621:. 'Bajo este nombre o el de ⟨ticci viracocha⟩ lo conocen también Polo (1990, pp. 265, 266), Huaman Poma (1936, p. 911) y Cobo (1956, p. 155, L. XIII, cap. IV). En un trabajo que está por salir, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino ha mostrado que el epíteto ⟨ticci⟩ no fue el mismo elemento que aparece dentro del compuesto ⟨Contiti⟩ (Betanzos), ⟨Conditi⟩ o ⟨Condici⟩ (Las Casas, 1967, pt. I, p. 659), también epíteto de Viracocha.' (p. 49) Translation: 'It is known by the same name or the one of ⟨ticci viracocha⟩ by Polo (1990, pp. 265, 266), by Guaman Poma (1936, p. 911), and by Cobo (1956, p. 155, book XIII, chap. IV). In a piece that is about to be published, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino has proven that the ⟨ticci⟩ epithet is not the same formative that appears within the compound ⟨Contiti⟩ (Betanzos), ⟨Conditi⟩, or ⟨Condici⟩ (Las Casas, 1967, part. I, p. 659), which is also an epithet for Viracocha'.
408:
1422:
322:
198:
Imaymana and Tocapo gave names to all the trees, flowers, fruits, and herbs. They also taught the tribes which of these were edible, which had medicinal properties, and which were poisonous. Eventually, Viracocha, Tocapo and
Imahmana arrived at Cusco (in modern-day Peru) and the Pacific seacoast, where they walked away across the water until they disappeared. The word "Viracocha" literally means "Sea Foam."
145:) during the time of darkness to bring forth light. He made the sun, moon, and the stars. He made mankind by breathing into stones, but his first creation were brainless giants that displeased him. So, he destroyed them with a flood and made humans, beings who were better than the giants, from smaller stones. After creating them, they were scattered all over the world.
148:
Viracocha eventually disappeared across the
Pacific Ocean (by walking on the water), and never returned. He wandered the earth disguised as a beggar, teaching his new creations the basics of civilization, as well as working numerous miracles. Many, however, refused to follow his teachings, devolving
197:
In another legend, Viracocha had two sons, Imahmana
Viracocha and Tocapo Viracocha. After the Great Flood and the Creation, Viracocha sent his sons to visit the tribes to the northeast and northwest to determine if they still obeyed his commandments. Viracocha traveled North. During their journey,
438:
is the 140-metre-high formation said to be a figure of
Wiracochan. Inca ruins built on top of the face are also considered to represent a crown on his head. Artists' impressions of the rock face also include a heavy beard and a large sack upon his shoulders. This legend became fashionable after a
487:
The decision to use the term "God" in place of "Viracocha" is seen as the first step in the evangelization of the Incas. The reasoning behind this strategy includes the fact that it was likely difficult to explain the
Christian idea of "God" to the Incas, who failed to understand the concept. In
366:
In this quote the beard is represented as a dressing of feathers, fitting comfortably with academic impressions of
Mesoamerican art. The story, however, does not mention whether Quetzalcoatl had facial hair or not with the point of outfitting him with a mask and symbolic feathered beard being to
106:
the
Viracocha cult was more important than the sun cult. Viracocha was the most important deity in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea. Viracocha was immediately followed by
349:
are described in legends as being bearded. The beard, once believed to be a mark of a prehistoric
European influence and quickly fueled and embellished by spirits of the colonial era, had its single significance in the continentally insular culture of Mesoamerica. The
318:) describe Viracocha as a "white god", often with a beard. The whiteness of Viracocha is however not mentioned in the native authentic legends of the Incas and most modern scholars therefore had considered the "white god" story to be a post-conquest Spanish invention.
378:
to Peru cite these bearded ceramics and
Viracocha's beard as being evidence for an early presence of non-Amerindians in Peru. Although most Indians do not have heavy beards, there are groups reported to have included bearded individuals, such as the
190:, which means "mother fertility". These two founded the Inca civilization carrying a golden staff, called 'tapac-yauri'. In another legend, he fathered the first eight civilized human beings. In some stories, he has a wife called
362:
Immediately he made him his green mask; he took red color with which he made the lips russet; he took yellow to make the facade; and he made the fangs; continuing, he made his beard of feathers...
422:
in southern Peru is said by local legend to be a naturally formed or carved representation of the messenger of
Viracocha named Wiracochan or Tunupa. Ollantaytambo, located in the
56:
region of South America. According to the myth Viracocha had human appearance and was generally considered as bearded. According to the myth he ordered the construction of
442:
Wiracochan, the pilgrim preacher of knowledge, the master of time, is described as a person with superhuman power—a bearded, tall man dressed as a priest or astronomer.
114:
Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon, and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky) and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the
149:
into warfare and delinquency; Viracocha wept when he saw the plight of the creatures he had created. It was thought that Viracocha would re-appear in times of trouble.
601:. Colección Mínima (Primera edición ed.). Lima, Perú: IFEA Institutos Francés de Estudios Andinos, UMIFRE 17, CNRS/MAE : IEP Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
1244:
488:
addition, replacing reference to Viracocha with "God" facilitated the substitution of the local concept of divinity with Christian theology.
1341:
375:
370:
While descriptions of Viracocha's physical appearance are open to interpretation, men with beards were frequently depicted by the Peruvian
1094:
Siemens, William L. "Viracocha as God and Hero in the Comentarios Reales." Hispanic Review 47, no. 3 (1979): 327–38. doi:10.2307/472790.
1126:
399:
noted that "Some of the men had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".
280:
Some linguists think that linguistic, historical and archaeological evidence suggest that the name could be a borrowing of Aymara
484:
Spanish interpreters generally attributed the identity of supreme creator to Viracocha during the initial years of colonization.
310:
The first Spanish chroniclers from the 16th century made no mention of any identification with Viracocha. The first to do so was
1011:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
735:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
711:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
674:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
579:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
555:
Die Ruinenstätte von Tiahuanaco im Hochlande des alten Perú: Eine kulturgeschichtliche Studie auf Grund selbständiger Aufnahmen.
1227:
1162:
1046:
826:
650:
606:
1401:
367:
cover his unsightly appearance because as Quetzalcoatl said "If ever my subjects were to see me, they would run away!"
987:
881:
778:
1334:
354:
is a very important early source which is particularly valuable for having been originally written in Nahuatl. The
945:
966:
Teofilo Laime Acopa, Diccionario Bilingüe, Iskay simipi yuyay k'ancha, Quechua – Castellano, Castellano – Quechua
182:, lasting 60 days and 60 nights, saving two to bring civilization to the rest of the world. These two beings are
854:
396:
392:
1292:
1640:
932:
by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, translated by Clements Markham, Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society 1907, pp. 28–58.
387:, who also have light skin but who are not known to have any admixture with Europeans and Africans. When the
305:
1014:
738:
714:
677:
582:
558:
1508:
1327:
477:
186:, the son of Inti (sometimes taken as the son of Viracocha), which name means "splendid foundation", and
153:
wrote that Viracocha was described as "a man of medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an
20:
374:
in its famous pottery, long before the arrival of the Spanish. Modern advocates of theories such as a
467:
150:
454:
1586:
1113:
1152:
1625:
770:
Andean cosmologies through time: persistence and emergence. Caribbean and Latin American studies
1391:
871:
311:
1630:
450:
Spanish scholars and chroniclers provide many insights regarding the identity of Viracocha.
1620:
1358:
8:
1645:
1386:
249:, etymology that has been discarded for grammatical considerations (constituent order in
480:, an indigenous chronicler, considers the term "viracocha" to be equivalent to "creator"
1635:
1219:
Exploring Cusco: The Classic Guide to Cusco, Machu Picchu and Peru's Most Famous Region
214:
173:
38:
843:
Spatial configuration in Tiwanaku art. A review of stone carved imagery and staff gods
691:
Spatial configuration in Tiwanaku art. A review of stone carved imagery and staff gods
535:
Spatial configuration in Tiwanaku art. A review of stone carved imagery and staff gods
296:
that were celebrated at Lake Titiqaqa by pre-Incan Andean cultures that spoke Aymara.
1223:
1158:
1042:
1027:
Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo (2013). "Viracocha: quechuización de una metonimia aimara".
983:
877:
822:
774:
646:
612:
602:
726:
702:
665:
570:
546:
1488:
1381:
1371:
1034:
638:
460:
315:
250:
134:
925:
631:
Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo (2013). "Contiti: divinidad suprema de origen lacustre".
1556:
1296:
1217:
977:
816:
768:
407:
388:
60:. It is also said that he was accompanied by men also referred to as Viracochas.
277:
therefore could have the meaning "lake of origin and of the end of all things".
1516:
1498:
1438:
1411:
1396:
1245:"Is that the Inca Creator God you see in the cliffs overlooking Ollantaytambo?"
1185:
537:
Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2014), p. 15–16
254:
49:
1536:
1038:
900:
818:
Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum
642:
380:
341:
and several other deities from Central and South American pantheons, like the
183:
157:
secured round the waist and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands."
1614:
1028:
766:
632:
616:
504:
427:
426:, makes up a chain of small villages along the Urubamba Valley. Known as the
419:
412:
371:
342:
178:
142:
45:
845:
Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2014), p. 18
693:
Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2014), p. 16
1576:
1493:
1430:
596:
423:
411:
Rock formation said to resemble a face in stone of Wiracochan or Tunupa at
338:
1561:
1551:
1406:
1376:
1350:
471:
431:
330:
1287:
Betanzos, Juan de, María del Carmen Martín Rubio, and Digitalia (Firm).
767:
Dover, Robert V. H.; Katharine E. Seibold; John Holmes McDowell (1992).
1531:
1526:
1478:
979:
Popular art and social change in the retablos of Nicario Jiménez Quispe
975:
191:
187:
165:
172:. In this legend, he destroyed the people around Lake Titicaca with a
1521:
1483:
1366:
509:
434:. Facing the ancient Inca ruins of Ollantaytambo in the rock face of
169:
122:
463:
confirms the above in saying that "We may say that Viracocha is God"
1289:
1276:
Viracocha o El Océano: Naturaleza y Funciones De Una Divinidad Inca
730:
706:
669:
598:
Viracocha o el océano: naturaleza y funciones de una divinidad inca
574:
550:
514:
384:
258:
138:
125:
do not all necessarily fit well with the Viracocha interpretation.
84:
57:
1468:
1154:
Aché life history: the ecology and demography of a foraging people
857:
Valley of the Spirits: a Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara
321:
1566:
1473:
1458:
498:
391:
were first contacted by Europeans in 1776, the report by fathers
346:
293:
229:
means lake, sea, or reservoir. Viracocha's many epithets include
115:
64:
1421:
1599:
1448:
1319:
261:, "foam lake" is an incomprehensible name. He points out that
1594:
1546:
1463:
1453:
1443:
334:
53:
1030:
Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua
634:
Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua
501:
who has a similar role as creator and civilizer as Viracocha
19:
This article is about the Andean deity. For other uses, see
1541:
976:
Damian, Carol; Steve Stein; Nicario Jiménez Quispe (2004).
161:
108:
103:
1114:"Readings in Classical Nahuatl: The Death of Quetzalcoatl"
1064:, Kenneth R. Mills, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, p. 39.
128:
299:
154:
1150:
1309:
Guamán Poma de Ayala, Felipe, and Franklin Pease G. Y.
1088:
314:
in 1553. Similar accounts by Spanish chroniclers (e.g.
1013:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 55 (
948:. First People of America and Canada – Turtle Island
803:
Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo.
752:
Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo.
737:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 56 (
713:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 55 (
676:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 55 (
581:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 57 (
557:
Hiersemann, Leipzig 1892, Zweiter Teil, p. 58 (
457:
states that viracocha means "creator of all things"
439:1995 book by Fernando and Edgar Elorrieta Salazar.
306:
Criollo people § Spanish colonial caste system
1141:, Robert F. Marx, Crown Publishers, 1992 pp. 7–15.
805:Oxford University Press, New York 1993, p. 8.
754:Oxford University Press, New York 1993, p. 8.
402:
1612:
1313:. Lima,: Casa de la Cultura del Perú, 1969. Web.
1076:, Donald. A. Mackenzie, Senate, 1996, p.268-270
1062:Colonial Spanish America: a documentary history
1026:
940:
938:
630:
474:and Acosta all reference Viracocha as a creator
358:describes the attire of Quetzalcoatl at Tula:
1335:
1209:
895:
893:
814:
808:
445:
935:
863:
269:) can also be derived from the Quechua word
1199:
325:Moche ceramic vessels depicting bearded men
1342:
1328:
1204:, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
1186:"Dominquez and Escalante Expedition, 1776"
907:. Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd., London. 1996
890:
773:. Indiana University Press. p. 274.
418:A rock formation in the small village of
87:). Other designations are "the creator",
1281:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1151:Hill, Kim; A. Magdalena Hurtado (1996).
1074:Pre-Columbian America: Myths and Legends
876:. Oxford University Press. p. 216.
762:
760:
430:, it was an important stronghold of the
406:
320:
926:"Viracocha and the Coming of the Incas"
869:
129:Cosmogony according to Spanish accounts
1613:
1236:
969:
1323:
1259:
1215:
757:
594:
213:) may have several meanings. In the
63:It is often referred to with several
1303:
273:("the end of all things"), and that
1242:
1202:The Dominguez and Escalante Journal
1178:
257:. According to German archeologist
13:
1157:. Aldine Transaction. p. 58.
1033:. Peter Lang D. pp. 279–293.
637:. Peter Lang D. pp. 133–155.
292:"lake"), due to the sacrifices of
14:
1657:
1103:Anales de Cuauhtitlan., 1975, 9.)
1420:
1139:In Quest of the Great White Gods
815:Young-Sánchez, Margaret (2009).
376:pre-Columbian European migration
133:According to a myth recorded by
1349:
1278:. Lima: IFEA; IEP, 2012. Print.
1222:(6 ed.). Nuevas Imágenes.
1144:
1132:
1127:Portrait Vase of Bearded Figure
1120:
1106:
1097:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1020:
1003:
960:
919:
848:
835:
795:
744:
403:Rock formation at Ollantaytambo
221:means "origin" or "beginning",
16:Creator deity in Inca mythology
1311:Nueva crónica y Buen Gobierno;
1290:Suma y narración De Los Incas
720:
696:
683:
659:
624:
588:
564:
540:
527:
241:, etc. Some people state that
160:In one legend he had one son,
67:. Such compound names include
1:
905:Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth
520:
1200:Chavez, A; Waner, T (1995),
397:Francisco Atanasio Domínguez
393:Silvestre Vélez de Escalante
300:Controversy over "White God"
201:
7:
491:
137:, Viracocha rose from Lake
89:Viracochan Pachayachicachan
83:(the source of the name of
10:
1662:
873:Dictionary of Nature Myths
446:Conversion to Christianity
303:
247:"Fat (or foam) of the sea"
141:(or sometimes the cave of
99:("teacher of the world").
21:Wiraqucha (disambiguation)
18:
1585:
1507:
1429:
1418:
1357:
1039:10.3726/978-3-653-02485-2
1015:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
1009:Alfons Stübel, Max Uhle:
739:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
715:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
678:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
643:10.3726/978-3-653-02485-2
583:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
559:digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
151:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
841:Mathieu Viau-Courville:
689:Mathieu Viau-Courville:
533:Mathieu Viau-Courville:
870:Andrews, Tamra (2000).
93:Viracocha Pachayachachi
982:. Edwin Mellen Press.
497:The Colombian myth of
455:Bartolomé de las Casas
415:
364:
326:
1216:Frost, Peter (2018).
946:"Glossary, Inca Gods"
930:History of the Incas,
821:. Denver Art Museum.
801:Jean-Pierre Protzen:
750:Jean-Pierre Protzen:
595:Itier, César (2013).
410:
360:
356:Anales de Cuauhtitlan
352:Anales de Cuauhtitlan
324:
304:Further information:
164:, and two daughters,
85:Thor Heyerdahl's raft
79:, and, occasionally,
1641:Sky and weather gods
1247:. Fertur Peru Travel
1188:. UintahBasintah.org
48:in the pre-Inca and
1085:Mills, 1998, p. 40.
860:(1996), pages 65–72
468:Sarmiento de Gamboa
333:god Viracocha, the
312:Pedro Cieza de León
1295:3 May 2016 at the
416:
327:
215:Quechuan languages
81:Kon-Tiki Viracocha
1608:
1607:
1392:Invasion of Chile
1229:978-612-00-3072-1
1164:978-0-202-02036-5
1129:, Brooklyn Museum
1048:978-3-653-02485-2
828:978-0-8061-9972-6
652:978-3-653-02485-2
608:978-9972-623-78-3
436:Cerro Pinkuylluna
329:Similarly to the
253:) at least since
77:Contiti Viracocha
1653:
1587:Inca mathematics
1489:Inca agriculture
1424:
1402:Spanish conquest
1382:History of Cusco
1372:Kingdom of Cusco
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1024:
1018:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
973:
967:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
942:
933:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
888:
887:
867:
861:
852:
846:
839:
833:
832:
812:
806:
799:
793:
791:
789:
787:
764:
755:
748:
742:
724:
718:
700:
694:
687:
681:
663:
657:
656:
628:
622:
620:
592:
586:
568:
562:
544:
538:
531:
461:Juan de Betanzos
316:Juan de Betanzos
207:Tiqsi Huiracocha
135:Juan de Betanzos
73:T'iqsi Wiraqocha
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1581:
1503:
1425:
1416:
1387:Chimor–Inca War
1353:
1348:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1297:Wayback Machine
1286:
1282:
1273:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1243:Vecchio, Rick.
1241:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1025:
1021:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
990:
974:
970:
965:
961:
951:
949:
944:
943:
936:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
891:
884:
868:
864:
853:
849:
840:
836:
829:
813:
809:
800:
796:
785:
783:
781:
765:
758:
749:
745:
725:
721:
701:
697:
688:
684:
664:
660:
653:
629:
625:
609:
593:
589:
569:
565:
545:
541:
532:
528:
523:
494:
448:
405:
389:Southern Paiute
308:
302:
275:Ticsi Viracocha
225:means fat, and
211:Ticsi Viracocha
204:
131:
118:and of storms.
69:Ticsi Viracocha
44:) is the great
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Creation myths
1623:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Inca mythology
1513:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1499:Inca aqueducts
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Inca education
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1412:Neo-Inca State
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Inca Civil War
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1280:
1274:Itier, César.
1258:
1235:
1228:
1208:
1206:|pages=187–193
1177:
1163:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1047:
1019:
1002:
988:
968:
959:
934:
918:
889:
882:
862:
847:
834:
827:
807:
794:
779:
756:
743:
727:Alphons Stübel
719:
703:Alphons Stübel
695:
682:
666:Alphons Stübel
658:
651:
623:
607:
587:
571:Alphons Stübel
563:
547:Alphons Stübel
539:
525:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
493:
490:
482:
481:
475:
464:
458:
447:
444:
404:
401:
301:
298:
255:Inca Garcilaso
203:
200:
130:
127:
97:Pachayachachic
50:Inca mythology
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:Inca religion
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1006:
991:
989:0-7734-6217-1
985:
981:
980:
972:
963:
947:
941:
939:
931:
927:
922:
906:
902:
896:
894:
885:
883:0-19-513677-2
879:
875:
874:
866:
859:
858:
855:Alan Kolata,
851:
844:
838:
830:
824:
820:
819:
811:
804:
798:
782:
780:0-253-31815-7
776:
772:
771:
763:
761:
753:
747:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
692:
686:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
654:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
627:
618:
614:
610:
604:
600:
599:
591:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
536:
530:
526:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Moche culture
503:
500:
496:
495:
489:
485:
479:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
451:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:Sacred Valley
425:
421:
420:Ollantaytambo
414:
413:Ollantaytambo
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
372:Moche culture
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
323:
319:
317:
313:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:
179:Unu Pachakuti
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
146:
144:
143:Paqariq Tampu
140:
136:
126:
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:creator deity
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1631:Creator gods
1577:Willka Raymi
1571:
1494:Inca cuisine
1431:Inca society
1310:
1305:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1249:. Retrieved
1238:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1029:
1022:
1010:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
978:
971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
929:
921:
909:. Retrieved
904:
872:
865:
856:
850:
842:
837:
817:
810:
802:
797:
784:. Retrieved
769:
751:
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
690:
685:
673:
661:
633:
626:
597:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
534:
529:
486:
483:
449:
441:
435:
424:Cusco Region
417:
369:
365:
361:
355:
351:
339:Quetzalcoatl
328:
309:
289:
285:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
205:
196:
177:
159:
147:
132:
120:
113:
101:
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
41:
34:
30:
26:
25:
1621:Aymara gods
1562:Urcuchillay
1552:Pacha Kamaq
1537:Manco Cápac
1407:Ransom Room
1377:Inca Empire
1351:Inca Empire
1192:16 November
995:22 November
952:10 February
911:10 February
901:"Viracocha"
786:22 November
478:Guamán Poma
472:Blas Valera
432:Inca Empire
381:Aché people
245:could mean
235:all knowing
184:Manco Cápac
174:Great Flood
111:, the Sun.
1646:Solar gods
1615:Categories
1532:Mama Killa
1527:Coricancha
1479:Warachikuy
521:References
192:Mama Qucha
188:Mama Uqllu
166:Mama Killa
123:Staff Gods
121:So-called
35:Huiracocha
1636:Inca gods
1572:Viracocha
1557:Pariacaca
1484:Inca army
1367:Sapa Inca
617:837631534
510:Staff God
288:"blood";
282:Wila Quta
243:Wiraqucha
209:(Spanish:
202:Etymology
170:Pachamama
42:Wiraqucha
31:Wiraqocha
27:Viracocha
1293:Archived
1251:28 March
731:Max Uhle
707:Max Uhle
670:Max Uhle
575:Max Uhle
551:Max Uhle
515:Tiwanaku
492:See also
385:Paraguay
294:camelids
259:Max Uhle
239:powerful
139:Titicaca
102:For the
65:epithets
58:Tiwanaku
1567:Vichama
1474:Panakas
1459:Chasqui
1359:History
1198:cites:
499:Bochica
347:Bochica
251:Quechua
176:called
52:in the
39:Quechua
1600:Yupana
1449:Amauta
1226:
1170:31 May
1161:
1045:
986:
880:
825:
777:
649:
615:
605:
466:Polo,
343:Muisca
29:(also
1595:Quipu
1547:Supay
1469:Ñusta
1464:Mitma
1454:Ayllu
1444:Aclla
1300:.Web.
928:from
335:Aztec
331:Incan
271:huyra
267:Huira
231:great
227:qucha
219:tiqsi
54:Andes
1542:Inti
1253:2024
1224:ISBN
1194:2010
1172:2011
1159:ISBN
1043:ISBN
997:2009
984:ISBN
954:2009
913:2009
878:ISBN
823:ISBN
788:2009
775:ISBN
647:ISBN
613:OCLC
603:ISBN
395:and
345:god
337:god
290:quta
286:wila
263:Vira
223:wira
168:and
162:Inti
109:Inti
104:Inca
1522:Apu
1035:doi
792::56
639:doi
383:of
155:alb
116:sun
95:or
75:),
1617::
1261:^
1041:.
1017:).
937:^
903:.
892:^
759:^
741:).
733::
729:,
717:).
709::
705:,
680:).
672::
668:,
645:.
611:.
585:).
577::
573:,
561:).
553::
549:,
470:,
237:,
233:,
217:,
194:.
91:,
37:;
33:,
1343:e
1336:t
1329:v
1255:.
1232:.
1196:.
1174:.
1116:.
1051:.
1037::
999:.
956:.
915:.
886:.
831:.
790:.
655:.
641::
619:.
284:(
265:(
71:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.