389:
47:
377:
297:
411:. It is not entirely clear when or by whom the Bagirimi kingdom was founded: some king lists trace this event to 1480 when it was supposedly founded by Mbang Abd al-Mahmud Begli, while others deem Mbang Birni Besse responsible, who is said to have founded the kingdom in 1522. He seems to have displaced the earlier
427:
tribes in the area, including the area's Saras, Gaberi, Somrai, Gulla, Nduka, Nuba, and Sokoro. He and his successors continued to use the title "mbang" alongside that of "sultan".
272:
502:
545:
the next year, and their authority over the
Bagirmi itself was not secured until after the death of Rabih and his sons in 1901. Towns grew up around the French
454:, Bornu conquered Bagirmi. The Muslim Bagirmi would raid the pagan tribes of their kingdom to pay the necessary tribute to Bornu. Except for slaves, including
647:
Germany agreed not to interfere with French interests in the region by a convention signed March 15, 1894, and
Britain by a convention signed March 21, 1899.
46:
554:
407:
carried a tradition that they migrated from far to the east, which is supported by the resemblance of their language to various tribes on the
887:
796:
458:, Bagirmi also exported animal skins, ivory, and cotton, while importing copper and cowrie shells. Trade with Bornu was carried out by
474:. During the reign of Mbang Muhammad al-Amin (r. 1751–1785) Bagirmi became independent again, although the tributary status remained.
1133:
434:
formed the kingdom's western boundary, with most of its interior watered by its affluents. The area was home to a kind of
17:
1138:
1128:
1153:
814:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1123:
880:
557:
on the middle Shari. The population of the district was reckoned as 100,000 in 1903 and, by the time of the
388:
118:
1173:
873:
606:
393:
776:
1168:
125:
423:
and converted the state into a sultanate, permitting the state to extend their authority over many
770:
1002:
952:
510:
396:
349:
598:
518:
977:
957:
566:
541:
over
Bagirmi from its sultan in 1897. French ambitions in Sudan were blocked following the
521:
became interested in connecting its possessions across the breadth of Africa, permitting a
498:
8:
1143:
942:
602:
514:
172:
790:
478:
471:
443:
1077:
932:
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618:
594:
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1062:
1032:
947:
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424:
104:
1102:
1057:
1052:
623:
578:
558:
506:
326:
65:
438:
that mutilated many of the inhabitants. Bagirmi was also continually plagued by
348:. It was founded in either 1480 or 1522 and lasted until 1897, when it became a
1082:
1067:
1047:
1027:
1022:
982:
857:
628:
542:
490:
467:
404:
345:
1117:
1012:
917:
785:
574:
482:
477:
Early in the 19th century, Bagirmi fell into decay and was threatened by the
447:
780:, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 234
1092:
987:
967:
937:
570:
550:
538:
534:
530:
486:
451:
419:, the capital of the state. The fourth king, Abdullah (1568–1608), adopted
381:
209:
69:
849:
1017:
1007:
769:
597:
is still spoken today, with 44,761 speakers as of 1993, primarily in the
582:
431:
357:
290:
158:
962:
605:, with its capital at Massenya. Its rulers continue to bear the title "
408:
800:, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 201
733:
731:
729:
546:
376:
341:
52:
865:
727:
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687:
685:
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681:
679:
562:
526:
435:
416:
361:
353:
82:
840:
N'Gare, Ahmed (1997), "Le royaume du
Baguirmi (XVe–XXe siècles)",
706:
676:
533:, the leader of the first French expedition through the area but
455:
439:
805:
Zehnle, Stephanie (2017). "Baguirmi". In Saheed
Aderinto (ed.).
1072:
1042:
992:
907:
463:
459:
412:
337:
277:
129:
807:
African
Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations
789:
450:
both internally and externally organized. During the reign of
1087:
1037:
997:
972:
927:
522:
420:
334:
195:
114:
922:
831:
Lebeuf, Annie M.D. (1978), "L'ancien royaume du
Baguirmi",
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
601:. The empire now exists as an informal entity in the
509:'s forces burned Massenya in 1893, the 25th sultan,
746:
655:
835:(in French), vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 437–443
1115:
881:
561:, most of its trade was being conducted with
513:, moved his government to Chekna. During the
481:. It was finally annexed in 1871. It came to
462:along a route that extended north across the
415:, while he also began to build a palace in
888:
874:
45:
387:
375:
245:70.000 sq mi (181.30 km)
27:Former Islamic state in central Africa.
14:
1116:
804:
752:
670:
895:
869:
24:
824:
784:
767:
737:
697:
485:attention following the visits of
360:and close to the border to modern
25:
1185:
295:
270:
222:• French dominance secured
1134:Countries in precolonial Africa
148:Abd al-Mahmud Begli/Birni Besse
641:
352:protectorate. Its capital was
13:
1:
761:
809:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–32.
119:African Traditional Religion
7:
844:(in French), pp. 27–31
768:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),
612:
380:"Horseman from Bagirmi" by
364:. The kings wore the title
10:
1190:
371:
1139:History of Central Africa
1129:Former Islamic monarchies
903:
588:
549:at the confluence of the
249:
239:
234:
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192:
182:
178:
168:
164:
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124:
110:
100:
75:
60:
44:
39:
32:
1154:French Equatorial Africa
634:
797:Encyclopædia Britannica
777:Encyclopædia Britannica
198:becomes state religion
1164:17th century in Africa
1159:16th century in Africa
1124:2nd millennium in Chad
529:railway. Rabih killed
511:Abd ar Rahman Gaourang
400:
397:Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga
385:
330:
144:• 1480/1522–1536
51:Bagirmi (pink) in the
860:: Library of Congress
599:Chari-Baguirmi Region
519:Third French Republic
391:
379:
101:Common languages
34:Sultanate of Bagirmi
603:Baguirmi Department
515:Scramble for Africa
331:Royaume du Baguirmi
184:• Established
173:Early modern period
18:Kingdom of Baguirmi
1149:Kanem–Bornu Empire
1013:Mahdiyya caliphate
833:Mondes et Cultures
479:Sultanate of Wadai
401:
386:
319:Kingdom of Bagirmi
55:region around 1890
1174:Former sultanates
1111:
1110:
897:Sahelian kingdoms
619:Rulers of Bagirmi
595:Baguirmi language
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
283:
282:
154:• 1885–1912
93:
87:
16:(Redirected from
1181:
1169:Former countries
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883:
876:
867:
866:
861:
845:
836:
820:
801:
793:
781:
773:
771:"Baghermi"
756:
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735:
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695:
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668:
648:
645:
495:Gustav Nachtigal
399:(Left), c. 1918.
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91:
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30:
29:
21:
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854:Country Studies
848:
839:
830:
827:
825:Further reading
817:
791:"Bagirmi"
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751:
747:
736:
707:
696:
677:
669:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
637:
624:History of Chad
615:
591:
559:First World War
555:Fort de Cointet
507:Rabih az-Zubayr
374:
356:, north of the
296:
271:
242:
223:
213:
199:
185:
155:
145:
96:
66:tributary state
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1028:Mossi kingdoms
1025:
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1015:
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1005:
1000:
995:
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985:
983:Hausa kingdoms
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863:
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826:
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821:
815:
802:
788:, ed. (1911),
786:Chisholm, Hugh
782:
763:
760:
758:
757:
745:
705:
675:
653:
650:
649:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
629:Bagirmi people
626:
621:
614:
611:
590:
587:
553:and Shari and
543:Fashoda Crisis
491:Heinrich Barth
373:
370:
346:central Africa
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208:• French
207:
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169:Historical era
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62:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
40:1480/1522–1897
37:
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33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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931:
929:
926:
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921:
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916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
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902:
898:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
872:
871:
868:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
828:
818:
816:9781610695800
812:
808:
803:
799:
798:
792:
787:
783:
779:
778:
772:
766:
765:
755:, p. 31.
754:
749:
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740:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
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710:
702:
700:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
673:, p. 30.
672:
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663:
661:
659:
654:
644:
640:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
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564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:(1881). When
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:slave raiding
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
395:
390:
383:
378:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:southeast of
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
279:
276:
269:
268:
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113:
109:
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99:
89:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
31:
19:
912:
853:
841:
832:
806:
795:
775:
748:
738:
698:
643:
592:
571:Wadai Empire
569:through the
539:protectorate
535:Emile Gentil
531:Paul Crampel
497:(1872), and
487:Dixon Denham
476:
472:Libyan coast
452:Idris Alooma
429:
402:
382:Dixon Denham
365:
322:
318:
314:
312:
260:Succeeded by
259:
254:
241:• Total
212:established
210:protectorate
70:Bornu Empire
1003:Kanem–Bornu
953:Futa Jallon
842:Hemispheres
753:Zehnle 2017
671:Zehnle 2017
432:Shari River
358:Chari River
291:French Chad
255:Preceded by
159:Gaourang II
92:(1893–1897)
86:(1522–1893)
64:Sultanate,
1144:Sultanates
1118:Categories
1078:Toucouleur
978:Great Fulo
858:Washington
762:References
581:along the
537:secured a
444:pestilence
409:White Nile
1098:Wassoulou
958:Futa Toro
573:and with
547:Fort Lamy
499:Matteucci
342:Lake Chad
338:sultanate
333:) was an
315:Sultanate
202:1568–1608
188:1480/1522
111:Religion
53:Lake Chad
613:See also
563:Khartoum
527:Djibouti
493:(1852),
489:(1823),
483:European
460:caravans
436:footworm
417:Massenya
362:Cameroon
354:Massenya
323:Baghermi
128:, later
83:Massenya
1068:Songhai
1053:Shilluk
1023:Massina
913:Bagirmi
579:Nigeria
503:Massari
470:on the
468:Tripoli
456:eunuchs
440:drought
405:Bagirmi
384:, 1823.
372:History
335:Islamic
194:•
105:Bagirmi
90:Chekna
76:Capital
68:of the
1083:Tunjur
1073:Takrur
1063:Sokoto
1048:Sennar
1043:Saloum
993:Kaarta
943:Darfur
933:Dagbon
918:Bamana
908:Alodia
850:"Chad"
813:
741:(1911)
701:(1878)
589:Legacy
551:Logone
517:, the
464:Sahara
446:, and
413:Bulala
350:French
327:French
278:Bulala
134:
130:Sultan
61:Status
1093:Wadai
1088:Waalo
1038:Niumi
1033:Niani
998:Kaabu
988:Jolof
973:Gobir
968:Ghana
948:Dendi
928:Cayor
635:Notes
607:Mbang
583:Benue
567:Sudan
523:Dakar
425:pagan
421:Islam
394:Mbang
366:Mbang
196:Islam
126:Mbang
115:Islam
1103:Wuli
1058:Sine
1018:Mali
1008:Kong
938:Daju
923:Baol
811:ISBN
593:The
575:Yola
501:and
430:The
403:The
392:The
313:The
235:Area
226:1901
216:1897
963:Gao
609:".
577:in
565:in
466:to
344:in
321:or
317:or
1120::
856:,
852:,
794:,
774:,
739:EB
708:^
699:EB
678:^
657:^
585:.
442:,
368:.
329::
117:,
889:e
882:t
875:v
862:.
819:.
743:.
703:.
525:–
325:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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