France in the early modern period

2679: 2537:. Colbert's attempts to promote economic growth and the creation of new industries were not a great success, and France did not undergo any sort of industrial revolution during Louis XIV's reign. Indeed, much of the French countryside during this period remained poor and overpopulated. The resistance of peasants to adopt the potato, according to some monarchist apologists, and other new agricultural innovations while continuing to rely on cereal crops led to repeated catastrophic famines long after they had ceased in the rest of Western Europe. Prior to Louis XIV's reign, French soldiers frequently went into battle barefoot and with no weapons. On the other hand, France's high birthrate until the 18th century proved beneficial to its rulers since it meant the country could field larger armies than its neighbors. In fact, the king's foreign policy, as well as his lavish court and construction projects, left the country in enormous debt. The 2797: 1837: 2651:, France became the cultural center of Europe. In an effort to prevent the nobility from revolting and challenging his authority, Louis implemented an extremely elaborate system of court etiquette with the idea that learning it would occupy most of the nobles' time and they could not plan rebellion. By the start of the 18th century, the nobility in France had been effectively neutered and would never again have more power than the crown. Also, Louis willingly granted titles of nobility to those who had performed distinguished service to the state so that it did not become a closed caste and it was possible for commoners to rise through the social ranks. The king sought to impose total religious uniformity on the country, repealing the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The infamous practice of 1351:

strong and warfare was considered a domain of the nobles. Charles VIII marched into Italy with a core force consisting of noble horsemen and non-noble foot soldiers, but in time the role of the latter grew stronger so that by the middle of the 16th century, France had a standing army of 5000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry. The military was reorganized from a system of legions recruited by province (Norman legion, Gascon legion, etc.) to regiments, an arrangement which persisted into the next century. However, the nobility and troops were often disloyal to the king, if not outright rebellious, and it took another army reform by Louis XIV to finally transform the French army into an obedient force.

1696: 1361: 1469: 112: 3148: 3084:, directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital, was the main path to social mobility. The "stable" core of French society, town guilds people and village laboureurs, included cases of staggering social and geographic continuity, but even this core required regular renewal. Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France. Collins (1991) argues that the 3105:

for a "modern" society. Within early modern society, women of urban artisanal classes participated in a range of public activities and also shared work settings with men (even though they were generally disadvantaged in terms of tasks, wages and access to property.) Salic law prohibited women from rule; however, the laws for the case of a regency, when the king was too young to govern by himself, brought the queen into the center of power. The queen could assure the passage of power from one king to another—from her late husband to her young son—while simultaneously assuring the continuity of the dynasty.

495: 201: 509: 1797: 88: 3135:

of family units was a necessity and that individuals resisted negative perceptions circulating through their communities. Widowers did not hesitate to take a second wife, and they usually found quite soon a partner willing to become a stepmother. For these women, being a stepmother was not necessarily the experience of a lifetime or what defined their identity. Their experience depended greatly on factors such as the length of the union, changing family configuration, and financial dispositions taken by their husbands.

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positions and were generally considered to have an inferior intellect to their brothers. France had many small local schools where working-class children—both boys and girls—learned to read, the better "to know, love and serve God". The sons and daughters of the noble and bourgeois elites, however, were given quite distinct educations: boys were sent to upper school, perhaps a university, while their sisters (if they were lucky enough to leave the house) were sent for finishing at a convent. The

470: 2901: 81: 1549: 2733:

Realizing how this would upset the balance of power, the other European rulers were outraged. However, most of the alternatives were equally undesirable. For example, putting another Habsburg on the throne would end up recreating the empire of Charles V, which would also grossly upset the power balance. After nine years of exhausting war, the last thing Louis wanted was another conflict. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the

2660:, a group that denied free will and had already been condemned by the popes. Louis was no theologian and understood little of the complex doctrines of Jansenism, satisfying himself with the fact that they threatened the unity of the state. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than of Rome. 624: 2565: 3127:

their childhood. Half-siblings and stepsiblings lived together for rather short periods of time because of their difference in age, their birth rank, or their gender. The lives of the children were closely linked to the administration of their heritage: when both their mothers and fathers were dead, another relative took charge of the guardianship and often removed the children from a stepparent's home, thus separating half-siblings.

803: 2371: 2386: 2670:, courts in which judges would determine whether certain Habsburg territories belonged rightfully to France. The king was relying on the somewhat vague wording in the Treaty of Westphalia, while also dredging up older French claims, some dating back to medieval times. Through this, he concluded that the strategically important imperial city of 1312:(1493). As the 15th century drew to a close, French kings could take confidence in the fact that England had been mostly driven from their territory and so they could now embark on an expansionist foreign policy. The invasion of Italy by Charles VIII in 1494 began 62 years of war with the Habsburgs (the 2655:

was adopted, whereby rough soldiers were quartered in the homes of Protestant families and allowed to have their way with them. Scores of Protestants fled France, costing the country a great many intellectuals, artisans, and other valuable people. Persecution extended to unorthodox Catholics like the

1350:

In 1445, the first steps were made towards fashioning a regular army out of the poorly disciplined mercenary bands that French kings traditionally relied on. The medieval division of society into "those who fought (nobility), those who prayed (clergy), and those who worked (everyone else)" still held

1176:

continued to be spoken in rural communities. During the French revolution, the teaching of French was promoted in all the schools. The French used would be that of the legal system, which differed from the French spoken in the courts of France before the revolution. Like the orators during the French

3126:

A large proportion of children lived in broken homes or in blended families and had to cope with the presence of half-siblings and stepsiblings in the same residence. Brothers and sisters were often separated during the guardianship period and some of them were raised in different places for most of

3104:

gave a political program for reform of the Ancien Régime, founded on a reform of domestic mores. Rousseau's conception of the relations between private and public spheres is more unified than that found in modern sociology. Rousseau argued that the domestic role of women is a structural precondition

2827:

in 1774, and the French people shed few tears at his passing. While France had not yet experienced the industrial revolution that was beginning in England, the rising middle class of the cities felt increasingly frustrated with a system and rulers that seemed silly, frivolous, aloof, and antiquated,

3134:

story and many other jokes and stories made the second wife an object of ridicule. Language, theater, popular sayings, the position of the Church, and the writings of jurists all made stepmother a difficult identity to take up. However, the importance of male remarriage suggests that reconstitution

3113:

Educational aspirations were on the rise and were becoming increasingly institutionalized in order to supply the church and state with the functionaries to serve as their future administrators. Girls were schooled too, but not to assume political responsibility. Girls were ineligible for leadership

2674:

should have gone to France in 1648. In September 1681, French troops occupied the city, which was at once strongly fortified. As the imperial armies were then busy fighting the Ottoman Empire, they could not do anything about this for a number of years. The basic aim of Louis' foreign policy was to

2831:

Anti-establishment ideas fermented in 18th-century France in part due to the country's relative egalitarianism. While less liberal than England during the same period, the French monarchy never approached the absolutism of the eastern rulers in Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople in

2709:

lasted from 1688 to 1697. France's resources were stretched to the breaking point by the cost of fielding an army of over 300,000 men and two naval squadrons. Famine in 1692–1693 killed up to two million people. The exhaustion of the powers brought the fighting to an end in 1697, by which time the

2818:

On the whole, the 18th century saw growing discontent with the monarchy and the established order. Louis XV was a highly unpopular king for his sexual excesses, overall weakness, and for losing Canada to the British. A strong ruler like Louis XIV could enhance the position of the monarchy, while

3071:

France in the Ancien Régime covered a territory of around 200,000 square miles (520,000 km), and supported 22 million people in 1700. At least 96% of the population were peasants. France had the largest population in Europe, with European Russia second at 20 million. Britain had nearly six

2732:

died, ending the Habsburg line in that country. Louis had long waited for this moment, and now planned to put a Bourbon relative, Philip, Duke of Anjou, on the throne. Essentially, Spain was to become an obedient satellite of France, ruled by a king who would carry out orders from Versailles.

2753:

While often considered a tyrant and a warmonger (especially in England), Louis XIV was not in any way a despot in the 20th-century sense. The traditional customs and institutions of France limited his power and in any case, communications were poor and no national police force existed.

2757:

Overall, the discontent and revolts of 16th- and 17th-century France did not approach the conditions that led to 1789. Events such as the Frondes were a naïve, unrevolutionary discontent and the people did not challenge the right of the king to govern nor did they question the Church.

2843:, whose naïvety and cloistered/alienated Versailles life permitted ignorance of the true extravagance and wasteful use of borrowed money (Marie Antoinette was significantly more frugal than her predecessors). French intervention in the US War of Independence was also very expensive. 2740:

The disasters of the war (accompanied by another famine) were so great that France was on the verge of collapse by 1709. In desperation, the king appealed to the French people to save their country, and in doing so gained thousands of new army recruits. Afterwards, his general

746:

The late 15th, 16th and 17th centuries would see France undergo a massive territorial expansion and an attempt to better integrate its provinces into an administrative whole. During this period, France expanded to nearly its modern territorial extent through the acquisition of

2431:

laid much of the ground for the beginnings of France's rise to European hegemony. One of the most admired French kings, Henry was fatally stabbed by a Catholic fanatic in 1610 as war with Spain threatened. Troubles gradually developed during the regency headed by his queen

2832:

part because the country's traditional development as a decentralized, feudal society acted as a restraint on the power of the king. Different social classes in France each had their own unique set of privileges so that no one class could completely dominate the others.

2745:

managed to drive back the allied forces. In 1714, the war ended with the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt. France did not lose any territory, and there was no discussion of returning Flanders or Alsace to the Habsburgs. While the Duke of Anjou was accepted as King

1784:(first king of the Bourbon dynasty) and his subsequent abandonment of Protestantism (Expedient of 1592) effective in 1593, his acceptance by most of the Catholic establishment (1594) and by the Pope (1595), and his issue of the toleration decree known as the 1436:

to divide Naples, marched south from Milan. By 1502, combined French and Aragonese forces had seized control of the Kingdom; disagreements about the terms of the partition led to a war between Louis and Ferdinand. By 1503, Louis, having been defeated at the

2750:, this was done under the condition that the French and Spanish thrones never be united. Finally, France agreed to stop supporting Jacobite pretenders to the English throne. Just after the war ended, Louis died, having ruled France for 72 years. 1099:".) Between 1693 and 1694, France lost 6% of its population. In the extremely harsh winter of 1709, France lost 3.5% of its population. In the past 300 years, no period has been so proportionally deadly for the French, both World Wars included. 1521:, nominally a French fief, provided Francis with a pretext for starting a general war; French forces flooded into Italy and began a campaign to drive Charles from Naples. The French were outmatched, however, by the fully developed Spanish 2487:(1618–1648) which had broken out among the lands of Germany's Holy Roman Empire. An English-backed Huguenot rebellion (1625–1628) defeated, France intervened directly (1635) in the wider European conflict following her ally (Protestant) 3772:

Wolfe, M. (2005). JOTHAM PARSONS. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 2004. Pp. ix, 322. The American Historical Review, 110(4),

3138:

By a policy adopted at the beginning of the 16th century, adulterous women during the ancien régime were sentenced to a lifetime in a convent unless pardoned by their husbands and were rarely allowed to remarry even if widowed.

1637:, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. An early offensive against 1836: 3118:

challenged this model, but no real alternative presented itself for female education. Only through education at home were knowledgeable women formed, usually to the sole end of dazzling their salons.

3080:

In the 17th century rich peasants who had ties to the market economy provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth, and frequently moved from village to village (or town).

190: 1630:. A lack of cooperation between the Spanish and English armies, coupled with increasingly aggressive Ottoman attacks, led Charles to abandon these conquests, restoring the status quo once again. 1780:, and the king was murdered in return. After the assassination of both Henry of Guise (1588) and Henry III (1589), the conflict was ended by the accession of the Protestant king of Navarre as 2678: 1053:

With an estimated population of 11 million in 1400, 20 million in the 17th century, and 28 million in 1789, until 1795 France was the most populated country in Europe (even twice the size of

1498:, in which the French, Venetian, and Scottish forces were decisively defeated. However, the death of Pope Julius left the League without effective leadership, and when Louis' successor, 188: 1129:) which would be the basis of the standardised "modern" French of the 17th and 18th century which in turn became the lingua franca of the European continent. (In 1539, with the 2663:

Cardinal Mazarin oversaw the creation of a French navy that rivaled England's, expanding it from 25 ships to almost 200. The size of the army was also considerably increased.

3088:

paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy; and grossly exaggerated social stability.

1614:

in August 1543, and laid siege to the citadel. The defenders were relieved within a month. The French, under François, Count d'Enghien, defeated an Imperial army at the

1113:

Linguistically, the differences in France were extreme. Before the Renaissance, the language spoken in the north of France was a collection of different dialects called

189: 5661: 3795:

The Huguenot Population of France, 1600-1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority by Philip Benedict; American Philosophical Society, 1991 - 164

1305: 1072:

was one of the most populated cities in Europe (estimated at 400,000 inhabitants in 1550; 650,000 at the end of the 18th century). Other major French cities include

111: 5441: 2773:, prime minister in all but name. The exhaustion of Europe after two major wars resulted in a long period of peace, only interrupted by minor conflicts like the 1749:, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces. Opposed to absolute monarchy, the Huguenots 3072:

million, Spain had eight million, and the Austrian Habsburgs had around eight million. France's lead slowly faded after 1700, as other countries grew faster.

1465:, left victorious, fell apart over the subject of dividing the spoils, and in 1513 Venice allied with France, agreeing to partition Lombardy between them. 5971: 2414: 1457:

in 1512, but Foix was killed during the battle, and the French were forced to withdraw from Italy by an invasion of Milan by the Swiss, who reinstated

2796: 1137:

made French alone the language for legal and juridical acts.) Nevertheless, in 1790, only half of the population spoke or understood standard French.

1095:

These centuries saw several periods of epidemics and crop failures due to wars and climatic change. (Historians speak of the period 1550–1850 as the "

2541:

was criticized as overly extravagant even while it was still under construction, but dozens of imitations were built across Europe. Renewed war (the

2855: 2675:

give France more easily defensible borders, and to eliminate weak spots (Strassburg had often been used by the Habsburgs as a gateway into France).

1417:, forcing Charles to withdraw to France. Ludovico, having betrayed the French at Fornovo, retained his throne until 1499, when Charles's successor, 3226:, decimated the Huguenot community; Protestants declined to seven to eight percent of the kingdom's population by the end of the 16th century. The 3191:

always maintained close links to the Pope. However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "

2870:, before being restored in 1788. A harsh winter that year led to widespread food shortages, and by then France was a powder keg ready to explode. 1218:

dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the

2839:

became king. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. Again a weak ruler, he was married to an Austrian archduchess,

1707:

Barely were the Italian Wars over, when France was plunged into a domestic crisis with far-reaching consequences. Despite the conclusion of a

5767: 5333: 2237: 17: 2579:

French culture was part of French hegemony. In the early part of the century French painters had to go to Rome to shed their provinciality (

1506:

in 1515, the League collapsed, and by the treaties of Noyon and Brussels, surrendered to France and Venice the entirety of northern Italy.

627:

France on the eve of the modern era (1477). The red line denotes the boundary of the French kingdom, while the light blue the royal domain.

4359: 3198:

During the Protestant Reformation of the mid 16th century, France developed a large and influential Protestant population, primarily of

2851: 1517:, a position that Francis had desired, led to a collapse of relations between France and the Habsburgs. In 1519, a Spanish invasion of 3964: 5106: 1602:

ended the war, leaving Turin in French hands but effecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Francis, allying himself with

1537:. With Milan itself threatened, Francis personally led a French army into Lombardy in 1525, only to be defeated and captured at the 1339:

of the 14th century, the gains of the previous half-century were to be jeopardised by a further protracted series of conflicts, the

1001:

was the capital of France, the later Valois kings largely abandoned the city as their primary residence, preferring instead various

1284:

in 1475 — the official end date of the Hundred Years' War. In 1492 and 1493, after supporting the victorious House of Tudor in the

4250: 1399:

died in 1494, Charles invaded the peninsula. For several months, French forces moved through Italy virtually unopposed, since the

200: 5976: 4932: 2867: 2407: 2596: 5481: 5466: 5383: 5234: 4270: 4222: 4188: 4074: 3924: 3742: 3421: 3396: 3287: 3282: 2057: 5865: 2529:(1643–1715), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor (1642–1661) Cardinal 5588: 5351: 5007: 4997: 4874: 3349:

In 1492, roughly 450,000 km (173,746 sq mi) versus 550,000 km (212,356 sq mi) in the 1990s.

3260: 2698: 2175: 1765: 1325: 959: 576: 336: 2710:

French were in control of the Spanish Netherlands and Catalonia. However, Louis gave back his conquests and gained only

5436: 4728: 2400: 1545:, Francis was forced to agree to extensive concessions over his Italian territories in the "Treaty of Madrid" (1526). 5408: 5393: 4129: 4107: 4036: 4012: 3995: 3909: 3849: 3830: 3231: 3223: 2718: 2336: 1700: 1662: 587: 1219: 1130: 5676: 5517: 5471: 4859: 4454: 4332: 2289: 1297: 631:

In the mid 15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today, and numerous border provinces (such as

3690:

Carolyn C. Lougee, "'Noblesse', Domesticity, and Social Reform: The Education of Girls by Fenelon and Saint-Cyr",

4884: 4487: 4352: 3309: 2358: 2076: 1654: 1450: 618: 568: 3681:

Landes, Joan B. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Cornell University Press, 1988.

1715:'s attempt to break the unity of Roman Catholic Europe. A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed 1050:

slowed recovery. It would be the early 16th century before the population recovered to mid-14th-century levels.

5696: 5271: 4671: 4504: 4442: 2858:, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by 2778: 1711:, granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the 1360: 1468: 5619: 5239: 5180: 5175: 4879: 4788: 3304: 3277: 2734: 2702: 2353: 2346: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2106: 1695: 1510: 370: 5261: 3050: 2766: 5947: 5686: 5165: 5002: 2863: 2774: 2498:(1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of 1673:, England's last possession on the French mainland, and French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the 1666: 987: 740: 2029: 1678: 1169: 1046:

had killed an estimated one-third of the population of France from its appearance in 1348. The concurrent

5804: 5524: 5398: 5388: 5136: 4977: 4925: 4838: 4833: 4449: 2561:, left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival powers. 2326: 1442: 330: 5715: 5636: 5403: 5313: 5292: 4992: 4982: 4972: 4894: 4889: 4345: 3703:

Sylvie Perrier, "Coresidence of Siblings, Half-siblings, and Step-siblings in 'Ancien Regime' France."

2714:. The French people, feeling that their sacrifices in the war had been for nothing, never forgave him. 2341: 2309: 2284: 1844: 1816: 1530: 1309: 1239: 1198:

term rendered in English as "Old Rule", "Old Kingdom", or simply "Old Regime", refers primarily to the

4331:

documents significant events and periods in French history throughout the 17th–20th centuries, at the

1025: 5981: 5895: 5651: 5566: 5539: 5456: 5251: 5096: 4864: 4618: 4579: 3735:

The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century

3389:

The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century

3331: 3326: 2706: 1910: 1853: 1804: 1487: 461: 388: 3183:

of the Kingdom of France. France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French:

5476: 5446: 5051: 3147: 1872: 1777: 1603: 1454: 1285: 1223: 1054: 363: 5732: 5614: 5561: 5507: 5461: 5150: 4869: 4527: 3265: 3219: 3211: 2980: 2314: 2299: 2294: 1987: 1746: 1726: 1690: 1483: 4308:

The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791

3641: 3218:) steadily swelled to 10 percent of the population, or roughly 1.8 million people. The ensuring 2963: 2019: 954:) and foreign possessions would be acquired later. (For a map of historic French provinces, see 5837: 5799: 5757: 5742: 5534: 5356: 5256: 4918: 4693: 4522: 2931: 2922: 2694: 2515: 2436:. France was expansive during all but the end of the 17th century: the French began trading in 2247: 2126: 1773: 1712: 1476: 1472: 1445:, was forced to withdraw from Naples, which was left under the control of the Spanish viceroy, 1433: 1409:

were unable to resist them. Their sack of Naples finally provoked a reaction, however, and the

1380: 1301: 1289: 1037: 889: 598: 117: 100: 94: 3522: 3507:

Antonio Santosuosso, "Anatomy of Defeat in Renaissance Italy: The Battle of Fornovo in 1495,"

2948: 739:

until the provinces were forcibly integrated into the royal domaine in 1527 after the fall of

80: 5762: 5752: 5544: 5368: 5276: 5211: 4773: 4638: 3524:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 3: Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559–1610

3369: 3101: 3096:

Very few women held any power—some queens did, as did the heads of Catholic convents. In the

2889: 2782: 2534: 2257: 2184: 2146: 2086: 1619: 1396: 1384: 1277: 1273: 1047: 488: 296: 138: 4328: 2612: 1180:

France would not become a linguistically unified country until the end of the 19th century.

1013:

made Paris his primary residence (promoting a major building boom in private mansions), but

5787: 5328: 5266: 5155: 5046: 4828: 4823: 4763: 4698: 4603: 3973: 3321: 3115: 3097: 3021: 2990: 2985: 2721:(1692) was the decisive naval battle in the war and confirmed the durable dominance of the 2620: 2608: 2538: 2484: 2472: 2136: 1862: 1734: 1730: 1708: 1534: 1293: 1210:

system established in France from (roughly) the 15th century to the 18th century under the

1018: 880: 856: 3719:

Sylvie Perrier, "La Maratre Dans La France D'ancien Regime: Integration Ou Marginalite?"

3668:

Jennifer J. Popiel, "Making Mothers: The Advice Genre and the Domestic Ideal, 1760–1830",

3458:

Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France

2604: 2522:

after the crushing of the ephemeral Catalan Republic and ushered a short period of peace.

1145: 8: 5870: 5827: 5747: 5701: 5578: 5571: 5551: 5512: 5424: 5216: 5185: 5160: 5126: 5028: 5023: 4793: 4723: 4666: 4583: 4409: 3081: 3060: 3040: 2995: 2971: 2956: 2790: 2729: 2693:

Following the Whig establishment on the English and Scottish thrones by the Dutch prince

2683: 2667: 2526: 2495: 2096: 2005: 1944: 1934: 1796: 1769: 1738: 1571: 1552: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1438: 1418: 1281: 1134: 1014: 955: 931: 875: 732: 664: 606: 532: 1446: 1343:(1494–1559), where French efforts to gain dominance ended in the increased power of the 1173: 958:). France also embarked on exploration, colonisation, and mercantile exchanges with the 5782: 5727: 5681: 5529: 5495: 5079: 4899: 4803: 4587: 4539: 4534: 4437: 4427: 4384: 4376: 4276: 4262: 3299: 3199: 3055: 3025: 3010: 2976: 2917: 2877:

of 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of

2762: 2558: 2476: 2428: 1800: 1781: 1754: 1722: 1650: 1646: 1634: 1615: 1579: 1514: 1376: 1250: 1222:), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local 1010: 927: 911: 897: 868: 845: 830: 815: 708: 536: 316: 87: 2909: 5928: 5910: 5905: 5890: 5875: 5814: 5777: 5691: 5624: 5602: 5583: 5451: 5378: 5201: 5101: 4987: 4967: 4944: 4778: 4753: 4733: 4713: 4703: 4593: 4575: 4544: 4477: 4394: 4368: 4266: 4218: 4184: 4125: 4103: 4070: 4032: 4008: 3991: 3920: 3905: 3845: 3826: 3738: 3637: 3427: 3417: 3392: 3172: 2878: 2874: 2747: 2624: 2542: 2066: 1965: 1825: 1742: 1526: 1495: 1462: 1458: 1414: 1227: 1108: 1024:

The administrative and legal system in France in this period is generally called the

919: 788: 752: 656: 602: 547: 527: 502: 475: 278: 223: 1725:. After Henry II's unfortunate death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow 715:. In addition, certain provinces within France were ostensibly personal fiefdoms of 5842: 5794: 5666: 5641: 5131: 4768: 4683: 4628: 4598: 4549: 4509: 4492: 4482: 4417: 4389: 3255: 3035: 3002: 2840: 2809: 2687: 2640: 2572: 2546: 2530: 2503: 2039: 1638: 1623: 1410: 1266: 1215: 1153: 1141: 838: 736: 712: 672: 555: 551: 270: 254: 250: 5304: 5143: 4122:

From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates

2940: 2206: 2011: 1741:. Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful dukes of Guise culminated in a 1610:, launched a final invasion of Italy. A Franco-Ottoman fleet captured the city of 1189: 1114: 1021:

became the primary seat of the French monarchy for much of the following century.

915: 772: 676: 563: 68: 5937: 5900: 5885: 5880: 5822: 5737: 5297: 5038: 4808: 4783: 4571: 4554: 4399: 4194: 4080: 3930: 3855: 3227: 3176: 3152: 3031: 3016: 2770: 2742: 2616: 2600: 2580: 2499: 2465: 2433: 2195: 1785: 1591: 1538: 1372: 1365: 1195: 1157: 1149: 1122: 1061:) and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India. 776: 591: 291: 266: 262: 258: 244: 172: 147: 44: 5283: 2157: 5860: 5855: 5847: 5671: 5629: 5206: 4758: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4718: 4708: 4623: 4566: 4459: 4422: 4236: 3603: 3188: 3180: 3160: 3085: 2936: 2859: 2823:

were a clear sign of discontent, but the king chose to ignore them. He died of

2765:

saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715–1723) of

2619:, French classical architecture was admired abroad even before the creation of 2592: 2584: 2390: 1976: 1618:

in 1544, but the French failed to penetrate further into Lombardy. Charles and

1607: 1570:

The inconclusive third war between Charles and Francis began with the death of

1211: 1177:

revolution, the pronunciation of every syllable would become the new language.

1161: 1118: 1096: 1068:

populations, although on the whole France remained a profoundly rural country.

1058: 849: 760: 756: 652: 347: 274: 3130:

The experience of step-motherhood was surrounded by negative stereotypes; the

5965: 5942: 5772: 5556: 5244: 4854: 4653: 3762:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–315. 3431: 2628: 2591:

brought home the taste for a classicized baroque that would characterise the

2375: 2116: 1750: 1674: 1599: 1126: 983: 864: 648: 424: 309: 4198: 4084: 3934: 1669:. England's entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of 1335:

Despite the beginnings of rapid demographic and economic recovery after the

1269:(1492) marks, for some, the beginning of the early modern period in France. 5656: 5361: 5318: 5118: 5089: 4813: 4643: 4514: 4432: 4215:

Merchants, Landlords, Magistrates: The Depont Family in 18th Century France

4168: 3859: 3632:

James B. Collins, "Geographic and Social Mobility in Early-Modern France."

2900: 2636: 2224: 1955: 1548: 1355: 1340: 1313: 1165: 1065: 1006: 558: 414: 409: 393: 240: 5323: 5226: 5071: 4798: 4676: 4661: 4633: 4469: 3243: 3207: 3203: 3192: 2652: 2644: 2588: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2219: 1758: 1563: 1401: 1336: 1199: 1043: 720: 1788:(1598), which guaranteed freedom of private worship and civil equality. 1230:

took place in a radical time suppression of administrative incoherence.

1002: 823: 724: 5832: 5061: 4561: 4000:

Jouanna, Arlette and Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec.

3657: 3164: 3131: 2722: 2671: 2657: 2519: 2441: 1892: 1406: 1017:

once again withdrew from the city in the last decades of his reign and

975: 971: 963: 901: 784: 632: 4207:

The Work of France: Labor and Culture in Early Modern Times, 1350–1800

3463: 3374:

Confirmation of the blazon of a Flag. February 15, 2008 Vol. V, p. 202

3046: 2701:" of 1689 was established. With the Turks now in retreat, the emperor 2648: 2564: 2518:(1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of 991: 5170: 4608: 3239: 3235: 3215: 2904:

Royal banner in presence of the Royal family of the Kingdom of France

2847: 2836: 2801: 2632: 2568: 1717: 1486:, which was quickly followed by a series of Holy League victories at 1203: 1089: 967: 623: 594: 583: 324: 4337: 2781:(1740–1748). But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the " 1594:, but withdrew to Spain rather than attacking the heavily fortified 4818: 4613: 3983:

Jouanna, Arlette and Philippe Hamon, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec.

3156: 2885: 2824: 2820: 2554: 1658: 1627: 1587: 1422: 1413:

was formed against them. Italian troops defeated the French at the

1344: 1207: 1085: 1081: 905: 819: 802: 768: 764: 716: 704: 700: 692: 636: 1721:) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son 1121:. By the 16th century, there had developed a standardised form of 860: 644: 5084: 4952: 4688: 4499: 2786: 1919: 1649:. Charles's abdication in 1556 split the Habsburg empire between 1642: 1595: 1518: 1482:

Louis mounted another invasion of Milan, but was defeated at the

951: 935: 796: 780: 748: 304: 4910: 5373: 4941: 4258: 4147:

A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation-State

2819:

Louis XV weakened it. The writings of the philosophers such as

2737:

began, a mere three years after the War of the Grand Alliance.

2627:

set standards of discriminating taste from the 1630s, and with

2550: 2511: 2507: 2488: 2461: 2445: 1923: 1670: 1542: 1522: 1392: 1388: 893: 884: 834: 792: 684: 668: 660: 640: 572: 2793:(1756–1763) and the loss of France's North American colonies. 419: 3758:

Parisse, Michael (2005). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, T. (ed.).

3708: 3645: 3195:", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy. 2711: 2480: 2437: 1583: 1575: 1426: 1077: 1069: 998: 979: 943: 728: 688: 680: 605:, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and 217: 3246:, as many of them had occupied important places in society. 1064:

These demographic changes also led to a massive increase in

5646: 5056: 3966:

The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715–99

3592:

The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715–99

2666:

Starting in the 1670s, Louis XIV established the so-called

1882: 1611: 1172:. In the north of France, regional dialects of the various 1073: 947: 696: 3367: 1453:

inflicted an overwhelming defeat on a Spanish army at the

1586:, but failed to take Milan. In response, Charles invaded 1117:

whereas the written and administrative language remained

582:

The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King",

567:("old rule"). The territory of France during this period 4026:

Histoire et dictionnaire du temps des Lumières 1715–1789

2777:

from 1733 to 1735. Large-scale warfare resumed with the

1791: 4301:

The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion

4297:

The Clerical Establishment and Its Social Ramifications

2881:

had begun to permeate the educated classes of society.

2769:, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by 1525:

tactics, and suffered a series of crippling defeats at

4251:"Social Conditions in 17th-Century France (1649-1652)" 3376:. The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 1582:

inherited the duchy, Francis invaded Italy, capturing

1276:(1337–1453), France supported the Lancastrian side in 4059:

From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power

3985:

La France de la Renaissance; Histoire et dictionnaire

3496:

Giant of the grand siècle: the French Army, 1610–1715

2929:

After Charles VIII the Affable, the last king in the

2888:

was effectively abolished by the proclamation of the

1681:, in which he renounced any further claims to Italy. 1641:

was successful, but the attempted French invasion of

1432:

In 1500, Louis XII, having reached an agreement with

4173:

A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France

2828:

even if true feudalism no longer existed in France.

1140:

The southern half of the country continued to speak

2785:" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and 3904:Collection: Livre de poche. Paris: Fallois, 1993. 3839: 3760:The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900–c. 1024 3469: 3249: 1622:then proceeded to invade northern France, seizing 994:), the Far East, and a few African trading posts. 867:(1620, under French control since 1589 as part of 4217:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 3438: 1677:; but Henry was nonetheless forced to accept the 1375:, the Duke of Milan, seeking an ally against the 5963: 4293:Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France. 4019:The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774 4002:Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion 3559: 2862:. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by 2728:In November 1700, the severely ill Spanish king 2705:could turn his attention to France. The ensuing 2205: 571:until it included essentially the extent of the 4315:Christianity under the Ancien Régime, 1648–1789 4243:The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century 3654:The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century 3539:Christianity under the Ancien Régime, 1648–1789 3202:confession; after French theologian and pastor 2494:After the death of both king and cardinal, the 3527:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–98. 2549:1672–1678) brought further territorial gains ( 1709:Concordat between France and the Papacy (1516) 711:); there were also foreign enclaves, like the 575:, and it also included the territories of the 205:The Kingdom of France in the late 18th century 4926: 4353: 3957:Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500–1648 3737:. University of Virginia Press. p. 419. 3391:. University of Virginia Press. p. 419. 2408: 707:) were autonomous or foreign-held (as by the 5302: 5281: 5141: 4031:Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995. 4007:Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1998. 3990:Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 2001. 3840:Pillorget, René; Pillorget, Suzanne (1995). 1183: 590:), who managed to eliminate the remnants of 135: 36: 3784:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set 5972:States and territories established in 1492 4933: 4919: 4360: 4346: 4181:Society and culture in early modern France 3842:France Baroque, France Classique 1589–1715 3776: 3370:"Royal Banner of France - Heritage Emblem" 2682:French invasion of the Netherlands, which 2571:King of France and of Navarre (painted by 2506:experienced a civil uprising known as the 2491:'s failure to build upon initial success. 2456:, established plantation economies in the 2415: 2401: 199: 4043: 3825:. Premier Cycle (in French). Paris: PUF. 2533:and the economic policies (1661–1683) of 2460:and extended their trade contacts in the 586:(his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the 550:(1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the 3943:The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime 3899:L'Ancien régime: Institutions et société 3844:. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Laffont. 3414:A short history of the French Revolution 3146: 2939:reigned in France until the fall of the 2899: 2795: 2677: 2563: 1795: 1694: 1547: 1467: 1359: 801: 622: 4212: 4154:Ancien Régime and the French Revolution 4100:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France 4052:The Political Culture of the Old Regime 3757: 3751: 3520: 3483:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France 1764:The Wars of Religion culminated in the 1684: 826:(1461, under French control since 1349) 810:French acquisitions from 1461 to 1789: 806:French territorial expansion, 1552–1798 14: 5964: 4233:Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen 4161: 4064: 4054:(1987), articles by leading historians 3914: 3550: 3411: 3108: 1657:, and shifted the focus of the war to 1292:signed three additional treaties with 4914: 4367: 4341: 4248: 4178: 4119: 3962: 3786:, paragraphs "France" and "Huguenots" 3288:French literature of the 18th century 3283:French literature of the 17th century 3242:from the Kingdom of France created a 3230:brought decades of respite until its 3091: 1792:France in the 17th and 18th centuries 561:). This corresponds to the so-called 3866: 3820: 3798: 3732: 3619:Colin McEvedy and Richard M. Jones, 3565: 3444: 3386: 2835:Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson 2597:Académie de peinture et de sculpture 1661:, where Philip, in conjunction with 1319: 1255: 118:Coat of arms of France & Navarre 4875:History of the Mediterranean region 3652:interpretation see Pierre Goubert, 3261:French colonization of the Americas 1326:History of French foreign relations 1226:and historic differences until the 24: 3878: 3807:, 11th ed, Frank Puaux, "Huguenot" 3498:(Cambridge University Press, 2006) 2510:(1648–1653) which expanded into a 2483:and the German emperor during the 2448:and penetrated the North American 1745:(1562), starting the first of the 950:and some other small papal (e.g., 25: 5993: 4940: 4322: 4255:Social France in the XVII Century 3721:Annales De Demographie Historique 3621:Atlas of World Population History 3163:, functioned as the site for the 3066: 2850:permitted the radical reforms of 2846:With the country deeply in debt, 1663:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 4860:Bibliography of European history 4455:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 4333:University of Maryland Libraries 4114:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 4093:The State in Early Modern France 3579:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 3470:Pillorget & Pillorget (1995) 3412:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2010-01-01). 3368:The Governor General of Canada. 3075: 2884:On 1792 September 21 the French 2686:initiated in 1672, starting the 2623:or Perrault's Louvre colonnade. 2384: 2369: 1835: 1347:Holy Roman Emperors of Germany. 1304:respectively at Étaples (1492), 1280:. France and England signed the 507: 493: 468: 454: 186: 110: 86: 79: 4885:History of Western civilization 4488:Christianity in the Middle Ages 3789: 3766: 3726: 3713: 3697: 3684: 3675: 3662: 3626: 3613: 3597: 3584: 3571: 3544: 3531: 3514: 3501: 3310:French Rococo and Neoclassicism 3250:French exploration and colonies 3121: 1776:, leader of the Spanish-backed 1753:theorized during this time the 1557: 1148:), and other inhabitants spoke 619:Territorial evolution of France 5977:Early modern history of France 5272:Government of National Defense 4729:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 4672:Christianity in the modern era 4443:Christianity in late antiquity 3813: 3692:History of Education Quarterly 3488: 3475: 3450: 3405: 3380: 3361: 3343: 3224:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 3100:, the writings of philosopher 2935:, three other branches of the 2779:War of the Austrian Succession 2479:, elaborated a policy against 1701:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 1220:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 1131:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 13: 1: 5181:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 5176:War of the Spanish Succession 4880:History of the European Union 4179:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1986). 4067:Early modern France 1560–1715 3707:2000 5(3): 299–314 online at 3355: 3305:French Baroque and Classicism 3278:French Renaissance literature 3271: 2789:led to costly failure in the 2735:War of the Spanish Succession 2475:and his minister (1624–1642) 1703:of French Protestants in 1572 1533:against Spanish troops under 1260: 1031: 540: 57: 18:Kingdom of France (1498-1791) 4235:(1972), social history from 3950:Old Regime France: 1648–1788 3867:Wolf, John Baptiste (1968). 3823:La France moderne: 1498–1789 3733:Wolf, John Baptiste (1962). 3521:Wernham, R. B., ed. (1955). 3509:International History Review 3387:Wolf, John Baptiste (1962). 3234:in the late 17th century by 2775:War of the Polish Succession 2427:France's pacification under 1645:in 1553 was defeated at the 1395:control, as a pretext. When 741:Charles III, Duke of Bourbon 612: 577:first French colonial empire 7: 4839:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4450:Crisis of the Third Century 3315: 3142: 2895: 2806:Last King of Early France. 1383:to invade Italy, using the 1102: 10: 5998: 5662:French subdivisions by GDP 5409:2022 presidential election 5394:2017 presidential election 4895:Military history of Europe 4890:Maritime history of Europe 4329:French Pamphlet collection 4253:. In Halsall, Paul (ed.). 4120:Major, J. Russell (1994). 4017:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. 3917:A history of modern France 3883: 3723:2006 (2): 171–88 in French 3238:. The resulting exodus of 3155:, built on the site where 2767:Philip II, Duke of Orléans 2697:in 1688, the anti-French " 1688: 1353: 1323: 1248: 1244: 1240:Economic history of France 1237: 1233: 1187: 1106: 1035: 1009:and Parisian countryside. 616: 5923: 5813: 5723: 5714: 5610: 5601: 5503: 5494: 5432: 5423: 5344: 5225: 5194: 5166:Second Hundred Years' War 5117: 5070: 5037: 5016: 5008:Liberalism and radicalism 4960: 4951: 4865:Genetic history of Europe 4847: 4652: 4468: 4408: 4375: 4265:. pp. 171–172, 189. 3919:. Vol. 1 1715–1799. 3670:Journal of Family History 3634:Journal of Social History 3332:Paris in the 18th century 3327:Paris in the 17th century 3210:in France, the number of 2761:The reign (1715–1774) of 2707:War of the Grand Alliance 2525:For most of the reign of 1805:Frans Pourbus the younger 1679:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 1665:, defeated the French at 1461:to the ducal throne. The 1184:Administrative structures 462:France in the Middle Ages 433: 402: 381: 356: 346: 315: 303: 287: 233: 210: 198: 163: 136: 128: 75: 53: 31: 5437:Administrative divisions 4213:Forster, Robert (1980). 4152:Tocqueville, Alexis de. 4021:(1999), political survey 3337: 2194: 2156: 1986: 1975: 1954: 1502:, defeated the Swiss at 1298:Maximilian I of Habsburg 1286:Battle of Bosworth Field 5657:Franc (former currency) 5262:Coup of 2 December 1851 5235:Long nineteenth century 4870:History of Christianity 4249:Hugon, Cécile (1997) . 3915:Cobban, Alfred (1963). 3805:Encyclopædia Britannica 3658:excerpt and text search 3511:(1994) 16#2 pp. 221–50. 3266:French colonial empires 3222:, and particularly the 3220:French Wars of Religion 3185:Fille aînée de l'Église 3167:of the Kings of France. 1766:War of the Three Henrys 1747:French Wars of Religion 1691:French Wars of Religion 1387:claim to the throne of 1330: 1194:The Ancien Régime, the 337:Constitutional monarchy 155:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!" 5677:Science and technology 5334:Provisional Government 5303: 5282: 5142: 4694:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4138:Perkins, James Breck. 4065:Briggs, Robin (1977). 4044:Political and military 3551:Eccles, W. J. (1990). 3456:Andrea Alice Rusnock, 3293: 3168: 2905: 2815: 2690: 2625:Parisian salon culture 2576: 2516:Treaty of the Pyrenees 2030:Valois-Angoulême kings 1808: 1757:and the legitimacy of 1713:Protestant Reformation 1704: 1567: 1479: 1473:Francis, Duke of Guise 1449:. French forces under 1434:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1405:armies of the Italian 1381:Charles VIII of France 1369: 1302:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1290:Charles VIII of France 1038:Demographics of France 890:Treaty of the Pyrenees 807: 735:provinces held by the 628: 37: 4774:Industrial Revolution 4205:Farr, James Richard. 4140:France under Louis XV 3963:Jones, Colin (2002). 3821:Bély, Lucien (1994). 3782:Hans J. Hillerbrand, 3705:History of the Family 3472:, pp. 1155–1157. 3416:. Pearson Education. 3150: 3102:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2903: 2890:French First Republic 2799: 2783:Diplomatic Revolution 2681: 2603:and the sculpture of 2599:, in the painting of 2567: 1799: 1743:massacre of Huguenots 1698: 1620:Henry VIII of England 1551: 1471: 1397:Ferdinand I of Naples 1363: 1278:The Wars of the Roses 990:), the Indian Ocean ( 805: 626: 489:French First Republic 234:Common languages 220:(987–1682, 1789–1792) 178:("March of Henry IV") 139:Montjoie Saint Denis! 5482:World Heritage Sites 5399:Coronavirus pandemic 4829:European debt crisis 4824:European integration 4764:Age of Enlightenment 4604:Republic of Florence 4156:(1856; 2008 edition) 3948:Doyle, William, ed. 3941:Doyle, William, ed. 3873:, academic biography 3636:1991 24(3): 563–77. 3322:French Enlightenment 3051:Philip II of Orleans 2981:Catherine de' Medici 2609:Palais du Luxembourg 2595:, epitomised in the 2539:Palace of Versailles 2238:Provisional Republic 2020:Valois-Orléans kings 1727:Catherine de' Medici 1685:The Wars of Religion 1578:. When Charles' son 1443:Battle of Garigliano 1294:Henry VII of England 881:Treaty of Westphalia 371:Legislative Assembly 5620:Automotive industry 5404:2021 labor protests 5161:Peace of Westphalia 5029:History of Normandy 5024:History of Brittany 4794:Revolutions of 1848 4724:Early modern France 4505:Anglo-Saxon England 4410:Classical antiquity 4162:Society and culture 4024:Viguerie, Jean de. 3109:Education for girls 3082:Geographic mobility 2719:Battle of La Hougue 2668:Chambers of Reunion 2496:Peace of Westphalia 2464:and enlarged their 1572:Francesco II Sforza 1439:Battle of Cerignola 1419:Louis XII of France 1282:Treaty of Picquigny 1135:Francis I of France 956:Provinces of France 719:families (like the 533:early modern period 61: 15th century 5687:Telecommunications 5389:2015 Paris attacks 5252:Revolution of 1848 5080:Visigothic Kingdom 4900:Crusading movement 4804:Russian Revolution 4639:Hundred Years' War 4535:Maritime republics 4438:Early Christianity 4428:Hellenistic period 4385:Paleolithic Europe 4091:Collins, James B. 4050:Baker, Keith, ed. 3897:Bluche, François. 3694:1974 14(1): 87–113 3672:2004 29(4): 339–50 3300:French Renaissance 3212:French Protestants 3169: 3092:Women and families 3026:Cardinal Richelieu 2932:direct Valois line 2906: 2873:On the eve of the 2816: 2691: 2613:Château de Maisons 2577: 2559:county of Burgundy 2545:1667–1668 and the 2512:Franco-Spanish War 2477:Cardinal Richelieu 2391:History portal 1887: until 50 BC 1809: 1755:right of rebellion 1705: 1651:Philip II of Spain 1647:Battle of Marciano 1635:Henry II of France 1616:Battle of Ceresole 1568: 1515:Holy Roman Emperor 1480: 1377:Republic of Venice 1370: 1274:Hundred Years' War 1251:French Renaissance 1048:Hundred Years' War 942:Only the Duchy of 912:Treaty of Nijmegen 898:Northern Catalonia 808: 709:Kingdom of England 629: 597:and established a 588:longest in history 5957: 5956: 5919: 5918: 5710: 5709: 5597: 5596: 5589:Political parties 5525:Foreign relations 5490: 5489: 5419: 5418: 5202:French Revolution 5156:Thirty Years' War 5137:Absolute monarchy 5102:Kingdom of France 4998:Foreign relations 4978:Political history 4908: 4907: 4834:COVID-19 pandemic 4779:French Revolution 4754:Habsburg monarchy 4734:Cossack Hetmanate 4714:Portuguese Empire 4704:Absolute monarchy 4699:Thirty Years' War 4594:Holy Roman Empire 4519:Bulgarian Empire 4478:Early Middle Ages 4395:Bronze Age Europe 4369:History of Europe 4291:McManners, John. 4279:on 23 August 2016 4272:978-0-5481-6194-4 4241:Goubert, Pierre. 4231:Goubert, Pierre. 4224:978-0-8018-2406-7 4190:978-0-1921-5815-4 4076:978-0-1921-5815-4 3979:on July 25, 2011. 3926:978-0-1402-0403-2 3744:978-9-7332-0316-2 3623:(1978), pp. 55–61 3608:The Ancien Régime 3553:France in America 3423:978-0-2056-9357-3 3398:978-9-7332-0316-2 3179:was the official 3173:French Revolution 3034:and her minister 3024:and his minister 2879:the Enlightenment 2875:French Revolution 2748:Philip V of Spain 2695:William of Orange 2605:François Girardon 2543:War of Devolution 2514:(1653–1659). The 2502:and her minister 2485:Thirty Years' War 2425: 2424: 2376:France portal 2269: 2268: 2166: 2165: 2077:Kingdom of France 2067:French Revolution 2058:Long 19th century 2048: 2047: 1996: 1995: 1966:Kingdom of France 1901: 1900: 1535:Fernando d'Avalos 1509:The elevation of 1459:Maximilian Sforza 1455:Battle of Ravenna 1415:Battle of Fornovo 1320:Foreign relations 1256:Political history 1228:French Revolution 1142:Occitan languages 1109:History of French 789:Duchy of Lorraine 599:centralized state 528:Kingdom of France 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 503:Kingdom of France 481: 480: 476:Duchy of Burgundy 331:Absolute monarchy 292:Roman Catholicism 191: 38:Royaume de France 33:Kingdom of France 16:(Redirected from 5989: 5982:Christian states 5721: 5720: 5637:Economic history 5608: 5607: 5501: 5500: 5430: 5429: 5308: 5287: 5186:Seven Years' War 5151:Wars of Religion 5147: 5132:House of Bourbon 5127:Early modern era 5107:Fundamental laws 4983:Military history 4958: 4957: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4769:Great Divergence 4684:Age of Discovery 4629:Late Middle Ages 4599:High Middle Ages 4510:Byzantine Empire 4493:Christianization 4483:Migration Period 4418:Classical Greece 4390:Neolithic Europe 4362: 4355: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4306:Van Kley, Dale. 4288: 4286: 4284: 4275:. Archived from 4228: 4202: 4135: 4088: 4030: 4006: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3972:. Archived from 3971: 3938: 3903: 3890:Behrens, C.B.A. 3872: 3863: 3836: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3350: 3347: 3256:Age of Discovery 3159:was baptised by 3036:Cardinal Mazarin 3003:House of Bourbon 2964:Valois-Angoulême 2841:Marie Antoinette 2810:Joseph Duplessis 2791:Seven Years' War 2688:Franco-Dutch War 2573:Hyacinthe Rigaud 2547:Franco-Dutch War 2504:Cardinal Mazarin 2417: 2410: 2403: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2265: 2181: 2180: 2063: 2062: 2016: 2015: 1977:Direct Capetians 1916: 1915: 1859: 1858: 1839: 1829: 1811: 1810: 1561: 1560: 1515–1547 1559: 1541:; imprisoned in 1511:Charles of Spain 1484:Battle of Novara 1447:Ramón de Cardona 1411:League of Venice 1267:Peace of Etaples 1170:Franco-Provençal 737:House of Bourbon 713:Comtat Venaissin 603:absolute monarch 552:House of Bourbon 545: 544: 1500–1550 542: 511: 510: 497: 496: 485: 484: 472: 471: 458: 457: 451: 450: 435: 434: 255:Franco-Provencal 203: 193: 192: 181: 156: 151: 143: 142: 114: 105: 90: 83: 62: 59: 48: 40: 29: 28: 21: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5933: 5915: 5896:Public holidays 5809: 5768:Life expectancy 5706: 5593: 5486: 5415: 5384:Great Recession 5357:Fourth Republic 5352:1900 to present 5340: 5257:Second Republic 5221: 5190: 5113: 5066: 5033: 5012: 4947: 4939: 4909: 4904: 4843: 4809:Interwar period 4784:Napoleonic Wars 4648: 4619:Mongol invasion 4572:Crown of Aragon 4464: 4404: 4400:Iron Age Europe 4371: 4366: 4325: 4320: 4282: 4280: 4273: 4225: 4191: 4164: 4159: 4145:Potter, David. 4132: 4077: 4057:Black, Jeremy. 4046: 4041: 4028: 4004: 3987: 3976: 3969: 3927: 3901: 3886: 3881: 3879:Further reading 3876: 3852: 3833: 3816: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3424: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3385: 3381: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3318: 3296: 3274: 3252: 3228:Edict of Nantes 3206:introduced the 3177:Catholic Church 3153:Reims Cathedral 3145: 3124: 3111: 3094: 3078: 3069: 3032:Anne of Austria 3030:the Regency of 3017:Marie de Medici 3015:the Regency of 2898: 2805: 2771:Cardinal Fleury 2743:Marshal Villars 2617:Vaux-le-Vicomte 2601:Charles Le Brun 2581:Nicolas Poussin 2500:Anne of Austria 2471:Henry IV's son 2466:merchant marine 2434:Marie de Medici 2421: 2385: 2383: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2248:Fourth Republic 2229: 2196:Interwar period 2178: 2168: 2167: 2127:Second Republic 2060: 2050: 2049: 2008: 1998: 1997: 1913: 1903: 1902: 1856: 1827: 1820: 1794: 1786:Edict of Nantes 1778:Catholic league 1693: 1687: 1592:Aix-en-Provence 1590:, advancing to 1556: 1539:Battle of Pavia 1477:Siege of Calais 1373:Ludovico Sforza 1366:Battle of Pavia 1358: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1192: 1186: 1111: 1105: 1040: 1034: 871:'s possessions) 777:French Flanders 621: 615: 543: 508: 494: 469: 455: 429: 398: 377: 373: 366: 364:Estates General 342: 325:Feudal monarchy 295: 283: 229: 206: 194: 187: 184: 179: 177: 176: 173:Marche Henri IV 159: 154: 145: 124: 123: 122: 120: 115: 107: 106: 102: 98: 97: 91: 84: 66: 60: 49: 42: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5995: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852:Cultural icons 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Stock exchange 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5472:National parks 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:Climate change 5444: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5369:Fifth Republic 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5277:Third Republic 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5212:First Republic 5209: 5207:Napoleonic era 5204: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:Greek colonies 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4759:Russian Empire 4756: 4751: 4749:British Empire 4746: 4744:Dutch Republic 4741: 4739:Swedish Empire 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4719:Spanish Empire 4716: 4711: 4709:Ottoman Empire 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Serbian Empire 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4460:Late antiquity 4457: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4423:Roman Republic 4420: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4323:External links 4321: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4271: 4246: 4239: 4237:Annales School 4229: 4223: 4210: 4203: 4189: 4176: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4117: 4112:Lynn, John A. 4110: 4096: 4089: 4075: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4022: 4015: 3998: 3981: 3960: 3955:Holt, Mack P. 3953: 3946: 3939: 3925: 3912: 3895: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3864: 3850: 3837: 3831: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3788: 3775: 3765: 3750: 3743: 3725: 3712: 3696: 3683: 3674: 3661: 3625: 3612: 3610:(1973) pp. 2–9 3604:Pierre Goubert 3596: 3583: 3577:John A. Lynn, 3570: 3558: 3543: 3530: 3513: 3500: 3494:John A. Lynn, 3487: 3474: 3462: 3449: 3437: 3422: 3404: 3397: 3379: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3189:King of France 3181:state religion 3144: 3141: 3123: 3120: 3110: 3107: 3093: 3090: 3086:Annales School 3077: 3074: 3068: 3067:Social history 3065: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3019: 3013: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2974: 2960: 2959: 2949:Valois-Orléans 2937:House of Capet 2926: 2925: 2920: 2897: 2894: 2860:Jacques Necker 2699:Grand Alliance 2593:French Baroque 2585:Claude Lorrain 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2258:Fifth Republic 2254: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185:Third Republic 2179: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2147:Third Republic 2143: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2087:First Republic 2083: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897:50 BC – 486 AD 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1877:600 BC – 49 BC 1875: 1873:Greek colonies 1869: 1868: 1865: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1793: 1790: 1774:Henry de Guise 1689:Main article: 1686: 1683: 1608:Ottoman Empire 1574:, the duke of 1451:Gaston de Foix 1354:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1308:(1493) and in 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1249:Main article: 1246: 1243: 1238:Main article: 1235: 1232: 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1107:Main article: 1104: 1101: 1097:Little Ice Age 1059:Dutch Republic 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 946:, the city of 940: 939: 924: 923: 922: 909: 887: 872: 853: 850:County of Foix 842: 827: 703:, Corsica and 653:County of Foix 617:Main article: 614: 611: 573:modern country 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505: 499: 498: 491: 482: 479: 478: 473: 465: 464: 459: 447: 446: 441: 431: 430: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 406: 404: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 385: 383: 382:Historical era 379: 378: 376: 375: 368: 360: 358: 354: 353: 350: 348:King of France 344: 343: 341: 340: 334: 328: 321: 319: 313: 312: 307: 301: 300: 297:Constitutional 289: 285: 284: 282: 281: 248: 237: 235: 231: 230: 228: 227: 221: 214: 212: 208: 207: 204: 196: 195: 185: 183: 182: 168: 161: 160: 158: 157: 152: 132: 126: 125: 116: 109: 108: 101:Royal Standard 92: 85: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 65: 64: 54: 51: 50: 35: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5994: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5960: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Birth control 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Constitutions 5506: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305:Années folles 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Second Empire 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5245:July Monarchy 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144:Ancien Régime 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:Art of Europe 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4654:Modern period 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169:Beik, William 4167: 4166: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4131:0-8018-5631-0 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4108:0-0068-6167-9 4105: 4101: 4098:Knecht, R.J. 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4037:2-2210-4810-5 4034: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4013:2-2210-7425-4 4010: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3996:2-2210-7426-2 3993: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3910:2-2530-6423-8 3907: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892:Ancien Régime 3889: 3888: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3851:2-2210-8110-2 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3832:2-1304-7406-3 3828: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3806: 3801: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3590:Colin Jones, 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3481:R.J. Knecht, 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3447:, p. 21. 3446: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171:Prior to the 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3116:Enlightenment 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098:Enlightenment 3089: 3087: 3083: 3076:Rural society 3073: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941:Ancien Régime 2938: 2934: 2933: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2557:and the free 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 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1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772:assassinated 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Monarchomachs 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729:and her sons 1728: 1724: 1723:King Henry II 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675:Low Countries 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Truce of Nice 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1562:, painted by 1554: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1391:, then under 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379:, encouraged 1378: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 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5518:presidential 5362:Algerian War 5345:Contemporary 5319:Vichy France 5314:World War II 5284:Belle Époque 5217:First Empire 5119:Early Modern 5090:West Francia 4814:World War II 4667:Early modern 4644:Kalmar Union 4515:Papal States 4433:Roman Empire 4314: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4281:. Retrieved 4277:the original 4254: 4242: 4232: 4214: 4206: 4180: 4172: 4153: 4146: 4142:(2 vol 1897) 4139: 4121: 4113: 4099: 4092: 4066: 4058: 4051: 4025: 4018: 4001: 3984: 3974:the original 3965: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3916: 3898: 3891: 3868: 3841: 3822: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3768: 3759: 3753: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3653: 3649: 3633: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3578: 3573: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3537:W. R. Ward, 3533: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3440: 3413: 3407: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3363: 3345: 3197: 3184: 3170: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3122:Stepfamilies 3112: 3095: 3079: 3070: 3006:(1589–1792) 3001: 3000: 2967:(1515–1589) 2962: 2961: 2952:(1498–1515) 2947: 2946: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2923:Charles VIII 2913:(1328–1498) 2908: 2907: 2883: 2872: 2845: 2834: 2830: 2817: 2807: 2800: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2739: 2727: 2725:of England. 2716: 2692: 2665: 2662: 2578: 2553:and western 2524: 2493: 2470: 2426: 2379: 2337:Christianity 2225:Vichy France 2176:20th century 2158:Belle Époque 2097:First Empire 2010: 2006:Early modern 1956:West Francia 1945:Carolingians 1935:Merovingians 1803:(painted by 1763: 1716: 1706: 1632: 1569: 1508: 1481: 1431: 1400: 1371: 1356:Italian Wars 1349: 1341:Italian Wars 1334: 1314:Italian Wars 1271: 1264: 1200:aristocratic 1193: 1179: 1166:West Flemish 1139: 1112: 1094: 1063: 1052: 1041: 1023: 1007:Loire Valley 996: 941: 914:(1678–79) – 809: 745: 630: 581: 562: 559:cadet branch 526: 524: 444:Succeeded by 443: 438: 394:Early modern 171: 164: 130:Motto: 129: 95:Royal Banner 26: 5948:WikiProject 5763:Immigration 5753:Health care 5615:Agriculture 5567:enforcement 5324:Free France 5293:World War I 5240:Restoration 5227:Late Modern 5097:Middle Ages 5072:Middle Ages 5057:Celtic Gaul 4799:World War I 4789:Nationalism 4677:Reformation 4662:Renaissance 4634:Black Death 4567:Kievan Rus' 4470:Middle Ages 4313:Ward, W.R. 4029:(in French) 4005:(in French) 3988:(in French) 3902:(in French) 3814:Works cited 3566:Wolf (1968) 3445:Bély (1994) 3244:brain drain 3208:Reformation 3204:John Calvin 3193:Gallicanism 3187:), and the 2856:Malesherbes 2653:dragonnades 2607:. With the 2589:Simon Vouet 2458:West Indies 2454:Mississippi 2450:Great Lakes 2290:Health care 2220:Free France 2107:Restoration 1911:Middle Ages 1883:Celtic Gaul 1826:History of 1759:tyrannicide 1667:St. Quentin 1655:Ferdinand I 1564:Jean Clouet 1463:Holy League 1425:and seized 1407:city-states 1402:condottieri 1337:Black Death 1212:late Valois 1044:Black Death 988:Pondicherry 721:Bourbonnais 537:Renaissance 535:, from the 439:Preceded by 374:(1791–1792) 367:(1302–1791) 357:Legislature 339:(1791–1792) 333:(1648–1791) 299:(1791–1792) 226:(1682–1789) 180:(1590–1792) 121:(1589–1792) 5966:Categories 5891:Philosophy 5876:Literature 5788:secularism 5584:Parliament 5379:2005 riots 5329:Liberation 5195:Revolution 5062:Roman Gaul 5047:Prehistory 5003:Journalism 4562:Viking Age 4377:Prehistory 4299:; Vol. 2: 4102:. (1996). 3773:1254–1255. 3648:. For the 3644:Fulltext: 3356:References 3272:Literature 3232:revocation 3165:coronation 3132:Cinderella 3022:Louis XIII 2991:Charles IX 2986:Francis II 2730:Charles II 2723:Royal Navy 2672:Strassburg 2658:Jansenists 2621:Versailles 2520:Roussillon 2473:Louis XIII 2444:, founded 2442:Madagascar 1926:settlement 1893:Roman Gaul 1863:Prehistory 1735:Charles IX 1731:Francis II 1604:Suleiman I 1421:, invaded 1272:After the 1261:Background 1032:Demography 1019:Versailles 986:), India ( 976:Guadeloupe 972:Martinique 964:New France 902:Roussillon 857:Louis XIII 785:Roussillon 633:Roussillon 579:overseas. 548:Revolution 531:is in the 425:Louis d'or 327:(987–1648) 317:Government 305:Demonym(s) 294:(987–1791) 247:(official) 224:Versailles 5748:Education 5702:Transport 5552:Judiciary 5513:Elections 5467:Mountains 5425:Geography 5171:Louis XIV 4961:Overviews 4609:Feudalism 4580:Catalonia 4199:21269052M 4085:21269052M 3935:20767094M 3869:Louis XIV 3642:0022-4529 3432:780111354 3240:Huguenots 3236:Louis XIV 3216:Huguenots 3061:Louis XVI 3041:Louis XIV 2996:Henry III 2972:Francis I 2957:Louis XII 2848:Louis XVI 2837:Louis XVI 2802:Louis XVI 2684:Louis XIV 2641:Corneille 2633:Descartes 2569:Louis XIV 2527:Louis XIV 2359:Territory 2252:1946–1958 2242:1944–1946 2232:1940–1944 2211:1920–1929 2200:1919–1939 2189:1870–1940 2162:1871–1914 2151:1870–1940 2141:1852–1870 2131:1848–1852 2121:1830–1848 2111:1814–1830 2101:1804–1814 2091:1792–1804 2081:1791–1792 2071:1789–1799 2044:1589–1792 2034:1515–1589 2024:1498–1515 1992:1328–1498 1770:Henry III 1768:in which 1739:Henry III 1718:Huguenots 1633:In 1547, 1553:Francis I 1504:Marignano 1500:Francis I 1492:Guinegate 1393:Aragonese 1310:Barcelona 1224:privilege 1208:political 1146:Provençal 1144:(such as 1090:Marseille 1015:Louis XIV 997:Although 968:Louisiana 892:(1659) – 883:(1648) – 876:Louis XIV 613:Geography 601:under an 595:feudalism 584:Louis XIV 569:increased 546:) to the 288:Religion 5938:Category 5871:Language 5783:Religion 5728:Abortion 5682:Taxation 5579:Military 5540:Intersex 5530:Politics 5496:Politics 5298:Interwar 4993:Economic 4988:Language 4973:Timeline 4848:See also 4819:Cold War 4614:Crusades 4584:Valencia 4295:Vol. 1: 4283:7 August 3860:8865789M 3316:See also 3200:Reformed 3161:Remigius 3157:Clovis I 3143:Religion 3056:Louis XV 3011:Henry IV 2977:Henry II 2943:in 1792: 2918:Louis XI 2896:Monarchs 2886:monarchy 2825:smallpox 2821:Voltaire 2763:Louis XV 2555:Flanders 2429:Henry IV 2354:Taxation 2332:Religion 2327:Politics 2320:Consorts 2315:Monarchs 2310:Military 2305:Medicine 1981:987–1328 1970:987–1792 1924:Frankish 1922:and the 1845:Timeline 1817:a series 1815:Part of 1801:Henry IV 1782:Henry IV 1659:Flanders 1639:Lorraine 1628:Soissons 1624:Boulogne 1588:Provence 1488:La Motta 1423:Lombardy 1345:Habsburg 1125:(called 1103:Language 1086:Toulouse 1082:Bordeaux 1011:Henry IV 1003:châteaux 960:Americas 934:(1766), 932:Lorraine 928:Louis XV 920:Flanders 906:Cerdagne 869:Henry IV 846:Henry IV 831:Henry II 824:Dauphiné 822:(1482), 820:Provence 816:Louis XI 769:Brittany 765:Provence 753:Burgundy 733:Auvergne 705:Brittany 701:Provence 665:Lorraine 657:Flanders 637:Cerdagne 592:medieval 556:Capetian 403:Currency 389:Medieval 279:Corsican 99:Bottom: 5929:Outline 5911:Theatre 5906:Symbols 5866:Gardens 5856:Fashion 5848:Cuisine 5815:Culture 5805:Welfare 5778:Poverty 5716:Society 5692:Tourism 5652:Exports 5625:Banking 5603:Economy 5562:history 5457:Islands 5452:Borders 5085:Francia 5039:Ancient 5017:Regions 4968:History 4953:History 4689:Baroque 4588:Majorca 4500:Francia 4317:(1999). 4263:Methuen 3884:General 3656:(1986) 3650:Annales 3541:(1999). 3047:Régence 2868:Brienne 2864:Calonne 2787:Prussia 2703:Leopold 2649:Molière 2587:), but 2575:, 1701) 2535:Colbert 2531:Mazarin 2347:Judaism 2285:Economy 2264:present 1960:843–987 1949:751–987 1939:481–751 1920:Francia 1854:Ancient 1643:Tuscany 1606:of the 1596:Avignon 1527:Bicocca 1519:Navarre 1496:Flodden 1475:at the 1385:Angevin 1368:in 1525 1245:Culture 1234:Economy 1216:Bourbon 1168:), and 1154:Catalan 1057:or the 1055:Britain 1005:of the 992:Réunion 952:Avignon 936:Corsica 865:Navarre 797:Corsica 781:Navarre 749:Picardy 649:Navarre 271:Catalan 251:Occitan 211:Capital 165:Anthem: 5943:Portal 5843:Cinema 5823:Anthem 5795:Racism 5773:People 5667:Mining 5642:Energy 5477:Rivers 5442:Cities 5374:May 68 4945:topics 4942:France 4576:Aragon 4555:Amalfi 4540:Venice 4528:Second 4310:(1996) 4303:(1999) 4269: 4259:London 4245:(1986) 4221: 4209:(2008) 4197: 4187: 4175:(2009) 4149:(1995) 4128: 4116:(1999) 4106: 4095:(2009) 4083: 4073: 4061:(1999) 4035: 4011: 3994: 3959:(2002) 3952:(2001) 3945:(2012) 3933: 3923: 3908: 3894:(1989) 3858: 3848: 3829: 3741: 3640: 3594:(2002) 3581:(1999) 3485:(1996) 3460:(2009) 3430: 3420: 3395: 3175:, the 2910:Valois 2852:Turgot 2812:(1775) 2645:Racine 2629:Pascal 2611:, the 2551:Artois 2508:Fronde 2489:Sweden 2462:Levant 2446:Quebec 2380:· 2378: 2276:Topics 1988:Valois 1929: 1867: 1828:France 1819:on the 1671:Calais 1598:. The 1580:Philip 1543:Madrid 1523:tercio 1494:, and 1389:Naples 1306:Senlis 1300:, and 1204:social 1196:French 1158:Basque 1150:Breton 1123:French 1088:, and 938:(1768) 926:Under 894:Artois 885:Alsace 874:Under 855:Under 852:(1607) 844:Under 841:(1552) 835:Calais 829:Under 814:Under 793:Alsace 787:, the 725:Marche 685:Bresse 669:Alsace 661:Artois 641:Calais 607:beyond 352: 310:French 267:Basque 263:German 259:Breton 245:French 167: 148:French 144: 45:French 41: 5901:Sport 5886:Music 5881:Media 5738:Crime 5462:Lakes 4545:Genoa 4523:First 3977:(PDF) 3970:(PDF) 3709:EBSCO 3646:Ebsco 3338:Notes 2712:Haiti 2637:Bayle 2481:Spain 2438:India 2382: 2342:Islam 2300:LGBTQ 2262:1958– 1584:Turin 1576:Milan 1531:Sesia 1427:Milan 1162:Dutch 1119:Latin 1078:Rouen 1070:Paris 1066:urban 999:Paris 980:Haiti 944:Savoy 861:Béarn 761:Maine 757:Anjou 729:Forez 717:noble 689:Bugey 681:Savoy 645:Béarn 415:Franc 410:Livre 275:Dutch 241:Latin 218:Paris 93:Top: 63:–1792 5861:Flag 5647:Euro 5545:LGBT 4550:Pisa 4285:2021 4267:ISBN 4219:ISBN 4185:ISBN 4126:ISBN 4104:ISBN 4071:ISBN 4033:ISBN 4009:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3921:ISBN 3906:ISBN 3846:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3739:ISBN 3638:ISSN 3428:OCLC 3418:ISBN 3393:ISBN 3151:The 3045:the 2979:and 2866:and 2854:and 2717:The 2647:and 2615:and 2452:and 2440:and 1737:and 1699:The 1653:and 1626:and 1612:Nice 1529:and 1441:and 1364:The 1331:Wars 1265:The 1214:and 1206:and 1074:Lyon 1042:The 948:Nice 863:and 795:and 731:and 697:Nice 525:The 5833:Art 5557:Law 3294:Art 3049:of 2808:By 2295:Law 1513:to 1316:). 743:). 693:Gex 554:(a 420:Écu 5968:: 4586:, 4582:, 4578:, 4261:: 4257:. 4195:OL 4193:. 4183:. 4171:. 4124:. 4081:OL 4079:. 4069:. 3931:OL 3929:. 3856:OL 3854:. 3606:, 3426:. 3372:. 2892:. 2643:, 2639:, 2635:, 2631:, 2583:, 2468:. 1761:. 1733:, 1558:r. 1490:, 1429:. 1296:, 1288:, 1202:, 1160:, 1156:, 1152:, 1133:, 1092:. 1084:, 1080:, 1076:, 1028:. 982:, 978:, 974:, 970:, 966:, 930:– 918:, 904:, 896:, 859:– 848:– 837:, 833:– 818:– 799:. 791:, 783:, 779:, 775:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 759:, 755:, 751:, 727:, 723:, 699:, 695:, 691:, 687:, 683:, 679:, 675:, 671:, 667:, 663:, 659:, 655:, 651:, 647:, 643:, 639:, 635:, 609:. 541:c. 277:, 273:, 269:, 265:, 261:, 257:, 253:, 243:, 58:c. 4934:e 4927:t 4920:v 4590:) 4574:( 4361:e 4354:t 4347:v 4287:. 4227:. 4201:. 4134:. 4087:. 3937:. 3871:. 3862:. 3835:. 3747:. 3568:. 3555:. 3434:. 3401:. 3214:( 2814:. 2416:e 2409:t 2402:v 1807:) 1566:) 1555:( 1164:( 962:( 908:) 900:( 539:( 150:) 146:( 141:" 137:" 71:) 67:( 47:) 43:( 20:)

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Knowledge

France in the early modern period

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