1454:
2094:
871:
2407:
2389:
2371:
600:
792:
wider language family is not yet well established. Hardman has proposed the name 'Jaqi' ('human') while other widely respected
Peruvian linguists have proposed alternative names for the same language family. Alfredo Torero uses the term 'Aru' ('speech'); Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, meanwhile, has proposed that the term 'Aymara' should be used for the whole family, distinguished into two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymara and Central Aymara (Jaqaru and Kawki). Each of these three proposals has its followers in Andean
863:
1976:
2001:, which recognizes in general two subtypes of the metaphor "the passage of time is motion:" one is "time passing is motion over a landscape" (or "moving-ego"), and the other is "time passing is a moving object" ("moving-events"). The latter metaphor does not explicitly involve the individual/speaker. Events are in a queue, with prior events towards the front of the line. The individual may be facing the queue, or it may be moving from left to right in front of him/her.
384:
66:
1497:. This alphabet has five vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, aspiration is conveyed with an ⟨h⟩ next to the consonant, and ejectives with ⟨'⟩. The most unusual characteristic is the expression of the uvular /χ/ with ⟨jh⟩. The other uvular segment, /q/, is expressed by ⟨q⟩, but transcription rules mandate that the following vowel must be ⟨a, e, o⟩ (not ⟨i, u⟩), presumably to account for uvular lowering and to facilitate multilingual orthography.
419:
1919:
25:
396:
168:
1514:(SENALEP) attempted to consolidate these alphabets to create a system which could be used to write both Aymara and Quechua, creating what was known as the Alfabeto Unificado. The alphabet, later sanctioned in Bolivia by Decree 20227 on 9 May 1984 and in Peru as la Resolución Ministerial Peruana 1218ED on 18 November 1985, consists of 3 vowels, 26 consonants and an
740:. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the next 200 years, wrote a report in 1559 entitled 'On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests' in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire.
791:
The family was established by the research of Lucy Briggs (a fluent speaker) and Martha
Hardman de Bautista of the Program in Linguistics at the University of Florida. Jaqaru and Kawki communities are in the district of Tupe, Yauyos Valley, in the Dept. of Lima, in central Peru. Terminology for this
878:
There are roughly two million
Bolivian speakers, half a million Peruvian speakers, and perhaps a few thousand speakers in Chile. At the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, Aymara was the dominant language over a much larger area than today, including most of highland Peru south of
743:
More than a century passed before "Aymara" entered general usage to refer to the language spoken by the Aymara people (Briggs, 1976:14). In the meantime the Aymara language was referred to as "the language of the Colla". The best account of the history of Aymara is that of Cerrón-Palomino, who shows
1786:
Multipliers/reversers — The two multipliers/reversers are comparatively less productive and are not obligatory. In some contexts, attachment to a verb conveys a reverser meaning and effectively express the opposite of the meaning of the plain root. In this respect, the multipliers/reversers are the
1481:
in 1954, though its origins can be traced as far back as 1931. Rs. No 1593 (Deza
Galindo 1989, 17). It was the first official record of an alphabet, but in 1914, Sisko Chukiwanka Ayulo and Julián Palacios Ríos had recorded what may be the first of many attempts to have one alphabet for both Quechua
953:
Morphemic vowel deletion is the most common. Some suffixes never co-occur with the preceding vowel in the root, whereas others lose their own vowel in certain environments. Patterns of morphophonological vowel deletion derive from historical changes that affected individual suffixes differently, so
1996:
also asserts that the Aymara have an apparently unique (or at least very rare) understanding of time. Aymara is, with
Quechua, one of very few languages in which speakers seem to represent the past as in front of them and the future as behind them. Their argument is mainly within the framework of
1894:
Phrase-final suffixes (sometimes known as "sentence suffixes" in the literature) — Most Aymara phrases have at least one of the eleven (depending on variant) possible phrase-final suffixes to be grammatical. The phrase-final suffix must appear minimally on a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase
1813:
Person/tense — Person and tense are fused into a unitary suffix. These forms are among the most inflectional-like of the verbal suffixes insofar as they are all obligatory and productive. The so-called personal-knowledge tenses include the simple (non-past) and the proximal past. The non-personal
1779:
Spatial location — The nine spatial locations suffixes are likewise highly productive and not obligatory. Similarly, the meaning of the word that contains a member of this category is typically (but not consistently) predictable. There are also contexts in which the word formed has a meaning that
783:
on the grounds that it is the native language of that area today. That is very far from certain, however, and most specialists now incline to the idea that Aymara did not expand into the
Tiwanaku area until rather recently, as it spread southwards from an original homeland that was more likely to
1444:
The agglutinative nature of this predominantly suffixing language, coupled with morphophonological alternations caused by vowel deletion and phonologically conditioned constraints, gives rise to interesting surface structures that operate in the domain of the morpheme, syllable, and phonological
1500:
The alphabet created by the Comisión de
Alfabetización y Literatura Aymara (CALA) was officially recognized in Bolivia in 1968 (co-existing with the 1954 Scientific Alphabet). Besides being the alphabet employed by Protestant missionaries, it is also the one used for the translation of the
1533:
Aymara is a highly agglutinative, predominantly suffixing language. All suffixes can be categorized into the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final suffixes), as below:
705:. Regardless, the use of the word "Aymara" as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguel's report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term
1775:
Direction of motion — Although these suffixes are quite productive, they are not obligatory. The meaning of a word which is affixed with a member of this category is often but not always predictable, and the word formed may have a different meaning than the
1903:
appear exclusively on nouns but otherwise pattern with phrase-final suffixes and so may not be best treated with nominal morphology). Exceptions to the requirement that a phrase has at least one phrase-final suffix are mainly limited to imperative
1465:
Beginning with
Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. The colonial sources employed a variety of writing systems heavily influenced by Spanish, the most widespread one being that of
784:
have been in
Central Peru. Aymara placenames are found all the way north into central Peru. Indeed, (Altiplano) Aymara is actually the one of two extant members of a wider language family, the other surviving representative being
2292:/ˈtaqi haqinaˈkaχa qʰispiˈjata juˈɾipχi ukʰamaˈɾaki hiɾaɾˈkia ukʰamaˈɾaki diˈɾitʃus ukanaˈkana kiˈkipa | hupaˈnakaχ amujtʼaˈɲampi ˈukat kunsiinsiˈampi pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa ˈukat ˈmajnit majnˈkamaw ˈhilat kuʎakaˈnakham saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/
1879:
Stem external word-final suffixes (sometimes known as "independent suffixes") — There are three suffixes that are not classifiable as members of either nominal or verbal morphology and are not phrase-final suffixes: the emphatic
1544:
Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical category can be divided into three stem-external, word-level suffixes (otherwise known as "independent suffixes") and around a dozen phrase-final suffixes (otherwise known as "sentence
1493:, made up of 40 letters (including the voiced stops necessary for Spanish) and created by the Academia de las Lenguas Aymara y Quechua in Puno in 1944 is the one used by the lexicographer Juan Francisco Deza Galindo in his
2635:
Ethnologue: 1.785 million in
Bolivia in 1987; 442 thousand of the central dialect in Peru in 2000, plus an unknown number of speakers of the southern dialect in Peru; 900 in Chile in 1994 out of a much larger ethnic
2608:
dialect found in western Bolivia and northeastern Chile. Such classifications, however, are not based upon academic research and are probably a misinterpretation of Cerrón-Palomino's classification of the language
2289:
Taqi jaqinakaxa qhispiyata yuripxi ukhamaraki jerarquía ukhamaraki derechos ukanakana kikipa. {} Jupanakax amuyt’añampi ukat concienciampi phuqt’atapxiwa ukat maynit maynikamaw jilat kullakanakjam sarnaqapxañapa.
933:
Phonotactic vowel deletion takes the shape of hiatus reduction when two vowels co-occur through word construction or through suffixation. In such environments, one vowel deletes. (i) if one of the two vowels is
2031:
between 'front/earlier' or 'back/later' may seem to refute the claims regarding Aymara uniqueness. However, those words relate events to other events and are part of the moving-events metaphor. In fact, when
662:. That claim, however, is disputed. Although there are indeed similarities, like the nearly identical phonologies, the majority position among linguists today is that the similarities are better explained as
949:
Vowel elision can be syntactically conditioned. For example, in nominal compounds and noun phrases, all adjectival/nominal modifiers with three or more vowels in a modifier + nucleus NP lose their final
1828:
Mood and modality — Mood and modality includes mood, evidentials, event modality, and the imperative. These suffixes are both productive and obligatory. Their semantic affect is usually transparent.
1783:
Valency-increasing — The five valency increasing suffixes may occur on a wide range of verbs but are not obligatory. The meaning expressed when a word receives one of these suffixes is predictable.
983:
points of articulation. Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. there is no phonemic contrast between and ), but each stop occurs in three laryngeal settings: plain or voiceless unaspirated (aka
601:
1441:. Roots conform to the template (C)V(C)CV, with CVCV being predominant. The majority of suffixes are CV, though there are some exceptions: CVCV, CCV, CCVCV and even VCV are possible but rare.
1805:. Semantically, these three suffixes do not have much in common. They also vary with respect to the degree which they may be classified as more derivational-like or more inflectional-like.
1425:
Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, but long vowels may shift it. Although the final vowel of a word is elided except at the end of a phrase, the stress remains unchanged.
725:
in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that the linguistically-diverse area ruled by the Puquina came to adopt Aymara languages in their southern region.
2004:
The claims regarding Aymara involve the moving-ego metaphor. Most languages conceptualize the ego as moving forward into the future, with ego's back to the past. The English sentences
1541:
Transpositional morphology consists of verbalizers (that operate on the root or phrasal levels) and nominalizers (including an action nominalizer, an agentive, and a resultative).
536:
883:. Over the centuries, Aymara has gradually lost speakers both to Spanish and to Quechua; many Peruvian and Bolivian communities that were once Aymara-speaking now speak Quechua.
4444:
4117:
5758:
2295:
All human beings are born free and equal in ranking and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
2485:
Artículo 48°.-Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y, en las zonas donde predominen, también lo son el quechua, el aimara y las demás lenguas aborígenes, según la ley.
2320:
1790:
Aspect — This category is complicated insofar as it is made up of a diverse array of suffix types, some of which are more productive and/or obligatory than others.
713:. It is believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However,
2085:
programs with Aymara and Spanish have been introduced in the last two decades. There are even projects to offer Aymara through the internet, such as by ILCA.
929:
Vowel deletion is frequent in Aymara. Vowel deletion typically occurs due to one of three factors: (i) phonotactic, (ii) syntactic, and (iii) morphophonemic.
1673:, usually corresponding to the head. Most varieties of Aymara have 14 cases (though in many, the genitive and locative have merged into a single form):
4425:
1518:
to mark vowel length. The orthography was shown in the phonological table in the previous section, and is the same where angle brackets are not shown.
926:. The high vowels /i u/ occur as mid-high when near uvular consonants /q qʰ qʼ χ/. The three vowel sounds are heard as when in unstressed positions.
2622:, Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1976; Adalberto Salas and María Teresa Poblete, "El aimara de Chile (fonología, textos, léxico)",
2065:, literally 'back days', and they are sometimes accompanied by gestures to behind the speaker. The same applies to Quechua-speakers, whose expression
1555:
Non-productive nominal suffixes vary considerably by variant but typically include those below. Some varieties additionally also have (1) the suffix -
5746:
4403:
214:
1669:
Case suffixes – Syntactic relations are generally case-marked, with the exception of the unmarked subject. Case is affixed to the last element of a
701:
The ethnonym "Aymara" may be ultimately derived from the name of some group occupying the southern part of what is now the Quechua speaking area of
2802:"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time"
2503:
3029:
5753:
3407:
3016:
listen online to pronunciations of Aymara words, see photos of speakers and their home regions, learn about the origins and varieties of Aymara.
2081:
There is increasing use of Aymara locally and there are increased numbers learning the language, both Bolivian and abroad. In Bolivia and Peru,
5814:
3094:
2701:
2459:
728:
In any case, the use of "Aymara" to refer to the language may have first occurred in the works of the lawyer, magistrate and tax collector in
5736:
1453:
3458:
2487:
Article 48. Castillian Spanish is official, as are Quechua, Aymara, and other local native languages in the regions where they predominate.
3709:
1445:
word/phrase. The phonological/morphophonological processes observed include syllabic reduction, epenthesis, deletion, and reduplication.
2992:
5789:
5741:
2848:
2781:
2668:
3633:
3002:
1400:
2012:
exemplify the metaphor. In contrast, Aymara seems to encode the past as in front of individuals and the future behind them. That is
2093:
4696:
2601:
2590:
1538:
Nominal and verbal morphology is characterized by derivational- and inflectional-like suffixes as well as non-productive suffixes.
5644:
5203:
2965:
1793:
Others — In some varieties of Aymara, there are three suffixes not classified into the categories above: the verbal comparative -
819:. Lucy Therina Briggs classifies both regions as being part of the Northern Aymara dialect, which encompasses the department of
4418:
846:
Intermediate Aymara shares dialectical features with both Northern and Southern Aymara and is found in the eastern half of the
130:
5591:
4438:
2529:
2106:
2723:
102:
4434:
2310:
628:
5152:
1507:. Also in 1968, de Dios Yapita created his take on the Aymara alphabet at the Instituto de Lenga y Cultura Aymara (ILCA).
1368:
1346:
569:
3033:
2932:. Manuscript report / International Development Research Centre, 66e. : International Development Research Centre, 1985.
3087:
3053:
1843:
Verbalizers: There are six suffixes whose primary function is to verbalize nominal roots (not including the reflexive -
1375:
1238:
109:
4433:
1489:
Several other attempts followed, with varying degrees of success. Some orthographic attempts even expand further: the
5611:
4411:
2944:
2937:
The Aymara Language in Its Social and Cultural Context: A Collection Essays on Aspects of Aymara Language and Culture
2860:
2082:
1962:
1458:
248:
149:
52:
2073:. Possibly, the metaphor is from the fact that the past is visible (in front of one's eyes), but the future is not.
1944:
5763:
5631:
5566:
5016:
3451:
3019:
2098:
1281:
1138:
83:
38:
4083:
5576:
4474:
3702:
2752:
559:
116:
4920:
3013:
1929:
87:
3043:
5794:
5685:
5586:
5581:
5396:
5005:
3080:
446:
5309:
2961:
98:
5616:
5596:
1273:
522:
464:
5531:
3744:
2953:. Gainesville, Fla: Aymara Language Materials Project, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1971.
2561:
Heggarty, P.; Beresford-Jones, D. (2013). "Andes: linguistic history.". In Ness, I.; P., Bellwood (eds.).
2421:"Bolivia: Idioma Materno de la Población de 4 años de edad y más- UBICACIÓN, ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA, SEXO Y EDAD"
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
943:
939:
935:
907:
903:
5799:
5571:
5055:
3444:
3024:
1477:
The first official alphabet to be adopted for Aymara was the Scientific Alphabet. It was approved by the
1310:
820:
686:
663:
3268:
2579:
744:
that the ethnonym Aymara, which came from the glottonym, is likely derived from the Quechuaized toponym
5804:
5784:
5720:
5606:
5556:
5120:
4715:
4142:
3695:
3174:
2420:
1336:
1299:
1131:
1124:
3946:
2544:
870:
808:
There is some degree of regional variation within Aymara, but all dialects are mutually intelligible.
714:
5561:
5546:
5447:
5362:
5125:
4905:
4802:
3923:
3382:
1289:
3007:
2982:
2406:
2388:
2370:
702:
5521:
5516:
5071:
4385:
4292:
4198:
4152:
3235:
2470:
1155:
811:
Most studies of the language focused on either the Aymara spoken on the southern Peruvian shore of
193:
3003:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153212/http://clas.uchicago.edu/language_teaching/aymara.shtml
1851:). These forms can be subdivided into two groups, (1) phrase verbalizers and (2) root verbalizers.
748:'place of communal property'. The entire history of this term is thoroughly outlined in his book,
5551:
3663:
3426:
2958:
Primary research materials online as full-text in the University of Florida's Digital Collections
2649:, ed. Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 765–871.
1940:
1148:
76:
4534:
5705:
5665:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5511:
5049:
4821:
4735:
4700:
4380:
3941:
3823:
3245:
3240:
1231:
1224:
1042:
992:
682:
678:
210:
4977:
4757:
2866:
Coler, Matt (2014). "The Grammatical Expression of Dialogicity in Muylaqʼ Aymara Narratives".
946:, /a/ assimilates. (iii) If the sequence is composed of two identical vowels, one will delete.
5715:
5695:
5680:
5639:
5601:
5386:
5338:
5223:
4950:
4880:
4817:
3861:
3612:
1319:
1077:
1070:
840:
123:
5162:
4636:
4501:
4312:
3798:
3793:
874:
Distribution of Aymara limited to three southern departments in Peru: Puno, Moquegua, Tacna.
5690:
5670:
5472:
5406:
5211:
5060:
3961:
3886:
3846:
3813:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3103:
2843:
2793:
2778:
2665:
1989:
1862:, and the action nominalizer (sometimes glossed as the "infinitive" in some descriptions) -
1255:
1084:
44:
5267:
4783:
4643:
3867:
3565:
3387:
3187:
3066:
1470:. Many of the early grammars employed unique alphabets as well as the one of Middendorf's
836:
8:
5710:
5675:
5649:
5167:
5142:
5035:
4971:
4927:
4876:
4866:
4709:
4561:
4392:
4160:
3969:
3311:
3037:
2013:
1998:
1936:
1265:
1248:
1166:
4519:
3841:
3285:
3280:
3149:
5463:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5401:
5343:
5255:
5228:
5130:
5113:
4984:
4960:
4915:
4898:
4861:
4856:
4671:
4554:
4514:
4463:
4263:
4217:
4096:
4045:
3984:
3881:
3776:
3749:
3588:
3560:
3467:
3350:
3317:
3227:
3136:
2883:
2695:
2598:
2587:
1515:
1217:
1095:
1032:
1022:
1003:, and an alveolar/palatal contrast for nasals and laterals, as well as two semivowels (
968:
690:
658:
Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor,
223:
5281:
4678:
4657:
4524:
4225:
4050:
3376:
2551:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", Lima, 2000, pp 34–6.
514:
5700:
5621:
5348:
5321:
5234:
5183:
5099:
5065:
5039:
5011:
4996:
4932:
4622:
4483:
4342:
4306:
4302:
4091:
4074:
4064:
4035:
3997:
3992:
3900:
3808:
3803:
3718:
3628:
3582:
3324:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
2940:
2887:
2856:
2823:
2525:
2442:
2315:
1718:
1467:
1359:
1325:
1057:
1037:
911:
797:
737:
659:
652:
613:
340:
5288:
4838:
4831:
4569:
4547:
4540:
3540:
2647:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. III: South America
2597:
dialect found in between Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Coast in southern Peru and a
565:
5452:
5419:
5375:
5356:
5302:
5261:
5241:
5157:
5106:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5022:
4938:
4851:
4845:
4721:
4595:
4590:
4529:
4490:
4352:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4271:
4240:
4188:
4180:
4127:
4121:
4059:
4040:
4030:
4022:
4010:
3734:
3726:
3658:
3638:
3523:
3518:
3503:
3486:
3366:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3192:
3117:
2908:
2875:
2813:
2446:
1052:
1027:
984:
964:
832:
718:
636:
632:
4796:
4728:
4664:
4650:
4629:
1825:) is optional. Thus, while pluralization is very productive, it is not obligatory.
779:
It is often assumed that the Aymara language descends from the language spoken in
5809:
5478:
5412:
5248:
5192:
4966:
4910:
4763:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4347:
4317:
4276:
4253:
4248:
4230:
4170:
4054:
3974:
3951:
3913:
3785:
3595:
3513:
3481:
3360:
3306:
3207:
3182:
2986:
2852:
2785:
2715:
2672:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2524:. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Brill. p. 9.
2305:
1742:
1064:
1047:
824:
785:
332:
4888:
4884:
4509:
2818:
2801:
906:, which, in most varieties of the language, occur as either long or short (i.e.
862:
527:
5506:
5485:
5368:
5331:
5295:
4789:
4775:
4751:
4744:
4357:
4297:
4112:
4005:
3936:
3833:
3818:
3739:
3678:
3571:
3554:
3422:
3355:
3159:
3154:
3144:
2913:
2896:
2499:
1981:
1854:
Nominalizers: There are three suffixes are used to derive nouns: the agentive -
1746:
1521:
In 2015 a full writing system was developed for Aymara using the Korean script
1503:
1111:
988:
768:
357:
2930:
Logical and Linguistic Problems of Social Communication with the Aymara People
2626:, Vol XXIII: 1, pp 121–203, 2, pp 95–138; Cerrón-Palomino, 2000, pp 65–8, 373.
647:. It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern
5778:
5274:
5217:
5177:
4193:
4165:
4132:
3931:
3851:
3547:
3345:
3164:
2394:
2376:
2358:
1392:
1117:
812:
671:
617:
313:
183:
2437:
The other native American languages with more than one million speakers are
4685:
4203:
4137:
3577:
2827:
2797:
1993:
1875:
There are two kinds of suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories:
1438:
710:
364:
203:
1975:
827:
in Peru. The Southern Aymara dialect is spoken in the eastern half of the
497:
490:
481:
3049:
1702:
1694:
1670:
793:
670:, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common
3072:
3010:
An extensive website about the language in English, Spanish and Aymara.
2399:
2381:
2363:
1682:
667:
3436:
2744:
1870:
831:
province in northern Chile and in most of the Bolivian department of
507:
474:
456:
438:
303:
3687:
2996:
2897:"A descriptive analysis of Castellano loanwords into Muylaqʼ Aymara"
1947:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1433:
The vast majority of roots are disyllabic and, with few exceptions,
1014:
Orthographic representation is the same as the IPA where not shown.
729:
65:
2879:
2028:
1730:
1710:
1686:
1674:
897:
854:
departments in southern Peru and in the northeastern tip of Chile.
851:
780:
722:
594:
577:
280:
2624:
Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica
2686:
Hardman, Martha J.; Vásquez, Juana; Yapita, Juan de Dios (2001).
2438:
1780:
significantly differs from that of the root to which it attaches.
1522:
972:
828:
640:
621:
573:
389:
291:
2951:
Aymara Grammatical Sketch: To Be Used with Aymar Ar Yatiqañataki
535:
3757:
2949:
Hardman, Martha James, Juana Vásquez, and Juan de Dios Yapita.
2716:"Hangeul set to become writing system for South American tribe"
1434:
980:
816:
2845:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2779:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2666:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2620:
Dialectal Variation in the Aymara Language of Bolivia and Peru
2522:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
800:
for the family and reserve 'Aymara' for the Altiplano branch.
2576:
976:
900:
880:
847:
733:
693:
system. Aymara is normally written using the Latin alphabet.
648:
624:
424:
295:
2105:
The following is a sample text in Ayamara, Article 1 of the
1787:
most derivational-like of all the suffixes discussed so far.
938:, the other vowels assimilate to it, (ii) if the vowels are
2957:
2427:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, La Paz — Bolivia.
644:
401:
299:
2645:
Xavier Albó, "Andean People in the Twentieth Century," in
2321:
List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
843:
but is slowly being replaced by Quechua in those regions.
759:
The suggestion that "Aymara" comes from the Aymara words "
576:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2979:
1768:
All verbs require at least one suffix to be grammatical.
1839:
A given word can take several transpositional suffixes:
717:
disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact
3067:
Aymara – Compendio de Estrutura Fonológica y Gramatical
2708:
2688:
Aymara: Compendio de estructura fonológica y gramatical
2560:
1512:
Servicio Nacional de Alfabetización y Educación Popular
1622:'side', which attaches to only the demonstratives and
2989:
A course for Aymara available in English and Spanish.
1814:
knowledge tenses includes the future and distal past.
1495:
Diccionario Aymara – Castellano / Castellano – Aymara
709:
to refer to the people. The language was then called
2939:. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1981.
2685:
1895:(note that two phrase-final suffixes, the additive -
910:). Long vowels are indicated in the spelling with a
2894:
2061:. Parallel Aymara examples describe future days as
631:with over one million speakers. Aymara, along with
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3020:Bolivians equip ancient language for digital times
1871:Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories
1559:(< Spanish 'horas'), which expresses 'when' on
1479:III Congreso Indigenista Interamericano de la Paz
209:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5776:
796:. In English usage, some linguists use the term
2925:. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, 1986.
2431:
767:" (year, time) is almost certainly a mistaken
4419:
3703:
3452:
3088:
2868:International Journal of American Linguistics
2792:
2097:"A Helping Hand in Time of Crisis," from the
1461:(present-day Argentina) in Spanish and Aymara
550: Areas where it is the minority language
544: Areas where it is the majority language
2659:
2657:
2655:
2565:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 401–409.
857:
607:
2895:Coler, Matt; Banegas Flores, Edwin (2013).
1834:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4426:
4412:
3710:
3696:
3459:
3445:
3095:
3081:
2700:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2563:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
995:. Sounds such as occur as allophones of /
534:
4435:Indigenous language families and isolates
2912:
2817:
2652:
2554:
1963:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
3102:
2966:learning Aymara resources by Dr. Hardman
2339:Official only in Aymara–dominated areas.
2092:
1974:
1452:
869:
861:
4500:
570:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5777:
3466:
4773:
4407:
3717:
3691:
3440:
3076:
2865:
2519:
2107:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2019:The fact that English has words like
1428:
593:
279:
2923:Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua
2901:LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas
2755:from the original on 11 October 2017
2311:Indigenous languages of the Americas
2027:that are (currently or archaically)
1988:Linguistic and gestural analysis by
1912:
1817:Number — The plural verbal suffix, -
1645:Nominal inflectional-like suffixes:
1631:Nominal derivational-like suffixes:
1583:, which attaches to only two roots,
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
16:Language spoken by the Aymara people
1810:Verbal inflectional-like suffixes:
1549:
1457:Declaration of Independence of the
13:
3054:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
3014:The Sounds of the Andean Languages
2835:
2413:
2352:
1772:Verbal derivational-like suffixes
1763:
1685:(indicated by vowel suppression),
1484:Syentifiko Qheshwa-Aymara Alfabeto
199:for transliterated languages, and
179:of its non-English content, using
14:
5826:
5790:Indigenous languages of the Andes
2973:
2083:intercultural bilingual education
2010:we are facing a prosperous future
1908:
1459:United Provinces of South America
1399:
1374:
1367:
1345:
1335:
1309:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1254:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1094:
1083:
1076:
1069:
963:Aymara has phonemic stops at the
866:Aymara language domain as of 1984
823:in Bolivia and the department of
774:
627:. It is one of only a handful of
34:This article has multiple issues.
3533:Extinct and endangered languages
2460:"CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL PERÚ"
2405:
2387:
2369:
2099:United States Information Agency
1917:
721:speakers who were the rulers of
417:
394:
382:
217:may also be used - notably
166:
64:
23:
2993:Aymara Swadesh vocabulary lists
2737:
2726:from the original on 2022-08-29
2679:
2639:
2629:
2612:
2569:
2069:corresponds directly to Aymara
2006:prepare for what lies before us
1571:'what'; (2) temporal suffixes -
835:. It is also found in northern
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2538:
2513:
2510:, CUP, Cambridge, 2004, pp 259
2493:
2452:
2333:
1448:
954:that no clear patterns emerge.
215:multilingual support templates
1:
5815:Subject–object–verb languages
2346:
1612:the expression of size with -
1594:kinship suffixes, including -
1528:
958:
689:word order. It is based on a
639:, is an official language in
1491:Alfabeto Funcional Trilingüe
999:/. Aymara also has a tapped
886:
815:or the Aymara spoken around
696:
681:and, to a certain extent, a
653:recognized minority language
501: – Southern Aymara
325:1.7 million (2007–2014)
7:
3634:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
3497:Living Indigenous languages
3069:, 20 downloadable PDF files
3046:– a course book in pdf form
3034:Webster's Online Dictionary
3030:Aymara – English Dictionary
2819:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
2299:
2076:
1943:the claims made and adding
1510:Nearly 15 years later, the
803:
494: – Central Aymara
10:
5831:
5153:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
3060:
2914:10.20396/liames.v0i13.1533
2770:
1979:Aymara translation of the
1821:(just as the nominal one,-
5729:
5658:
5630:
5499:
5461:
5385:
5319:
5202:
5141:
5034:
4994:
4948:
4875:
4815:
4695:
4583:
4473:
4453:
4377:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
4370:
4285:
4262:
4239:
4216:
4179:
4151:
4105:
4082:
4073:
4021:
3983:
3960:
3922:
3899:
3874:
3860:
3832:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3725:
3672:
3621:
3605:
3532:
3496:
3474:
3416:
3400:
3294:
3254:
3226:
3173:
3135:
3126:
3110:
2109:(by the United Nations):
2088:
1420:
1391:
1318:
1264:
1110:
1063:
1019:
891:
858:Geographical distribution
629:Native American languages
556:
533:
521:
505:
472:
454:
436:
431:
407:
377:Official language in
375:
370:
354:
329:
319:
309:
287:
275:
268:
263:
4386:Inmaculada Sign Language
3425:still recognized by the
2690:. University of Florida.
2586:and the ISO designate a
2467:Congreso de la república
2326:
1835:Transpositional suffixes
2956:Hardman, Martha James.
2935:Hardman, Martha James.
2928:Guzmán de Rojas, Iván.
2855:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2545:Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino
2049:our future is laid out
1801:, and the intensifier -
1797:, the category buffer -
1719:instrumental/comitative
616:language spoken by the
5754:Unclassified languages
4381:Peruvian Sign Language
3408:Bolivian Sign Language
3246:South Bolivian Quechua
3241:North Bolivian Quechua
2980:Aymara on The Internet
2789:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2676:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2508:Languages of the Andes
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2102:
1985:
1899:and the confirmatory -
1462:
875:
867:
683:polysynthetic language
668:prolonged cohabitation
608:
558:This article contains
5324:, Bolivia, and Chile)
5145:(west-central Brazil)
3613:Chilean Sign Language
3427:Bolivian constitution
3025:Encyclopedy in Aymara
2997:Swadesh-list appendix
2962:Dr. Hardman's website
2618:Lucy Therina Briggs,
2096:
1978:
1847:and the propagative -
1663:Reciprocal/inclusor -
1637:delimitative suffix -
1456:
873:
865:
5795:Languages of Bolivia
3236:Cusco–Collao Quechua
3104:Languages of Bolivia
2520:Coler, Matt (2015).
2425:2001 Bolivian Census
2016:a rare phenomenon .
1888:, and the additive -
1884:, the delimitative -
1648:Attributive suffix -
281:[ˈajmaɾˈaɾu]
177:specify the language
175:This article should
84:improve this article
5747:Marañón River basin
5612:Tequiraca–Canichana
5592:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
4393:Sivia Sign Language
3038:The Rosetta Edition
2995:(from Wiktionary's
2043:, it can mean only
1999:conceptual metaphor
1858:, the resultative -
1654:Possessive paradigm
1634:diminutive suffixes
1486:with 37 graphemes.
1243:⟨chʼ⟩
1192:⟨chh⟩
687:subject–object–verb
595:[aj.ˈma.ɾa]
409:Recognised minority
5800:Languages of Chile
5567:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
5500:Proposed groupings
4454:Language families
4286:Isolates and other
3468:Languages of Chile
2985:2015-11-30 at the
2921:Gifford, Douglas.
2851:2014-12-20 at the
2784:2014-12-20 at the
2720:Yonhap News Agency
2671:2014-12-20 at the
2604:2012-02-11 at the
2593:2007-10-01 at the
2582:2007-12-27 at the
2549:Lingüística Aimara
2103:
1986:
1928:possibly contains
1463:
1429:Syllable structure
1380:⟨ll⟩
1208:⟨qh⟩
1200:⟨kh⟩
1184:⟨th⟩
1176:⟨ph⟩
1143:⟨ch⟩
1100:⟨nh⟩
876:
868:
754:Lingüística Aimara
691:three-valued logic
5805:Languages of Peru
5785:Aymaran languages
5772:
5771:
5742:Extinct languages
5495:
5494:
4811:
4810:
4579:
4578:
4448:
4401:
4400:
4366:
4365:
4212:
4211:
4084:Cajamarca–Cañaris
3895:
3894:
3754:
3727:Spanish varieties
3719:Languages of Peru
3685:
3684:
3679:extinct languages
3622:Language families
3566:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
3434:
3433:
3423:extinct languages
3396:
3395:
3111:National language
2806:Cognitive Science
2531:978-9-00-428380-0
2443:Quechua languages
2403:(24th ed., 2021)
2385:(24th ed., 2021)
2367:(24th ed., 2021)
2316:Languages of Peru
1973:
1972:
1965:
1930:original research
1418:
1417:
1405:⟨r⟩
1362:
1341:⟨y⟩
1328:
1304:⟨x⟩
1294:⟨j⟩
1220:
1169:
1120:
1089:⟨ñ⟩
896:Aymara has three
798:Aymaran languages
763:" (ancient) and "
752:(2008:19–32) and
738:Polo de Ondegardo
584:
583:
566:rendering support
562:phonetic symbols.
487:Individual codes:
259:
258:
251:
241:
240:
160:
159:
152:
134:
99:"Aymara language"
57:
5822:
5764:Linguistic areas
5632:Linguistic areas
5174:? Mura–Matanawí
4921:Andoque–Urequena
4771:
4770:
4498:
4497:
4471:
4470:
4442:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4080:
4079:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3504:Ayacucho Quechua
3461:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3269:Eastern Bolivian
3133:
3132:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3044:Beginning Aymara
2918:
2916:
2891:
2831:
2821:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2661:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2469:. Archived from
2464:
2456:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2392:
2391:
2374:
2373:
2356:
2340:
2337:
2285:saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/
2047:. For instance,
1968:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:inline citations
1921:
1920:
1913:
1550:Nominal suffixes
1482:and Aymara, the
1406:
1403:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1324:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1116:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
945:
941:
937:
909:
905:
651:, where it is a
611:
605:
604:
603:
597:
592:
549:
543:
538:
517:
500:
493:
485:– inclusive code
484:
477:
468:
467:
459:
450:
449:
441:
423:
421:
420:
411:language in
400:
398:
397:
388:
386:
385:
360:
335:
283:
261:
260:
254:
247:
236:
233:
227:
220:
208:
202:
198:
192:
188:
182:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5725:
5654:
5626:
5587:Mataco–Guaicuru
5582:Katembri–Taruma
5547:Macro-Puinavean
5532:Macro-Otomákoan
5491:
5457:
5397:Mataco–Guaicuru
5381:
5315:
5198:
5137:
5030:
5006:Sechura–Catacao
4995:Pacific coast (
4990:
4949:Pacific coast (
4944:
4871:
4807:
4769:
4691:
4575:
4496:
4469:
4455:
4449:
4447:classification)
4441:
4432:
4402:
4397:
4362:
4293:Candoshi-Shapra
4281:
4258:
4235:
4208:
4175:
4147:
4101:
4069:
4017:
4002:Achuar–Shiwiar
3979:
3956:
3918:
3891:
3870:
3856:
3828:
3768:
3762:
3721:
3716:
3686:
3681:
3668:
3617:
3601:
3528:
3514:Chilean Quechua
3492:
3470:
3465:
3435:
3430:
3412:
3392:
3290:
3250:
3222:
3169:
3128:
3122:
3106:
3101:
3063:
2987:Wayback Machine
2976:
2971:
2853:Wayback Machine
2838:
2836:Further reading
2786:Wayback Machine
2773:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2749:www.ilcanet.org
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2673:Wayback Machine
2662:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2606:Wayback Machine
2595:Wayback Machine
2588:Southern Aymara
2584:Wayback Machine
2574:
2570:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2518:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2395:Southern Aymara
2393:
2386:
2375:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2306:Jaqaru language
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:sarnaqapxañapa.
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2237:pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2091:
2079:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1873:
1837:
1766:
1764:Verbal suffixes
1725:, interactive -
1552:
1531:
1451:
1431:
1423:
1404:
1379:
1340:
1303:
1293:
1242:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1142:
1099:
1088:
1041:
1031:
961:
901:vowel qualities
894:
889:
860:
806:
777:
715:Cerrón Palomino
699:
599:
598:
590:
564:Without proper
552:
551:
547:
545:
541:
513:
496:
495:
489:
488:
486:
480:
473:
463:
462:
455:
445:
444:
437:
427:
418:
416:
412:
410:
395:
393:
392:
383:
381:
378:
371:Official status
361:
356:
350:
336:
333:Language family
331:
322:
321:Native speakers
302:
298:
294:
255:
244:
243:
242:
237:
231:
228:
222:
218:
206:
200:
196:
194:transliteration
190:
186:
180:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5759:Classification
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5645:Mamoré–Guaporé
5642:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5617:Wamo–Chapakura
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5597:Moseten–Chonan
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Macro-Chibchan
5519:
5517:Macro-Arawakan
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5392:
5390:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5335:
5327:
5325:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5204:Mamoré–Guaporé
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5043:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4825:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4584:Eastern Brazil
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4371:Sign languages
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4143:Yauyos–Chincha
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3947:Nüpode Huitoto
3944:
3939:
3937:Minica Huitoto
3934:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3606:Sign languages
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3401:Sign languages
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3008:www.aymara.org
3005:
3000:
2990:
2975:
2974:External links
2972:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2947:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2907:(1): 101–113.
2892:
2880:10.1086/675424
2874:(2): 241–265.
2863:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2812:(3): 401–450.
2790:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2736:
2722:. 2015-10-08.
2707:
2678:
2651:
2638:
2628:
2611:
2599:Central Aymara
2577:Ethnologue.com
2568:
2553:
2537:
2530:
2512:
2504:Pieter Muysken
2500:Willem Adelaar
2492:
2451:
2430:
2412:
2377:Central Aymara
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2234:phuqt’atapxiwa
2232:
2229:kunsiinsiˈampi
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2090:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2067:qhipa pʼunchaw
1982:Book of Mormon
1971:
1970:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:Idiosyncrasies
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:constructions.
1892:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1737:, limitative -
1667:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1504:Book of Mormon
1472:Aymara-Sprache
1450:
1447:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1020:
960:
957:
956:
955:
951:
947:
893:
890:
888:
885:
859:
856:
839:and southwest
805:
802:
776:
775:Classification
773:
769:folk etymology
750:Voces del Ande
698:
695:
664:areal features
582:
581:
568:, you may see
554:
553:
546:
540:
539:
531:
530:
525:
519:
518:
511:
503:
502:
478:
470:
469:
460:
452:
451:
442:
434:
433:
432:Language codes
429:
428:
415:
413:
408:
405:
404:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:Writing system
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
339:
337:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
289:
288:Native to
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
266:
265:
257:
256:
239:
238:
232:September 2020
213:. Knowledge's
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5827:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5721:French Guiana
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Je–Tupi–Carib
5575:
5573:
5572:Hibito–Cholon
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5552:Macro-Warpean
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Hibito–Cholon
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5017:Cañari–Puruhá
5015:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4475:Je–Tupi–Carib
4472:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4445:Campbell 2012
4440:
4439:South America
4436:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Murui Huitoto
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3824:Nomatsiguenga
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3664:Indo-European
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:Lingua franca
3473:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:0-8130-0695-3
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2861:9789004283800
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:Coler, Matt.
2841:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:Coler, Matt.
2775:
2774:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:"CIBERAYMARA"
2740:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2476:on 2020-08-18
2472:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2277:kuʎakaˈnakham
2275:
2274:kullakanakjam
2270:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:concienciampi
2222:
2219:
2214:
2213:amujtʼaˈɲampi
2211:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:typologically
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:This section
1924:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1756:
1753:, purposive -
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
952:
948:
932:
931:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
902:
899:
884:
882:
872:
864:
855:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Lake Titicaca
809:
801:
799:
795:
789:
787:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:agglutinating
677:Aymara is an
675:
673:
672:protolanguage
669:
666:arising from
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:Aymara people
615:
610:
602:
596:
588:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
555:
537:
532:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
510:
509:
504:
499:
492:
483:
479:
476:
471:
466:
461:
458:
453:
448:
443:
440:
435:
430:
426:
414:
406:
403:
391:
380:
374:
369:
366:
363:
359:
353:
347:
344:
343:
342:
338:
334:
328:
324:
318:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:Pronunciation
274:
271:
267:
262:
253:
250:
235:
225:
216:
212:
205:
195:
185:
178:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:February 2018
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5607:Saparo–Yawan
5557:Arutani–Sape
5542:Macro-Panoan
5537:Macro-Paesan
5527:Macro-Jibaro
5512:Macro-Andean
5484:
5477:
5448:Lule–Vilelan
5418:
5411:
5374:
5367:
5355:
5330:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5216:
5191:
5182:
5121:Saparo–Yawan
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5050:Pano–Tacanan
5048:
5021:
4983:
4976:
4959:
4953:and Ecuador)
4937:
4897:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4795:
4788:
4762:
4750:
4743:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4716:Arutani–Sape
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4489:
4482:
4462:
4456:and isolates
4199:Cusco–Collao
3908:
3862:Upper Amazon
3674:
3594:
3587:
3578:Ona/Selk'nam
3570:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3508:
3418:
3375:
3365:
3323:
3316:
3301:
3175:Pano–Tacanan
2950:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2904:
2900:
2871:
2867:
2844:
2809:
2805:
2798:Sweetser, E.
2794:Núñez, R. E.
2777:
2757:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2687:
2681:
2664:
2663:Matt Coler,
2646:
2641:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2478:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2466:
2454:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2398:
2380:
2362:
2354:
2335:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2210:amuyt’añampi
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2104:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2056:our past is
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:in front of
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1980:
1959:
1953:October 2011
1950:
1927:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1618:the suffix -
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1532:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1443:
1439:monosyllabic
1432:
1424:
1043:Postalveolar
1013:
962:
928:
923:
919:
915:
914:in writing:
895:
877:
845:
810:
807:
790:
778:
764:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
742:
727:
706:
700:
676:
657:
586:
585:
557:
506:
365:Latin script
345:
269:
245:
229:
211:ISO 639 code
207:}}
201:{{
197:}}
191:{{
187:}}
181:{{
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5602:Quechumaran
5562:Bora–Witoto
5462:Far South (
5363:Uru–Chipaya
5339:Quechumaran
5224:Nambikwaran
4906:Bora–Witoto
4803:Ticuna–Yuri
4161:Chachapoyas
3924:Bora–Witoto
3847:Mashco Piro
3814:Machiguenga
2636:population.
2165:ukʰamaˈɾaki
2149:ukʰamaˈɾaki
2133:qʰispiˈjata
2125:haqinaˈkaχa
1703:comparative
1695:benefactive
1671:noun phrase
1579:; and (3) -
1567:'that' and
1545:suffixes").
1449:Orthography
1320:Approximant
989:glottalized
908:/iːiaːauːu/
794:linguistics
685:. It has a
572:instead of
221:for Aymara.
5779:Categories
5473:Qawasqaran
5407:Guaicuruan
5376:Mapudungun
5212:Chapacuran
5126:Peba–Yagua
5061:Cahuapanan
4978:Yurumanguí
4562:Chiquitano
4535:Maxakalian
4443:(based on
4097:Lambayeque
3970:Chayahuita
3962:Cahuapanan
3767:Indigenous
3750:Equatorial
3654:Alacalufan
3649:Araucanian
3644:Polynesian
3519:Mapudungun
3489:(formerly)
3487:Mapudungun
3312:Chiquitano
3127:Indigenous
2730:2022-08-30
2480:2020-08-10
2400:Ethnologue
2382:Ethnologue
2364:Ethnologue
2347:References
2261:majnˈkamaw
2258:maynikamaw
2205:hupaˈnakaχ
2181:ukanaˈkana
2162:ukhamaraki
2146:ukhamaraki
2130:qhispiyata
2122:jaqinakaxa
2029:polysemous
1937:improve it
1743:nominative
1683:accusative
1606:, and/or -
1529:Morphology
959:Consonants
841:Cochabamba
110:newspapers
39:improve it
5737:Languages
5706:Venezuela
5666:Argentina
5659:Countries
5650:Amazonian
5262:Mosetenan
5256:Canichana
5168:Katukinan
5163:Harákmbut
5114:Tequiraca
4985:Esmeralda
4972:Barbacoan
4928:Guajiboan
4867:Jirajaran
4822:Venezuela
4758:Otomacoan
4710:Yanomaman
4701:Venezuela
4637:Pankararú
4555:Rikbaktsá
4313:Harákmbut
4092:Cajamarca
4046:Kashinawa
3882:Chamicuro
3799:Ashéninga
3794:Asháninka
3769:languages
3677:indicate
3589:Tehuelche
3561:Huilliche
3421:indicate
3383:Weenhayek
3351:Kallawaya
3318:Canichana
3129:languages
2888:142044045
2696:cite book
2202:Jupanakax
2178:ukanakana
2173:diˈɾitʃus
2157:hiɾaɾˈkia
2154:jerarquía
2071:qhipa uru
2063:qhipa uru
2058:behind us
2051:before us
1941:verifying
1747:perlative
1587:'no' and
1266:Fricative
1167:aspirated
1118:voiceless
993:aspirated
912:diaeresis
887:Phonology
746:ayma-ra-y
697:Etymology
609:Aymar aru
508:Glottolog
475:ISO 639-3
457:ISO 639-2
439:ISO 639-1
310:Ethnicity
304:Argentina
270:Aymar aru
45:talk page
5716:Suriname
5696:Paraguay
5681:Colombia
5443:Huarpean
5438:Charruan
5433:Zamucoan
5428:Mascoyan
5402:Matacoan
5344:Quechuan
5268:Yuracaré
5235:Cayubaba
5229:Bororoan
5184:Matanawí
5131:Zaparoan
5100:Taushiro
5072:Candoshi
5066:Jivaroan
4961:Chibchan
4951:Colombia
4916:Witotoan
4899:Tucanoan
4881:Colombia
4862:Timotean
4857:Tiniguan
4818:Colombia
4644:Tarairiú
4623:Katembri
4591:Karirian
4530:Krenakan
4515:Jabutian
4502:Macro-Jê
4464:Arawakan
4343:Taushiro
4303:Ese Ejja
4264:Zaparoan
4218:Tucanoan
4189:Ayacucho
4181:Southern
4128:Pacaraos
4122:Huallaga
4075:Quechuan
4065:Yaminawa
4036:Iskonawa
3998:Huambisa
3993:Aguaruna
3985:Jivaroan
3887:Yanesha'
3868:Resígaro
3809:Caquinte
3804:Axininca
3777:Arawakan
3753:(Tumbes)
3735:Amazonic
3659:Quechuan
3583:Rapa Nui
3388:Yuracaré
3325:Cayubaba
3218:Yaminawa
3213:Toromona
3203:Reyesano
3198:Ese Ejja
3188:Cavineño
3137:Arawakan
2983:Archived
2849:Archived
2828:21702821
2800:(2006).
2782:Archived
2753:Archived
2724:Archived
2669:Archived
2602:Archived
2591:Archived
2580:Archived
2300:See also
2170:derechos
2141:juˈɾipχi
2077:Pedagogy
1994:Sweetser
1745:(zero),
1731:locative
1711:genitive
1687:allative
1675:ablative
1657:Plural -
1563:'this',
1474:(1891).
1468:Bertonio
1435:suffixes
1218:ejective
1033:Alveolar
1023:Bilabial
969:alveolar
898:phonemic
852:Moquegua
804:Dialects
781:Tiwanaku
723:Tiwanaku
707:aymaraes
703:Apurímac
622:Bolivian
612:) is an
578:Help:IPA
515:nucl1667
5691:Ecuador
5671:Bolivia
5622:Amerind
5420:Payaguá
5389:–Pampas
5357:Puquina
5349:Aymaran
5320:Andes (
5303:Irantxe
5242:Itonama
5107:Urarina
5093:Waorani
5086:Munichi
5079:Omurano
5023:Mochica
5012:Chimuan
4967:Chocoan
4939:Puinave
4933:Nadahup
4846:Andaquí
4816:Andes (
4784:Sáliban
4722:Arutani
4697:Orinoco
4484:Cariban
4353:Urarina
4338:Puquina
4333:Munichi
4328:Mochica
4324:family)
4309:family)
4307:Tacanan
4272:Arabela
4153:Lowland
4118:Huánuco
4106:Central
4060:Shipibo
4041:Kashibo
4031:Amawaka
4011:Shiwiar
3901:Aymaran
3875:Western
3842:Iñapari
3745:Coastal
3675:Italics
3629:Aymaran
3524:Quechua
3482:Spanish
3419:Italics
3372:Tonalla
3367:Puquina
3341:Itonama
3336:Chipaya
3281:Sirionó
3276:Guarayu
3264:Guaraní
3228:Quechua
3193:Chácobo
3150:Iñapari
3118:Spanish
3061:Spanish
3032:: from
2771:Sources
2609:family.
2447:Guaraní
2439:Nahuatl
2253:ˈmajnit
2189:kiˈkipa
2186:kikipa.
2138:yuripxi
1935:Please
1626:'where'
1591:'now':
1523:Hangeul
1360:lateral
1326:central
1112:Plosive
1058:Glottal
1038:Palatal
997:t͡ʃ,χ,n
973:palatal
829:Iquique
719:Puquina
660:Quechua
641:Bolivia
637:Quechua
633:Spanish
620:of the
614:Aymaran
606:; also
574:Unicode
390:Bolivia
341:Aymaran
292:Bolivia
224:See why
124:scholar
5810:Aymara
5711:Guyana
5676:Brazil
5479:Yaghan
5453:Chonan
5413:Guachí
5282:Aikanã
5249:Movima
5193:Trumai
5158:Arawan
5143:Amazon
5036:Amazon
4889:Vaupés
4885:Japurá
4877:Amazon
4852:Paezan
4764:Yaruro
4672:Xukurú
4616:Baenan
4609:Gamela
4602:Taruma
4596:Purían
4525:Karajá
4520:Kamakã
4491:Tupian
4348:Ticuna
4322:Arauan
4318:Kulina
4277:Iquito
4254:Omagua
4249:Cocama
4241:Tupian
4231:Secoya
4226:Orejón
4171:Kichwa
4113:Ancash
4055:Pisabo
4051:Matsés
4023:Panoan
4006:Achuar
3975:Jebero
3952:Ocaina
3914:Jaqaru
3909:Aymara
3758:Loncco
3740:Andean
3596:Yaghan
3548:Chango
3509:Aymara
3377:Warázu
3361:Movima
3331:Chimán
3307:Ayoreo
3302:Aymara
3256:Tupian
3208:Tacana
3183:Araona
3050:Aymara
2964:, and
2943:
2886:
2859:
2826:
2575:SIL's
2528:
2445:, and
2359:Aymara
2269:ˈhilat
2250:maynit
2194:
2117:/ˈtaqi
2101:, 1958
2089:Sample
2054:while
2045:future
2036:means
2034:before
2021:before
1799:(w)jwa
1557:wurasa
1516:umlaut
1421:Stress
1053:Uvular
1028:Dental
991:, and
985:tenuis
981:uvular
965:labial
950:vowel.
892:Vowels
837:Potosi
821:La Paz
817:La Paz
786:Jaqaru
730:Potosí
587:Aymara
548:
542:
528:Aymara
422:
399:
387:
346:Aymara
314:Aymara
264:Aymara
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
5730:Lists
5686:Chile
5640:Chaco
5486:Chono
5464:Chile
5387:Chaco
5369:Kunza
5332:Culle
5310:Arara
5296:Kwazá
5289:Kanoê
5178:Muran
4911:Boran
4891:area)
4839:Camsá
4832:Cofán
4790:Betoi
4752:Guamo
4745:Warao
4658:Wamoé
4570:Guató
4548:Ofayé
4541:Jaikó
4358:Yagua
4298:Culle
4194:Cusco
4166:Lamas
4133:Wanka
3819:Nanti
3786:Campa
3572:Kunza
3555:Chono
3541:Cacán
3295:Other
3160:Pauna
3145:Baure
2960:, on
2884:S2CID
2759:8 May
2502:with
2474:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2327:Notes
2266:jilat
2245:ˈukat
2221:ˈukat
2025:after
1990:Núñez
1776:root.
1755:layku
1665:pacha
1639:chapi
1624:kawki
1589:jicha
1581:kucha
1065:Nasal
1048:Velar
977:velar
904:/aiu/
881:Cusco
848:Tacna
833:Oruro
734:Cusco
711:Colla
649:Chile
625:Andes
425:Chile
296:Chile
131:JSTOR
117:books
5701:Peru
5507:Duho
5322:Peru
5275:Leco
5218:Mure
5040:Peru
4997:Peru
4820:and
4797:Hodï
4776:Duho
4736:Máku
4729:Sapé
4679:Yaté
4665:Xokó
4651:Tuxá
4630:Natú
4204:Puno
4138:Yaru
3932:Bora
3852:Yine
3834:Piro
3639:Chon
3356:Moré
3346:Leco
3286:Yuki
3165:Yine
3155:Moxo
2941:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2824:PMID
2761:2018
2702:link
2526:ISBN
2242:ukat
2218:ukat
2114:Taqi
2023:and
2008:and
1992:and
1890:raki
1882:puni
1849:tata
1823:naka
1803:paya
1795:jama
1751:kata
1739:kama
1727:pura
1707:jama
1699:taki
1659:naka
1614:chʼa
1585:jani
1569:kuna
1437:are
1239:t͡ʃʼ
1189:t͡ʃʰ
1007:and
979:and
942:and
850:and
825:Puno
765:mara
761:jaya
732:and
645:Peru
643:and
635:and
591:IPA:
402:Peru
300:Peru
184:lang
103:news
4686:Otí
4437:of
2909:doi
2876:doi
2814:doi
2397:at
2379:at
2361:at
2040:ego
1939:by
1856:iri
1819:pha
1723:mpi
1604:chi
1602:, -
1600:lla
1598:, -
1577:umt
1575:~ -
1573:unt
1565:uka
1561:aka
1393:Tap
1139:t͡ʃ
1011:).
1009:/j/
1005:/w/
1001:/ɾ/
987:),
944:/a/
940:/i/
936:/u/
560:IPA
523:ELP
498:ayc
491:ayr
482:aym
465:aym
204:IPA
86:by
5781::
5395:?
5337:?
5151:?
5119:?
5010:?
4904:?
4883:,
4774:?
4714:?
4567:?
4510:Jê
3036:–
2905:13
2903:.
2899:.
2882:.
2872:80
2870:.
2822:.
2810:30
2808:.
2804:.
2796:;
2751:.
2747:.
2718:.
2698:}}
2694:{{
2654:^
2547:,
2506:,
2483:.
2465:.
2441:,
2423:.
1901:pi
1897:sa
1886:ki
1864:ña
1860:ta
1845:si
1741:,
1735:na
1729:,
1717:,
1715:na
1709:,
1701:,
1693:,
1691:ru
1681:,
1679:ta
1650:ni
1620:sa
1608:ta
1596:la
1525:.
1314:)
1285:)
1256:qʼ
1249:kʼ
1232:tʼ
1225:pʼ
1205:qʰ
1197:kʰ
1181:tʰ
1173:pʰ
1102:)
975:,
971:,
967:,
922:,
918:,
788:.
771:.
756:.
736:,
674:.
655:.
447:ay
219:ay
189:,
48:.
5466:)
5042:)
5038:(
4999:)
4887:–
4879:(
4824:)
4703:)
4699:(
4427:e
4420:t
4413:v
4320:(
4305:(
4124:)
4120:(
4053:/
3711:e
3704:t
3697:v
3460:e
3453:t
3446:v
3429:.
3096:e
3089:t
3082:v
3056:)
3052:(
3040:.
2999:)
2968:.
2917:.
2911::
2890:.
2878::
2830:.
2816::
2763:.
2733:.
2704:)
2534:.
2449:.
2197:|
1966:)
1960:(
1955:)
1951:(
1933:.
1880:-
1866:.
1757:.
1749:-
1733:-
1721:-
1713:-
1705:-
1697:-
1689:-
1677:-
1401:ɾ
1376:ʎ
1369:l
1347:w
1337:j
1311:h
1308:(
1300:χ
1290:x
1282:ʃ
1279:(
1274:s
1156:q
1149:k
1132:t
1125:p
1096:ŋ
1093:(
1085:ɲ
1078:n
1071:m
1040:/
1030:/
924:ü
920:ï
916:ä
589:(
580:.
252:)
246:(
234:)
230:(
226:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
