6719:
that of Islam, leading to a concept of a
Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization
3874:
6209:"For some generations before Muhammad, the Arab mind had been, as it were, smouldering, it had been producing poetry and much religious discussion; under the stimulus of the national and racial successes it presently blazed out with a brilliance second only to that of the Greeks during their best period. From a new angle and with a fresh vigour it took up that systematic development of positive knowledge, which the Greeks had begun and relinquished. It revived the human pursuit of science. If the Greek was the father, then the Arab was the foster-father of the scientific method of dealing with reality, that is to say, by absolute frankness, the utmost simplicity of statement and explanation, exact record, and exhaustive criticism. Through the Arabs it was and not by the Latin route that the modern world received that gift of light and power."
9060:
2 Publication of literature that was critical of
Christianity (in the Enlightenment era of the 18th century). 3 Separation of church and state (from the 18th century onward). 4 The "gradual loosening of the ties between church and society". At least since the mid-20th century, many European countries have experienced a decline in churched religion. In particular, declining church attendance has been an important aspect of this process, and a characteristic of the development that has been described as the secularization process. The secularization processes in the Western world involve a partial replacement of established Christianity by unchurched spirituality, characterized by á la carte religion and a focus on "me and my experiences".
2119:
1315:
1883:
1344:
3461:
616:
2446:
3379:
218:
2043:(although in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively. Meanwhile, the extent of both Christendoms expanded, as Germanic peoples, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, Finnic peoples, Baltic peoples, British Isles and the other non-Christian lands of the northwest were converted by the Western Church, while Eastern Slavic peoples, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Russian territories,
3687:
1128:
3388:
1829:
3370:
1532:
3888:
733:
1395:
1335:
97:
2480:
1772:
3470:
3695:
3196:
2393:
1719:
1262:
1019:
144:
7966:
Felix of Urgel, the chiefs of
Adoptionism and Predestinationism, were condemned by councils, but were otherwise left unmolested. We may note, however, that the monk Gothescalch, after the condemnation of his false doctrine that Christ had not died for all mankind, was by the Synods of Mainz in 848 and Quiercy in 849 sentenced to flogging and imprisonment, punishments then common in monasteries for various infractions of the rule.
2055:
1930:
56:
586:, leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West (or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere") experienced a period of decline, and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development.
8324:
much to the Asians in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but after the
Industrial Revolution the situation was completely different, and the European textile industry, for example, was easily able to sell its cheap products throughout Asia. Improved transport methods also meant that European products could reach the Asian market at a relatively low cost. From about 1800, what historians term 'the
4779:
contemporary shared values, that together emerged as the intellectual descendants and transformers of Latin
Christendom." Geographically, this entails Western Europe (including Poland and other central European countries), North America and many other parts of the world that share these traditions and histories, or have adopted them. Much of Central and South America seem to reflect these traditions and values.
7682:
1641:. The survival of the Eastern Roman Empire protected Roman legal and cultural traditions, combining them with Greek and Christian elements, for another thousand years. The name Byzantine Empire was first used centuries later, after the Byzantine Empire ended. The dissolution of the Western half, nominally ended in AD 476, but in truth a long process that ended by the rise of Catholic
9175:
8358:
industrialization in the empire-building countries came a shift in the strategy of trade with the colonial world. Instead of being primarily buyers of colonial products (and frequently under strain to offer sufficient salable goods to balance the exchange), as in the past, the industrializing nations increasingly became sellers in search of markets for the
3564:, and most Westerners nominally identify themselves as Christians (e.g. 59% in the United Kingdom) and attend church on major occasions, such as Christmas and Easter. In the Americas, Christianity continues to play an important societal role, though in areas such as Canada, a low level of religiosity is common due to a European-type secularization. The
3854:: The Occident would not exist without the Orient and vice versa. Further, Western writers created this irrational, feminine, weak "Other" to contrast with the rational, masculine, strong West because of a need to create a difference between the two that would justify imperialist ambitions, according to the Said-influenced Indian-American theorist
1649:) ruling from around the year AD 800, left only the Eastern Roman Empire alive. The Eastern half continued to think of itself as the Eastern Roman Empire until AD 610–800, when Latin ceased to be the official language of the empire. The inhabitants called themselves Romans because the term "Roman" was meant to signify all
2803:, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia (Western powers exploited their advantages in
3314:, though this is disputed, since the People's Republic of China, as communist, had friendly relations—at certain times—with the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics. Some Third World countries aligned themselves with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc.
9059:
Hugh McLeod, emeritus professor of Church
History at the University of Birmingham, provides a helpful summary of the decline of Christendom in Western Europe in four stages: 1 Toleration of alternative forms of Christianity (in the Reformation and post-Reformation era in the 16th century and onward).
8357:
The global expansion of western Europe between the 1760s and the 1870s differed in several important ways from the expansionism and colonialism of previous centuries. Along with the rise of the
Industrial Revolution, which economic historians generally trace to the 1760s, and the continuing spread of
6496:
the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the
4710:
But even after 1054 friendly relations between east and west continued. The two parts of
Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them, and people on both sides still hoped that the misunderstandings could be cleared up without too much difficulty. The dispute remained
3803:
that have historically existed and still exist today. Toynbee entered into quite an expansive mode, including as candidates those countries or cultures who became so heavily influenced by the West as to adopt these borrowings into their very self-identity. Carried to its limit, this would in practice
6718:
people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of
Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as
4232:
around the Cape of Good Hope. With the ensuing rise of the rival Dutch East India
Company, Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually eclipsed; Dutch forces first established fortified independent bases in the East and then between 1640 and 1660 wrestled some southern Indian ports, and the lucrative
2965:
or economic imperialism. Multinational corporations came to offer "a dramatic refinement of the traditional business enterprise", through "issues as far ranging as national sovereignty, ownership of the means of production, environmental protection, consumerism, and policies toward organized labor."
812:. While Western culture is a broad concept, and does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines, it generally relates to the cultures of countries with historical ties to a European country or a number of European countries, or to the variety of cultures within Europe itself.
8323:
The Western belief in progress, Enlightenment thinking and the scientific revolution were elements that enabled the Western economy to develop in the nineteenth century in a way that was fundamentally different from most of the economies in the rest of the world. Europeans had not been able to sell
6073:
Western culture, which influenced the whole world, came from Europe. But its roots are not there. They are in Athens and Jerusalem… The Roman attitude senses its own incompleteness and recognizes the call to borrow from what went before it. Historically, it has led the West to borrow from the great
5220:
New Zealand's immigration policy in the early 20th century was strongly influenced by racial ideology. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 required intending immigrants to apply for a permanent residence permit before they arrived in New Zealand. Permission was given at the discretion of
3420:
is somewhat subjective in nature, depending on whether cultural, economic, spiritual or political criteria are employed. It is a generally accepted Western view to recognize the existence of at least three "major worlds" (or "cultures", or "civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the Western: the
6617:
In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew
6555:
Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western)
2668:
societies were made to form nation-states (in the Western tradition), which often created arbitrary boundaries and borders that did not necessarily represent a whole nation, people, or culture (as in much of Africa), and are often the cause of international conflicts and friction even to this day.
1921:
and Western (Catholic) churches spread their influence, the line between Eastern and Western Christianity was moving. Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome. The geographic line of religious division
6580:
Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible
4778:
While "Western Civilization" is a common theme in the curriculum of secondary and tertiary education, there is a great deal of disagreement about what the terms "West" or "Western" world signify. I have defined it as those "religious traditions, institutions, cultures and nations, including their
7965:
was contrary to the spirit of the Gospel, and they themselves opposed its execution. For centuries this was the ecclesiastical attitude both in theory and in practice. Thus, in keeping with the civil law, some Manichæans were executed at Ravenna in 556. On the other hand, Elipandus of Toledo and
6248:"For many centuries the world of Islam was in the forefront of human civilization and achievement ... In the era between the decline of antiquity and the dawn of modernity, that is, in the centuries designated in European history as medieval, the Islamic claim was not without justification."
2761:
process (migration from villages in search of jobs in manufacturing centers) had begun, and the concentration of labor into factories led to the rise in the population of the towns. World population had been rising as well. It is estimated to have first reached one billion in 1804. Also, the new
2091:
in Rome to send military aid to restore the lost territories to Christian rule. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. Unfortunately for the Byzantines, the crusaders (belonging to the members of nobility from France,
6530:
The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored,
6618:
ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence
5357:
We are near a global watershed - a time when white people will not be in the majority in the developed world — Just 500 years ago, few had ventured outside their European homeland. clearing the way, they settled in North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand and, to a lesser extent,
6581:
burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance
5002:
Between 1896 and 1928, the Republicans won seven of nine presidential contests. Immigration restriction was an important part of their platform. Ethno-traditional nationalists favour slower immigration in order to permit enough immigrants to voluntarily assimilate into the ethnic majority,
300: 'origin, sunrise, east'). The West is considered an evolving concept; made up of cultural, political, and economic synergy among diverse groups of people, and not a rigid region with fixed borders and members. Definitions of "Western world" vary according to context and perspectives.
4346:
1492:) under Emperor Trajan. During its territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled about 5,000,000 square kilometres (1,900,000 sq mi) of land surface and had a population of 100 million. From the time of Caesar (100–44 BC) to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome dominated
558:
In ancient Greece and Rome, individuals identified primarily as subjects of states, city-states, or empires, rather than as members of Western civilization. The distinct identification of Western civilization began to crystallize with the rise of Christianity during the
5391:
The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization
5949:, p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the Christian era.
3491:
Many anthropologists, sociologists and historians oppose "the West and the Rest" in a categorical manner. The same has been done by Malthusian demographers with a sharp distinction between European and non-European family systems. Among anthropologists, this includes
1618:
tribes, often composed of well-trained Roman soldiers paid by Rome to guard the extensive borders, had become militarily sophisticated "Romanized barbarians", and mercilessly slaughtered the Romans conquering their Western territories while looting their possessions.
3778:
are often considered a visible sign of Western nations' economic presence, especially in Third World countries, and represent a common institutional environment for powerful politicians, enterprises, trade unions and firms, bankers and thinkers of the Western world.
2798:
remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and (with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade.
3846:, the West, or Occident, created a romanticized vision of the East, or Orient, to justify colonial and imperialist intentions. This Occident-Orient binary focuses on the Western vision of the East instead of any truths about the East. His theories are rooted in
4278:, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the 'Partition of Africa' and by some the 'Conquest of Africa'. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal Western/European control; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only
3808:
formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past. While often pointedly nationalist, these cultural and political leaders interacted within the West to such an extent as to change both themselves and the West.
6642:
Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and
5453:
In 1979, a friend of de Boer's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece — the cradle of Western civilization, a fresh example of tectonic forces at
5129:
called for an influx of white, preferably northern-European, blood in order for Brazilian society to achieve its goals to become an advanced nation. To the chagrin of the thesis' supporters, "nonwhite" immigrants started arriving on Brazilian shores,
5197:
and aimed to maintain Australia as a nation populated mainly by white Europeans. It included a dictation test of 50 words in a European language, which became the chief way unwanted migrants could be excluded. The policy remained in place for many
3568:
of the United Kingdom and some Nordic countries are forms of Christianity, while the majority of European countries have no official religion. Despite this, Christianity, in its different forms, remains the largest faith in most Western countries.
7996:
the occasional executions of heretics during this period must be ascribed partly to the arbitrary action of individual rulers, partly to the fanatic outbreaks of the overzealous populace, and in no wise to ecclesiastical law or the ecclesiastical
4335:
4711:
something of which ordinary Christians in east and west were largely unaware. It was the Crusades which made the schism definitive: they introduced a new spirit of hatred and bitterness, and they brought the whole issue down to the popular level.
4974:
Anglo-Americans, from Thomas Jefferson at the beginning of the nineteenth century to Joseph Pomeroy Widney at the century's end, envisioned the West as more than an ordinary place. They dreamed of it as home to a rugged, independent, white
6116:
The fact that modern international law is one of the products of Western European civilization means that it rests, as all that civilization, upon the threefold heritage of the ancient Mediterranean world, the heritage of Rome, Athens and
2523:. But these journeys had little permanent effect on east–west trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia: namely the new
7626:
435:. The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a socio-political concept that had been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity.
5003:
maintaining the white ethno-tradition. rapid immigration of ethnic outsiders raises existential questions for the ethnic majority. In this case, around whether the white majority is losing predominance in 'its' perceived homeland.
8064:
3861:
The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a sociopolitical concept, and has been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity.
3106:
A common metanarrative of the Enlightenment is the "secularization theory". Modernity, as understood within the framework, means a total break with the past. Innovation and science are the good, representing the modern values of
2195:
medieval Venetian Republic moneylenders and its rivals, such as the Republic of Genoa) rebelling against the Venetian economic domination. What followed dealt an irrevocable blow to the already weakened Byzantine Empire with the
6914:(1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
3642:
since the late 1960s. Earlier, between the eighteenth century to mid-twentieth century, prominent western countries like the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand have been once envisioned as
327:
lasted for only about a century and a half. Significant theological and ecclesiastical differences led Western Europeans to consider the Christians in the Byzantine Empire as heretics. In 1054 CE, when the church in Rome
5027:
declared that "all male white inhabitants" would become citizens, a time when the country started enforcing its hierarchy of whiteness. while the concept of whiteness has changed since the 18th century, they say that
6087:
2999:
described the 18th-century as one where "the sentiment grows that one age has come to its close and that a new age of Western civilization is about to be born". According to Voeglin the Enlightenment (also called the
964:). European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the
5177:
3560:(separating religion from politics and science) increased. However, while church attendance is in decline, in some Western countries (i.e. Italy, Poland, and Portugal), more than half of the people state that
2924:
held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km (13,700,000 sq mi), 24% of the Earth's total land area. At its apex, the phrase
6497:
Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.
5422:
The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curricula as to be taken for
4548:. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe.
406:
Between the eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, prominent countries in the West such as the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand have been once envisioned as
2605:, almost a century after Portuguese and Spanish empires) was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. The
3125:
1108:), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the medieval times (or
2819:
to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" (
4450:
The making of the West depended on cultural, political, and economic interaction among diverse groups. The West remains an evolving concept, not a fixed region with unchanging borders and members.
1484:
by AD 117, ancient Rome expanded up to twenty-five times its area. The same time passed before its fall in AD 476. Rome had expanded long before the empire reached its zenith with the conquest of
9142:
7787:
662:'s expansion of peoples of Western and Central European empires, particularly the globe-spanning colonial empires of 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous times, this expansion was accompanied by
2974:
throughout the world, and with little or no sense of responsibility toward the peoples impacted by its multinational corporations in their exploitation of minerals and markets. The dictum of
571:
intellectuals solidified this concept, associating Western civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
2035:
wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought... only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right." Over time, the
6814:
4074:
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–19, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the
9122:
5290:
Western world racism inflated the values of "Europeanness" and "Whiteness" in areas of civilization, human worth, and culture, and deflated the values of "African-ness" and "Blackness".
5257:
In the western world, racism evolved, twinned with the doctrine of white supremacy, and helped fuel the European exploration, conquest and colonization of much of the rest of the world.
3337:. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral; but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain, it was in the
2295:). There followed the discovery of the American continent, and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body, later resulting in the religious
6963:
accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
4748:
The Crusades, like the wars of Rome with Persia, were attempts of the West to capture trade routes to the East; the discovery of America was a result of the failure of the Crusades.
375:
Countries that are considered to constitute the West vary according to perspective rather than their geographical location. Countries like Australia and New Zealand, located in the
7662:
2597:
between the 1490s and the 1800s, which also contributed to the development of African intertribal warfare and racist ideology. Before the abolition of its slave trade in 1807, the
5920:, "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West".
3556:
in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere.
1871:) region then originating in the following 150 years in the Roman Empire officially splitting in two halves. Also the time of the formal acceptance of Christianity as Empire's
1453:
by eventual recognition of some form of Roman citizenship's privileges. Nonetheless, despite its great legacy, a number of factors led to the eventual decline and ultimately
5156:
project was a successful endeavor in terms of the erasure of blackness," said Edwards. Argentina's pro-European immigration policy was initiated under its 1853 constitution
3997:
2545:
spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods, by advancements in maritime technology such as the
2957:) international directives. Most of colonized nations received independence by 1960. Great Britain showed ongoing responsibility for the welfare of its former colonies as
4151:(after the Renaissance and fall of Constantinople) as a new civilization greatly influenced by the interpretation of Greek thought preserved in the Byzantine Empire, and
8212:
Specifically, these are 'Western' or 'White' values that find their foundation in Greco-Roman philosophy and espouse key notions such as individualism and enlightenment.
2264:
what they believed to be heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, and seldom resorting to executions.
2092:
German territories, the Low countries, England, Italy and Hungary) had no allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor and established their own states in the conquered regions,
9562:
9042:
4761:
539:, had also significantly influenced Western civilization through their advancements in writing, law codes, and societal structures. The convergence of Greek-Roman and
9102:
4921:
2747:
4645:
4486:
an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western) civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.
3656:
3111:, while faith is ruled by superstition and traditionalism. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment embodied the ideals of improvement and progress.
2929:" described the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun always shone on at least one of its territories. As a result, its political,
2374:
1528:
and all Catholic religious ceremonies all over Europe until 1967, as well as an or the official language of countries such as Italy and Poland (9th–18th centuries).
5147:
4061:. Greece, Cyprus, Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, and Libya were part of the "East". Italy itself was considered central, until the reforms of
2569:
with Asia, who had journeyed overland to the Far East contributing to geographical knowledge of parts of the Asian continent. They are of enormous significance in
1508:
with population living outside. Ancient Rome has contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the
427:, which today constitutes much of the "geographical" Western world. Starting from the late 1960s, certain parts of the Western world have become notable for their
11231:
952:
brought classical traditions and philosophy. This major change for non-Western countries and their people saw a development in modernization in those countries.
8278:
1847:
three centuries earlier, when Roman imperialism had just been born with the Roman Republic becoming "Roman Empire", but reached its zenith during 3rd century's
1142:
Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even following the Protestant
6531:
representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition
6415:
2716:(or been imposed upon) most nations of the world today. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most important events in history.
1961:(Latin Christian revival of the ancient Roman Empire, under perpetual Germanic rule from AD 962) inheriting ancient Roman Empire's prestige but offending the
307:, while others argue that such a projection constructs a false genealogy. A geographical concept of the West started to take shape in the 4th century CE when
4041:
By Rome's central location at the heart of the Empire, "West" and "East" were terms used to denote provinces west and east of the capital itself. Therefore,
8328:' took place, which was the separation of the economic development of the Western World, on the one hand, and of almost all of Asia and Africa on the other.
7108:
Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament
11221:
6258:
6202:
2727:
356:
made the schism definitive with hostility. The West during these crusades tried to capture trade routes to the East and failed, it instead discovered the
3333:) but remained neutral and was not communist, nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986, and was west of the
1441:
empire (27 BC – AD 476). Its Empire came to dominate Western, Central and Southeastern Europe, Northern Africa and, becoming an autocratic Empire a vast
9139:
7642:
3670:
are also the most keen on digital and televisual media technologies, as they were in the postwar period on television and radio: from 2000 to 2014, the
2862:'s recognition of the strategic importance of European nations. Traditional Japanese society became an industrial and militarist power like the Western
11096:
6129:
5721:
Slavica viterbiensia 003: Periodico di letterature e culture slave della FacoltĂ di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'UniversitĂ della Tuscia
4253:, and their own acquisitions would gradually surpass those of the Dutch. In 1763, the British eliminated French influence in India and established the
5997:
The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...
9727:
8195:
902:
cultures, and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek
420:
3526:
The Oxford English dictionary noted that the earliest use of the term "Western world" in the English language was in 1586, found in the writings of
3079:
gained in prestige as new observatories were funded by governments and more powerful telescopes developed, leading to the discovery of new planets,
9875:
8928:
8250:
2512:
6074:
traditions of Jerusalem and Athens: primarily the Jewish and Christian tradition, on the one hand, and the classical Greek tradition on the other.
4224:
In the 16th century, the Portuguese broke the (overland) medieval monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade (goods and slaves) between Asia and
5766:
Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.
4849:
2620:
Due to the reach of these empires, Western institutions expanded throughout the world. This process of influence (and imposition) began with the
6891:
6811:
804:, and later spread to different parts of the world. The core of Western civilization, broadly defined, is formed by the combined foundations of
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emerged. According to the Oxford English dictionary, the earliest reference to the term "Western world" was from 1586, found in the writings of
11236:
10061:
9015:
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2846:", the established colonial powers in Asia (United Kingdom, France, Netherlands) added to their empires also vast expanses of territory in the
953:
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ship introduced in the mid-1400s. The charting of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and
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are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilization—Greece having heavily influenced Rome—the former due to its impact on
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community, but for Jews who sought out Jewish sources to guide their own path to secularism, Spinoza was as important as Voltaire and Kant.
10606:
9851:
8065:"How important was the role of the princes in bringing about the success of the Lutheran Reformation in Germany in the years 1525 to 1555?"
7355:
Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches
5913:
2958:
1322:
in 218 BC after having managed the conquest of most of the Italian Peninsula, on the eve of its most successful and deadliest war with the
634:
Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world, due to the successful
8459:
Coloma, Roland Sintos (2012). "White gazes, brown breasts: imperial feminism and disciplining desires and bodies in colonial encounters".
2260:
was established in AD 1229 on a permanent basis, run largely by clergymen in Rome, and abolished six centuries later. Before AD 1100, the
7659:
380:
379:
are included in modern definitions of the Western world, as these regions and others like them have been significantly influenced by the
8968:
7679:
912:
Western culture continued to develop with the Christianization of European society during the Middle Ages, the reforms triggered by the
1973:, quintessential Roman Empire's spiritual heritage authority, establishing then, until the Protestant Reformation, the civilization of
1848:
563:. In this period, peoples in Europe started to perceive themselves as part of a unique civilization, differentiating from others like
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and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,
4794:
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605:
6376:"How Islam Created Europe; In late antiquity, the religion split the Mediterranean world in two. Now it is remaking the Continent"
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A number of countries did not fit comfortably into this neat definition of partition, including Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and
2660:
colonial empires, and others. Even after demands for self-determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with
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as a great power and the development of communication–transportation technologies "shrinking" the distance between both the
10090:
3283:, including the Soviet Union (15 republics including the then-occupied and presently independent Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and
2304:
2208:, described as one of the most profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history. This paved the way for Muslim conquests in
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the minister of customs. The Act enabled officials to prevent Indians and other non-white British subjects entering New Zealand.
1551:
one, each with their own emperors, capitals, and governments, although ostensibly they still belonged to one formal Empire. The
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4156:
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1886:
History of the spread of Christianity: in AD 325 (dark blue) and AD 600 (blue) following Western Roman Empire's collapse under
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333:
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1783:
In the early 4th century, the central focus of power was on two separate imperial legacies within the Roman Empire: the older
1598:, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken." There followed the
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2326:, in the wake of precursors, broke with the pope and with the emperor by the Catholic Church's abusive commercialization of
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gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with
7604:
Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772, Cambridge University Press, 2000,
6962:
6923:
Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church", 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press,
6898:, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization".
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2100:
1980:
The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simple geographic term) is believed to have been formed by
1938:
828:
531:, has played a pivotal role in shaping the foundational framework of Western societies. Earlier civilizations, such as the
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in arguing that God and the world were not of the same substance (equivalency). Spinoza was excommunicated from the Dutch
760:, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse
9664:
5108:
4229:
444:
391:—factors that grounded such countries to the West. Depending on the context and the historical period in question,
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worlds are sometimes either a sub-civilization within Western civilization or separately considered "akin" to the West.
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influences in shaping Western civilization has led certain scholars to characterize it as emerging from the legacies of
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and the East–West Schism. The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the
8627:"Securing the World's Commercial Sea Lanes | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously"
5628:
In short, Greece, despite having been the cradle of Western culture, was then an "other" space separate from the West.
2220:). The geographical identity of the Balkans is historically known as a crossroads of cultures, a juncture between the
395:
was sometimes seen as a part of the West, and at other times juxtaposed with it. Running parallel to the rise of the
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Western culture in fact entered other global-spanning cultures during the colonial 15th–20th centuries. Historically
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2361:, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order.
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83:
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rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism by European missionaries and merchants. Meanwhile, the
1146:, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived
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Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization.
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and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture.
3156:). Bayle's criticisms garnered much attention for Spinoza. The pantheism controversy in the late 18th century saw
2682:
2118:
11211:
11146:
10191:
8515:
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Sailen Debnath, 2010, "Secularism: Western and Indian", New Delhi, India:Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,
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8592:"Review of Global Reach: the Power of the Multinational Corporations, by Richard J. Barnet and Ronald E. Muller"
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5804:
1402:
in AD 117. During 350 years the Roman Republic turned into an Empire expanding up to twenty-five times its area.
1314:
30:
This article is about the grouping of countries with an originally European shared culture. For other uses, see
10402:
9786:
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4828:
4544:, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its
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69:
43:
31:
9819:. INU societal research. Vol. 1. Global communication without universal civilization. Geneva: INU Press.
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sphere of influence. Spain did not join the NATO until 1982, seven years after the death of the authoritarian
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9844:
9171:
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations,
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8341:
7639:
7338:
Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century",
3931:
3311:
2938:
1199:
5647:
Ancient Greece: Cradle of Western Culture (Series), disc. 6 strips with 3 discs, range: 44–60 fr., 17–18 min
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was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of
2216:
in the coming centuries (only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the
1882:
886:
While traditionally shunned as a mainspring of Western civilization in favour of early Aegean cultures, the
11166:
11151:
11046:
9922:
8295:
3742:– in fact, a significant percentage of the Americas are developing countries. It is also used despite many
3521:
3482:
3447:
2839:
2637:
154:
9120:"Multinational Corporations in the Third World: Predators or Allies in Economic Development?" 20 July 2010
472:
10572:
10083:
9921:– where you can watch each episode on demand for free (Pop-ups required). Videos are also available as a
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6352:
Eric Bond; Sheena Gingerich; Oliver Archer-Antonsen; Liam Purcell; Elizabeth Macklem (17 February 2003).
5326:
Intellectually and culturally, the Western world after 1965 was notable for its diversity and innovation.
5193:
The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was a landmark law which provided the cornerstone of the unofficial
2914:
2778:
s sustained economic development. Before the urbanization and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for
591:
9872:
9443:
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7075:
Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period
4570:
1906:. This division into Eastern and Western Roman Empires was later reflected in the administration of the
1186:
colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Settlers to these colonies included
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5854:
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2858:(1868–1912), though earlier contacts with the Portuguese, Spaniards and Dutch were also present in the
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is credited with creating the modern university, the modern hospital system, scientific economics, and
17:
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and the advancement to "the Period when the Sciences and Philosophy threw off the Yoke of Authority".
2640:), granting Portugal navigation, war and trade monopoly for any newly discovered lands, and competing
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include almost everyone within the West, in one way or another. In particular, Toynbee refers to the
3775:
3169:
3161:
2610:
2465:
1907:
704:. This influence persists through the exportation of mass culture, a phenomenon often referred to as
312:
109:
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Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (1 January 2012).
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became founding influences in the Eastern European world such as the East and South Slavic peoples.
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Peter N. Stearns, Western Civilization in World History, Themes in World History, Routledge, 2008,
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512:
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225: Countries and territories that are generally considered as constituents of the Western world.
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of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where
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231: Countries and territories whose inclusion as constituents of the Western world is contested.
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10877:
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6229:
6011:"Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt"
6010:
5598:
The capital of Greece, one of the world's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture,
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3210:
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2403:
2358:
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2201:
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2011:(calling for a more central status of the Roman Catholic Church Institution), three months after
1985:
1918:
1729:
1272:
1203:
1029:
341:
8496:, pp. 97 "The total population of the Empire was 412 million ", 241 " 1 791 020".
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10025:
7387:
6194:
5910:
5884:
Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012).
5855:"Athens. Rome. Jerusalem and Vicinity. Peninsula of Mt. Sinai.: Geographicus Rare Antique Maps"
5194:
4342:
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countries like Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, East Germany (now united with Germany), and
3054:
2902:
2657:
2574:
2449:
2164:
1175:
949:
856:
701:
536:
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5719:
5611:
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5374:
3501:
2445:
615:
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11156:
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southern Africa. But now, around the world, whites are falling as a proportion of population.
5305:
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3527:
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3062:
2991:
2867:
2705:
2701:
2135:
1970:
1962:
1899:
1806:
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In AD 395, a few decades before its Western collapse, the Roman Empire formally split into a
1450:
913:
895:
876:
685:
647:
643:
639:
369:
308:
217:
7452:
6857:
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3738:. This usage occurs despite the fact that many countries that may be culturally Western are
3686:
1910:
churches, with Rome and Constantinople debating over whether either city was the capital of
11246:
11001:
10914:
10892:
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10811:
10740:
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3608:
3295:
3066:
2987:
2771:
2724:
2713:
2594:
2562:
2554:
2350:
2331:
2318:). In this context, the Protestant Reformation (1517) may be viewed as a schism within the
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2261:
2040:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2004:
1989:
1690:
1626:
1552:
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1385:
1381:
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910:, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization.
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681:
655:
597:
388:
345:
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s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VI/The Letters of St. Jerome/Letter 127
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8:
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10204:
9894:
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4605:
4307:(8th century BC – AD 6th century), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of a
4271:
4258:
4188:
4087:
4012:'s status as a part of the West is undisputed by most researchers and disputed by others.
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2720:
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2542:
2342:
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1708:
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after AD 476, the traditional date for the fall of the Roman Empire and beginning of the
1594:, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and
1101:
1085:
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793:
627:
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Allardyce, Gilbert (June 1982). "The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course".
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Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
8147:
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
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3004:) represents the "atrophy of Christian transcendental experiences and to enthrone the
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is shown to have lasting relevance, that whoever controls the seas controls the world.
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In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian
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1599:
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shores, the US became more prominently featured in the conceptualizations of the West.
376:
166:
118:
114:
75:
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6353:
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method of science as the only valid method of arriving at truth". Its precursors were
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nations, as comparatively rich, well-armed, and culturally powerful states, wielded a
2823:) by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule (a revival of colonial
2364:
972:. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of
890:
stimulated and fostered Western civilization. The expansion of Greek culture into the
38:"Western power" and "Westerners" redirect here. For historical politics in Korea, see
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7961:... in this period the more influential ecclesiastical authorities declared that the
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and territories of Western European nations geographically located near the coast of
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7192:
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn
5138:"Time to challenge Argentina's white European self-image, black history experts say"
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672:
In the modern era, Western culture has undergone further transformation through the
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8399:(Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), In the land of the Mad Mullah: Somalia
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launched a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the
4124:
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3921:
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3546:
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2565:. Such voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers after the European
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1116:
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320:
257:
6835:(University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204.
6306:
5736:
The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture,
3020:
in 1638 left an enduring impact on John Milton and influenced Milton's great work
2141:
in AD 1202–04, considered to be one of the most important events, solidifying the
1531:
815:
Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and
11256:
11196:
11081:
10929:
10924:
10902:
10822:
10776:
10533:
10487:
10385:
10362:
10345:
10318:
10103:
9928:
9918:
9908:
9879:
9706:
9685:
9660:
9615:
9541:
9513:
9489:
9468:
9419:
9415:
9395:
9371:
9347:
9323:
9299:
9275:
9251:
9225:
9179:
9146:
9126:
9106:
8972:
8872:
8664:
8472:
8282:
8100:
7726:
7686:
7666:
7646:
7579:
7272:
6950:
6938:
6932:
6895:
6818:
6701:
6671:
6625:
6600:
6563:
6538:
6513:
6479:
6313:
6206:
5917:
5885:
5660:
5640:
5521:
5309:
5273:
5240:
5104:
4985:
4925:
4802:
4731:
4693:
4523:
4519:
4496:
4469:
4431:
4367:
4275:
4140:
4083:
3936:
3796:
3513:
3369:
2859:
2812:
2665:
2319:
2217:
1934:
1923:
1525:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1231:
1159:
820:
757:
725:
601:
575:
540:
337:
329:
303:
Some historians contend that a linear development of the West can be traced from
7048:
Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).
7047:
6144:"The Evolution of Civilizations – An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1979)"
6026:
5883:
3887:
11286:
11206:
11161:
11101:
11066:
10858:
10771:
10676:
10584:
10375:
10209:
10132:
9817:
Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and West
9656:
9509:
9367:
9343:
8510:
8506:
8141:
7533:
6627:
Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the BĂĄabĂĄi-BahĂĄa'ĂĄi Faiths
5153:
5100:
4689:
4541:
4465:
4304:
4238:
4103:
3976:
3960:
3855:
3817:
3792:
3707:
3624:
3565:
3303:
3288:
3138:
3130:
3046:
3013:
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2962:
2950:
2921:
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2661:
2653:
2641:
2598:
2531:
2528:
2500:
2484:
2335:
2268:
2225:
2188:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2138:
2093:
2059:
1981:
1950:
1876:
1810:
1795:
1630:
1517:
1465:
1442:
1434:
1361:
1357:
1319:
1243:
1179:
1167:
1139:
1097:
985:
840:
797:
777:
744:
705:
448:
400:
293:
277:
265:
253:
249:
9768:
9748:
8105:
World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History
7413:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
6103:
5707:
Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization.
2664:, these institutions persisted. One specific example was the requirement that
1154:
as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the
11301:
11241:
11126:
11041:
10986:
10846:
10766:
10661:
10511:
10504:
10397:
10350:
10243:
10047:
10017:
9750:
A New Dawn for the Second Sex: Women's Freedom Practices in World Perspective
9611:
9295:
9140:"Why are most multinational corporations either from the US, Europe or Japan"
8449:. Revised second edition (New York: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005), 301.
8082:
7979:
7962:
7944:
7845:
7492:
7426:
7160:
7125:
7020:
6401:
6330:
6219:
6111:
6034:
5984:
5976:
5780:
Rome: the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments
5205:"White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
4981:
4363:
4283:
4212:
4196:
4009:
3771:
3478:
3441:
3423:
3400:
3038:
3001:
2996:
2898:
2871:
2816:
2731:
2689:
2678:
2452:
and explorations since 1336: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese
2323:
2312:
2180:
2069:
1446:
1410:
1323:
1114:), Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where
997:
977:
903:
860:
824:
769:
732:
712:
532:
524:
492:
396:
285:
269:
10068:
9861:
9603:
9585:
Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West
9583:
8528:
7828:
7538:
God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought
7373:
7092:
6556:
civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.
4969:
4951:
Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West
4949:
2334:, backed by many of the German princes and helped by the development of the
1821:
as the "New Rome" when he picked it as capital of his Empire (later called "
1394:
1071:
11276:
11076:
10981:
10827:
10801:
10710:
10392:
10380:
10328:
10288:
10283:
10147:
10142:
9981:
9537:
9325:
Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Babi-Baha'i Faiths
9319:
6419:
5347:
5142:
5011:"How a shifting definition of 'white' helped shape U.S. immigration policy"
4727:
4545:
4498:
Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Babi-Baha'i Faiths
4492:
4115:
4107:
4078:, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative
4050:
3968:
3893:
3800:
3648:
3628:
3497:
3353:
3334:
3276:
3145:
3116:
3030:, inquisitorial forces will impose "an undeserved thraldom upon learning".
3022:
3005:
2855:
2843:
2758:
2578:
2524:
2508:
2457:
2378:
2346:
2280:
2229:
2146:
2123:
1996:
1903:
1611:
1461:
1406:
1399:
1377:
1353:
1247:
1207:
1183:
1089:
907:
809:
801:
765:
666:
567:, giving rise to the concept of Western civilization. By the 15th century,
564:
504:
452:
365:
9687:
Culture Clash: An International Legal Perspective on Ethnic Discrimination
9491:
Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis Studies in Gender, Power and Ideology
9173:"Multinational corporations and United States foreign policy Part 11" 1975
8511:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
5921:
5242:
Culture Clash: An International Legal Perspective on Ethnic Discrimination
1421:
region since about the 8th century BC, to a massive empire straddling the
1334:
792:
of the Western world. Anthropologically, the term "Western" refers to the
623:
311:, the first Christian Roman emperor, divided the Roman Empire between the
96:
11216:
10964:
10959:
10951:
10936:
10761:
10666:
10477:
10313:
10278:
10258:
10238:
10216:
10181:
9533:
9464:
8721:
7411:
RĂĽegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
7353:
7187:
6189:
4723:
4553:
4128:
4099:
4079:
3993:
3911:
3839:
3835:
3755:
3731:
3723:
3699:
3604:
3330:
3284:
3261:
3134:
3108:
3096:
3027:
3009:
2886:
2882:
2832:
2824:
2779:
2763:
2696:
in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of
2674:
2670:
2566:
2453:
2382:
2327:
2012:
1974:
1946:
1911:
1700:
1694:
1654:
1143:
1110:
981:
957:
891:
852:
848:
844:
816:
693:
689:
673:
568:
476:
384:
349:
261:
9873:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
9100:"The Meaning of Privatization," Yale Law and Policy Review 6: 6–41" 1988
7274:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
5568:
PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT:
3099:. Astronomy became the second most popular scientific profession, after
2669:
Although not part of Western colonization process proper, following the
1676:
688:. The widespread influence of Western culture extended globally through
348:. Even though friendly relations continued between the two parts of the
10747:
10735:
10705:
10671:
10611:
10293:
9807:
8536:
8108:
7772:
The Orthodox Imperative: Selected Essays of Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J.
4896:
4872:
4557:
4308:
4136:
4086:
rounded the southern tip of Africa under the sponsorship of Portugal's
4062:
3813:
3644:
3557:
3429:
3404:
3299:
3260:, a new definition emerged. Earth was divided into three "worlds". The
3092:
2930:
2808:
2633:
2520:
2492:
2417: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2160:
2077:
1875:
policy, when the Emperors began actively banning and fighting previous
1784:
1743: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1650:
1505:
1286: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1223:
1191:
1043: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
993:
965:
921:
868:
789:
747:
587:
488:
468:
408:
6057:
5939:
4626:
4600:
2961:. But the end of Western colonial imperialism saw the rise of Western
2838:
During the socioeconomically optimistic and innovative decades of the
2126:
after the Fourth Crusade (shown partly in Greece and partly in Turkey)
1988:
of the 9th century, but was limited to the territories that practised
582:, contend that Western civilization was born around AD 500, after the
11181:
11018:
10753:
10715:
10308:
10122:
9213:
8413:(Fifth ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1215.
7901:
7050:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789
6652:
The Founders of the Western World : A History of Greece and Rome
4549:
4419:
4168:
4120:
4054:
3989:
3823:
conceived of the West as the set of civilizations descended from the
3763:
3751:
3660:
3173:
3149:
3120:
3112:
3080:
3076:
3034:
2906:
2783:
2697:
2370:
2032:
1895:
1615:
1477:
1438:
1215:
1163:
899:
887:
612:
and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe.
548:
460:
424:
9799:
9617:
Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities
7175:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
4987:
Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities
4888:
4175:
were inspired and designed from transcriptions during this period.)
3774:
policies (involving government enterprises and public services) and
3694:
3469:
3195:
2479:
2392:
1771:
1718:
1388:
Roman Empires on the eve of Western collapse in September of AD 476.
1261:
1237:
1018:
162:
11171:
10867:
10688:
10516:
10431:
10370:
10333:
9448:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International.
9160:"Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500" 2016
9075:
Mega-Events and Social Change: Spectacle, Legacy and Public Culture
8924:
7680:"How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity"
7405:
6655:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International.
5830:"9780500040034: The Birth of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome"
4857:
4618:
4575:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International.
3901:
3671:
3589:
3257:
3185:
3100:
3033:
The achievements of the 17th century included the invention of the
2820:
2735:
2582:
2365:
Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries)
2245:
2209:
2184:
2172:
2112:
1966:
1872:
1864:
1814:
1430:
1364:
parts, on the eve of the death of last emperor to rule on both the
1211:
1195:
1187:
1105:
969:
751:
596:
was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the
357:
353:
273:
272:
also constitute the West. The Western world likewise is called the
9865:
9253:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
6481:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
6088:"The Influence of Judaism on the Development of International Law"
5613:
The Plastic Venuses: Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society
5438:
The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets
3799:
have identified and analyzed "Western civilization" as one of the
2913:. The Philippines continued to fight against colonial rule in the
2499:. With the Crusades came the relative contraction of the Orthodox
1929:
1843:
This internal conflict of legacies had possibly emerged since the
1622:
The Roman Empire is where the idea of "the West" began to emerge.
11086:
10941:
10853:
9936:
9421:
Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World
8874:
Post-Western World: How Emerging Powers Are Remaking Global Order
8840:
Empires of God: Religious Encounters in the Early Modern Atlantic
8131:
M. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450–1789 (Cambridge, 2006)
6904:
6602:
Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World
5492:
5032:
has historically been a motivation behind U.S. immigration policy
4525:
Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World
4291:
4287:
4172:
4075:
3972:
3964:
3638:
Certain parts of the Western world have become notable for their
3619:
were abolished in the 19th and 20th centuries, this hastened the
3585:
3322:
3153:
3084:
3017:
2949:, decolonizing efforts were employed by all Western powers under
2546:
2237:
2213:
2054:
1868:
1860:
1802:
1603:
1590:
who had been raiding Greece not long before, a shocking time for
1579:
1489:
1219:
989:
836:
528:
8614:
Sovereignty at Bay: the Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises
8035:"Background to Against the Sale of Indulgences by Martin Luther"
7477:
7345:
5178:"The Immigration Restriction Act and the White Australia policy"
3352:
led to the end of the Cold War following the dissolution of the
940:
by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), and the
11106:
9445:
The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome
8041:. West Chester University of Pennsylvania. 2012. Archived from
6166:"History of Europe - Crisis, Recovery, Resilience | Britannica"
5519:
4572:
The Founders of the Western World: A History of Greece and Rome
4242:
4225:
3759:
3652:
3603:
Since the mid-twentieth century, the west became known for its
3581:
3538:
3435:
3408:
2708:, would produce powerful social transformations, political and
2496:
2088:
2066:
2044:
1818:
1787:
1646:
1595:
1575:
1501:
1418:
1076:
The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of
620:
544:
416:
412:
392:
289:
245:
8225:"Modern West Civ. 7: The Scientific Revolution of the 17 Cent"
6802:, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326
6565:
Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West
4090:, from which point he noticed that the coast swung northeast (
4065:
dividing the Empire into true two halves: Eastern and Western.
3164:
over support for Spinoza's pantheism. Lessing was defended by
3119:
were regarded as exemplars of human intellectual achievement.
1794:) in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the newer most successful
1539:
on Roman Empire since the 2nd and throughout the 5th centuries
443:
The origins of Western civilization can be traced back to the
11071:
11061:
11056:
10528:
10523:
9708:
Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
5961:"Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens"
5403:
5275:
Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
4630:
4250:
4246:
4234:
4208:
3847:
3828:
3767:
3747:
3088:
2804:
2791:
2253:
2241:
2221:
1798:
1571:
1485:
1227:
773:
736:
9564:
The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World
9044:
The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World
8436:: "A leading or paramount power; a dominant state or person"
8009:
Lea, Henry Charles. "Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded".
6735:(Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156.
4763:
The Decline of Established Christianity in the Western World
3439:
worlds, with no clearly specified boundaries. Additionally,
2723:
since Christopher Columbus' late 15th century's voyages, of
1673:(those inside the Roman remnant of the old Eastern Empire).
1472:
510–30 BC). In 350 years, from the successful and deadliest
1409:(6th century BC – AD 476) is a term to describe the ancient
11201:
9349:
Worlds at War The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West
8768:
Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought
8726:
Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought
8682:"Return to Paradise: The Enduring Relevance of John Milton"
6589:
6502:
4311:
over other city-states. The dominant state is known as the
4046:
3396:
3294:
The Third World consisted of countries, many of which were
2894:
2890:
2787:
2073:
1954:
1852:
1642:
1567:
552:
9397:
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
7640:"On this day in AD 455: the beginning of the end for Rome"
6515:
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
5936:
Religions in Global Society – Page 146, Peter Beyer – 2006
4199:
made the first open voyage from Europe to India. In 1520,
4119:
in 1502. With the discovery of the American continent or '
2080:. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the
1894:
The Eastern Roman Empire included lands south-west of the
1564:
civil wars, corruption, and devastating Germanic invasions
1158:
as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world.
9857:
7889:
The judicial use of torture was as yet happily unknown...
7660:"Alaric, Barbarians and Rome: a Complicated Relationship"
7444:
7239:
6967:
6758:
Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2
6456:
6454:
5465:
3168:, although Mendelssohn diverged from pantheism to follow
2795:
2375:
Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
2232:, the destination of a massive influx of pagans (meaning
1162:
were the first major religious group to immigrate to the
1072:
The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity
928:(including the transfer of technology from the East, and
743:, has influenced virtually all of subsequent Western and
654:
concepts). The West rose further with the 18th century's
484:
480:
9212:
7264:
7141:"The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World"
6977:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
6917:
6733:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715
5947:
An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects
5538:
for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...
4418:
4191:
styles, flourished during this modern period throughout
3075:
is one of the great works of 18th-century Newtonianism.
2338:, in an attempt to reform corruption within the church.
2171:
targeting Latins. The extremely wealthy (after previous
2122:
The Greek Byzantine Empire split by a newly established
1953:
Franks established an empire that was recognized by the
1516:
continues to have a major influence on the world today.
11186:
10030:
Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization
8982:
8980:
7332:
7291:
6855:
5058:
eliminates race as a bar to immigration or citizenship.
3730:, stressing the difference between First World and the
3137:, the invention of writing, the later invention of the
2774:
of 1700s. These are seen as fostering the 19th century
2357:. As European influence spread across the globe, these
2252:
Christianity met, as well as the meeting point between
1100:
as their common language (owing to the older empire of
711:
There was debate among some in the 1960s as to whether
503:. Western Civilization is also closely associated with
284: 'setting down, sunset, west') in contrast to the
8790:
8788:
8409:
Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A., eds. (1994).
7573:
7571:
7317:
6451:
5724:. Gangemi Editore spa. 10 November 2011. p. 148.
5658:
5300:
5298:
4560:
prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence.
4540:
In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a
3663:, which makes up much of the geographical West today.
2981:
2905:. The US quickly emerged as the new imperial power in
2561:
of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer
1413:
that conquered Central Italy assimilating the Italian
8744:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2015. p. 293.
7700:"Charlemagne: Facts, Empire & Holy Roman Emperor"
7167:
6860:
The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity
6770:
6058:"Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization"
4919:
Russia Between East and West: Perceptions and Reality
1999:
of western and central Europe split with the eastern
1677:
The birth of the European West during the Middle Ages
1524:
evolved and it has been the official language of the
1445:
area, when it ended. Conquest was enforced using the
8977:
8319:
The Dutch Empire. An Essential Part of World History
7455:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
6669:
5806:
The Birth Of Western Civilisation, Greece & Rome
5092:
5090:
3869:
3272:
and other countries aligned with the United States.
1805:) in the Western Mediterranean. A turning point was
27:
Countries with an originally European shared culture
8785:
7775:(Kindle ed.). First Things Press. p. 224.
7568:
5911:
Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization
5549:
5404:Chiara Bottici; Benoît Challand (11 January 2013).
5397:
5295:
3678:in the West was twice that in non-Western regions.
1855:(part of the ancient Eastern European tribes named
1096:was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had
819:themes and traditions. Christianity, primarily the
507:, the dominant religion in the West, with roots in
9588:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 123–150.
8917:
8551:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
7827:
7502:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
7388:"Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture"
7208:
5645:. Vol. 97. Bowker. April 1972. p. 1588.
4954:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 123–150.
3572:Christianity remains the dominant religion in the
3291:(now split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia).
906:. This period overlapped with and was followed by
7814:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
7177:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
6864:(A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p.
6200:Section 31.8, The Intellectual Life of Arab Islam
5879:
5877:
5875:
5802:
5688:
5486:
5459:
5267:
5265:
5234:
5232:
5087:
1238:Ancient Roman world (6th century BC – AD 395–476)
839:. A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in
473:building designs and proportions and architecture
11299:
9352:. Oxford University Press. pp. xi, xv, 39.
8316:
7873:(1888). "Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded".
7748:. Wisconsin University Press. pp. 209–210.
7577:
7358:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
6778:. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface).
6283:
5609:
5434:
5369:
4873:"Russia and the West: A Comparison and Contrast"
4646:"There is no such thing as western civilisation"
3787:A series of scholars of civilization, including
3722:is sometimes interchangeably used with the term
2495:, had sought to cultivate trading with Asia and
2065:In 1071, the Byzantine army was defeated by the
739:, arguably the most influential figure in early
9935:of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York:
8836:
8815:
8099:
8011:A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages
7875:A History of the Inquisition In The Middle Ages
6776:Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity
5662:Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History
5553:History of Philosophy Volume 1: Greece and Rome
4203:, a Portuguese navigator in the service of the
3264:, analogous in this context to what was called
2842:between the 1870s and 1914, also known as the "
2766:originated, in the wake of the previous Age of
2007:, also known as the "Great Schism", during the
9753:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 59–94.
8830:
8821:
8505:
8408:
7581:A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change
7540:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK),
6464:(Oxford 1966, 1969) at 153–56; also, Toynbee,
6128:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
5872:
5777:
5616:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 188.
5513:
5262:
5229:
4102:on behalf of the Spanish, and documenting the
3838:uses the term "Occident" in his discussion of
2644:navigators. It continued with the rise of the
1606:, retaining Rome's eternal spirit through the
968:of the Enlightenment and breakthroughs in the
336:, the politico-religious division between the
10098:
10084:
9655:
9071:
8708:Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopedia
7825:
7769:Dulles S.J., Avery (2012). Reno, R.R. (ed.).
7270:
7003:Western civilization : beyond boundaries
5543:
5169:
5167:
5099:
4257:as the most important political force on the
4147:and others. A 'Modern West' emerged from the
2815:", which saw a shift in focus from trade and
2271:Fourth Crusade had prompted the 14th century
2058:The Byzantine Empire in AD 1180 before Latin
1586:throughout Europe. The three-day Visigoths's
1425:. In its 10-centuries territorial expansion,
960:(which would later influence the creation of
669:, who attempted to proselytize Christianity.
9532:
8439:
8402:
7794:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 162
7724:
7436:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVerger1999 (
6973:
6390:
5652:
5493:John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (2004).
5363:
4940:
4938:
4722:
4334:Espinosa, Emilio Lamo de (4 December 2017).
3123:wrote about the progress of humanity in the
3041:. 18th century scholars continued to refine
2959:member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
1602:lasting 14 days, this time conducted by the
1376:originated in the cultural division between
364:, an idea of the "West", as an inheritor of
9882:" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014).
9729:Morality, Violence, and Ritual Circumcision
9462:
9230:The Making of the West: People and Cultures
8891:
8877:. Cambridge, UK. Malden, US: Polity Press.
8197:Morality, Violence, and Ritual Circumcision
7768:
7351:
7248:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age
7077:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
6833:History of Western Civilization: A Handbook
6462:Change and Habit. The challenge of our time
5603:
5579:
5496:Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement
4436:The Making of the West: People and Cultures
3698:Map of the Western world consisting of the
3655:has been noted as a contributing factor to
3224:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2345:(1648), which enshrined the concept of the
2283:, on eve of the Protestant Reformation and
2094:including the heart of the Byzantine Empire
2015:'s death in April 1054. Following the 1054
84:Learn how and when to remove these messages
10091:
10077:
10060:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9897:" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015).
9641:. McGill-Queen's University Press - MQUP.
9270:
8822:Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005).
8771:. Princeton University Press. p. 29.
8321:. BMGN – Low Countries Historical Review.
8179:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaus1983 (
8093:
7483:
7033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6730:
6699:
5958:
5827:
5747:
5741:
5712:
5583:Art and History of Greece: And Mount Athos
5526:. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 337.
5520:Wayne C. Thompson; Mark H. Mullin (1983).
5499:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23.
5304:
5164:
5070:. McGill-Queen's University Press - MQUP.
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
2966:Though the overt colonial era had passed,
2854:. Japan was involved primarily during the
2757:In the early-19th century, the systematic
2738:location, later developed into modern-day
2601:alone (which had started colonial efforts
1665:, and the West began thinking in terms of
264:; with some debate as to whether those in
9997:
9783:
9400:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 434.
9366:
9328:. BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 12.
8864:
7806:
7005:(7th ed.). Boston, MA. p. 107.
6856:Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007).
6540:The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others
6536:
6478:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
5573:
5472:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8.
5441:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 120.
5428:
5336:
5334:
4935:
4644:Appiah, Kwame Anthony (9 November 2016).
4501:. BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 12.
4464:
3244:Learn how and when to remove this message
3091:, and paving the way for improvements in
2538:, closing off key overland trade routes.
2433:Learn how and when to remove this message
2341:Both these religious wars ended with the
1908:Roman Catholic and Eastern Greek Orthodox
1759:Learn how and when to remove this message
1562:ruled kingdoms in the 5th century due to
1464:succeeded the approximately 500-year-old
1356:highlighting differences between western
1302:Learn how and when to remove this message
1059:Learn how and when to remove this message
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
185:Learn how and when to remove this message
10024:
9610:
9560:
9373:The Greeks A Portrait of Self and Others
9078:. Oxford University Press. p. 329.
9040:
9013:
8986:
8923:
8870:
8837:Gregerson, Linda; Juster, Susan (2011).
8728:. Princeton University Press. p. x.
8140:
7863:
7578:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
6941:, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)
5945:Cambridge University Historical Series,
4980:
4759:
4471:The Greeks A Portrait of Self and Others
4333:
4127:and exploration was born, revisiting an
3693:
3685:
3298:, and important members included India,
3126:Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind
2742:, evolving from the ratification of the
2652:, and the creation and expansion of the
2626:colonization, conquest, and exploitation
2478:
2444:
2117:
2053:
2027:Church continued to consider themselves
1928:
1881:
1827:
1770:
1530:
1393:
1313:
1126:
855:in various spheres of life developed by
731:
715:as a whole is in a category of its own.
614:
323:, continued for a millennium, while the
216:
161:Relevant discussion may be found on the
9746:
9424:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
9414:
9390:
9294:
8938:. Europa, web portal: 9. Archived from
8929:"Social values, Science and Technology"
8741:Science and Technology in World History
8362:volume of their machine-produced goods.
8168:
7977:
7942:
7304:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
7297:
6830:
6605:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
6598:
6511:
6085:
5904:
5751:Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy
5682:
5469:Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide
5355:from the original on 18 November 2022.
5150:from the original on 21 December 2022.
5021:from the original on 13 December 2022.
4870:
4834:
4789:
4787:
4678:from the original on 29 September 2023.
4528:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4518:
4362:
3541:and to areas whose populations largely
3179:
1008:
835:since at least the 4th century, as did
14:
11300:
9895:Historians Debate the Rise of the West
9814:
9725:
9704:
9683:
9581:
9567:. Routledge. pp. 26, 46, 76, 84.
9342:
9318:
9246:
8458:
8193:
7779:
7741:
7731:. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127.
7432:
7301:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
7105:
7072:
7001:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013).
6623:
6561:
6477:
6329:. Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999. Archived from
6055:
6008:
5407:The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations
5376:The Uniqueness of Western Civilization
5340:
5331:
5271:
5238:
5008:
4947:
4850:""The West": A Conceptual Exploration"
4643:
4598:
4491:
4237:trade from the Portuguese. Later, the
4123:' in 1492–1493, the European colonial
3681:
3627:of the Western world where unchurched
3600:) described themselves as Christians.
3507:
2927:the empire on which the sun never sets
2762:philosophical movement later known as
2677:had been justified with the values of
2534:consolidated control over the eastern
2305:various Protestant and Catholic states
2198:Crusader army's sack of Constantinople
2187:present-day Croatia (specifically the
2181:successful attempt to maintain control
1965:in Constantinople, and leading to the
1669:living in the old Western Empire, and
1555:provinces eventually were replaced by
604:; it was also greatly expanded by the
344:culminated in the Great Schism or the
10072:
9942:V. 1. From the earliest times to the
9836:"The West": A Conceptual Exploration
9487:
9438:
9301:Western Civilization in World History
8826:. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X.
8794:
8764:
8705:
8679:
7785:
7450:
7245:
7186:
7138:
7000:
6912:Christianity and Western Civilization
6760:(Newman Press ed.). p. 224.
6755:
6648:
6408:
6218:
5695:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62.
5056:1952: Immigration and Nationality Act
4847:
4565:
4412:
4369:Western Civilization in World History
4131:view accompanied by the invention of
4049:(France), the Mediterranean coast of
3834:Palestinian-American literary critic
3359:
2591:European colonization of the Americas
2134:(13th–15th centuries) began with the
1809:'s decision to establish the city of
1614:) for centuries to come. The ancient
898:led to a synthesis between Greek and
626:(and mud), military fitting from the
475:; the latter due to its influence on
419:is cited as a contributing factor to
362:European colonization of the Americas
40:Westerners (Korean political faction)
9847:, 2011, retrieved: 28 November 2011.
9634:
9508:
9473:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2.
9256:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
8897:
8843:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
8493:
8174:
7846:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Inquisition"
7735:
7718:
7415:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
6484:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
6416:"A brief history of Western culture"
6261:. Es.flinders.edu.au. Archived from
6092:Netherlands International Law Review
5689:Murray Milner Jr. (8 January 2015).
5586:. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 7.
5466:Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004).
5341:Browne, Anthony (3 September 2000).
5135:
5063:
5009:Kelkar, Kamala (16 September 2017).
4848:Bavaj, Riccardo (21 November 2011).
4784:
4688:
4395:"Is Latin America part of the West?"
4392:
4336:"Is Latin America part of the West?"
4053:(Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and
3222:adding citations to reliable sources
3189:
2941:legacy is widespread throughout the
2573:as they marked the beginning of the
2415:adding citations to reliable sources
2386:
1741:adding citations to reliable sources
1712:
1284:adding citations to reliable sources
1255:
1041:adding citations to reliable sources
1012:
137:
90:
49:
9470:Decentering International Relations
9280:. Wadsworth. pp. xxxiii, 918.
9232:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 4.
8577:
8339:
8103:(2014). "Introduction and Chpt 1".
7869:
7742:Setton, Kenneth Meyer, ed. (1969).
7459:. Oxford University Press. p.
6537:Cartledge, Paul (10 October 2002).
6512:Freeman, Charles (September 2000).
6259:"Science, civilization and society"
5550:Frederick Copleston (1 June 2003).
5043:National Museum of American History
4438:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 4.
4352:from the original on 22 April 2019.
4230:discovery of the sea route to India
3746:not being culturally Western (e.g.
3576:, where 70% are Christians. A 2011
2982:Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries)
2557:expanded across the globe with the
2505:in favor of Catholic Western Europe
2076:, resulting in the loss of most of
992:movements) and increasing cultural
24:
10002:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
9777:
9684:Cotter, Anne-Marie Mooney (2016).
9047:. Routledge. pp. 46, 76, 84.
8589:
8285:, Library of Economics and Liberty
7834:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
7271:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013).
6980:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–.
6599:Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010).
5890:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX.
5239:Cotter, Anne-Marie Mooney (2016).
3552:In the 20th century, Christianity
3329:military sphere of influence (see
2047:and Georgia were converted by the
1825:" by modern historians) in AD 330.
25:
11339:
11282:Western European and Others Group
9864:, 2017, retrieved: 8 March 2021 (
8720:
8666:Enlightenment Essays: Volumes 1-4
8298:. United Nations. 12 October 1999
8150:. New York: Basic Books. p.
7728:A Handbook of Political Geography
7326:A Guide to the History of Science
7052:. Cengage Learning. p. 105.
6562:Pagden, Anthony (13 March 2008).
4135:, while marking the start of the
2947:aftermath of the Second World War
2744:Constitution of the United States
2087:. The Emperor sent a plea to the
1922:approximately followed a line of
1705:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1166:, as settlers in the colonies of
65:This article has multiple issues.
9959:the defeat of the Spanish Armada
9666:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change
9185:
9165:
9152:
9132:
9112:
9092:
9065:
9034:
9007:
8957:
8898:Ford, Peter (22 February 2005).
8765:Biale, David (27 October 2015).
8758:
8732:
8714:
8699:
8673:
8657:
8652:From Enlightenment to Revolution
8644:
8619:
8606:
8583:
8571:
8543:
8499:
8487:
8452:
8427:
8389:
8367:
8333:
8310:
8288:
8269:
8243:
8217:
8187:
8134:
8125:
8075:
8057:
8027:
8002:
7971:
7936:
7900:
7894:
7838:
7819:
7762:
7692:
7672:
7652:
7632:
7615:
7598:
7551:
7526:
7451:Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999).
7145:Comparative Civilizations Review
6800:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
6673:Western Civilization: Since 1400
6624:Sharon, Moshe (1 January 2004).
5887:Western Civilization: Since 1400
5610:Marxiano Melotti (25 May 2011).
5343:"The last days of a white world"
5110:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change
4871:Roberts, Henry L. (March 1964).
4599:Birken, Lawrence (August 1992).
4297:
4264:
4245:established some settlements in
4218:
4068:
4035:
3886:
3872:
3631:is gaining more prominence over
3468:
3459:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3194:
2754:before end of the 18th century.
2391:
2349:, and the principle of absolute
1717:
1633:, is usually referred to as the
1342:
1333:
1260:
1252:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
1017:
724:This section is an excerpt from
584:fall of the Western Roman Empire
580:"The Evolution of Civilizations"
142:
95:
54:
9205:
8680:Rosen, Jonathan (26 May 2008).
8516:International Studies Quarterly
8375:"European expansion since 1763"
8342:"European expansion since 1763"
8253:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
8008:
7380:
7352:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989).
7298:Haskins, Charles Homer (1927),
7277:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9.
7180:
7132:
7099:
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7041:
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6974:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012).
6882:
6849:
6824:
6805:
6792:
6764:
6749:
6731:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016).
6724:
6700:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006).
6693:
6471:
6426:
6368:
6345:
6319:
6300:
6277:
6251:
6212:
6183:
6158:
6136:
6079:
6049:
6002:
5952:
5930:
5847:
5821:
5796:
5771:
5659:Stanley Mayer Burstein (2002).
5633:
4911:
4864:
4817:
4753:
4716:
4682:
4660:
4637:
4601:"What Is Western Civilization?"
4211:'), found a sea route into the
4195:. In 1497 Portuguese navigator
4098:would land on an island in the
4026:
4015:
3594:Latin America and the Caribbean
3072:Treatise on Celestial Mechanics
3026:, where he warns that, without
2712:institutions that have come to
2402:needs additional citations for
2132:decline of the Byzantine Empire
2003:patriarchates in the Christian
1859:by the Romans) from modern-day
1728:needs additional citations for
1480:began in 218 BC to the rule of
1271:needs additional citations for
1028:needs additional citations for
833:shaping of Western civilization
438:
157:of non-free copyrighted sources
73:or discuss these issues on the
10000:Inventing Western Civilization
9787:The American Historical Review
9018:. Pewforum.org. Archived from
8991:. Pewforum.org. Archived from
8900:"What place for God in Europe"
8596:Catholic University Law Review
8089:. A&E Television Networks.
7221:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
6756:Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957).
5182:National Archives of Australia
4592:
4455:
4386:
4356:
4327:
4139:. During this long period the
4003:
3982:
3953:
3782:
3744:developed countries or regions
3621:separation of church and state
3043:Newton's theory of gravitation
2200:in April 1204, capital of the
2191:, a region of interest to the
1845:assassination of Julius Caesar
1504:, including the ancient trade
918:influence of the Islamic world
244:, primarily refers to various
44:Western Power (disambiguation)
32:Western World (disambiguation)
13:
1:
9998:Patterson, Thomas C. (1997).
9862:Institute of European History
9858:EGO - European History Online
9845:Institute of European History
9561:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019).
9304:. Routledge. pp. 91–95.
9041:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019).
9014:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
8987:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
8227:. Fordham.edu. Archived from
7792:The later Crusades, 1189–1311
7226:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
6665:– via Internet Archive.
5959:Celermajer, Danielle (2010).
5556:. A&C Black. p. 13.
4760:Peterson, Paul Silas (2019).
4372:. Routledge. pp. 88–95.
4106:'s routes would be granted a
3932:Global North and Global South
3321:, which chose to be neutral.
2648:by the destabilizing Spanish
2609:was dissolved in 1806 by the
2469:
2275:(translated as 'Rebirth') of
1520:has been the base from which
1496:, the Mediterranean coast of
1469:
1372:halves. The concept of "East-
1352:Graphical map of post-AD 395
1088:tyrannical and imperialistic
9939:Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
8473:10.1080/00309230.2010.547511
7508:National Review Book Service
7488:. London: Allen & Unwin.
7486:History of Economic Analysis
6831:McNeill, William H. (2010).
6518:. Penguin Publishing Group.
6468:(10 volumes, 2 supplements).
5828:HUXLEY, George; et al.
5665:. Regina Books. p. 15.
4932:. Published on 28 March 2003
4321:
4161:emigration of Greek scholars
3522:Culture of the United States
2840:Second Industrial Revolution
2638:fall of the Byzantine Empire
2103:on 6 August 1806, after the
2099:The Holy Roman Empire would
1851:. This is the time when the
1836:in AD 1025 before Christian
600:and the introduction of the
525:ethical and moral principles
112:, as neutrality is disputed.
7:
9669:. Oxford University Press.
9488:Lazar, Michelle M. (2005).
9376:. Oxford University Press.
8710:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–12.
8251:"The Industrial Revolution"
8071:. Marked by Teachers. 2009.
7623:Letter CXXVII. To Principia
7484:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954).
7106:Porter, Stanley E. (2013).
6356:. The Industrial Revolution
6327:"The Scientific Revolution"
6146:. 10 March 2001. p. 84
6106:(inactive 27 August 2024).
6027:10.1080/1084877042000197921
5113:. Oxford University Press.
4474:. Oxford University Press.
3865:
3580:survey found that 76.2% of
2688:The concepts of a world of
2511:. The most famous of these
843:and continuing through the
700:by Western powers from the
650:revolutions (propellers of
551:, or Athens, Jerusalem and
527:of its historical roots in
445:ancient Mediterranean world
165:. Please help Knowledge by
108:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
11344:
9191:Cf., Teilhard de Chardin,
8797:"The Labyrinth of Kinship"
8706:Burns, William E. (2003).
8566:land: 148.94 million sq km
8296:"The World at Six Billion"
7790:. In Hazard, H. W. (ed.).
6774:; Farrugia, Maria (2003).
5803:Michael Ed. Grant (1964).
5748:Kim Covert (1 July 2011).
5314:. Wadsworth. p. 918.
4552:remains the basis for the
4393:Espinosa, Emilio Lamo de.
4286:(a portion of present-day
4255:British East India Company
3821:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
3776:multinational corporations
3607:sentiments, following the
3511:
3312:People's Republic of China
3183:
2985:
2650:discovery of the New World
2615:Roman Catholic Inquisition
2368:
2262:Catholic Church suppressed
2109:Confederation of the Rhine
1803:Ancient Latium and Tuscany
1698:
1680:
1241:
1178:) belonged to that faith.
723:
718:
36:
29:
11052:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
11032:
10950:
10787:
10622:
10493:Standard Average European
10361:
10190:
10110:
9912:homepage at Annenberg/CPB
9732:. Routledge. p. 34.
9690:. Routledge. p. 12.
9582:Pierce, Jason E. (2016).
9105:28 September 2017 at the
8936:Special Eurobarometer 225
8871:Stuenkel, Oliver (2016).
8602:(2 Winter 1977): 449–456.
8434:Oxford English Dictionary
8411:The Columbia Encyclopedia
8377:. Encyclopædia Britannica
8317:Wim Van Den Doel (2010).
8200:. Routledge. p. 34.
7986:. Robert Appleton Company
7984:The Catholic Encyclopedia
7951:. Robert Appleton Company
7949:The Catholic Encyclopedia
7745:A History of the Crusades
7584:. Routledge. p. 48.
7329:Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952
7250:. Phoenix. p. xiii.
6104:10.1017/S0165070X00029685
6086:Rosenne, Shabtai (1958).
5817:– via Amazon.co.uk.
5435:William J. Broad (2007).
5410:. Routledge. p. 88.
5245:. Routledge. p. 12.
5136:Goñi, Uki (31 May 2021).
4948:Pierce, Jason E. (2016).
4766:. Routledge. p. 26.
4177:Renaissance architectural
3690:Countries by income group
3588:, and about 86.0% in the
3275:The Second World was the
3170:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3162:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
3152:(thereby accusing him of
2972:large degree of influence
2811:). This resulted in the "
2611:French Revolutionary Wars
2466:King John III of Portugal
1779:'s conquests (AD 527–565)
1661:of the newly established
684:, and the Industrial and
313:Greek East and Latin West
11323:Historiography of Europe
11192:Lancaster House Treaties
10682:Christian existentialism
10642:Ancient Roman philosophy
10632:Ancient Greek philosophy
9711:. Springer. p. 40.
9494:. Springer. p. 15.
9178:17 November 2022 at the
8397:Jihad in the Arabian Sea
7685:17 November 2022 at the
7153:Brigham Young University
6817:23 February 2018 at the
6460:Cf., Arnold J. Toynbee,
6378:. The Atlantic. May 2016
6205:14 December 2009 at the
5977:10.1177/0725513610371046
5278:. Springer. p. 40.
5195:'White Australia' policy
4924:13 November 2017 at the
4294:still being independent.
4193:Western colonial empires
3947:
3825:Nile Valley Civilization
3657:Westerners' colonization
3069:. Laplace's five-volume
2740:United States of America
2646:Dutch East India Company
2107:and the creation of the
1939:Charlemagne's coronation
1849:many internal civil wars
1566:from such tribes as the
1455:fall of the Roman Empire
1131:The main travels of the
806:Greco-Roman civilization
389:immigration of Europeans
121:may contain suggestions.
106:may need to be rewritten
11308:Country classifications
10970:Equality before the law
10177:Romano-Germanic culture
9841:European History Online
9747:Vintges, Karen (2017).
9726:Carlin, Na'ama (2022).
9158:Jackson J. Spielvogel,
8529:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
8346:Encyclopædia Britannica
8194:Carlin, Na'ama (2022).
7788:"V: The Fourth Crusade"
7073:Hengel, Martin (2003).
6900:Encyclopædia Britannica
6812:The Protestant Heritage
6649:Grant, Michael (1991).
6316:, commercial revolution
6312:22 October 2008 at the
6230:Oxford University Press
5926:Encyclopædia Britannica
5754:. Capstone. p. 5.
5692:Elites: A General Model
3416:The exact scope of the
3148:denounced Spinoza as a
3067:Pierre-Simon de Laplace
3059:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
3051:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
2915:Philippine–American War
2901:under the terms of the
2583:the American continents
2553:sea captains. In 1492,
2503:'s large silk industry
2287:(which established the
2049:Eastern Orthodox Church
2031:orthodox and catholic.
1986:Carolingian Renaissance
1135:(began in 15th century)
934:Arabic texts on science
871:later gave rise to the
305:Ancient Greece and Rome
11132:Eastern European Group
10721:Continental philosophy
10652:Judeo-Christian ethics
10637:Hellenistic philosophy
10118:Cradle of civilization
9963:the Battle of Waterloo
9705:Jalata, Asafa (2002).
9546:. Simon and Schuster.
9543:The Lessons of History
9272:Spielvogel, Jackson J.
9195:(1955), translated as
9118:James C. W. Ahiakpor,
9072:Maurice Roche (2017).
8631:The American Spectator
7914:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
7826:Goldstein, I. (1999).
7139:Scott, John C (2018).
6937:2 January 2023 at the
6195:The Outline of History
6009:Havers, Grant (2004).
5379:. BRILL. p. 297.
5306:Spielvogel, Jackson J.
5272:Jalata, Asafa (2002).
5039:"Defining Citizenship"
4801:. 2017. Archived from
4736:. Simon and Schuster.
4733:The Lessons of History
4399:Elcano Royal Institute
4343:Elcano Royal Institute
4045:(Portugal and Spain),
3998:Pacific island nations
3907:Anti-Western sentiment
3852:master-slave dialectic
3715:
3712:European Single Market
3691:
3055:Alexis-Claude Clairaut
2750:on the North American
2488:
2476:
2450:Portuguese discoveries
2359:Westphalian principles
2256:and Christianity. The
2127:
2062:
1942:
1891:
1840:
1780:
1540:
1488:in AD 106 (modern-day
1403:
1326:
1136:
1106:Hellenistic successors
950:fall of Constantinople
888:Phoenician city-states
857:Hellenistic philosophy
796:culture that arose in
754:
702:15th to 20th centuries
686:Scientific Revolutions
631:
360:. In the aftermath of
334:patriarch of Byzantium
233:
167:rewriting this article
42:. For other uses, see
11252:Three Seas Initiative
11227:Pacific Islands Forum
11092:British–Irish Council
10840:Greek Orthodox Church
10299:Industrial Revolution
10269:Scientific Revolution
9917:20 April 2019 at the
9910:The Western Tradition
9222:Rosenwein, Barbara H.
9145:25 March 2022 at the
8989:"Global Christianity"
8461:Paedagogica Historica
7816:, Introduction, xiii.
7786:Wolff, R. L. (1969).
7725:Sanjay Kumar (2021).
7612:, Google Print, p. 88
7342:, 14 (2001): 249–288.
6284:Richard J. Mayne Jr.
6056:Brague, RĂ©mi (2009).
5809:. Thames & Hudson
4930:Brookings Institution
4428:Rosenwein, Barbara H.
4057:were all part of the
3697:
3689:
3562:religion is important
3554:declined in influence
3543:originate from Europe
3512:Further information:
3296:unaligned with either
3063:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
2992:Scientific Revolution
2870:, and similar to the
2868:French Third Republic
2770:of the 1600s and the
2725:deportation of slaves
2706:Industrial Revolution
2702:Scientific Revolution
2482:
2448:
2267:This very profitable
2179:in particular made a
2167:in 1182 broke out in
2121:
2057:
1963:Eastern Roman Emperor
1933:Rise of the Germanic
1932:
1900:Eastern Mediterranean
1898:and bordering on the
1885:
1831:
1807:Constantine the Great
1774:
1699:Further information:
1659:Emperor of the Romans
1534:
1451:cultural assimilation
1437:(509–27 BC), into an
1429:shifted from a small
1397:
1317:
1214:, German and Swedish
1130:
954:Medieval Christianity
914:medieval renaissances
896:eastern Mediterranean
877:scientific revolution
735:
618:
593:ancient Western world
421:European colonization
220:
11247:Special Relationship
10657:Christian philosophy
10602:Western Christianity
10264:Age of Enlightenment
10138:Hellenistic Kingdoms
9878:30 June 2017 at the
9815:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
9638:White Canada Forever
9635:Ward, Peter (2002).
9277:Western Civilization
9248:Hanson, Victor Davis
9197:The Phenomena of Man
9125:23 July 2018 at the
8971:23 July 2017 at the
8795:Goody, Jack (2005).
8395:Camille Pecastaing,
8340:Webster, Richard A.
8069:markedbyteachers.com
7978:Blötzer, J. (1910).
7943:Blötzer, J. (1910).
7665:23 July 2018 at the
7645:23 July 2018 at the
7504:by Thomas Woods, Jr"
7194:. Berlin: Springer.
6703:Western Civilization
6676:. Cengage Learning.
5916:9 March 2018 at the
5778:Henry Turner Inman.
5580:Mario Iozzo (2001).
5523:Western Europe, 1983
5311:Western Civilization
5067:White Canada Forever
5064:Ward, Peter (2002).
4165:Renaissance humanism
4155:from there by Latin
4096:Christopher Columbus
3880:Civilizations portal
3740:developing countries
3736:developing countries
3609:Age of Enlightenment
3348:The 1980s advent of
3310:); some include the
3218:improve this section
3180:Cold War (1947–1991)
2988:Age of Enlightenment
2879:Spanish–American War
2877:At the close of the
2632:enforced as well by
2622:voyages of discovery
2595:Atlantic slave trade
2581:and exploitation of
2563:Christopher Columbus
2555:European colonialism
2411:improve this article
2351:national sovereignty
2332:Late Medieval Period
2303:(1618–1648) between
2293:Medieval Inquisition
2124:Latin Crusader State
2041:Eastern Christianity
2037:Western Christianity
1990:Western Christianity
1863:penetrated into the
1737:improve this article
1627:Eastern Roman Empire
1553:Western Roman Empire
1280:improve this article
1122:Eastern Christianity
1037:improve this article
1009:Historical divisions
881:Age of Enlightenment
656:Age of Enlightenment
598:Eastern Roman Empire
574:Historians, such as
383:—derived from
169:with your own words.
11272:West Nordic Council
11137:Eastern Partnership
10726:Analytic philosophy
10427:Classical tradition
10249:Early modern period
10205:Classical antiquity
10200:European Bronze Age
10026:Williams, Robert A.
9515:The Orthodox Church
9193:Le Phenomene Humain
8995:on 26 December 2018
8445:Kevin Shillington,
8281:1 July 2013 at the
8257:on 14 December 2000
8045:on 19 December 2014
7924:on 26 November 2012
7658:Irina-Maria Manea,
6910:Caltron J.H Hayas,
6015:The European Legacy
5373:(7 February 2011).
4695:The Orthodox Church
4606:The History Teacher
4272:Scramble for Africa
4259:Indian Subcontinent
4100:Bahamas archipelago
3917:East–West dichotomy
3842:. According to his
3728:developed countries
3682:Economic definition
3578:Pew Research Center
3508:Cultural definition
3306:) and Switzerland (
3281:sphere of influence
2976:Alfred Thayer Mahan
2848:Indian Subcontinent
2807:for example by the
2694:Peace of Westphalia
2613:; abolition of the
2462:territories claimed
2343:Peace of Westphalia
2313:religiously diverse
2285:Counter-Reformation
2277:Italian city-states
1975:Western Christendom
1888:Germanic migrations
1709:Peace of Westphalia
1653:. The Pope crowned
1588:AD 410 sack of Rome
1433:(753–509 BC), to a
1417:, growing from the
1102:Alexander the Great
1092:times. The Eastern
974:political pluralism
942:Italian Renaissance
774:traditional customs
636:Second Agricultural
628:Staffordshire Hoard
610:Ancient Greco-Roman
523:, drawing from the
352:for some time, the
319:, later called the
10731:Post-structuralism
10694:Christian humanism
10324:Universal suffrage
9978:American Civil War
8965:ARDA data archives
8509:(September 1997).
7871:Lea, Henry Charles
7830:Croatia: A History
7340:Science in Context
6894:6 May 2015 at the
6466:A Study of History
6170:www.britannica.com
5025:Naturalization Act
4668:"East-West Schism"
4201:Ferdinand Magellan
3942:Western Hemisphere
3716:
3692:
3676:market penetration
3633:organized religion
3566:official religions
3547:Age of Discovery's
3360:Modern definitions
3268:, was composed of
3037:and acceptance of
2911:Pacific Ocean area
2897:were ceded to the
2734:dominant northern-
2587:native inhabitants
2513:merchant travelers
2489:
2477:
2311:(and emergence of
2210:present-day Turkey
2183:over the coast of
2128:
2063:
1943:
1919:Eastern (Orthodox)
1892:
1841:
1781:
1541:
1427:Roman civilization
1404:
1327:
1156:Age of Exploration
1150:. Use of the term
1137:
1120:Greek culture and
1084:originated in the
948:fleeing after the
930:Latin translations
755:
741:Western philosophy
660:Age of Exploration
632:
377:Eastern Hemisphere
252:in the regions of
234:
155:close paraphrasing
11313:Cultural concepts
11295:
11294:
11122:Council of Europe
11024:International law
10977:Constitutionalism
10835:Eastern Orthodoxy
10341:Post–Cold War era
10274:Age of Revolution
10128:Greco-Roman world
10039:978-0-230-33876-0
10009:978-1-58367-409-3
9944:Battle of Lepanto
9903:978-1-13-877481-0
9893:Daly, Jonathan. "
9871:Daly, Jonathan. "
9833:Bavaj, Riccardo:
9760:978-90-8964-602-6
9620:. Penguin Books.
9595:978-1-60732-396-9
9518:. Penguin Books.
9296:Stearns, Peter N.
9263:978-0-307-42518-8
9218:Martin, Thomas R.
9022:on 4 January 2012
8590:Zamora, Stephen.
8447:History of Africa
8161:978-0-465-02329-5
8083:"The Reformation"
7638:Dominic Selwood,
7591:978-0-415-16112-1
7546:978-0-521-89057-1
7514:on 22 August 2006
7470:978-0-19-505523-8
7311:978-0-6747-6075-2
7284:978-1-4411-1851-6
7257:978-0-7538-2413-9
7246:Green, P (2008).
7216:"Hellenistic Age"
7110:. Leiden: Brill.
7084:978-1-59244-186-0
7059:978-1-305-44548-2
7012:978-1-133-60271-2
6987:978-1-111-83720-4
6889:Roman Catholicism
6875:978-0-8264-9482-5
6842:978-0-226-56162-2
6785:978-0-19-925995-3
6772:O'Collins, Gerald
6742:978-1-305-63347-6
6713:978-0-534-64602-8
6683:978-1-111-83169-1
6662:978-0-684-19303-8
6637:978-90-04-13904-6
6612:978-0-7425-6780-1
6575:978-0-19-923743-2
6550:978-0-19-157783-3
6525:978-0-14-029323-4
6491:978-0-307-42518-8
6398:"Western culture"
6243:978-0-06-051605-5
5897:978-1-111-83169-1
5761:978-1-4296-6831-6
5731:978-88-492-6909-3
5702:978-0-7456-8950-0
5672:978-1-930053-10-6
5623:978-1-4438-3028-7
5593:978-88-8029-435-1
5563:978-0-8264-6895-6
5506:978-0-313-32278-5
5479:978-0-8239-3999-2
5448:978-0-14-303859-7
5417:978-1-136-95119-0
5386:978-90-04-19248-5
5209:nzhistory.govt.nz
5030:white nationalism
4990:. Penguin Books.
4961:978-1-60732-396-9
4917:Alexander Lukin.
4860:on 2 August 2022.
4805:on 20 August 2024
4698:. Penguin Books.
4424:Martin, Thomas R.
4364:Stearns, Peter N.
4282:(Abyssinia), the
4112:Pope Alexander VI
4092:Cape of Good Hope
3789:Arnold J. Toynbee
3666:Countries in the
3613:French Revolution
3533:In modern usage,
3518:Culture of Europe
3350:Mikhail Gorbachev
3254:
3253:
3246:
3166:Moses Mendelssohn
3131:primitive society
2955:League of Nations
2829:African continent
2801:Industrialization
2636:in 1450s (by the
2607:Holy Roman Empire
2443:
2442:
2435:
2355:international law
2309:Holy Roman Empire
2289:Roman Inquisition
2258:Papal Inquisition
2165:anti-Western riot
2105:French Revolution
2009:Gregorian Reforms
1959:Holy Roman Empire
1902:and parts of the
1769:
1768:
1761:
1687:Holy Roman Empire
1663:Holy Roman Empire
1639:Early Middle Ages
1557:Northern European
1522:Romance languages
1449:and then through
1423:Mediterranean Sea
1312:
1311:
1304:
1204:English Catholics
1069:
1068:
1061:
962:international law
873:scientific method
851:, is the idea of
782:political systems
561:Late Roman Empire
533:ancient Egyptians
366:Latin Christendom
325:West Roman Empire
317:East Roman Empire
213:
212:
205:
195:
194:
187:
136:
135:
110:quality standards
88:
16:(Redirected from
11335:
11318:Cultural regions
11167:EU Customs Union
10699:Secular humanism
10647:Christian ethics
10597:East–West Schism
10580:Physical culture
10304:Great Divergence
10254:Age of Discovery
10093:
10086:
10079:
10070:
10069:
10065:
10059:
10051:
10021:
9933:Military History
9923:YouTube playlist
9850:Conze, Vanessa,
9830:
9811:
9772:
9743:
9722:
9701:
9680:
9661:Skidmore, Thomas
9652:
9631:
9607:
9578:
9557:
9529:
9505:
9484:
9463:Nayak, Meghana;
9459:
9435:
9416:Richard, Carl J.
9411:
9392:Freeman, Charles
9387:
9363:
9339:
9315:
9291:
9267:
9243:
9226:Smith, Bonnie G.
9200:
9199:(New York 1959).
9189:
9183:
9169:
9163:
9156:
9150:
9136:
9130:
9116:
9110:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9069:
9063:
9062:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9011:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8984:
8975:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8944:
8933:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8824:Society in Focus
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8792:
8783:
8782:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8661:
8655:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8623:
8617:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8561:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8456:
8450:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8406:
8400:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8354:
8352:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8326:great divergence
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8292:
8286:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7993:
7991:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7958:
7956:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7917:. Archived from
7910:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7696:
7690:
7676:
7670:
7656:
7650:
7636:
7630:
7619:
7613:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7575:
7566:
7555:
7549:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7510:. Archived from
7496:
7490:
7489:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7458:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7430:
7424:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7349:
7343:
7336:
7330:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7184:
7178:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7024:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6971:
6965:
6948:
6942:
6921:
6915:
6908:
6902:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6863:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6828:
6822:
6809:
6803:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6666:
6645:
6620:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6558:
6533:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6475:
6469:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6438:Oxford Reference
6434:"Westernization"
6430:
6424:
6423:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6323:
6317:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6288:. Britannica.com
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6265:on 27 March 2016
6255:
6249:
6247:
6216:
6210:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6119:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5956:
5950:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5928:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5881:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5859:Geographicus.com
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5371:Ricardo Duchesne
5367:
5361:
5360:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5236:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5171:
5162:
5158:
5132:
5127:whitening thesis
5105:Skidmore, Thomas
5094:
5085:
5081:
5060:
5052:
5050:
5034:
5005:
4977:
4942:
4933:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4856:. Archived from
4845:
4832:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4656:on 8 April 2023.
4652:. Archived from
4641:
4635:
4634:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4562:
4520:Richard, Carl J.
4515:
4488:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4432:Smith, Bonnie G.
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4340:
4331:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4268:
4262:
4222:
4216:
4205:Crown of Castile
4149:Late Middle Ages
4145:Native Americans
4125:Age of Discovery
4072:
4066:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3996:, excluding the
3986:
3980:
3961:Central European
3957:
3927:Global Northwest
3896:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3598:Northern America
3472:
3463:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3308:Swiss Neutrality
3249:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3198:
3190:
3158:Gotthold Lessing
2559:exploring voyage
2507:and the rise of
2474:
2471:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2395:
2387:
2301:Thirty Years War
2299:(1568–1648) and
2297:Eighty Years War
2269:Central European
2244:, an area where
2234:"non-Christians"
2206:Byzantine Empire
2085:Byzantine Empire
2082:Eastern Orthodox
2005:East–West Schism
1945:In AD 800 under
1912:Western religion
1838:East-West Schism
1834:Byzantine Empire
1823:Byzantine Empire
1817:) in modern-day
1792:Classical Greece
1777:Byzantine Empire
1764:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1721:
1713:
1691:East–West Schism
1683:Byzantine Empire
1635:Byzantine Empire
1629:, governed from
1608:Holy See of Rome
1471:
1415:Etruscan culture
1346:
1337:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1264:
1256:
1133:Age of Discovery
1064:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1021:
1013:
698:Christianization
658:and through the
606:Arab importation
521:Christian ethics
346:East–West Schism
321:Byzantine Empire
258:Northern America
240:, also known as
230:
224:
208:
201:
190:
183:
179:
176:
170:
146:
145:
138:
131:
128:
122:
99:
91:
80:
58:
57:
50:
47:
21:
11343:
11342:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11328:Western culture
11298:
11297:
11296:
11291:
11257:UKUSA Agreement
11197:Lublin Triangle
11082:Baltic Assembly
11034:
11028:
10946:
10783:
10618:
10488:Eurolinguistics
10357:
10346:Information age
10319:Interwar period
10186:
10106:
10097:
10053:
10052:
10040:
10010:
9976:V. 3. From the
9929:J. F. C. Fuller
9919:Wayback Machine
9880:Wayback Machine
9827:
9800:10.2307/1864161
9780:
9778:Further reading
9775:
9761:
9740:
9719:
9698:
9677:
9657:Green, James N.
9649:
9628:
9596:
9575:
9554:
9526:
9510:Ware, Kallistos
9502:
9481:
9456:
9432:
9408:
9384:
9368:Cartledge, Paul
9360:
9344:Pagden, Anthony
9336:
9312:
9288:
9264:
9240:
9208:
9203:
9190:
9186:
9180:Wayback Machine
9170:
9166:
9157:
9153:
9147:Wayback Machine
9137:
9133:
9127:Wayback Machine
9117:
9113:
9107:Wayback Machine
9097:
9093:
9086:
9070:
9066:
9055:
9039:
9035:
9025:
9023:
9012:
9008:
8998:
8996:
8985:
8978:
8973:Wayback Machine
8962:
8958:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8931:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8906:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8869:
8865:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8835:
8831:
8820:
8816:
8806:
8804:
8801:New Left Review
8793:
8786:
8779:
8763:
8759:
8752:
8738:
8737:
8733:
8719:
8715:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8678:
8674:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8649:
8645:
8635:
8633:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8611:
8607:
8588:
8584:
8580:, pp. 5–6.
8576:
8572:
8559:
8557:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8504:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8457:
8453:
8444:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8407:
8403:
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8350:
8348:
8338:
8334:
8315:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8283:Wayback Machine
8274:
8270:
8260:
8258:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8192:
8188:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8162:
8142:Ferguson, Niall
8139:
8135:
8130:
8126:
8119:
8101:Henry Kissinger
8098:
8094:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8048:
8046:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8021:
8013:. Vol. 1.
8007:
8003:
7989:
7987:
7976:
7972:
7954:
7952:
7941:
7937:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7908:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7877:. Vol. 1.
7868:
7864:
7854:
7852:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7824:
7820:
7811:
7807:
7797:
7795:
7784:
7780:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7740:
7736:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7707:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7687:Wayback Machine
7677:
7673:
7667:Wayback Machine
7657:
7653:
7647:Wayback Machine
7637:
7633:
7620:
7616:
7603:
7599:
7592:
7576:
7569:
7556:
7552:
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7449:
7445:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7410:
7406:
7396:
7394:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7366:
7350:
7346:
7337:
7333:
7324:George Sarton:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7244:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7185:
7181:
7172:
7168:
7137:
7133:
7118:
7104:
7100:
7085:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7046:
7042:
7026:
7025:
7013:
6999:
6995:
6988:
6972:
6968:
6951:Thomas E. Woods
6949:
6945:
6939:Wayback Machine
6931:, preface, see
6922:
6918:
6909:
6905:
6896:Wayback Machine
6887:
6883:
6876:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6829:
6825:
6819:Wayback Machine
6810:
6806:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6769:
6765:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6729:
6725:
6714:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6663:
6638:
6613:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6551:
6526:
6507:
6503:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6459:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6314:Wayback Machine
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6244:
6225:What Went Wrong
6217:
6213:
6207:Wayback Machine
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6121:
6120:
6084:
6080:
6066:
6064:
6054:
6050:
6007:
6003:
5957:
5953:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5918:Wayback Machine
5909:
5905:
5898:
5882:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5642:Library Journal
5639:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5464:
5460:
5449:
5433:
5429:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5387:
5368:
5364:
5339:
5332:
5322:
5303:
5296:
5286:
5270:
5263:
5253:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5161:
5121:
5101:Green, James N.
5095:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5048:
5046:
5037:
4998:
4962:
4943:
4936:
4926:Wayback Machine
4916:
4912:
4889:10.2307/2492370
4869:
4865:
4846:
4835:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4795:"Western world"
4793:
4792:
4785:
4774:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4721:
4717:
4706:
4690:Ware, Kallistos
4687:
4683:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4642:
4638:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4536:
4509:
4482:
4466:Cartledge, Paul
4460:
4456:
4446:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4302:
4298:
4276:New Imperialism
4269:
4265:
4249:and trade with
4223:
4219:
4141:Catholic Church
4084:Bartolomeu Dias
4073:
4069:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3987:
3983:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3937:Monroe Doctrine
3892:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3797:Carroll Quigley
3785:
3720:"Western world"
3702:(as defined by
3684:
3524:
3514:Western culture
3510:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3250:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3215:
3199:
3188:
3182:
2994:
2986:Main articles:
2984:
2903:Treaty of Paris
2860:Japanese Empire
2813:New Imperialism
2748:thirteen States
2721:three centuries
2571:Western history
2517:East–west trade
2472:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2408:
2396:
2385:
2369:Main articles:
2367:
2320:Catholic Church
2291:to succeed the
2202:Greek Christian
2136:Latin Christian
1971:papal hierarchy
1957:in Rome as the
1935:Frankish Empire
1924:cultural divide
1877:pagan religions
1765:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1734:
1722:
1711:
1697:
1681:Main articles:
1679:
1526:Catholic Church
1498:Northern Africa
1494:Southern Europe
1482:Emperor Hadrian
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1277:
1265:
1254:
1242:Main articles:
1240:
1160:Roman Catholics
1148:civilized world
1074:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1022:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:human migration
996:resulting from
986:countercultures
821:Catholic Church
758:Western culture
729:
726:Western culture
721:
630:before cleaning
602:Catholic Church
590:culture of the
576:Carroll Quigley
541:Judeo-Christian
441:
232:
228:
226:
222:
209:
198:
197:
196:
191:
180:
174:
171:
160:
147:
143:
132:
126:
123:
113:
100:
59:
55:
48:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11341:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11289:
11287:Westernization
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11267:Visegrád Group
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11207:Nordic Council
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11102:Bucharest Nine
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11067:Arctic Council
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11038:
11036:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10979:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10962:
10956:
10954:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10793:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10779:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10677:Existentialism
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10628:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10570:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10548:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10464:
10463:
10453:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10436:
10435:
10434:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10412:
10407:
10406:
10405:
10395:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10367:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10338:
10337:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10241:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10214:
10213:
10212:
10210:Late antiquity
10202:
10196:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10155:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10125:
10120:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10107:
10096:
10095:
10088:
10081:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10038:
10022:
10008:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9980:to the end of
9974:
9955:
9926:
9906:
9891:
9869:
9848:
9831:
9825:
9812:
9794:(3): 695–725.
9779:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9769:j.ctt1s475v4.6
9759:
9744:
9739:978-0367551957
9738:
9723:
9717:
9702:
9696:
9681:
9676:978-0190068981
9675:
9653:
9647:
9632:
9626:
9612:Kaufmann, Eric
9608:
9594:
9579:
9573:
9558:
9552:
9530:
9524:
9506:
9500:
9485:
9479:
9460:
9455:978-0684193038
9454:
9440:Grant, Michael
9436:
9431:978-0742567801
9430:
9412:
9407:978-0140293234
9406:
9388:
9383:978-0191577833
9382:
9364:
9358:
9340:
9335:978-9004139046
9334:
9316:
9310:
9292:
9286:
9268:
9262:
9244:
9239:978-1457681523
9238:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9184:
9164:
9151:
9138:Investopedia,
9131:
9111:
9091:
9084:
9064:
9053:
9033:
9006:
8976:
8956:
8945:on 24 May 2006
8916:
8890:
8884:978-1509504572
8883:
8863:
8850:978-0812222609
8849:
8829:
8814:
8784:
8777:
8757:
8750:
8731:
8713:
8698:
8686:The New Yorker
8672:
8656:
8643:
8618:
8605:
8582:
8570:
8542:
8507:Rein Taagepera
8498:
8486:
8451:
8438:
8426:
8419:
8401:
8388:
8366:
8332:
8309:
8287:
8268:
8242:
8231:on 11 May 2011
8216:
8207:978-0367551957
8206:
8186:
8167:
8160:
8133:
8124:
8118:978-0241004265
8117:
8092:
8074:
8056:
8026:
8019:
8001:
7970:
7935:
7893:
7883:
7862:
7837:
7818:
7805:
7778:
7761:
7754:
7734:
7717:
7706:. 22 July 2022
7691:
7678:Rodney Stark,
7671:
7651:
7631:
7614:
7597:
7590:
7567:
7550:
7548:, pp. 189, 208
7534:Jeremy Waldron
7525:
7491:
7476:
7469:
7443:
7425:
7404:
7379:
7364:
7344:
7331:
7316:
7310:
7290:
7283:
7263:
7256:
7238:
7207:
7200:
7179:
7173:Green, Peter.
7166:
7131:
7117:978-9004234765
7116:
7098:
7083:
7065:
7058:
7040:
7011:
6993:
6986:
6966:
6943:
6916:
6903:
6881:
6874:
6848:
6841:
6823:
6804:
6791:
6784:
6763:
6748:
6741:
6723:
6712:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6682:
6667:
6661:
6646:
6636:
6621:
6611:
6595:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6568:. OUP Oxford.
6559:
6549:
6543:. OUP Oxford.
6534:
6524:
6508:
6501:
6490:
6470:
6450:
6425:
6407:
6389:
6367:
6344:
6318:
6307:InfoPlease.com
6299:
6276:
6250:
6242:
6220:Lewis, Bernard
6211:
6182:
6157:
6135:
6098:(2): 119–149.
6078:
6062:philpapers.org
6048:
6001:
5951:
5938:
5929:
5903:
5896:
5871:
5846:
5820:
5795:
5788:
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5740:
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5701:
5681:
5671:
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5622:
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5592:
5572:
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5542:
5532:
5512:
5505:
5485:
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5447:
5427:
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5396:
5385:
5362:
5330:
5320:
5294:
5284:
5261:
5251:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5201:
5173:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5133:
5120:978-0190068981
5119:
5096:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5076:
5061:
5035:
5006:
4996:
4982:Kaufmann, Eric
4978:
4960:
4944:
4934:
4910:
4863:
4833:
4816:
4783:
4772:
4752:
4742:
4715:
4704:
4681:
4672:britannica.com
4659:
4636:
4619:10.2307/494353
4613:(4): 451–459.
4591:
4588:
4587:
4582:978-0684193038
4581:
4567:Grant, Michael
4563:
4535:978-0742567801
4534:
4516:
4508:978-9004139046
4507:
4489:
4481:978-0191577833
4480:
4461:
4454:
4445:978-1457681523
4444:
4411:
4385:
4378:
4355:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4305:ancient Greece
4296:
4263:
4217:
4104:Atlantic Ocean
4067:
4034:
4025:
4014:
4002:
3981:
3977:Canary Islands
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3883:
3867:
3864:
3856:Homi K. Bhabha
3818:paleontologist
3806:intelligentsia
3793:Alfred Kroeber
3784:
3781:
3708:European Union
3683:
3680:
3625:secularization
3545:, through the
3528:William Warner
3509:
3506:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3442:Latin American
3395:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3339:United States'
3327:Soviet Union's
3325:was under the
3304:Finlandization
3289:Czechoslovakia
3279:in the Soviet
3252:
3251:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3184:Main article:
3181:
3178:
3144:French writer
3139:printing press
3047:Leonhard Euler
3014:Baruch Spinoza
2983:
2980:
2963:neocolonialism
2951:United Nations
2922:British Empire
2864:British Empire
2852:Southeast Asia
2782:goods such as
2776:Western world'
2719:The course of
2662:decolonization
2599:British Empire
2509:Western Papacy
2485:Spanish Empire
2456:routes in the
2441:
2440:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2366:
2363:
2336:printing press
2322:. German monk
2279:including the
2228:bodies of the
2169:Constantinople
2154:Byzantine Rite
2139:Fourth Crusade
2070:Turco-Persians
2060:Fourth Crusade
1982:Alcuin of York
1951:Early Medieval
1811:Constantinople
1796:Tyrrhenian Sea
1767:
1766:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1678:
1675:
1671:Eastern Greeks
1667:Western Latins
1631:Constantinople
1600:sack of AD 455
1582:by their late
1518:Latin language
1466:Roman Republic
1443:Middle Eastern
1362:Greek Orthodox
1358:Roman Catholic
1351:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:Roman Republic
1310:
1309:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1244:Roman Republic
1239:
1236:
1200:nonconformists
1140:Roman Catholic
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1007:
946:Greek scholars
841:ancient Greece
829:prominent role
798:Ancient Greece
778:belief systems
770:ethical values
745:Middle Eastern
730:
722:
720:
717:
706:Westernization
652:modern banking
517:Jewish thought
449:Ancient Greece
440:
437:
401:Atlantic Ocean
370:William Warner
342:Eastern church
338:Western church
330:excommunicated
266:Eastern Europe
254:Western Europe
227:
221:
211:
210:
193:
192:
150:
148:
141:
134:
133:
127:September 2015
103:
101:
94:
89:
63:
62:
60:
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26:
9:
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4:
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11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11232:PROSUR/PROSUL
11230:
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11153:
11150:
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11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11127:Craiova Group
11125:
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11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
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11105:
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11100:
11098:
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11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11042:ABCANZ Armies
11040:
11039:
11037:
11031:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
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11005:
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10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10886:
10884:
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10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10866:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10848:
10847:Protestantism
10845:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10836:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10821:
10817:
10813:
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10809:
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10804:
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10799:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10786:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10767:Sovereigntism
10765:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10737:
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10714:
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10709:
10707:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10662:Scholasticism
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
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10627:
10625:
10621:
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10610:
10608:
10605:
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10581:
10578:
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10571:
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10561:
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10553:
10552:
10549:
10547:
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10537:
10535:
10532:
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10527:
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10525:
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10514:
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10510:
10506:
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10502:
10501:
10498:
10494:
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10489:
10486:
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10479:
10476:
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10471:
10469:
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10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10360:
10352:
10351:War on terror
10349:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10339:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
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10307:
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10300:
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10287:
10285:
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10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10245:
10244:Modern period
10242:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10215:
10211:
10208:
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10201:
10198:
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10180:
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10165:
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10130:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10100:Western world
10094:
10089:
10087:
10082:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10063:
10057:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9990:0-306-80306-2
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9972:
9971:0-306-80305-4
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9953:
9952:0-306-80304-6
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9889:
9888:9781441161314
9885:
9881:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9849:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9828:
9826:2-88155-004-5
9822:
9818:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9756:
9752:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9731:
9730:
9724:
9720:
9718:9780312299071
9714:
9710:
9709:
9703:
9699:
9697:9781317155867
9693:
9689:
9688:
9682:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9648:9780773523227
9644:
9640:
9639:
9633:
9629:
9627:9780241317105
9623:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9580:
9576:
9574:9780367891381
9570:
9566:
9565:
9559:
9555:
9553:9781439170199
9549:
9545:
9544:
9539:
9538:Durant, Ariel
9535:
9531:
9527:
9525:9780140146561
9521:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9501:9780230599901
9497:
9493:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9480:9781848132405
9476:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9359:9780199237432
9355:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9320:Sharon, Moshe
9317:
9313:
9311:9781134374755
9307:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9287:9780534646028
9283:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9255:
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9245:
9241:
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9231:
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9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9168:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9135:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9115:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9095:
9087:
9085:9781526117083
9081:
9077:
9076:
9068:
9061:
9056:
9054:9780367891381
9050:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9021:
9017:
9010:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8981:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8886:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8867:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8833:
8825:
8818:
8803:(36): 127–139
8802:
8798:
8791:
8789:
8780:
8778:9780691168043
8774:
8770:
8769:
8761:
8753:
8751:9781421417752
8747:
8743:
8742:
8735:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8709:
8702:
8687:
8683:
8676:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8650:Voeglin, E.,
8647:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8615:
8609:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8574:
8567:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8495:
8494:Maddison 2001
8490:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8422:
8420:0-231-08098-0
8416:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8392:
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8363:
8361:
8347:
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8336:
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8096:
8088:
8084:
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8070:
8066:
8060:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8022:
8020:1-152-29621-3
8016:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7985:
7981:
7980:"Inquisition"
7974:
7967:
7964:
7963:death penalty
7950:
7946:
7945:"Inquisition"
7939:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7890:
7886:
7884:1-152-29621-3
7880:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7851:
7850:Newadvent.org
7847:
7841:
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7755:9780299048341
7751:
7747:
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7738:
7730:
7729:
7721:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7675:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7655:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7629:paragraph 12.
7628:
7624:
7618:
7611:
7610:0-521-58335-7
7607:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7574:
7572:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7495:
7487:
7480:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7447:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7421:0-521-36105-2
7418:
7414:
7408:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7365:0-299-11880-0
7361:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7341:
7335:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7267:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7242:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7211:
7203:
7201:3-540-20396-6
7197:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7176:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6885:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6852:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6808:
6801:
6798:Karl Heussi,
6795:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6706:. Wadsworth.
6705:
6704:
6696:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6527:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6474:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6403:
6402:Science Daily
6399:
6393:
6377:
6371:
6355:
6354:"Innovations"
6348:
6333:on 1 May 2011
6332:
6328:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6287:
6286:"Middle Ages"
6280:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6145:
6139:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:Thesis Eleven
5962:
5955:
5948:
5942:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5789:9781177738538
5785:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5685:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5606:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5533:9780943448114
5529:
5525:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5321:9780534646028
5317:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5285:9780312299071
5281:
5277:
5276:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5252:9781317155867
5248:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5222:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5079:
5077:9780773523227
5073:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4997:9780241317105
4993:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:Slavic Review
4874:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4773:9780367891381
4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4745:
4743:9781439170199
4739:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:Durant, Ariel
4725:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4705:9780140146561
4701:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4493:Sharon, Moshe
4490:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4379:9781134374755
4375:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4284:Dervish state
4281:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4213:Pacific Ocean
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:Vasco da Gama
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:imperialistic
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4029:
4018:
4011:
4010:Latin America
4006:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3801:civilizations
3798:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:Privatization
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:members, 2017
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:James Bennett
3701:
3696:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:Western world
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3596:and 77.4% in
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:Western world
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:imperialism.
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:Western world
3531:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3479:Latin America
3471:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:Eastern world
3419:
3418:Western world
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:Eastern world
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3237:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3203:This section
3201:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:(1794), from
3128:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:heliocentrism
3036:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:Age of Reason
2998:
2997:Eric Voegelin
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Western world
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:By 1913, the
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:United States
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2872:German Empire
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Beautiful Era
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:indirect rule
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:Enlightenment
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:nation-states
2686:
2684:
2683:enlightenment
2680:
2679:individualism
2676:
2672:
2667:
2666:post-colonial
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:exploration,
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2536:Mediterranean
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:was Venetian
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2426:
2423:November 2021
2416:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2400:This section
2398:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:Martin Luther
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1992:at the time.
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:heritage (of
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:heritage (of
1789:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1749:November 2021
1742:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1726:This section
1724:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:Western world
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Roman legions
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Roman society
1408:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1325:
1324:Carthaginians
1321:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1269:This section
1267:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:, as well as
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Presbyterians
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Mediterranean
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1063:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:This section
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1003:
999:
998:globalization
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:individualism
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
904:New Testament
901:
897:
894:world of the
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:scholasticism
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:has played a
826:
825:Protestantism
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:classical era
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
716:
714:
713:Latin America
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Enlightenment
679:
675:
670:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
625:
622:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Mesopotamians
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:republicanism
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:, as well as
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
397:United States
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
288:known as the
287:
286:Eastern world
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Latin America
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Western world
219:
215:
207:
204:
189:
186:
178:
168:
164:
158:
156:
151:This article
149:
140:
139:
130:
120:
116:
111:
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104:This article
102:
98:
93:
92:
87:
85:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
61:
52:
51:
45:
41:
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11277:Western Bloc
11077:AUSCANNZUKUS
11033:Contemporary
10982:Human rights
10828:Latin Church
10802:Christianity
10752:
10711:Conservatism
10556:contemporary
10393:Architecture
10329:World War II
10289:Emancipation
10284:Abolitionism
10172:Romanization
10167:Roman legacy
10148:Roman Empire
10099:
10032:. New York.
10029:
9999:
9982:World War II
9909:
9852:
9835:
9816:
9791:
9785:
9749:
9728:
9707:
9686:
9665:
9637:
9616:
9604:j.ctt19jcg63
9584:
9563:
9542:
9534:Durant, Will
9514:
9490:
9469:
9465:Selbin, Eric
9444:
9420:
9396:
9372:
9348:
9324:
9300:
9276:
9252:
9229:
9206:Bibliography
9196:
9192:
9187:
9167:
9154:
9134:
9114:
9098:Paul Starr,
9094:
9074:
9067:
9058:
9043:
9036:
9024:. Retrieved
9020:the original
9009:
8997:. Retrieved
8993:the original
8959:
8947:. Retrieved
8940:the original
8935:
8919:
8907:. Retrieved
8903:
8893:
8873:
8866:
8854:. Retrieved
8839:
8832:
8823:
8817:
8805:. Retrieved
8800:
8767:
8760:
8740:
8734:
8725:
8722:Biale, David
8716:
8707:
8701:
8689:. Retrieved
8685:
8675:
8665:
8659:
8651:
8646:
8634:. Retrieved
8630:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8573:
8565:
8560:10 September
8558:. Retrieved
8554:
8545:
8520:
8514:
8501:
8489:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8446:
8441:
8433:
8429:
8410:
8404:
8396:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8369:
8359:
8356:
8349:. Retrieved
8345:
8335:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8300:. Retrieved
8290:
8271:
8259:. Retrieved
8255:the original
8245:
8233:. Retrieved
8229:the original
8219:
8211:
8196:
8189:
8177:, p. 33
8170:
8146:
8136:
8127:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8047:. Retrieved
8043:the original
8038:
8029:
8010:
8004:
7997:authorities.
7995:
7988:. Retrieved
7983:
7973:
7960:
7953:. Retrieved
7948:
7938:
7926:. Retrieved
7919:the original
7913:
7896:
7888:
7874:
7865:
7853:. Retrieved
7849:
7840:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7808:
7796:. Retrieved
7791:
7781:
7771:
7764:
7744:
7737:
7727:
7720:
7708:. Retrieved
7703:
7694:
7674:
7654:
7649:2 June 2017.
7634:
7622:
7617:
7600:
7580:
7553:
7537:
7528:
7518:16 September
7516:. Retrieved
7512:the original
7507:
7501:
7494:
7485:
7479:
7454:
7446:
7428:
7423:, pp. xix–xx
7412:
7407:
7395:. Retrieved
7391:
7382:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7325:
7319:
7300:
7293:
7273:
7266:
7247:
7241:
7219:
7210:
7191:
7188:Russo, Lucio
7182:
7174:
7169:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7107:
7101:
7074:
7068:
7049:
7043:
7002:
6996:
6976:
6969:
6946:
6919:
6911:
6906:
6884:
6859:
6851:
6832:
6826:
6821:, Britannica
6807:
6799:
6794:
6775:
6766:
6757:
6751:
6732:
6726:
6717:
6702:
6695:
6672:
6651:
6641:
6626:
6616:
6601:
6591:
6579:
6564:
6554:
6539:
6529:
6514:
6504:
6495:
6480:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6441:. Retrieved
6437:
6428:
6420:Khan Academy
6410:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6370:
6358:. Retrieved
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6331:the original
6321:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6279:
6267:. Retrieved
6263:the original
6253:
6224:
6214:
6193:
6185:
6173:. Retrieved
6169:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6138:
6124:cite journal
6115:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6072:
6065:. Retrieved
6061:
6051:
6021:(1): 19–29.
6018:
6014:
6004:
5996:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5946:
5941:
5932:
5906:
5886:
5862:. Retrieved
5858:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5834:AbeBooks.com
5833:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5805:
5798:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5720:
5714:
5706:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5627:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5582:
5575:
5567:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5522:
5515:
5495:
5488:
5468:
5461:
5452:
5437:
5430:
5421:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5375:
5365:
5356:
5348:The Guardian
5346:
5325:
5310:
5289:
5274:
5256:
5241:
5219:
5212:. Retrieved
5208:
5192:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:
5151:
5143:The Guardian
5141:
5124:
5109:
5066:
5054:
5047:. Retrieved
5045:. 9 May 2017
5042:
5022:
5014:
5001:
4986:
4973:
4970:j.ctt19jcg63
4950:
4913:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4858:the original
4854:academia.edu
4853:
4831:, pp. 91-95.
4819:
4807:. Retrieved
4803:the original
4798:
4777:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4732:
4724:Durant, Will
4718:
4709:
4694:
4684:
4671:
4662:
4654:the original
4650:The Guardian
4649:
4639:
4629:– via
4610:
4604:
4594:
4571:
4539:
4524:
4512:
4497:
4485:
4470:
4457:
4449:
4435:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4398:
4388:
4368:
4358:
4329:
4312:
4299:
4266:
4220:
4157:translations
4116:motu proprio
4114:
4108:coat of arms
4070:
4058:
4051:North Africa
4037:
4028:
4017:
4005:
3984:
3969:North Africa
3955:
3894:World portal
3860:
3833:
3811:
3805:
3786:
3719:
3717:
3667:
3665:
3637:
3629:spirituality
3617:inquisitions
3602:
3573:
3571:
3551:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3502:LĂ©vi-Strauss
3490:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3354:Soviet Union
3347:
3338:
3335:Iron Curtain
3326:
3316:
3293:
3277:Eastern bloc
3274:
3270:NATO members
3265:
3255:
3240:
3231:
3216:Please help
3204:
3160:attacked by
3146:Pierre Bayle
3143:
3124:
3117:Isaac Newton
3105:
3070:
3032:
3023:Areopagitica
3021:
2995:
2967:
2942:
2919:
2881:in 1898 the
2876:
2856:Meiji period
2837:
2775:
2759:urbanization
2756:
2718:
2692:born by the
2687:
2619:
2579:colonization
2540:
2493:missionaries
2490:
2458:Indian Ocean
2429:
2420:
2409:Please help
2404:verification
2401:
2379:Mercantilism
2347:nation-state
2340:
2281:Papal States
2266:
2233:
2230:Roman Empire
2204:-controlled
2149:churches of
2145:between the
2129:
2098:
2072:of medieval
2064:
2028:
2017:Great Schism
1997:Latin Church
1994:
1979:
1944:
1916:
1904:Adriatic Sea
1893:
1867:(modern-day
1856:
1842:
1782:
1755:
1746:
1735:Please help
1730:verification
1727:
1670:
1666:
1645:(modern-day
1624:
1621:
1612:Latin Church
1592:Greco-Romans
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1509:
1462:Roman Empire
1459:
1407:Ancient Rome
1405:
1400:Roman Empire
1373:
1360:and eastern
1354:Roman Empire
1298:
1289:
1278:Please help
1273:verification
1270:
1248:Roman Empire
1174:(and later,
1151:
1147:
1138:
1115:
1109:
1090:Graeco-Roman
1081:
1077:
1075:
1055:
1046:
1035:Please help
1030:verification
1027:
980:, prominent
900:Near-Eastern
885:
823:, and later
814:
810:Christianity
802:Ancient Rome
790:technologies
766:social norms
756:
710:
671:
667:missionaries
633:
608:of both the
592:
579:
573:
557:
505:Christianity
453:Ancient Rome
442:
439:Introduction
409:ethnocracies
405:
385:colonization
374:
302:
297:
281:
241:
237:
235:
214:
199:
181:
172:
152:
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115:You can help
105:
81:
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67:Please help
64:
11217:Open Balkan
11035:integration
10965:Rule of law
10960:Natural law
10937:Agnosticism
10915:Hellenistic
10893:Anglo-Saxon
10823:Catholicism
10762:Atlanticism
10667:Rationalism
10473:Immigration
10456:Esotericism
10314:World War I
10279:Romanticism
10259:Reformation
10239:Renaissance
10217:Middle Ages
10182:Christendom
10111:Foundations
9957:V. 2. From
8691:27 February
8636:13 November
8612:R. Vernon,
8555:www.cia.gov
8087:history.com
7906:"Chapter V"
7621:St Jerome,
7500:"Review of
7433:Verger 1999
7397:17 February
7231:8 September
6190:H. G. Wells
6067:17 December
5187:19 December
5049:19 December
5023:By 1790, a
4975:population.
4883:(1): 1–12.
4799:www.oed.com
4554:legal codes
4404:27 December
4167:. (Popular
4153:transmitted
4094:). In 1492
4082:. In 1488,
4080:spice trade
3994:New Zealand
3988:Comprising
3963:countries,
3912:Atlanticism
3840:Orientalism
3836:Edward Said
3783:Other views
3756:South Korea
3732:Third World
3724:First World
3700:anglosphere
3605:irreligious
3584:, 73.3% in
3331:FCMA treaty
3302:, Finland (
3285:Warsaw Pact
3262:First World
3256:During the
3135:agrarianism
3109:rationalism
3097:cartography
3028:free speech
3010:John Milton
2909:and in the
2887:Puerto Rico
2883:Philippines
2833:Middle East
2825:imperialism
2764:Romanticism
2728:from Africa
2675:colonialism
2671:Middle Ages
2634:papal bulls
2593:led to the
2567:spice trade
2473: 1536
2454:spice trade
2383:Imperialism
2328:indulgences
2316:confessions
2273:Renaissance
2023:Church and
2019:, both the
2013:Pope Leo IX
1984:during the
1947:Charlemagne
1701:Christendom
1695:Reformation
1655:Charlemagne
1478:Phoenicians
1206:, Scottish
1144:Reformation
1111:Middle Ages
1104:and of the
982:subcultures
966:experiments
958:natural law
892:Hellenistic
853:rationalism
849:Renaissance
845:Middle Ages
694:colonialism
690:imperialism
674:Renaissance
569:Renaissance
497:engineering
433:immigration
350:Christendom
309:Constantine
262:Australasia
175:August 2024
11302:Categories
11237:Rio Treaty
10748:Relativism
10706:Liberalism
10672:Empiricism
10624:Philosophy
10612:Secularism
10563:Philosophy
10500:Literature
10294:Capitalism
9214:Hunt, Lynn
8523:(3): 502.
8467:(2): 243.
8109:Allen Lane
7902:Foxe, John
7855:13 October
7812:Phillips,
7798:9 November
7710:27 January
7563:8126913665
7229:Retrieved
6959:1596983280
6929:1851821252
6443:15 January
6232:. p.
6175:15 January
6150:31 January
6117:Jerusalem.
5971:(1): 3–5.
4829:1134374755
4558:common law
4420:Hunt, Lynn
4309:city-state
4137:Modern Era
4063:Diocletian
3971:, such as
3959:Including
3814:theologian
3558:Secularism
3537:refers to
3405:Arab world
3300:Yugoslavia
3234:April 2021
3093:navigation
3045:, notably
3016:. Meeting
2935:linguistic
2809:Opium Wars
2752:East Coast
2617:followed.
2585:and their
2543:Portuguese
2521:Marco Polo
2161:Roman Rite
2078:Asia Minor
1857:barbarians
1785:Aegean Sea
1651:Christians
1596:St. Jerome
1512:, and its
1439:autocratic
1380:Churches.
1292:April 2018
1224:Mennonites
1198:and other
1194:, English
1192:Calvinists
994:syncretism
938:philosophy
922:Al-Andalus
879:, and the
869:Empiricism
748:philosophy
676:, Ages of
648:Industrial
644:Scientific
640:Commercial
489:governance
469:aesthetics
457:philosophy
292:(from
276:(from
70:improve it
18:Westerners
11182:Five Eyes
11177:EU–UK TCA
11019:Democracy
10908:Old Norse
10797:Abrahamic
10754:Peritrope
10736:Tolerance
10716:Socialism
10546:Mythology
10534:Classical
10483:Languages
10461:Astrology
10309:Modernism
10123:Old World
10056:cite book
10048:760975009
10018:606950598
9860:, Mainz:
9853:Abendland
9843:, Mainz:
9026:17 August
8999:17 August
8904:USA Today
8481:145129186
8175:Daus 1983
8039:Wcupa.edu
7990:26 August
7955:26 August
7161:0733-4540
7126:851653645
7029:cite book
7021:858610469
6630:. BRILL.
6112:2396-9113
6043:143636651
6035:1084-8770
5993:147430371
5985:0725-5136
5864:4 January
5839:4 January
5813:4 January
5154:whitening
4905:153551831
4809:20 August
4550:Roman law
4322:Citations
4185:Classical
4169:typefaces
4121:New World
4055:Britannia
4032:See
4023:See
4021:See
3990:Australia
3764:Hong Kong
3752:Singapore
3718:The term
3661:New World
3645:homelands
3640:diversity
3582:Europeans
3399:(as the "
3205:does not
3174:Sephardic
3150:pantheist
3121:Condorcet
3113:Descartes
3081:asteroids
3077:Astronomy
3035:telescope
3006:Newtonian
2945:. In the
2907:East Asia
2827:) in the
2784:porcelain
2714:influence
2698:modernity
2515:pursuing
2501:Byzantine
2475:) (green)
2371:New World
2218:Holy Land
2177:Venetians
2147:Christian
2033:Augustine
1896:Black Sea
1873:religious
1865:Dalmatian
1813:(today's
1616:Barbarian
1584:expansion
1537:invasions
1476:with the
1378:Christian
1232:Moravians
1216:Lutherans
1212:Huguenots
1210:, French
1188:Anglicans
1164:New World
1117:Byzantine
1049:July 2018
988:(such as
786:artifacts
762:heritages
678:Discovery
624:cloisonné
619:Gold and
588:Classical
549:Jerusalem
461:democracy
429:diversity
425:New World
163:talk page
153:contains
119:talk page
76:talk page
11242:Schengen
11172:Eurozone
11012:Property
11007:Religion
10898:Frankish
10888:Germanic
10868:Paganism
10789:Religion
10777:European
10689:Humanism
10592:Religion
10551:Painting
10517:Internet
10468:Folklore
10439:Clothing
10410:Calendar
10386:Cyrillic
10371:Alphabet
10334:Cold War
10028:(2012).
9915:Archived
9876:Archived
9663:(2021).
9614:(2018).
9540:(2012).
9512:(1993).
9467:(2010).
9442:(1991).
9418:(2010).
9394:(2000).
9370:(2002).
9346:(2008).
9322:(2004).
9298:(2008).
9274:(2006).
9250:(2007).
9228:(2015).
9176:Archived
9143:Archived
9123:Archived
9103:Archived
9016:"Europe"
8969:Archived
8927:(2005).
8925:Eurostat
8381:4 August
8302:1 August
8279:Archived
8144:(2004).
7683:Archived
7663:Archived
7643:Archived
7536:(2002),
7392:TimeMaps
7374:19353503
7190:(2004).
7093:52605048
6935:Archived
6892:Archived
6815:Archived
6382:25 April
6310:Archived
6222:(2002).
6203:Archived
5914:Archived
5423:granted.
5353:Archived
5308:(2006).
5198:decades.
5148:Archived
5107:(2021).
5019:Archived
5015:PBS News
4984:(2018).
4922:Archived
4730:(2012).
4692:(1993).
4676:Archived
4569:(1991).
4542:republic
4522:(2010).
4495:(2004).
4468:(2002).
4434:(2015).
4366:(2008).
4347:Archived
4280:Ethiopia
4241:and the
4181:revivals
4171:such as
4163:through
4133:firearms
3975:and the
3922:Far West
3902:Americas
3866:See also
3672:Internet
3611:and the
3592:(90% in
3590:Americas
3494:Durkheim
3483:Orthodox
3450:European
3448:Orthodox
3433:and the
3403:"), the
3266:the West
3258:Cold War
3186:Cold War
3101:medicine
2939:cultural
2866:and the
2821:hegemony
2780:oriental
2736:Atlantic
2710:economic
2704:and the
2630:Portugal
2575:European
2483:Apex of
2460:(blue);
2250:Orthodox
2246:Catholic
2212:and the
2193:maritime
2189:Dalmatia
2185:Catholic
2173:Crusades
2113:Napoleon
2101:dissolve
2029:uniquely
1967:Crusades
1815:Istanbul
1775:Apex of
1578:and the
1560:Germanic
1500:and the
1435:republic
1431:monarchy
1196:Puritans
1190:, Dutch
1172:Portugal
970:sciences
865:humanism
752:theology
664:Catholic
501:religion
358:Americas
354:crusades
282:occidens
274:Occident
242:the West
11087:Benelux
10992:Thought
10942:Atheism
10883:Finnish
10859:Culture
10854:Judaism
10816:Eastern
10812:Western
10807:Culture
10741:Paradox
10607:Decline
10568:Science
10444:History
10432:Studies
10415:Cuisine
10403:Periods
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