Kingdom of Cusco - Knowledge

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the former monarch, arguing that he deserved it. Sources differ on whether or not he was the son of Yahuar Huaca, although what is clear is that he belonged to Hanan Cusco and that he was presented to the rest of the world as his legitimate son and successor, probably with the intention to completely erase the traces of the uprising in order to preserve the continuity of power and avoid setting the example for future generations. Once chosen, Hatun Tupac took the name of

44: 1579:, became fond of him and decided to escape together with her relatives. Thus, one day when he went out to play with other children, he met the group at an agreed place and they hurriedly left the city. When the Ayarmacas were alerted, they pursued them until to the Huaypo Lake, around 31 km. from the city of Cusco, where after a skirmish they were forced to withdraw; from there he was returned to Cusco, and as a reward for the great favor done, the 1711: 1084: 1871:(a substitute for the Sapa Inca's absence in Cusco) with some of Hurin Cusco members' aid. However, he failed to garner enough support from the public or the rest of the nobility before ultimately taking his own life with poison, fearing punishment. Despite this, Viracocha remained uneasy and decided to resolve the threat by permanently appointing the 1746:

met to decide what to do, some proposed to set aside the position of the Sapa Inca and let prominent members of the state take over the government, while others argued that without a leader all the territory gained would be lost. As the conversation heated up, a woman proposed Hatun Tupac, nephew of

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was attacked during the night but he was able to fight back and kill two men, injuring many more. Once started the rebellion, the Incas had two consecutive victories, which prompted a truce that was quickly broken by the rebels, however, during the third battle, the Alcahuisa sinchi was captured and

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Much to the disappointment of the population and the nobility, his short reign was the most disastrous in the history of Cusco. He spent the majority of his time with alcohol in recreational establishments throughout Cusco. He wasn't ashamed to display his genitals or toss urine-filled cups, and he

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launched the fiery projectile with such force that it set a house's thatched roof ablaze instantly. As the people left their houses, an old woman claimed to have witnessed the stone fall from the sky, believing it to be a sign of divine retribution for their rebellious actions. Fearing defeat, they

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people invited the boy with the excuse of visiting his mother's land and recognizing him as the future heir. At the town of Micaocancha, they left him alone because they had to "farm their fields" and deliberately let him be kidnapped by the Ayarmacas in an ambush, who then took him to the town of

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valley. This uprising in Cusco's vicinity served as an opportunity for the Muyna and Pinagua chiefdoms to revolt once again, this time with support from the people of Rondocancha and Casacancha, who in turn were followed by attacks from Ayarmacas and Guaypomarcas. However, they were all defeated

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pretended to be uninterested but then informed them that, had they not surrendered that day, he would have beaten them with large rafts that he had already ordered built. They subsequently sealed a peace agreement, and Viracocha provided one of his women to the Caytomarca sinchi as a gift.

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At no time did he try to build his own home, or build structures of any kind, he was also completely useless as a warrior. The discontent was complete among the Inca society such that many nobles wanted to overthrow him. At the head was Apo Mayta, who despite his intentions, feared

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Amaru. Here, Tocay Capac ordered his men to kill him, but according to the legend, when the boy cried, blood began to come out of his eyes. Moved by the sight, the chieftain spared his life and sent him to graze herds, from where he was transferred for safety to the capital of the

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or chiefdom, and had the primary role to defend it in the event of an attack or invade other lands. It was temporal, but given that periods of conflict in the Andes could last for years or even decades, the term "sinchi" could be seen as equivalent for the

2012:, where the chosen heir began a period of fasting, rituals, and preparations for several days. On the appointed day, he emerged with the crown upon his head, performing additional sacrifices in the temple and staging grand celebrations throughout Cusco. 1049:

chiefdom, taking advantage of the opportunity offered by the death in combat of their leader, Tocay Capac. This heavily diminished the Ayarmacas capability to pose a threat to the Incas for a long time, which allowed him to conquer the territory of the

1012:) took charge of Cusco. Although his name, "Generous warlord", indicates remarkable participation during the conquest of the valley, during his government he was unable to significantly expand Cusco's territory; among his works are the construction of 1151:

eventually imprisoned for life, while the lands owned by his people were split between the people of Cusco. Satisfied with the victory and having achieved the consolidation of his power around Cusco, he prepared his army for an expedition towards the

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Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1572). "XXIII. Yahuar-Huaca Inca Yupanqui, Inca siete, Comienza el Incazgo solo después de muerto su padre" [XXIII. Yahuar-Huaca Inca Yupanqui, Seventh Inca, His reign begins only after the death of his father].

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region, were growing stronger. But since neither side wanted an all-out conflict due to their shared fear of each other, they sought an alliance with the Incas instead. Viracocha assured both of his support, but secretly promised his help to Curi,

1234:) inherited a Cusco under the direct interest of his larger neighbours -now competitors- as it was no longer a small invader chiefdom struggling for survival but one fighting to gain power. He continued the project of his uncle by invading the 1386:

peoples, Muyna Pongo and Huaman Tupac respectively, took advantage of the occasion and tried to gain independence, failing right after the first combat, where the first one died and the second one fled, never to be seen again.

1663:, probably with the intention of having influence over the government. They planned to ambush the young prince in the town of Paulo, and so sent an invitation, to which his father agreed, but had his son be accompanied by 40 1655:, and whom with he had his sons Paucar Ayllu and Pahuac Huallpa Mayta, the latter became his successor despite being the youngest between both. This disgusted the Huallacan chiefdom, who wanted Marcayuto -the son of 888:

in command, however, they had a total defeat thanks to the outstanding participation of Mama Huaco at the lead of the Inca forces, many were impaled by her order. Defeated, they fled the area towards the modern-day

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and Capac Yupanqui. The Coya had a shy personality, and so despite her position, she was unable to influence his husband's government to the same degree as some of his concubines, specially Curi Chulpi, from the

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by mistreating one of his messengers and telling him that the Sapa Inca was crazy if he thought they would submit to his power since they didn't fear him, so they fortified themselves on the eastern bank of the

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was also known for vomiting in the middle of the streets. Unconcerned with the feelings of his wife, the Coya, he spent his days with whichever women he desired, whether they were from low social status, young

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ordered the razing of the town of Paulo, capital of the Huallacan people, banishing some and massacring many others. After this tragic incident, the Sapa Inca prepared his army for an expedition towards the

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The fourth of his brothers, it is said that in his first years of life, still only a child, he possessed the strength of an adolescent, great physical resistance, courage and bravery. During his reign, the

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was an astute man and knew how to maintain good relations with Cusco's neighbour chiefdoms and ayllus in order to secure his territory and avoid unnecessary conflict; even managing to befriend some of the

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Many chiefdoms allied with Cusco once the news spread of his victory in suppressing the rebellion, so he celebrated great feasts for his people. He married Mama Tancaray, daughter of the chief of the

1846:. When the battle began, both sides hurled stones at each other across the river using slings, accompanied by loud shouts as in most conflicts, and continued for two days straight. Then one night, 1348:) was the first ruler who used the term "Inka" to refer to himself, which meant monarch or emperor, but as is known, it is also used to refer to the ethnic group, and during the empire, to the 1644:

as his brother's "right arm", the constant rebellions that occurred were likely due to the lack of soldiers in the conquered territories, so after discussing the matter both agreed on leaving

1679:, for which most of his confederate chiefdoms and ayllus lent themselves, attracted by the promise of making the war with "blood and fire", his project was interrupted by an uprising of the 1591:

Curi Ocllo, daughter of Inca Roca, was given to Tocay Capac, with whom he increased his harem. The Sapa Inca left many offspring at the end of his long reign, which were gathered in the

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on each annexed land. After this, he conquered around 10 neighbouring ayllus from Cusco and had a son with a concubine whom he named Viccho Tupac, after an ayllu with the same name.

1598:, named after another of his sons, whom he put in charge of it. His reign was one of the best in Cusco's history and served as the foundation of what would become the Inca Empire. 2971: 1632:

when he succeeded his father, in commemoration of the event in his childhood. At the beginning of his reign, he had to put down another attempted rebellion by the sinchis of the

1306:, who conquered the now-isolated Quechua chiefdom. Capac Yupanqui assigned Quispe Yupanqui as his successor before dying, unfortunately, he was assassinated during the quick 2996: 2024:.To the wives of the noblemen he found attractive he would say "My children, how are they?" implying that he had been with them and her children were not from her husbands. 1510:, the valley's main river, using stone slabs that are still present today. He also mandated for the young members of the nobility to be instructed in the use of weapons and 1969:

ended with the curaca Curi emerging victorious. Viracocha quickly headed to the scene after receiving news of the outcome. The meeting between the two rulers took place in

1073:, which caused conflicts inside the macro-ethnic group. He married Mama Cahua, princess of the Uma ayllu, (for political reasons) and so his family was grouped within the 1985: 821:, where Manco Capac finally married Mama Ocllo according to the usual rites, apart from whom he had other wives, among them the fierce Mama Huaco. The Incas captured the 785:. Despite their nomadic character, on their journey they always stopped for a few years to farm in the surrounding areas of nearby villages or independent ayllus. From 325: 575:

that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century. In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow into the

1185:, who then killed 9 of his brothers and rounded up the rest to make them swear allegiance as to ensure his rule. Tarco Huaman was placed in charge of his father's 1906:, necessary products that he needed to compensate the services of his warriors and servants, in which he took great care so that the costumes of the nobility had 1286:

by sending him the princess Curi Hilpay to marry, from this union he had a son called Quispe Yupanqui. Cusi Chimbo was another wife of his, sister of the first

1302:, she would end up poisoning his husband through a golden cup. This led to a political crisis in Cusco, and the ensuing chaos was taken advantage of by the 2981: 2976: 1253:, and because he considered them "great warriors", he accepted the offer by sending pieces of gold and silver. Later, he went to conquer the chiefdom of 1742:, since many of the ex-Sapa Inca's sons were also killed in the attack. Without a clear candidate for the succession of the government, the rest of the 2152:

Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua. Germany: PL Academic Research, 2013.

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ayllus. After some years of conflict, both parties agreed to peace on the condition that the young Titu Cusi Huallpa had to be handed over to the

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chiefdom. Probably confident in their victories until then, they weren't prepared for the sudden attack by the forces of Inca Roca, who recruited

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to be kept inside the temple of the sun and for his uncle to replace him in power for some years, which may have been the reason behind his name "

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called Mama Chimbo, she is described as "Cruel and with bad behavior, friend of banquets and drunkenness." Whether it was jealousy or a part of

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The government in Cusco was not much different than most chiefdoms in the region. It is likely that the title held by each ruler was that of a

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in favor of the nobility and fearing that the triumph of Cusco would increase their power. They took advantage of a party in Cusco in which

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During this period of time there were no incidents with the Ayarmacas thanks to his marriage with Mama Chiquia, who ended up becoming the

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ayllu after many years of fake allegiance, the excuse for the conflict was an incident between a man and a woman of opposing sides over a

934:, under the name of the Quisco ayllu, patronymic of their then chief. The recently founded city of Cusco was divided into four districts: 3006: 531: 837:, declaring him an adult. Finally, they planned to capture the Huatanay river, which constitutes the main river of the entire valley of 643:("Powerful lord"), a title held by those in charge of some of the larger chiefdoms in the Andes. Similarly, there was also the title of 3011: 1774:

of all the annexed lands, as was the tradition, and also by some of the neighboring nations. The one who stood out was the lord of the

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along with others, but they were all killed at the entrance of the temple. The rebels could have sacked the city, but stopped due to a

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chiefdom would eventually make an exchange of women: Mama Chiquia, daughter of Tocay Capac, was given to Titu Cusi Huallpa, while the

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Tarco Huaman successfully replaced his father; but got only to reign briefly before he got deposed almost immediately by his cousin,

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SINCHE: (also spelled sinchi) Quechua term for the elective office of a community war leader held temporarily in times of emergency.

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and the importation of enormous quantities of soil to improve the fertility of the valley, as well as a war clash against the large

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ordered a stone to be heated over a fire, wrapped in a certain mixture or piece of cloth and put into a sling with golden threads.

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for shorten, the latter would be used to describe the ethnic group as a whole in the future, but it also meant monarch or emperor.

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instead of occupying the same one as his predecessor (i.e., the temple of the sun). He improved Cusco by building canals for the

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ayllu, and mother of Inca Urco, the monarch's favorite son, and Inca Socso, who was left in charge of his father's lineage:

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was a proper name and had no meaning, similarly, other sources don't bother to write the meaning of his name. In Quechua,

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didn't dare to attack and rescue his son for fear that he would be killed in retaliation, the boy would remain within the

505: 1245:) sent him an embassy with many gifts as a symbol of their alliance, and asked for his protection against the expanding 1267:; in the latter, he asked for bird cages as tribute, these were used in rites before going out on military campaigns. 1238:

peoples, which he defeated in just two battles, killing more than 6000 men. Due to his victory, the Quechua chiefdom (

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and Mama Coca, daughter of the sinchi; both groups began to operate in agreement afterwards. Given the situation, the

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was transported to a temple by priests in the middle of dances and music being performed to commemorate the event.

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Once the order was restored, his government was focused on the construction of new homes, increasing the number of

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ended up marrying Cusi Chimbo as well, but the chosen Coya was ultimately the daughter of Sumaq Inca, head of the

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Due to the political turmoil in the capital, several ayllus rebelled against the new government, among them the

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himself, still choosing individuals from the Hurin dynasty but ensuring their loyalty beforehand. According to

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warriors a greater threat than that of its southern neighbors, for which reason they sought an alliance with

1821:, which he swiftly conquered. After this, he had to put down a minor rebellion led by the Pacaycacha in the 1942:

neighbours were peacefully annexed, for which he ordered the construction of a temple dedicated to the god

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were treated as brothers of the capital from then on. In order to put an end to hostilities, Cusco and the

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after the defeat of the Quechuas, were now in a threatening position to invade both Cusco and the

1453:. Many years later, he rearmed his army and led another expedition that headed northeast to the 1406:, to the southwest, where he travelled and visited for a few days the temples that were there. 490: 2262: 2953: 1826:

thanks to the military command of Vicaquirao and Apo Mayta, the latter being the grandson of

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were expelled to the south. Something similar happened to the three remaining groups: the

904:, who put up strong resistance but were ultimately defeated anyway; the Alcachuisa chief, 8: 2419:

Cabello de Balboa, Miguel (1581). "Miscelánea Antártica" [Antarctic Miscellany].

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to rise up in arms. Realizing that it was an insurrection, he went to take refuge at the

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chiefdom for a year, until Chimor Orma, wife of Tocay Capac and daughter of the chief of

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were expelled to the northwest, to the valley that currently bears their name; while the

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and probably fearing retaliation from the Cusco army, they all returned to their lands.

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chiefdom and taken their lands. On his way south, Viracocha successfully conquered the

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and conquered the town of Caytomarca, which he would eventually lose due to leaving no

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people, to the southwest; but unfortunately died due to disease before his departure.

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ethnic group, called Mama Micay, whom he loved very much and with whom he had his son

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by the new Sapa Inca to ensure the payment of "1000 bird cages from the Andes and the

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and military commander. This position was elected by the most prominent members of an

2954:"The Political Force of Images", Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820 2889: 2845: 2739: 2711: 2610: 2462: 2379: 2369: 2268: 2208: 2172: 2079: 1992:

When Viracocha returned to Cusco, he expressed his desire to retire to his palace in

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The newly appointed Sapa Inca chose Mama Runtu as his wife, daughter of the chief of

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had no effect and after a bloody battle he was jailed in Cusco. The sinchis of the

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people, since they originated "without parents" from one of the "windows" called

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Inka: n.(his) inca; king; monarch; emperor; attribute given to men of nobility.

2029: 2005: 1993: 1939: 1931: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1748: 1715: 1641: 1439: 1241: 1194: 1114:) was put in charge after his father died of old age. It was necessary for the 922: 698: 500: 495: 442: 432: 330: 255: 210: 174: 2427:] (in Spanish) (1945 ed.). Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana. p. 275. 1356:. Before this, it was most likely that Cusco's rulers simply had the title of 1088: 987: 865: 778: 633:), that could differ significantly in size and territory. Meanwhile, the term 2965: 2630:

de Santa Cruz Pachacuti, Juan (1879). "YAHUARHUACAC INCA YUPANQUI, 6° INCA".

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sought an alliance between opposing chiefdoms, he noticed the sinchi of the

649:("Great lord") with the same implication, which was still in use during the 390: 2421:

Verdadera Descripción y Relación de la Provincia y Tierra de las Esmeraldas

1700: 1349: 825:, which was under control of the Alcahuisa people, and did the same to the 687: 427: 398: 2132:

Some sources describe these conflicts as conquests rather than rebellions.

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crossed the river on rafts bearing offerings to reconcile with the Incas.

817:'s first haircut was celebrated. They continued their advance and reached 2001: 1864: 1691:

was drunk to hit him on the head, which was a signal for all the present

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and arranged for them to provide the Incas with supplies in the town of

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whose chief, Cusi Huaman, was a sympathizer of the Hurin dynasty; the

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the age of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and state in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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The Incas. Economy, society and state in the era of the Tawantinsuyu.

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chiefdoms with the help of Vicaquirao, which earned him the title of

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River, conquering the surrounding towns but not passing through the "

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chiefdom. His descendants and family members were grouped within the

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The Incas. Economy, society and State in the era of the Tawantinsuyu

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rivers to run through the heart of the city until both merge on the

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to refer to the heads of larger provinces, as was the case with the

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and designate Inca Urco as his successor, who was formally titled "

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