Kingdom of Kandy - Knowledge

1753:, spreading rapidly to Uva and Walapane. Keppitipola, Dissave of Uva, was sent to quash the uprising, but defected and joined the rebels instead. By July, every major Kandyan chief except Molligoda had joined the rebellion; several, including Ehelepola, had already been captured. Brownrigg responded to the rebellion by ordering that all males between 15 and 60 years of age in Uva Province to be driven out, exiled or killed. In addition, the irrigation systems in Uva and Wellassa were destroyed, "one hundred thousand" paddy fields in Wellassa were burnt, all property was appropriated, and cattle and other animals were slaughtered en masse. Brownrigg also issued a Sri Lanka Gazette Notification that condemned anyone who participated in the Great Uprising with property confiscation, extradition to Mauritius, and even execution. (This Gazette Notification labelling the rebels as "traitors" was only revoked two centuries later, in 2017, with 81 leaders of the freedom struggle being formally declared as National Heroes.) Molligoda, however, ensured the road to Kandy remained open and on 30 October Keppetipola was captured. His associate Madugalle Adikaram was captured on 1 November, and thereafter the rebellion collapsed. Both leaders were beheaded on 26 November 1817. Viewing the convention as null and void, the British set about breaking the power of the nobility. Though smaller uprisings occurred in 1820, 1823, and 1824, none of them seriously threatened the British government of the highlands. 2778: 849: 2600:

colors were used despite the limited palette, which resulted in striking visual impact. The frescoes at Degaldoruva and the Ridi Vihare in Kurunegala were the notable examples of traditional Kandyan art, created by the talented monk, Devaragampola Silvaththana between 1771 and 1776. The Dambulla rock temple was also redecorated in the eighteenth century in a similar artistic style. Other paintings at Kaballalena temple in the Kurunegala district, shrines at Mulkirigala in the Hambantota district, the Totagamuva Rajamahévihara in Telvatta, and the Sailabimbaramaya in Dodanduwa were attributed to artists influenced by Devaragampola Silvaththana's school. These paintings exhibited variations in style, indicating the potential involvement of multiple artists. Although the Kandyan paintings of this period.

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final expulsion of the Portuguese from Sri Lanka. Rajasinha demanded that the fort be handed over to the Kandyans for demolition; in November, the Dutch refused and drove the king and his army from the vicinity. Rajasinha's hold over his own population was tenuous, and rebellions against him in 1664 and 1671 gave the Dutch the opportunity to seize large parts of Sabaragamuwa in 1665, as well as Kalpitiya, Kottiyar, Batticaloa and Trincomalee. The seizure of the ports was a serious blow to the Kandyan kingdom – not only were Dutch holdings now more or less coterminous with the territory the Portuguese had held, but all Kandyan trade was now in Dutch hands. Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with

2219:) is a historical palace complex located in the city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, and was the official residence of the kings of the Kingdom of Kandy before the British colonization in 1815. The palace complex is a remarkable example of traditional Kandyan architecture, adorned with intricate wood and stone carvings, and murals on the walls. It comprises several buildings, including the Audience Hall, the Queen's Palace, the King's Palace, and the famous Temple of the Tooth Relic. The Temple of the Tooth, one of the most revered Buddhist temples in the world, is also located within the palace complex. The palace complex and the Temple of the Tooth are both designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 1118: 2131: 812: 2797: 1683: 1217: 1656:

January 1803, a British force led by General Hay Macdowall marched to Kandy and found it evacuated. The British force installed Muttusami, but he was not respected by the Kandyans. The British were surrounded by hostile people, lacked food, and suffered disease. Macdowall became ill and put Major Davie in charge. The British abandoned Kandy with the sick left behind were put to death. Kandyan forces defeated the retreating British at the Mahavali River, executing Muttusami and all the British prisoners except Davie and three others. This Kandyan war lasted for two years, becoming the longest and most intensive period of the

890: 2607: 2616: 2727: 1533:, which the Dutch torched; outlying agricultural lands were also ravaged, leaving the kingdom on the brink of starvation by 1764. Kirti Sri Rajasinha requested assistance from the British in 1762 but failed to secure an alliance. By 1765 the Dutch were in a position to force a treaty upon the Kandyans returning not only the border districts but all of Kandy's coastal provinces to the Dutch; henceforth, the kingdom would be effectively cut off from the outside world. Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans remained peaceable after this until the final expulsion of the former from the island in 1796. 2684: 2553: 2200: 2763: 286: 311: 2809: 2751: 1766: 2634: 2625: 2643: 1712: 2715: 2739: 2703: 2122: 1746:. The resulting agreement allowed for the protection of Buddhism and the preservation of local systems of government under the authority of the British Governor in Colombo and supervised by British agents in Sabaragamuwa, the Three Korales, and Uva. In practice, however, local chiefs such as Ehelepola and Molligoda were acutely aware that they were ultimately answerable to the British, and were in practice junior to British colonial officials who now had free access to their domains. 1126: 7235: 5446: 2851: 1963:(Great Officer). There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. The police and the jails were under their control. Adikars were consulted on the appointment of all other chiefs, the chief priest as well as for grants of lands, or rewards for services. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed. 1350: 1021: 633: 357: 7245: 5456: 72: 56: 1233: 5466: 1597: 1614:. The new king rejected the terms of Migastenne's treaty, depriving the kingdom of the opportunity to regain the lands it had lost a generation earlier. It proved to be a fateful decision; the British immediately set about organising their new acquisitions, establishing systems of government, education, and justice. With the appointment of Frederick North (1798–1805) as the first 1648:, but the English Company still retained a monopoly on the colony's trade. Agents of the British were put in charge of lucrative pearl fisheries, cotton plantations, salt, and tobacco monopolies. In the first three years, the government received £396,000 from pearl fisheries. This compensated for the lower price of cinnamon because of Dutch stocks in 1731:, Ehelepola's successor in Sabaragamuwa and Dissava of the Four Korales, defected to the British in February; Kandy was seized on 14 February, and Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe himself captured on 18 February. The king was subsequently exiled to India, where he died in 1832. His son died childless in 1843, bringing the Nayakkar line to an end. 3831: 1482:

able to crush with Dutch assistance. The Nayakkar nobility – which tended to be exclusivist and monopolise access to the king – was seen as forming an elite group privileged above the native aristocracy, the powerful adigars. Though Sri Vijaya Rajasinha's reign (1739–1747) proved relatively peaceful, his successor

2181:, they weighed around 28 kg and were mounted on a tripod where the gunner would rest the butt stock from the chest to the shoulder before firing. In addition to field artillery similar to that of Europeans Kandyans also developed a unique form of light cannon better suited for mountain warfare called the 2773:

Kandyan architects played a vital role in the development of Buddhist architecture by introducing Tampita viharages. These image-houses were constructed on raised platforms and became a prominent aspect of Kandyan Buddhist temples. Typically, these temples featured a pansala for bhikkhus to reside, a

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During the reign of the Kandyan kingdom in Sri Lanka, traditional artistic conventions were followed by generations of skilled artists. Kandyan paintings of this period showcased traditional motifs and subjects and had a two-dimensional style with a strong emphasis on line and color. Vibrant and pure

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Amidst rising tension, matters came to a head when a group of Moorish British subjects were detained and beaten by agents of Pilima Talawe's. British demands for reparations were ignored by the Kandyans and so North ordered a British force to invade Kandyan lands starting the First Kandyan War. On 31

1636:. Muttusami, brother-in-law of Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha also claimed the throne of Kandy, but Pilima Talauve arrested him and his sisters. The First Minister, was close to the British however could not control Sri Vickrama Rajasinha, he coveted the throne for himself, and at meetings with the British at 1224:

Hostilities between the Portuguese and the Kandyans continued throughout the rest of Wimaladharmasuriya's reign. The Kandyans lent aid to a rebellion led by Domingos Corrêa and later Simão Corrêa, Sinhalese subjects of Dharmapala, between 1594 and 1596. A Portuguese incursion in 1604 saw them capture

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Much of the Kandy Kingdom's territory was in Sri Lanka's mountainous and thickly forested interior, with mountain passes to the capital providing plenty of opportunities for defenders to stage ambushes. Routes to the city were kept secret, and spreading information concerning them could often result

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During the Kandyan kingdom, the sculpture art was considered less impressive than the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva periods. This is especially evident in the moonstones that were created during that time. The moonstones lost their symbolic significance and were reduced to mere decorations featuring

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Kandyan architecture was the style of architecture used in the Kandyan kingdom. This style was heavily influenced by the architecture of the Malabar region in South India, due to the close connection between the two regions during that time. Unlike stone, wood was the main building material used in

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Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans had been difficult from the onset and the alliance fell apart in the 1640s. The two sides joined forces again in the 1650s to expel the Portuguese, but a final break occurred in 1656 in the aftermath of the fall of Colombo after a six-month siege and the

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Appointed by the King, a Dissava had administrative and judicial authority both civil and criminal over the Desavonies as king's personal representative. They had jurisdiction over all persons and lands within their province, except for those attached to the King's court or household. There was no

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According to the Kandyan administrative system, the king was head of all spheres. He was also known as "Lankeshwara Thrisinhaladheeshwara". It was accepted that the king owned all lands and therefore was known as "Bhupathi". Even though the king was called "Adeeshwara", it was customary to consult

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The area of the central highlands in which the Kandyan kingdom was situated had the natural protection of rivers, waterways, hills and rocky mountainous terrain. The prominent location of the Kandyan kingdom with its cool climate had greatly contributed to protecting the independence of the nation

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of Sabaragamuwa, to Kandy. Ehelepola, suspecting a trap, refused; in revenge, the king had his wife and three children executed. Such was the cruelty of the execution that the Kandyan populace, not unused to sights of public execution, now turned en masse against the king. The king was also hugely

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commander known as Sangunglo. Upon their arrival they found the city deserted. Rather than torching it, they installed a puppet king, Muttusami, and left a small garrison in the town before withdrawing. The Kandyans recaptured the city, leaving only one survivor, and harried British forces down to

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The residences of the common people were modest, consisting of one-story buildings, and the most basic ones having only a solitary room. These abodes consisted of mud walls built around a wooden frame, thatched roofs, and polished floors made by blending mud and cow-dung. The upper class lived in

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The audience hall is a great example of how Kandyan architecture adapted to its environment. The structure was supported by intricately carved wooden pillars that were later replicated in stone at the Dalada Maligava. Additionally, Kandyan architecture featured long verandahs supported by pillars

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military adventurers. With the arrival of the Nayakkars, large numbers of South Indian Tamil soldiers made up the king's personal guard. In addition to this, various Europeans were in the King's service during this period (including a master gunner), and large contingents of Malays, who were very

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populace, including the Kandyan aristocracy, and the Nayakkars remained fraught throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. As early as Narendrasinha's reign, attempts at appointing Nayakkars to prominent positions in court had caused rebellion, including one in 1732 that the king had only been

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Sithawakan rule over Kandy proved difficult to enforce. Wirasundara Mudiyanse, Rajasinghe's viceroy in the area, rebelled soon after the initial conquest; though his uprising was crushed another occurred in 1588. Resistance eventually coalesced around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had

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In the following decade, Sri Wickrama Rajasinha's increasingly erratic and capricious rule led to serious unrest amongst the population. A major rebellion in the Seven Korales nearly dethroned him in 1808. The powerful Pilima Talawe rebelled in 1810, was captured, and executed. In 1814, the king

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As for the armies, each of the local chieftains could call upon a militia that often accompanied them on their journeys around the kingdom. The bulk of the Kandyan army consisted of local peasant conscripts – irregulars pressed into service in times of war – who tended to bring with them around

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The Kingdom of Kandy was governed by customs and traditions that have descended over the centuries which forms the basis of both the civil and criminal legal system that existed in the kingdom. Parts of this traditional law have been codified into the current legal framework of Sri Lanka as the

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twenty days' worth of supplies and functioned in discrete units often out of contact with each other. One of the reasons for the Kandyan's inability to hold the land they captured was poor logistical support, as many soldiers had to return to base to replenish their supplies once they ran out.

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The Kingdom of Kandy used multiple currencies some of which originated from its predecessor the Kingdom of Kotte. The Silver coins 'Ridi (Massa)' and 'Panama' were introduced by the end of the 16th century while the gold coins ‘Ran Panam’ and ‘Ran massa’ had been introduced earlier. Later the

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By the 1760s bows and arrows had been phased out in favour of firearms. Kandyan gunsmiths specialised in manufacturing light flintlocks known as Bondikula with smaller bores than European guns, with their barrels extended for accuracy. Larger bondikula guns known as Maha thuwakku were used as

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various shapes and designs. The moonstones found at Dalada Maligava are a prime example of this as they have elongated ends and are highly conventionalized. It is worth noting that there is no direct artistic connection between the traditions of Sigiri, Polonnaruva, and the Kandyan kingdom.

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The state religion was Buddhism. Due to the activities of the Portuguese, ordained Buddhist monks were absent by the Dutch era. After the arrival of the Nayak dynasty, Buddhism was again firmly established in the island. The dynasty of Vimaladharmasurya I largely tolerated the presence of

2161:, and quick raids. One of the hallmarks of the clashes between the kingdom and its European foes was the inability of either side to take and hold land or to permanently cut off supply routes, with the exception being the Dutch, who managed to do so for an extended period of time in 1762. 2282:'Thangam Massa', 'Podi (small) Thangama', 'Ridiya' were introduced. By the 18th century the ‘Waragama’ originating from India and the copper coin ‘Salli’ became widespread with an exchange rate of one 'Ridiya' for sixty-four 'Salli' coins. The influence of the Dutch resulted in the 2774:

vihara for the image-house, and a stupa or dagoba. However, some temples did not have a dagoba. Furthermore, nearly every temple had a devale, which was a shrine dedicated to a Hindu deity. The statue of the Hindu god was usually housed under the same roof as the Buddha's statue.

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between 1799 and 1801 requested British assistance in deposing Sri Vickrama Rajasinha. Complex negotiations ensued, with various ideas – including the king being moved to British lands with Pilima Talawe acting as his viceroy in Kandy – were discussed and rejected by both sides.

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on 28 March 1638. The battle was to be the last major military victory for the kingdom of Kandy and succeeded in severely weakening the Portuguese presence in Sri Lanka. In May of that year he concluded a wide-ranging alliance with the Dutch, who were by now in control of

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17th–18th Century flintlock Sinhalese Long Gun also known as a "Bondikula". The lock is situated to the left side and the bifurcated butt is a characteristic unique to Sinhalese guns. The gun has been extensively ornamented with silver and ivory panels carved with floral

1145:, posed the greatest threat to the autonomy of the other states. In 1522, the Kandyans secured Portuguese protection against Sithawaka, but any potential for alliance ended in 1546 when Portuguese and Kotte forces invaded the kingdom. Kandy subsequently lent aid to the 2580:. The religious environment, however, changed dramatically with the arrival of the Nayak dynasty. In 1743 Sri Vijaya Rajasinha ordered churches burned and commenced a general repression of the faith, which continued until Kirti Sri Rajasinha commanded its cessation. 2222:

The city of Kandy was built in a stunning pattern of twelve cycles by the kings of Kandy, showcasing their grandeur and architectural prowess. However, after the fall of the kingdom to British invaders, the once glorious landscape was altered beyond recognition.

1168:) and her husband Yamasinghe Bandara. Both eventually adopted Portuguese worship, converted to Christianity and adopted the names Dona Catherina and Don Philipe respectively. In the meanwhile the Portuguese also laid claim to the Kandyan realm, citing 2105:(the Great Court) consists of the King, Adikars, Disawes, MahaLekam, and the Mohandirams forms the highest court of the land held in different times and locations hearing both civil and criminal cases. The court language of Kandy was under the 2030:

time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.

1910:. The king had to follow the customs and traditions which were in popular practice at that time, otherwise, the people would rebel against him if he did not. Not obeying these would be detrimental to the power of the king, an example being 2786:

more refined structures called Walawwas, which often had unpolished windows on the interior walls. The rooms in Walawwas were usually organized around a central courtyard known as "hataras midula," which remained uncovered to the sky.

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Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia. On Singhala or Ceylon and the doctrine of Bhooddha; by Captain

2777: 1401:. Several anti-Dutch uprisings occurred in the lowlands during the course of the 1720s and 1730s; the Kandyans in turn declared war on the Dutch in 1736 and seized some territory. Hostilities subsided with the appointment of 732:

Throughout the 16th century, numerous battles were fought with the Portuguese and later the Dutch, and from the 1590s, Kandy became the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka and through a combination of

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being overrun by the Kandyans. Internal instability yet again prevented the Kandyans from securing their acquisitions, and by the time of Senarat's death in 1635 lowland Sri Lanka was once again under Portuguese control.

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to Kandy in an attempt to negotiate a treaty. The visit ended in disaster when the visitors offended their Kandyan hosts with their behaviour and in the ensuing fracas, de Weert and several of his entourage were killed.

5106: 1382:, who seized Trincomalee but were expelled by the Dutch in 1672. Kandyan campaigns in 1675 and 1684 recaptured some territory, but by the time of Rajasinha's death in 1687 neither city had returned to Kandyan control. 1959:, holding equal powers and privileges within their jurisdiction. The Pallegampahe Adikar held precedence over the Udagampahe Adikar. The Adikars are distinguished from the other chiefs with the honour of the title of 2696:

made of various materials, including wood, stone, or masonry. These structures had peaked roofs and overhanging eaves to protect the walls from the elements. The Lankatilaka vihara is a prime example of this style.

1389:, and his twenty-year reign (1687–1707) proved relatively peaceable. A trade war broke out in 1701 when the Kandyans closed their borders with Dutch territories in order to stimulate trade through the ports of 2093:. The King had ultimate judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in both original and appellate cases. Principle chiefs exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction over persons within their jurisdiction. 1195:

as client king. In 1594, Rajasinghe I died and the kingdom of Sithawaka disintegrated. Kandy remained the sole native polity outside of European dominance. In 1595, Wimaladharmasuriya brought the sacred

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had to deal with two major rebellions. The first, in 1749, was directed at his father Narenappa; the second, in 1760, was a far more dangerous insurrection which attempted to replace him with a

4540: 1918:, merely because he ignored the advice of the Buddhist priests and chieftains and did not follow the age old traditions. The King would have judicial authority in civil and criminal cases. 824:. Many routes into the hill country became impassable during the annual monsoon, and malaria was rife. Throughout its existence Kandyan forces used the land to their advantage, engaging in 5308: 5101: 4359: 6438: 6887: 6213: 5073: 4694: 4143: 4138: 4068: 1632:

in 1802. Much of the king's reign had been dominated by the powerful First Minister, Pilima Talawe, who now moved to enthroned a young relative of the king, 18-year-old Konnasami as

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fleeing Portuguese land following their occupation by the Dutch. On occasion, the Kandyan kings even protected Catholic agents, most famously Vimaladharmasurya II's protection of

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were already in use during the Kingdom of Kotte and is believed to have been introduced by Persian traders. These were locally replicated as Angutu Massa with a silver finish.

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was deposed and the Jaffna Kingdom absorbed into the Portuguese Empire. Despite these setbacks, Senarat survived as the king and in 1612 had even concluded a treaty with the

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Exquisite Sinhalese bronze cannon with intricate silver and gold inlay, gifted to King Vijaya Rajasingha in 1745 by Lewuke, the Disawa or Lord of the four Korles district.

6862: 4126: 4121: 2659:, which is known for its flowing movements and bright costumes. People often perform Kandyan dancing at special events and it's an important part of Sri Lankan culture. 1180:

fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinghe. Between 1591 and 1594, he returned to the area, seized the Kandyan throne under the name

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The jewelers make very detailed designs with precious stones and metals. People in the Kandyan royal court used to wear this jewelry to show their wealth and status.

6527: 4565: 1423:'s death in 1739. The king had one son – Unambuve Bandara – by a Sinhalese consort. However, succession to the Kandyan throne was reserved exclusively for those of 1087:

in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms.

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the Mahaveli river, but were routed at Hanwella. The following year another British incursion resulted in a stalemate, and an uneasy truce was in place by 1805.

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trade and retaliated; by 1707 Kandyan borders had reopened and both ports were closed. Upon his death Vimaladharmasurya was succeeded by his son, who ruled as

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lineage, raided the Kandy Kingdom and drove Senerat out of his capital. In 1611 Portuguese forces captured Kandy in the name of the pretender Mayadunne of

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The strategic situation in Sri Lanka changed dramatically during Wimaladharmasurya's rise to power. To the north, the Portuguese deposed the king

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prince. Despite these tensions, however, the Nayakkar dynasty endured, establishing support by their patronage of Buddhism and Kandyan culture.

4768: 3836: 3484: 2932: 709:, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the 702:, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century. 6510: 5313: 5047: 4096: 2762: 2483:

Rata Wasama was the provincial administration of the subdivisions of the Mahanuwara area in kingdom of kandy. There were nine Rata wasamas.

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the Kandyans launched numerous raids and incursions into Dutch territory, including the annexation of villages in 1741, 1743, and 1745. The

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ordered several British forces moved inland from their coastal strongholds in January 1815, accompanied by native forces under Ehelepola.

1160:– succeeded in annexing the kingdom outright; the Kandyan king Karalliyadde Kumara Bandara (also known as Jayavira III) fled north to the 828:

against invading forces, and evacuating major urban centres when enemy forces drew near – a tactic used with particular effect during the

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and married Dona Catherina. Victories over the Sithawakans and the Portuguese (who occupied Kandy briefly in 1592) secured his position.

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in 1681. One hundred years later, British involvement in Sri Lankan affairs commenced in earnest with the seizure of Trincomalee by

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as well as numerous frontier districts. It was to prove to be a disaster; the Dutch re-captured Matara and Hanwella in 1762, seized

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Kandy territory was invaded twice in the 1570s and 1580s, first in 1574, and then in 1581 by the newly crowned king of Sithawaka

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Dissava were provincial governors. The Kandyan kingdom consisted of twenty-one provinces of which twelve principles are called

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Kandyan forces, throughout their history, relied heavily on the mountainous terrain of the kingdom and primarily engaged in

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Diyawadana Nilame was an officer of the Royal household, charged with safeguarding and carrying out ancient rituals for the

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Rate Mahaththayas were governors of smaller districts namely Udanuwere, Hewahete, Yatinuwere, Kotmale, Tunpanahe, Dumbara.

1346:. Batticaloa and Trincomalee fell in 1639, Galle in 1640, and Kandyan forces seized Portuguese territories further inland. 3749: 7196: 6837: 6822: 6725: 6358: 4414: 4395: 2525: 1816: 1325:

on 2 August 1630 in which Portuguese captain-general Constantino de Sá de Noronha was killed resulted in large parts of

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many steps were taken to develop and improve the economy of the Kingdom of Kandy. He took steps to improve the

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Though several British sailors and priests had landed in Sri Lanka as early as the 1590s, the most famous was

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or to suppress rebellions. During times of war or military campaign, these would be supplemented with local

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securing the return of much of the eastern coast to the Kandyans in February 1796; by the 15 of that month,

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Weliwita Sarankara, the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's senior wives, a member of the

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forces and could not prevent the Portuguese and Dutch from maintaining a strong presence in lowland areas.

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The territories still possessed by the Dutch on the island were formally ceded to the British in the 1802

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influence the area developed into an autonomous domain with Senkadagalapura at its capital. Following the

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and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay in the central highlands, before finally falling under

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Relations between the Dutch Republic and the Kandyans were initiated on 2 June 1602 when Dutch explorer

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16th-century Kandy period sculpture at Mahavihara Bingiriya, crafted from stucco and adorned with paint

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which consisted of a gun barrel placed on a wooden stock supported by a wooden block or iron forelegs.

1796: 1625: 1506: 1343: 1072: 811: 3583: 2691:, Kandy. Successive kings expanded and improved the temple throughout the Kandyan kingdom's existence. 7294: 7269: 7186: 7058: 7035: 6969: 6800: 6264: 5989: 5941: 5922: 5401: 5363: 5179: 4447: 4257: 3757: 2519: 1822: 1402: 1291: 1035: 869: 1513:

trade. In 1761, however, Kirti Sri Rajasinha launched a major invasion of the low country, annexing

7206: 7063: 6790: 6683: 6348: 5850: 5829: 5708: 5529: 5285: 5078: 4920: 4686: 4550: 1787: 1682: 1287: 1245: 1153: 1001: 146: 2615: 2606: 1723:

In November 1814, ten British subjects were captured and mutilated in Kandyan territory. Governor

1294:

fleet which arrived in 1620, but failed to secure Trincomalee and was expelled by the Portuguese.

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during the ensuing conflict. The British rapidly annexed Dutch possessions in Sri Lanka, taking

7216: 6996: 6986: 6857: 6842: 6649: 6644: 6631: 6594: 6470: 6328: 6286: 6117: 6107: 5680: 5540: 5378: 5156: 4960: 4699: 4570: 4063: 3986: 3974: 2536: 2199: 1858: 1801: 1566: 1379: 917: 806: 424: 412: 3356:

Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka

3319: 3282: 3161:

Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka

815:

The Ella Gap – typical of the mountainous and densely forested terrain of the Kingdom of Kandy

7098: 7030: 6847: 6772: 6614: 6576: 6490: 6092: 6061: 5647: 5419: 4945: 4575: 4545: 4318: 4038: 3952: 2904: 2560: 2547: 2470: 2359: 2138:

The Kingdom of Kandy did not maintain a large standing army. The King maintained a full-time

1770: 1633: 1621: 1611: 1551: 1334: 1322: 1157: 714: 561: 376: 4197: 3691:

The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

3306:

In Fact, the last Sri Lankan king ruled from highland city of Kandy and was of Tamil descent

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ancestry on both their mother and father's side, and Unambuve's mother had been of a lower

1241: 1181: 1008: 927: 853: 649: 644: 388: 3558:

The Making of European Private Law: Toward a Ius Commune Europaeum as a Mixed Legal System

8: 7068: 6991: 6475: 6137: 6041: 5685: 5670: 5535: 5495: 5275: 4950: 4940: 4001: 3947: 3124: 2688: 2556: 2420: 2376: 2372: 2073: 1607: 1498: 1483: 1338: 1205: 1096: 734: 722: 489: 291: 223: 4369: 3599: 2680:

Kandyan architecture, which was a reflection of the architectural practices of Malabar.

1933:

The King would appoint persons deemed trustworthy and capable to high offices of state.

1690:

The British fought their way to Kandy, encountering Kandyan resistance led in part by a

1618:, any hope of the Kandyans regaining their eastern territories essentially disappeared. 7238: 7171: 7123: 7118: 7103: 7078: 7073: 7013: 6974: 6949: 6182: 6122: 6046: 5565: 5545: 4910: 4859: 4847: 4677: 4637: 4620: 3991: 3964: 3877: 3706: 3530: 3233: 2408: 1743: 1716: 1669: 1601: 1467: 1156:. Rajasinghe – who had already scored a significant victory over the Portuguese at the 948: 753: 600: 436: 249: 3376: 2286:

entering circulation gaining the name 'Thuttu' among Sinhalese. Hook-shaped coins the

7244: 7088: 6907: 6882: 6462: 6147: 6004: 5912: 5809: 5723: 5455: 5368: 5136: 5017: 4895: 4864: 4773: 4111: 3698: 3624: 3562: 3325: 3288: 3261: 3195: 2950: 2947:

Pivot politics : changing cultural identities in early state formation processes

2910: 2885: 2668: 2063: 1911: 1686:

Kandyan chiefs Ehelepola, Molligoda and Kapuvatta with the British agent John D'Oyly.

1570: 1562: 1514: 1470:. The Nayak rulers played a huge role in reviving Buddhism in the island. They spoke 1444: 1261: 1192: 1188: 1080: 922: 825: 530: 1610:

died in the midst of these events in January 1796, and was succeeded by his brother

1220:

Reconstructed emblem(device) of Rajasinghe II featuring a Red Lion on a gold ground.

1216: 7248: 7001: 6832: 6555: 6517: 6256: 6172: 6127: 5907: 5876: 5793: 5560: 5459: 5068: 4885: 4825: 3996: 3077: 2855: 2445: 2389: 2287: 2212: 1852: 1735: 1724: 1700: 1645: 1585:

on 28 September. Migastenne Disawa, the Kandyan ambassador, negotiated a treaty in

1478: 1297:

The Portuguese strengthened their position throughout the 1620s, building forts at

1201: 1134: 1084: 1076: 1025: 953: 878: 706: 637: 448: 106: 6082: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2038:(Chief Secretary in Sinhala) was the chief of departments of the Kandyan kingdom. 1742:– met with the nobility of the kingdom and concluded in a conference known as the 1079:

from the early 15th to late 16th centuries; with Kotte's weakening in the face of

768:

Over the years, the Kingdom of Kandy has been known by many names. These include:

6659: 6368: 5591: 4955: 4843: 4709: 4174: 4078: 4033: 3886: 3459: 3383: 3131: 3091: 3006: 2989: 2972: 2440: 2343: 1907: 1807: 1765: 1711: 1708:

unpopular amongst the clergy for his sudden and brutal seizures of temple lands.

1529:

in 1763, and then drove inland in a two-pronged invasion. The Kandyans evacuated

1452: 1436: 1414: 1249: 857: 366: 4202: 3515: 3485:"81 leaders in 1818 freedom struggle declared as national heroes – Daily Mirror" 3215: 2655:

Kandyan art is also known for being very detailed and beautiful. One example is

2072:. The Diyawadana Nilame has the responsibility of overseeing all aspects of the 1244:

arrived at Santhamuruthu on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Later that year the

55: 7006: 6745: 6740: 6703: 6485: 6480: 6157: 6112: 6056: 5622: 5596: 5488: 5358: 4763: 4555: 4489: 4417: 4308: 4008: 3096:. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 83–84. 2326: 2110: 2077: 2049: 1915: 1629: 1471: 1440: 1367:

Reception of the envoys of the King of Kandy by the Dutch Governor Iman Falck,

1161: 1146: 1108: 745: 738: 710: 571: 508: 477: 343: 304: 197: 111: 62: 7263: 6087: 5897: 5555: 4835: 4313: 4293: 3702: 3439: 2840: 2656: 2236: 2165: 2164:

In the 16th and 17th century, the Kandyan Kings relied on mercenaries, often

2143: 2121: 1677: 1628:

and the Crown both had control over the island from 1798 until it became the

1547: 1456: 1266: 757: 116: 4380: 3647:

Military organisation in pre-modern Sri Lanka: the army of the Kandyan Kings

3257:

The Living and the Dead: Social Dimensions of Death in South Asian Religions

6750: 6162: 6152: 5788: 5550: 5234: 4890: 4737: 4625: 4212: 4116: 3841: 2271: 2244: 2240: 1750: 1673: 1657: 1310: 1279: 1271: 1260:, who at the time of the king's death was an ordained priest, but left the 1211: 1125: 1071:

may have been founded as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of

932: 829: 749: 726: 542: 2142:

at the Palace. In the provinces, local garrisons were maintained to guard

1405:

as Governor, and by 1737 the Dutch and Kandyans were once again at peace.

977: 5979: 5118: 5063: 4810: 4727: 4232: 4227: 4207: 3321:

Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context

2139: 2106: 2090: 1942: 1774: 1637: 1577:(which had been returned to the Dutch in 1794) between 28 and 31 August, 1574: 1537: 1408: 1302: 1197: 718: 3710: 3686: 3649:

in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, August 2004, p. 1309

3534: 2076:. One of his principal duty of organizing the annual pageant, the Kandy 1474:, which was also used as the court language in Kandy alongside Sinhala. 6755: 5612: 5212: 4985: 4975: 4915: 4905: 4242: 3924: 3453:

Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor's infamous Gazette Notification

2577: 2569: 2303:

In the early years of the kingdom, it consisted of areas or divisions.

1578: 1306: 1283: 1169: 833: 4747: 3523:

Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2243:

and agriculture in places such as Kothmale, Walapane, Harispaththuwa,

1200:– the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the 7138: 7133: 6760: 5964: 5751: 5207: 4364: 4339: 4334: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3846: 2573: 2275: 2154: 1649: 1424: 1394: 1349: 1226: 1142: 1104: 699: 612: 347: 1947:

The highest offices of state were that of the two Adikars (known as

1660:, because Governor North continued to send forces to the frontiers. 1596: 356: 5933: 5342: 4267: 4252: 4237: 4217: 2354: 2267: 2248: 2178: 2158: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1463: 1460: 1390: 1298: 1232: 1138: 131: 127: 71: 1256:

Wimaladharmasuriya died in 1604. The throne passed to his cousin,

1137:

in 1521, the kingdom of Kotte split into three competing states –

5270: 4995: 4247: 2909:, p. 40, Margaret Trawick, University of California Press, 2007, 2835: 2283: 2147: 1972: 1704: 1590: 1337:, who led the Kandyans to a major victory over the Portuguese at 1314: 1257: 3474:, Ceylon Daily News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. 3192:

This inscrutable Englishman: Sir John D'Oyly, Baronet, 1774–1824

5570: 4298: 4222: 3377:

Ralph Fitch: An Elizabethan Merchant in 16th Century Chiang Mai

2338: 2333: 1586: 1582: 1526: 1432: 1275: 3284:

The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality

2203:

Plan of the Royal Palace Of Kandy 1765 A.D. drawn by the Dutch

1921:

The kings of Kandy became the rulers of the whole island with

1121:

The Kingdom of Kandy at its greatest territorial extent, 1520s

5511: 5337: 4497: 4303: 4272: 3801:

De Silva, K. M., & de Silva, Kingsley Muthumuni. (1981).

2263: 1530: 1428: 1318: 1236:

King Vimaladharmasurya I receiving Joris van Spilbergen, 1603

1068: 967: 837: 210: 96: 3462:, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013. 1593:

had fallen and Dutch rule on the island had come to an end.

832:. Though the kingdom had intermittent access to the port of 80: Territorial extent of the Kingdom of Kandy (1689–1796) 5013: 2255: 1487: 1129:

The growth and impact of the kingdom of Sitawaka, 1521–1594

3037:

A True and Exact Description of the great island of Ceylon

860:

a.k.a. Dona Catharina during the campaign of Danture, 1594

756:

of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the

109:(court language 1469–1815 and dynastic language 1469–1739) 3472:

Sumanawathie's success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa

3142: 3140: 3004: 2259: 1393:

and Kottiyar. As a result, the Dutch lost control of the

1075:(1357–1374). Central Sri Lanka was ruled by the kings of 5480: 3588:. The Journal of the Institute of Linguists. p. 25. 1554:

as part of general British-Dutch hostilities during the

1212:

Consolidation and interactions with the Dutch: 1594–1739

5230: 3281:

Francoeur, Noonan, Robert T. Raymond J. Noonan (2004).

3234:"Sri Lanka: Legal Research and Legal System – GlobaLex" 2906:

Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa

3137: 1663: 1409:

The Nayakkars and the coming of the British: 1739–1803

3725:"Solving the mystery of Kandyan artefacts | Daily FT" 3529:(2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 191–252. 3516:"A Sketch of the Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom" 3413: 3411: 3409: 2987: 2970: 2756:

Old photo of King's Quarters in Kandyan Royal palace

1191:

of the Jaffna Kingdom in 1591 and installed his son

16:

Kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka from 1469 to 1815

3260:. State University of New York Press. p. 117. 3189: 3176:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1624:died of illness on 26 July 1798 with no heir. The 1164:with his daughter, Kusumasana Devi (also known as 3816:Domestic Architecture among the Kandyan Sinhalese 3406: 3280: 7261: 4659: 3134:, Lanka Library Forum, retrieved 22 August 2009. 1321:, and Manikkadawara. A disastrous defeat at the 7310:States and territories established in the 1460s 3818:(Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University. 3510: 3068:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p. 32. 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 3832:British Ceylon and Kingdom of Kandy 1805 (map) 2768:The Octagonal Pavilion in Kandyan Royal palace 1229:troops forced a withdrawal back to the coast. 7315:States and territories disestablished in 1815 5949: 5496: 4410: 4396: 3862: 3581: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3173:Historians, Society of Architectural (1994). 3105: 3103: 1546:based on his experiences during the reign of 1043: 675: 3684: 3600:"Flintlock Gun 17th–18th century Sri Lankan" 2919: 1734:On 2 March 1815, British agents – including 4587:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 2293: 2083: 1565:had spread to the Netherlands by 1795, and 1543:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 995:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 5956: 5942: 5503: 5489: 4403: 4389: 3869: 3855: 3491: 3172: 3100: 2781:A central courtyard in Maduwanwela Walawwa 1447:house from southern India. He was crowned 1385:Rajasinha's son ascended to the throne as 1050: 1036: 907: 682: 668: 70: 6409:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees 4561:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 3080:, Lanka Library, retrieved 22 August 2009 2998: 2981: 2964: 2732:The audience hall of Kandyan Royal Palace 1290:. When help came it was in the form of a 1282:and torched the city yet again. In 1619, 7305:15th-century establishments in Sri Lanka 4520:Sitawaka occupation of Kandy (1582–1592) 3047: 3045: 2944: 2877: 2776: 2682: 2551: 2254:Imports of the Kandyan Kingdom included 2251:, Udunuwara, Yatinuwara and Ududumbara. 2198: 2129: 2120: 1981:with each placed under a chief called a 1764: 1710: 1681: 1595: 1362: 1353:Dutch Colombo, based on an engraving of 1348: 1231: 1215: 1124: 1116: 847: 810: 800: 5903:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium 5729:D.S. Senanayake Memorial Public Library 4685: 3561:. Oxford: Intersentia nv. p. 138. 3317: 3249: 3247: 3089: 2070:Sacred Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 1333:The throne now passed to Senarat's son 114:(court and dynastic language 1739–1815) 7262: 5415:Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka 4901:Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy 3876: 3253: 3109: 2991:Tri Siṃhala, the last phase, 1796–1815 5937: 5484: 5229: 5012: 4658: 4475: 4384: 3850: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3582:The Institute, Great Britain (1985). 3554: 3432:"A Moral Audit of the British Empire" 3042: 1581:on 18 September, and the entirety of 6506:Directorate of Military Intelligence 5963: 5918:Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7's 3446: 3244: 3066:Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658–1796 3064:Pieris, P. E. (Paul Edward) (1999). 5465: 4541:Dissolution of the Sitawaka Kingdom 3465: 3093:The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638 2974:Sinhalē and the patriots, 1815–1818 1992:Hathara Koralaya (The Four Korales) 1928: 1749:Rebellion broke out in 1817 in the 1664:Annexation and rebellion: 1803–1817 13: 5170:Sinhala words of Portuguese origin 3784: 3750:"History of Currency in Sri Lanka" 3424: 3005:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1803). 1313:, and upgrading fortifications in 1225:Balane, but dissent amongst their 1090: 744:The kingdom was absorbed into the 705:Initially a client kingdom of the 14: 7326: 6511:Criminal Investigation Department 5747:Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya 4981:Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya 3825: 3090:DeSilva, Chandra Richard (1972). 2007:Thun Koralaya (The Three Korales) 1995:Hath Koralaya (The Seven Korales) 1760: 1419:A succession crisis emerged upon 7290:1815 disestablishments in Ceylon 7243: 7234: 7233: 5882:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 5464: 5454: 5445: 5444: 4831:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 4695:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu 4180:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha 3039:, Phillipus Baldaeus, 1672, p. 8 2849: 2807: 2795: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 1149:against the Portuguese in 1560. 1019: 941:Colonial Kandy (1815–1948) 888: 631: 355: 309: 284: 54: 7285:Former monarchies of South Asia 6133:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century 4509: 3808: 3771: 3742: 3717: 3685:Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1942). 3678: 3665: 3652: 3639: 3617: 3592: 3575: 3548: 3477: 3393: 3370: 3361: 3348: 3318:de Jong, Joop T. V. M. (2002). 3311: 3274: 3226: 3208: 3183: 3166: 3153: 3118: 3083: 3078:Vimala Dharma Suriya I of Kandy 3071: 3058: 2674: 2513: 2188: 1600:Frederick North, first British 7280:Former countries in South Asia 6103:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 4881:Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero 3030: 3017: 2938: 2898: 2871: 2720:Lankathilaka Viharaya Entrance 2667:Another important art form is 2478: 1914:, who had to surrender to the 1630:British crown colony of Ceylon 1: 6414:Deputy Chairman of Committees 5856:Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya 5719:International Buddhist Museum 5392:Sinhala words of Dutch origin 4609:Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766) 4581:Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675) 2988:Paulus Edward Pieris (1945). 2971:Paulus Edward Pieris (1950). 2878:Johnston, William M. (2013). 2864: 2195:Royal Palace Complex of Kandy 2169:highly regarded as fighters. 1368: 1354: 1062: 790:Thun Sinhalaya or Tri Sinhala 5165:Sri Lankan Portuguese creole 4631:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818 3190:Gooneratne, Brendon (1999). 3148:A Short History of Sri Lanka 3112:A Short History of Sri Lanka 2945:LastName, FirstName (1994). 2744:Gadaladeniya Viharaya Dagaba 2662: 2588: 2541: 2298: 2157:-style hit-and-run attacks, 1985:who served as its governor. 1757:for nearly three centuries. 1556:American War of Independence 1264:and married Dona Catherina. 86: Dutch-controlled areas 7: 7300:1469 establishments in Asia 5757:Udawattakele Forest Reserve 5018:The Portuguese in Sri Lanka 4971:Udawattakele Forest Reserve 4705:House of Vimaladharmasuriya 4476: 3687:"Sinhala Weapons and Armor" 3625:"Kanon, anoniem, voor 1745" 3216:"The Island-Midweek Review" 3179:. The Society. p. 362. 2994:. Colombo Apothecaries' Co. 2977:. Colombo Apothecaries' Co. 2949:. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. 2881:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 2819: 2530: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2116: 1101:Portuguese period in Ceylon 10: 7331: 6501:State Intelligence Service 5714:Temple of the Tooth Museum 3814:MacDougall, R. D. (1971). 2884:. Routledge. p. 707. 2592: 2545: 2534: 2526:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka 2523: 2517: 2323:Uda Nuwara and Uda Palatha 2226: 2192: 2061: 2047: 1970: 1940: 1817:Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu 1785: 1667: 1626:English East India Company 1616:British governor of Ceylon 1431:. With the support of the 1412: 1094: 1073:Vikramabahu III of Gampola 843: 804: 18: 7229: 7159: 7049: 6957: 6948: 6781: 6660:Grama Niladhari divisions 6630: 6575: 6526: 6461: 6377: 6327: 6314:National Security Council 6278: 6255: 6246: 6196: 6075: 6024: 6015: 5972: 5890: 5864: 5843: 5822: 5802: 5776: 5769: 5737: 5699: 5661: 5640: 5631: 5605: 5579: 5518: 5510: 5440: 5400: 5377: 5351: 5301: 5294: 5263: 5247: 5225: 5200: 5178: 5155: 5129: 5094: 5087: 5056: 5030: 5008: 4933: 4873: 4803: 4796: 4756: 4718: 4676: 4654: 4596: 4528: 4488: 4471: 4438: 4431: 4327: 4281: 4258:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 4188: 4157: 4134:Sinhalese female monarchs 4087: 4024: 3934: 3893: 3884: 3779:A Short History of Ceylon 3758:Central Bank of Sri Lanka 3585:The Incorporated Linguist 3125:The Battle of Randeniwela 2520:Demographics of Sri Lanka 2419: 2388: 2216: 2144:strategic mountain passes 1906:the principal chiefs and 1493:Throughout the reigns of 1403:Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff 1292:Danish East India Company 263: 259: 246: 233: 220: 207: 203: 193: 189: 174: 159: 155: 145: 137: 123: 102: 92: 69: 51: 46: 30: 6640:Administrative divisions 6518:Sri Lanka Police Service 6424:Leader of the Opposition 6067:Sri Lanka (1948–present) 5851:Teaching Hospital, Kandy 5835:List of schools in Kandy 5830:University of Peradeniya 5709:National Museum of Kandy 5691:St. Paul's Church, Kandy 5530:List of Kandyan monarchs 5286:Indian Ocean slave trade 5079:Indian Ocean slave trade 4921:Wariyapola Sri Sumangala 4515:Wars of Kotte Succession 3194:. Cassell. p. 294. 3053:The History of Sri Lanka 3025:The History of Sri Lanka 2650: 2294:Administrative divisions 2084:Law and criminal justice 1788:List of Kandyan monarchs 1246:Dutch East India Company 1002:List of Kandyan monarchs 913:Sinhalese–Portuguese War 729:to ensure its survival. 401:Anuradhapura from Rohana 119:(for religious purposes) 19:Not to be confused with 6719:Knuckles Mountain Range 6714:Hanthana Mountain Range 6655:Divisional Secretariats 6610:Sri Lanka Freedom Party 6037:Pre Anuradhapura period 5587:Kandy Municipal Council 5387:Sri Lankan Creole Malay 4566:1615 Colombo earthquake 4069:Senasammata Vikramabahu 3842:Discover Charming Kandy 2669:Kandyan jewelry-making. 2595:Kandyan period frescoes 2583: 2266:while exports included 1781: 1176:of 1580 as a precedent 1166:Dona Catherina of Kandy 1113:Rajasinha I of Sitawaka 959:South East Asia Command 775:The Senkadagala Kingdom 763: 166:Senasammata Vikramabahu 7197:International rankings 6838:Science and technology 6823:Information technology 6536:Provincial governments 6309:Administrative Service 6270:Constitutional Council 5681:Malwathu Maha Viharaya 5541:Kandyan Treaty of 1638 5235:The Dutch in Sri Lanka 4961:Malwathu Maha Viharaya 4700:House of Siri Sanga Bo 4571:Kandyan Treaty of 1638 3803:A History of Sri Lanka 3110:Codrington, H.W, "7", 2782: 2692: 2564: 2559:is the focal point of 2537:Languages of Sri Lanka 2204: 2135: 2127: 1802:House of Siri Sanga Bo 1778: 1720: 1687: 1604: 1477:Relations between the 1374: 1360: 1237: 1221: 1135:Spoiling of Vijayabahu 1130: 1122: 1085:Spoiling of Vijayabahu 918:Kandyan Treaty of 1638 861: 816: 807:Geography of Sri Lanka 781:The Mahanuwara Kingdom 698:was a monarchy on the 425:Kingdom of Dambadeniya 413:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 39:Mahanuwara Rajadhaniya 7275:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka 6615:United National Party 6434:Chief Opposition Whip 6429:Chief Government Whip 6178:Independence movement 6062:British Ceylon period 5648:Royal Palace of Kandy 5420:Lanka Reformed Church 4576:Siege of Galle (1640) 4546:Convention of Malvana 3673:Military Organisation 3660:Military Organisation 3555:Smits, J. M. (2002). 3159:K. N. O. Dharmadasa, 2780: 2708:Lankathilaka Viharaya 2686: 2561:Buddhism in Sri Lanka 2555: 2548:Religion in Sri Lanka 2471:Anuradhapura District 2209:Royal Palace of Kandy 2202: 2133: 2124: 1895:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 1889:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 1771:Rajasinha II of Kandy 1768: 1714: 1685: 1634:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 1622:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 1612:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 1599: 1552:Admiral Edward Hughes 1459:origin who practiced 1451:later that year. The 1387:Vimaladharmasuriya II 1366: 1352: 1323:Battle of Randeniwela 1235: 1219: 1158:Battle of Mulleriyawa 1128: 1120: 851: 814: 801:Geography and climate 739:British colonial rule 715:Madurai Nayak dynasty 613:Republic of Sri Lanka 562:British Ceylon period 394:437 BCE–1017 CE 377:Kingdom of Tambapanni 209:• Foundation of 181:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 103:Common languages 7041:World Heritage Sites 5872:Kandy Esala Perahera 5784:Queen's Hotel, Kandy 5676:Asgiri Maha Viharaya 5653:President's Pavilion 5107:Portuguese buildings 4991:Bogoda Wooden Bridge 4966:Asgiri Maha Viharaya 4614:Treaty of Batticaloa 4551:Dutch–Portuguese War 3382:16 July 2008 at the 3254:Wilson, Liz (2003). 3238:www.nyulawglobal.org 3163:, 1993, pp 8–12 3130:24 June 2018 at the 2856:Sri Lanka portal 2831:Kandyan era frescoes 2826:History of Sri Lanka 2459:Polonnaruwa district 2360:Nuwaraeliya District 2233:Vimaladharmasuriya I 2231:During the reign of 1923:Vimaladharmasuriya I 1877:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 1865:Vimaladharmasurya II 1847:Vimaladharmasuriya I 1495:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 1466:and were patrons of 1449:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 1242:Joris van Spilbergen 1182:Wimaladharmasuriya I 1026:Sri Lanka portal 1009:History of Sri Lanka 970:(1948–present) 928:Treaty of Batticaloa 854:Pedro Lopes de Sousa 852:Portuguese governor 796:The Kingdom of Kandy 638:Sri Lanka portal 591:Sri Lanka since 1948 389:Anuradhapura kingdom 237:Vimaladharmasuriya I 235:• Ascension of 6590:Electoral districts 6439:Secretaries-General 6419:Leader of the House 6359:Magistrate's Courts 6052:Transitional period 6042:Anuradhapura period 5686:Natha Devale, Kandy 5671:Temple of the Tooth 5536:Battle of Gannoruwa 5276:Ceylonese rixdollar 4941:Temple of the Tooth 4498:Pre-Kandyan Period 4463:Transitional period 3982:Transitional period 3948:Anuradhapura period 3367:Codrington, chap. 9 2689:Temple of the Tooth 2557:Temple of the Tooth 2421:Monaragala District 2409:Rathnapura District 2074:Sri Dalada Maligawa 1883:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 1871:Vira Narendra Sinha 1829:Karaliyadde Bandara 1608:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 1499:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 1484:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 1399:Vira Narendra Sinha 1206:Campaign of Danture 1097:Kingdom of Sitawaka 735:hit-and-run tactics 700:island of Sri Lanka 490:Kingdom of Sitawaka 468:Transitional period 292:Kingdom of Sitawaka 222:• Conquest by 7167:Capital punishment 6546:Municipal councils 6183:Dominion of Ceylon 6047:Polonnaruwa period 5566:Kandyan Convention 5546:Keppetipola Disawe 4911:Keppetipola Disawe 4638:Kandyan Convention 4621:Invasion of Ceylon 4074:Vimaladharmasuriya 3965:Polonnaruwa period 3878:Sinhalese monarchy 3805:. Page(s) 207–208. 3777:H. W. Codrington, 3645:C.Wickremesinghe, 3458:2016-01-02 at the 3354:K.N.O.Dharmadasa, 3146:H. W. Codrington, 3055:, 2006, p. 37 2783: 2693: 2565: 2205: 2136: 2128: 1797:Sinhalese Monarchs 1779: 1744:Kandyan Convention 1721: 1717:Kandyan Convention 1688: 1670:Kandyan Convention 1605: 1602:Governor of Ceylon 1561:The tumult of the 1468:Theravada Buddhism 1375: 1361: 1238: 1222: 1131: 1123: 949:Kandyan Convention 862: 817: 754:Kandyan Convention 618:1972–present 601:Dominion of Ceylon 437:Kingdom of Gampola 250:Kandyan Convention 128:Theravada Buddhism 7257: 7256: 7225: 7224: 7182:Gender inequality 7129:Traditional games 6980:Sexual Minorities 6709:Central Highlands 6600:Foreign relations 6571: 6570: 6541:Local governments 6463:National security 6242: 6241: 6234:Sexual Minorities 6148:Portuguese Ceylon 5931: 5930: 5923:Kandy Sports Club 5913:Bogambara Stadium 5818: 5817: 5810:Kandy City Centre 5765: 5764: 5724:Ceylon Tea Museum 5478: 5477: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5239: 5221: 5220: 5196: 5195: 5022: 5004: 5003: 4929: 4928: 4896:Gongalegoda Banda 4792: 4791: 4774:Diyawadana Nilame 4668: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4600:(1739–1815) 4532:(1592–1739) 4501:(1469–1592) 4378: 4377: 4282:Related dynasties 3604:www.metmuseum.org 3358:, 1993, pp. 11–12 3287:. A&C Black. 3051:Patrick Peebles, 3027:, 2006, p 38 3023:Patrick Peebles, 2935:, Kandyan Kingdom 2915:978-0-520-24516-7 2858: 2510:Patha Bulathgama 2476: 2475: 2217:කන්ද උඩරට මාලිගාව 2064:Diyawadana Nilame 2058:Diyawadana Nilame 1912:Vikrama Rajasinha 1903: 1902: 1805:House of Dinajara 1571:Batavian Republic 1563:French Revolution 1505:, subservient to 1327:Portuguese Ceilao 1193:Ethirimana Cinkam 1189:Puviraja Pandaram 1060: 1059: 923:Portuguese Ceylon 900:(1469–1815) 826:guerrilla warfare 778:The Kanda Udarata 772:Kanda Uda Pasrata 692: 691: 622: 621: 581: 580: 552: 551: 531:Portuguese Ceylon 499: 498: 458: 457: 382:543–437 BCE 350: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 297: 296: 185: 176:• 1798–1815 170: 161:• 1469–1511 41: 7322: 7295:History of Kandy 7270:Kingdom of Kandy 7247: 7237: 7236: 7109:National symbols 6955: 6954: 6556:Pradeshiya Sabha 6293:Executive Office 6253: 6252: 6173:Matale rebellion 6022: 6021: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5908:Asgiriya Stadium 5877:Esala Mangallaya 5774: 5773: 5638: 5637: 5561:Matale Rebellion 5526:Kingdom of Kandy 5505: 5498: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5468: 5467: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5299: 5298: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5092: 5091: 5048:Captain-generals 5020: 5010: 5009: 4886:Ehelepola Nilame 4826:Esala Mangallaya 4801: 4800: 4779:Basnayaka Nilame 4720:Amātya Mandalaya 4683: 4682: 4666: 4664:Kingdom of Kandy 4656: 4655: 4601: 4597:Nayakkar Period 4533: 4502: 4495: 4494: 4473: 4472: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4370:Vijayabā Kollaya 4190:Royal Residences 4170:Amātya Mandalaya 4139:Sinhalese Queens 3970:Chola occupation 3944:Pre Anuradhapura 3871: 3864: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3682: 3676: 3671:Wickremesinghe, 3669: 3663: 3658:Wickramasinghe, 3656: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3627:. rijksmuseum.nl 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3520: 3508: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3450: 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898:Kingdom of Kandy 892: 882: 864: 863: 784:Sri Wardhanapura 727:Dutch colonizers 723:Sitawaka Kingdom 707:Kingdom of Kotte 696:Kingdom of Kandy 684: 677: 670: 636: 635: 634: 596: 595: 567: 566: 519:Kingdom of Kandy 514: 513: 473: 472: 449:Kingdom of Kotte 372: 371: 359: 341: 327: 326: 313: 312: 301: 300: 288: 287: 281: 280: 265: 264: 183: 168: 85: 79: 74: 58: 37: 32:Kingdom of Kandy 28: 27: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7221: 7155: 7045: 7026:Public holidays 6944: 6777: 6731:Protected areas 6626: 6567: 6522: 6457: 6446:15th Parliament 6373: 6369:Labour Tribunal 6354:District courts 6344:Court of appeal 6323: 6319:Law enforcement 6274: 6238: 6192: 6071: 6011: 5968: 5962: 5932: 5927: 5886: 5860: 5839: 5814: 5798: 5761: 5739: 5733: 5701: 5695: 5663: 5657: 5633: 5627: 5601: 5592:Kandy Town Hall 5575: 5514: 5509: 5479: 5474: 5428: 5396: 5373: 5352:Related peoples 5347: 5314:Dutch buildings 5290: 5259: 5255:Dutch governors 5243: 5242: 5217: 5192: 5174: 5151: 5130:Related peoples 5125: 5083: 5052: 5026: 5025: 5000: 4956:The Kandy House 4925: 4869: 4788: 4752: 4743:Dugganna Nilame 4714: 4710:Nayaks of Kandy 4672: 4671: 4642: 4602: 4599: 4592: 4534: 4531: 4529:Kandyan Period 4524: 4503: 4500: 4484: 4483: 4467: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4409: 4379: 4374: 4355:Royal Standards 4323: 4277: 4184: 4153: 4083: 4020: 3930: 3889: 3887:Sinhala kingdom 3880: 3875: 3837:Kandyan Kingdom 3828: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3754:www.cbsl.gov.lk 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3518: 3509: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3460:Wayback Machine 3451: 3447: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3421:, chap. 11 3419:A Short History 3416: 3407: 3401:A Short History 3398: 3394: 3384:Wayback Machine 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3297: 3295: 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1020: 1018: 880: 873: 858:Kusumasana Devi 846: 809: 803: 766: 688: 659: 632: 630: 624: 623: 615: 606:1948–1972 603: 593: 583: 582: 577:1815–1948 574: 564: 554: 553: 548:1658–1796 545: 536:1597–1658 533: 524:1469–1815 521: 511: 501: 500: 495:1521–1594 492: 483:1232–1620 480: 470: 460: 459: 454:1371–1597 451: 442:1341–1371 439: 430:1232–1341 427: 418:1055–1232 415: 406:1017–1055 403: 391: 379: 369: 367:Sinhala kingdom 336: 310: 285: 255:2–18 March 1815 252: 239: 226: 213: 211:Senkadagalapura 177: 162: 115: 110: 88: 87: 83: 81: 77: 65: 60: 59: 42: 36: 35:මහනුවර රාජධානිය 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7328: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7241: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 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6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6392:Prime Minister 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6364:Primary Courts 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:British Ceylon 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6057:Kandyan period 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5816: 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5248:Administration 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5231: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5098: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043:Captain-majors 5040: 5034: 5032: 5031:Administration 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5014: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Esala Perahera 4818: 4816:Kandyan castes 4813: 4807: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764:Rate Mahatmaya 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4733:Maha Mohottala 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4660: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Mannar martyrs 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4418:Kandyan period 4411: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4009:Kandyan period 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3826:External links 3824: 3821: 3820: 3807: 3783: 3770: 3741: 3716: 3697:(95): 97–142. 3677: 3664: 3651: 3638: 3616: 3591: 3574: 3568:978-9050951913 3567: 3547: 3490: 3476: 3464: 3445: 3436:Brendon, Piers 3423: 3405: 3392: 3390:24 August 2009 3369: 3360: 3347: 3331:978-0306467097 3330: 3310: 3294:978-0826414885 3293: 3273: 3267:978-0791456781 3266: 3243: 3225: 3207: 3200: 3182: 3165: 3152: 3136: 3117: 3099: 3082: 3070: 3057: 3041: 3029: 3016: 3014:Full view book 2997: 2980: 2963: 2955: 2937: 2918: 2897: 2891:978-1136787164 2890: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2700: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2593:Main article: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2535:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2518:Main article: 2515: 2512: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2384:Sathra korale 2381: 2380: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327:Kandy District 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2228: 2225: 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2183:kodithuwakkuwa 2118: 2115: 2111:Tamil language 2099: 2098: 2085: 2082: 2078:Esala Perahera 2062:Main article: 2060: 2059: 2050:Rate Mahatmaya 2048:Main article: 2046: 2045: 2044:Rate Mahatmaya 2042: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016:Nuwarakalawiya 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1971:Main article: 1969: 1968: 1941:Main article: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1835:Dona Catherina 1832: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1786:Main article: 1783: 1780: 1762: 1761:Administration 1759: 1665: 1662: 1540:who published 1455:Kings were of 1439:-speaking and 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1213: 1210: 1162:Jaffna Kingdom 1147:Jaffna Kingdom 1133:Following the 1109:Jaffna Kingdom 1092: 1089: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1005: 998: 988: 987: 983: 982: 981: 980: 972: 971: 964: 963: 962: 961: 956: 951: 943: 942: 938: 937: 936: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 902: 901: 894: 893: 885: 884: 875: 874: 867: 845: 842: 805:Main article: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 765: 762: 752:following the 746:British Empire 711:Jaffna Kingdom 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 672: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 652: 647: 641: 626: 625: 620: 619: 616: 611: 608: 607: 604: 599: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 578: 575: 572:British Ceylon 570: 565: 560: 559: 556: 555: 550: 549: 546: 541: 538: 537: 534: 529: 526: 525: 522: 517: 512: 509:Kandyan period 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 496: 493: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478:Jaffna kingdom 476: 471: 466: 465: 462: 461: 456: 455: 452: 447: 444: 443: 440: 435: 432: 431: 428: 423: 420: 419: 416: 411: 408: 407: 404: 399: 396: 395: 392: 387: 384: 383: 380: 375: 370: 365: 364: 361: 360: 352: 351: 338: 337: 330: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 307: 305:British Ceylon 298: 295: 294: 289: 277: 276: 271: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 247: 244: 243: 240: 234: 231: 230: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 198:Kandyan period 195: 194:Historical era 191: 190: 187: 186: 178: 175: 172: 171: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 125: 121: 120: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 82: 76: 75: 67: 66: 63:Royal Standard 61: 53: 52: 49: 48: 44: 43: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7327: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 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6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6338:Supreme Court 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Uva Rebellion 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 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5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Uva Rebellion 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5471: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5410:Protestantism 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5090: 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