:Mikhail Zoshchenko
1389:In July 1957, the
1312:
1208:Vyacheslav Molotov
1121:central government
1117:mass demonstration
1053:
1008:First Vice-Premier
957:
844:, then ousted the
410:Procurator General
398:Military Collegium
5944:Nikita Khrushchev
5921:
5920:
5885:
5884:
5877:Hammer and sickle
5819:and their groups
5817:Soviet dissidents
5596:Communist Academy
5513:Economic planning
5489:
5488:
5382:Soviet Air Forces
5301:Security services
5221:General Secretary
5204:Central Committee
5146:Political parties
5078:Brezhnev Doctrine
5073:Foreign relations
5030:
5029:
4971:Autonomous okrugs
4885:Soviet–Afghan War
4865:Sino-Soviet split
4807:Russian Civil War
4734:
4733:
4691:Kholodnaya Rechka
4388:Iosif Stalin tank
4309:Lenin's Testament
4284:Era of Stagnation
4085:Mingrelian Affair
4063:Forced settlement
4048:Operation "North"
4008:Soviet war crimes
3786:and controversies
3725:Socialist realism
3688:
3687:
3670:Tito–Stalin split
3569:Tehran Conference
3492:Spanish Civil War
3463:Chinese Civil War
3305:
3304:
3296:Succeeded by
3285:History of Russia
2711:978-1-78673-303-0
2048:Goulash Communism
2043:Era of Stagnation
2037:Russian Knowledge
2016:Mikhail Gorbachev
1904:Soviet–Afghan War
1884:General Secretary
1701:Vladimir Vysotsky
1697:Bella Akhmadulina
1623:1960 U-2 incident
1597:Open Skies Policy
1474:Arnold Schoenberg
1271:Lenin's Mausoleum
1266:at 10:1 in 1961.
1256:Mikhail Gorbachev
1082:freedom of speech
874:Dwight Eisenhower
870:Tito–Stalin Split
802:Nikita Khrushchev
769:
751:
750:
693:
692:
546:Era of Stagnation
488:
487:
373:
372:
261:
260:
167:
166:
138:General Secretary
123:Central Committee
16:(Redirected from
5971:
5949:De-Stalinization
5911:
5910:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5648:
5647:
5556:
5411:Collectivization
5156:Marxism–Leninism
5041:
5040:
4930:
4929:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4609:(brother-in-law)
4602:
4598:Sergei Alliluyev
4594:
4590:Joseph Alliluyev
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4408:Pantheon, Moscow
4366:The Soviet Story
4340:Darkness at Noon
4229:De-Stalinization
4080:Leningrad Affair
3813:Decossackization
3611:1946 Iran crisis
3574:Yalta Conference
3446:Collectivization
3371:
3370:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3275:Preceded by
3272:
3271:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2605:
2579:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2515:
2509:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2328:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2291:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2110:
1995:History repeated
1771:washing machines
1534:Mamie Eisenhower
1498:Andrei Volkonsky
1422:Ernest Hemingway
1236:Anti-Party Group
1212:Lazar Kaganovich
1189:de-Stalinization
1183:Anti-Party Group
984:Leningrad Affair
933:Andrei Sinyavsky
806:de-Stalinization
783:
778:
774:
764:
762:
761:
743:
736:
729:
706:
705:
704:
641:Collectivization
501:
500:
465:De-Stalinization
439:Marxism–Leninism
434:Soviet democracy
428:
427:
331:State Committees
274:
273:
180:
179:
112:
111:
44:
30:
29:
21:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5896:
5894:
5881:
5829:
5803:
5723:
5637:
5582:
5554:
5528:Internet domain
5523:Five-year plans
5485:
5452:
5392:
5295:
5257:
5189:Communist Party
5177:
5136:Passport system
5026:
5002:European Russia
4980:
4919:
4860:Khrushchev Thaw
4839:(World War II)
4817:Creation treaty
4771:
4765:
4735:
4730:
4712:
4708:Stalin's bunker
4658:Room at Kremlin
4648:Tiflis Seminary
4629:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4585:(granddaughter)
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4542:Artyom Sergeyev
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4490:
4472:
4376:
4334:True Communists
4297:
4295:
4288:
4252:Khrushchev Thaw
4223:
4190:Stalin's poetry
4109:
3977:Japhetic theory
3915:Medvedev Forest
3808:Georgian Affair
3785:
3779:
3740:Five-year plans
3684:
3653:Berlin Blockade
3643:Greek Civil War
3432:August Uprising
3420:
3401:Political views
3366:
3360:
3340:
3335:
3301:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3263:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3202:40 (2005), 315.
3197:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3137:61 (2002), 224.
3132:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3085:40 (2005), 289.
3080:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3046:61 (2002), 244.
3041:
3037:
3033:40 (2005), 295.
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2881:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2774:
2763:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2596:); (Paperback,
2580:
2573:
2560:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2524:, pp. 303-305.
2516:
2512:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2455:
2451:
2445:Wayback Machine
2435:
2412:
2406:Leonid Brezhnev
2404:World Affairs.
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2329:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2292:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2214:
2210:
2204:Hist Workshop J
2201:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2136:Wayback Machine
2127:
2123:
2113:William Taubman
2111:
2066:
2062:
2024:
1997:
1920:
1886:began with the
1865:Leonid Brezhnev
1861:
1852:
1835:
1822:
1813:
1796:
1787:
1775:sewing machines
1767:vacuum cleaners
1750:
1733:
1685:Bulat Okudzhava
1654:
1646:John F. Kennedy
1530:Nina Kukharchuk
1522:
1461:
1384:Union republics
1329:Andrey Kursanov
1310:audience (1957)
1291:
1283:Leonid Brezhnev
1244:
1224:First Secretary
1220:Dmitri Shepilov
1216:Georgy Malenkov
1185:
1179:
1141:
1109:
1103:
1101:Georgian revolt
1098:
1078:rehabilitations
1074:Anastas Mikoyan
1038:
1032:
1019:Leonid Brezhnev
949:
927:of the writers
913:economic reform
909:Leonid Brezhnev
902:Goluboy Ogonyok
838:"Secret Speech"
831:First Secretary
804:'s policies of
776:
755:Khrushchev Thaw
747:
718:
714:Other countries
702:
700:
695:
694:
606:
498:
490:
489:
461:
425:
415:
414:
383:
375:
374:
309:
271:
263:
262:
177:
169:
168:
163:
109:
107:Communist Party
99:
98:
57:
28:
23:
22:
18:Khrushchev thaw
15:
12:
11:
5:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5694:
5689:
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5269:Heads of state
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5151:State ideology
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4403:Stalin statues
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4304:Stalin Epigram
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4247:Rehabilitation
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3823:Wittorf affair
3820:
3818:Dekulakization
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3800:
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3760:New Soviet man
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3261:External links
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2679:. May 10, 1955
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2347:978-0060007768
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2055:(Gomułka Thaw)
2053:Polish October
2050:
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2023:
2020:
1996:
1993:
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1991:
1984:
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1873:Alexei Kosygin
1860:
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1754:Kitchen Debate
1749:
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1725:Alexei Kosygin
1704:in many ways.
1658:60s generation
1653:
1650:
1550:Czechoslovakia
1521:
1518:
1502:Edison Denisov
1460:
1457:
1414:Anna Akhmatova
1331:and historian
1321:Carnival Night
1290:
1287:
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1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1167:Polish October
1140:
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1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1004:Lavrenty Beria
948:
945:
917:Alexei Kosygin
816:'s 1954 novel
814:Ilya Ehrenburg
757:(Russian:
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5774:Printed media
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5707:Cyrillisation
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5675:Working class
5673:
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5670:Soviet people
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5518:Energy policy
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5246:Supreme Court
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4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4848:The Holocaust
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4709:
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4681:Semyonovskoye
4679:
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4607:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4558:Vasily Stalin
4556:
4553:(second wife)
4551:
4548:
4545:(adopted son)
4543:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4518:Kato Svanidze
4516:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4486:
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4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
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4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Ryutin Affair
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4294:Criticism and
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:Order No. 270
4205:
4203:
4202:Order No. 227
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:Doctors' plot
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Nazino affair
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:German–Soviet
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Slavists case
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Moscow Trials
3945:
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3928:
3926:
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3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Korenizatsiya
3708:
3706:
3705:Neo-Stalinism
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
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3624:
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3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Ili Rebellion
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
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3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
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3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:Joseph Stalin
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3252:Slavic Review
3247:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3187:Slavic Review
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3161:Slavic Review
3156:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3135:Slavic Review
3130:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3057:Slavic Review
3052:
3045:
3044:Slavic Review
3039:
3032:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2901:0-393-31834-6
2898:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2769:. p. 17.
2768:
2761:
2753:
2746:
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2721:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:0-684-87112-2
2599:
2595:
2594:0-684-83420-0
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:0-312-22644-6
2564:
2558:
2551:
2550:0-8047-5606-6
2547:
2541:
2535:
2534:0-253-20915-3
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:0-02-922401-2
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2468:9781848858480
2464:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2442:
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2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
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2369:
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2349:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2315:5-94850-342-9
2312:
2306:
2300:
2299:0-7615-0718-3
2296:
2290:
2288:
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2282:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:Yuri Andropov
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:David Riesman
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1735:In 1959, the
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:khrushchevkas
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:United States
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:Pierre Boulez
1475:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1453:Manege Affair
1449:
1447:
1442:
1441:labor camps.
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:New York City
1338:
1334:
1333:Boris Rybakov
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:Enver Mamedov
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:Georgy Zhukov
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
992:Georgy Zhukov
989:
988:Doctors' plot
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:Georgy Zhukov
962:
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
823:
821:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
773:
767:
756:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
724:
722:
721:
715:
712:
711:
709:
699:
698:
687:
686:Soviet Empire
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
577:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
562:
561:War communism
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
494:
493:
480:
479:
475:
474:
473:
472:
468:
466:
463:
458:
457:Khrushchevism
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
418:
411:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:Supreme Court
391:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
313:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
267:
266:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
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190:
187:
186:
182:
181:
173:
172:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
89:State Council
87:
85:
82:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
5893:
5665:Demographics
5655:Antisemitism
5508:Central Bank
5426:Forced labor
5374:Spetsnaz GRU
5194:organisation
5102:Human rights
5051:Constitution
4934:Subdivisions
4859:
4812:Russian SFSR
4768:Soviet Union
4625:(son-in-law)
4617:(son-in-law)
4614:Yuri Zhdanov
4521:(first wife)
4510:Keke Geladze
4483:
4372:Antisemitism
4364:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4329:Kremlin Plot
4256:
4251:
4194:
4178:
4165:
4070:Tax on trees
4028:Deportations
3765:Stakhanovite
3626:Eastern Bloc
3527:World War II
3480: /
3367:and politics
3299:Brezhnev era
3283:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2891:
2883:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2822:
2804:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2700:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2585:
2557:
2540:
2521:
2513:
2494:
2489:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2400:
2387:
2356:
2335:
2305:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2219:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2155:(in Russian)
2152:
2142:
2124:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1959:sovnarkhozes
1881:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1797:
1788:
1751:
1734:
1722:
1706:
1689:Edita Piekha
1682:
1662:
1655:
1635:
1620:
1613:
1601:
1586:US President
1571:
1554:Chairman Mao
1539:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1411:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1301:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1249:sovnarkhozes
1245:
1228:
1200:Great Purges
1197:
1186:
1164:
1145:
1142:
1129:Soviet Union
1110:
1086:
1071:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1016:
1001:
997:
977:
973:World War II
958:
920:
907:
900:
882:
824:
817:
798:Soviet Union
785:
754:
752:
646:Human rights
636:Gulag system
611:
582:Demographics
569:
504:
476:
469:
344:
314:
279:Constitution
277:
233:
203:
183:
136:
5769:Phraseology
5714:Prohibition
5702:Linguistics
5687:Drug policy
5680:1989 census
5601:Cybernetics
5503:Agriculture
5416:Great Purge
5378:Soviet Navy
5370:Soviet Army
5242:(1989–1991)
5236:(1938–1991)
5230:(1922–1936)
5214:Secretariat
5085:Gun control
4992:Caspian Sea
4976:Closed city
4905:Dissolution
4890:Perestroika
4832:Great Purge
4381:Remembrance
4347:Animal Farm
4173:Stalin Note
3860:Great Purge
3828:Great Break
3720:Great Break
3441:(1928–1941)
3357:(1946–1953)
3351:(1922–1952)
2620:. Guardian.
2002:perestroika
1988:Beatlemania
1900:Vietnam War
1758:consumerism
1731:Consumerism
1642:nuclear war
1631:Berlin Wall
1407:Van Cliburn
929:Yuli Daniel
897:national TV
631:Great Purge
597:Phraseology
516:Agriculture
471:Perestroika
346:Premiership
176:Legislature
154:Secretariat
5928:Categories
5809:Opposition
5799:Television
5779:Propaganda
5752:Literature
5626:Naukograds
5621:Sharashkas
5555:(currency)
5533:Inventions
5476:Censorship
5406:Red Terror
5090:Government
4964:Autonomous
4947:Autonomous
4880:Stagnation
4843:Evacuation
4696:Lake Ritsa
4676:Uspenskoye
4593:(grandson)
4577:(grandson)
4569:(daughter)
4324:Trotskyism
4296:opposition
3972:Lysenkoism
3658:Korean War
3537:Winter War
3425:Chronology
3416:Death toll
3381:Early life
3278:Stalin era
2499:Free Press
2497:, p. 120.
2235:052136986X
2159:10 October
2149:"Оттепель"
2060:References
2028:Cuban Thaw
1944:Mao Zedong
1616:Camp David
1589:Eisenhower
1544:, and the
1316:Spartakiad
1275:Red Square
866:Yugoslavia
846:Stalinists
834:Khrushchev
794:censorship
790:repression
784:or simply
681:Red Terror
671:Propaganda
621:Censorship
612:Repression
326:Ministries
316:Government
270:Governance
56:Leadership
5870:Republics
5858:Republics
5846:Republics
5697:Languages
5561:Transport
5443:Holodomor
5336:Militsiya
5274:President
5166:Stalinism
5068:Elections
4942:Republics
4925:Geography
4915:Nostalgia
4827:Stalinism
4686:New Athos
3952:Hotel Lux
3935:Vinnytsia
3890:Chortkiv
3880:Berezwecz
3875:Berezhany
3843:Holodomor
3700:Stalinism
3638:Cominform
3374:Overviews
1950:Campaign.
1714:peasantry
1674:Leningrad
1633:in 1961.
1618:in 1959.
1431:'s story
1349:Princeton
1006:, then a
829:in 1953.
766:romanized
587:Education
556:Transport
452:Stalinism
382:Judiciary
225:Presidium
149:Politburo
67:President
5913:Category
5466:Religion
5353:Chairmen
5199:Congress
5161:Leninism
5141:Propiska
5036:Politics
4895:Glasnost
4855:Cold War
4795:February
4726:Category
4666:Kuntsevo
4513:(mother)
4505:(father)
3940:Zolochiv
3925:Valozhyn
3895:Kurapaty
3693:Concepts
3606:Cold War
2877:Archived
2683:July 18,
2641:July 10,
2520:(1994),
2441:Archived
2334:(1974).
2132:Archived
2022:See also
2008:glasnost
1918:Timeline
1742:Cold War
1678:stilyagi
1578:Cold War
1542:Bulgaria
1405:pianist
1403:American
1303:The USSR
1156:Red Army
1152:Red Army
969:Red Army
961:Red Army
921:de facto
862:Belgrade
819:The Thaw
602:Religion
478:Glasnost
447:Leninism
423:Ideology
336:Cabinets
118:Congress
5834:Symbols
5747:Fashion
5729:Culture
5643:Society
5588:Science
5553:Rouble
5495:Economy
5471:Science
5281:Premier
5262:Offices
5124:Leaders
5044:General
5012:Siberia
4985:Regions
4959:Oblasts
4800:October
4777:History
4701:Sukhumi
4662:Dachas
4653:Kureika
4043:Koreans
3930:Vileyka
3631:Comecon
3456:Sovkhoz
3451:Kolkhoz
3365:History
2241:27 June
1779:perfume
1566:Romania
1562:Albania
1366:Amerika
1279:Kremlin
1273:on the
1160:Hungary
1133:Tbilisi
1113:Georgia
1023:Kremlin
893:culture
854:Beijing
850:Kremlin
840:at the
796:in the
786:ottepel
571:Culture
506:Economy
497:Society
247:Speaker
159:Orgburo
128:History
62:Leaders
5853:Emblem
5841:Anthem
5789:Sports
5742:Cinema
5737:Ballet
5719:Racism
5692:Family
5182:Bodies
4770:topics
4495:Family
3920:Sambir
2899:
2708:
2600:
2592:
2565:
2548:
2532:
2505:
2465:
2344:
2313:
2297:
2232:
2153:lib.ru
1986:1964:
1896:Zastoi
1773:, and
1718:Russia
1670:Moscow
1264:rouble
1218:, and
1171:Poland
1125:Moscow
986:, the
982:, the
891:, and
592:Family
49:
5784:Radio
5762:Opera
5757:Music
5660:Crime
5431:Gulag
5309:Cheka
4954:Krais
4671:Sochi
4561:(son)
4537:(son)
4529:(son)
4114:Works
3905:Lutsk
3900:Katyn
3885:Dubno
3850:Gulag
2228:–53.
1558:China
1459:Music
1439:Gulag
1012:Gulag
925:trial
885:media
858:China
5865:Flag
5823:List
5631:List
5543:OGAS
5436:List
5319:NKVD
5107:LGBT
5095:List
5061:1977
5056:1936
3910:Lviv
3478:16th
3391:Rise
2897:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2685:2022
2643:2022
2598:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2483:p. 6
2463:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2243:2015
2230:ISBN
2161:2004
2005:and
1910:and
1805:TsUM
1803:and
1752:The
1672:and
1663:The
1552:and
1500:and
1476:and
1416:and
1372:USSR
1146:The
1049:PUWP
931:and
919:was
889:arts
808:and
792:and
777:IPA:
753:The
305:1977
300:1936
295:1924
72:list
5348:KGB
5343:MGB
5331:MVD
5314:GPU
5114:Law
3020:42.
3010:41.
3000:45.
2872:Dej
2226:123
1867:as
1801:GUM
1799:as
1716:in
1556:'s
1546:GDR
1339:in
1308:CBS
1123:in
915:of
388:Law
5930::
5380:•
5376:•
3979:,
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2908:^
2831:^
2813:^
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