376:
detailed the appalling conditions on
Norfolk Island. His report helped bring an end to the island's use as a penal settlement. It was gradually closed between 1847 and 1855 with some convicts having been released on tickets of leave, while others were taken to Port Arthur where they served out their sentences. An Order in Council made on 29 December 1853, repealed all previous orders making Norfolk Island a penal settlement. A small party remained on the island to care for the farms and livestock and to handover to the incoming settlers from Pitcairn Island, who constituted the third settlement phase of the island's history.
33:
295:
310:, Lieutenant Philip Gidley King RN and a party of nine male and six female convicts and seven staff established a settlement named Kingston. Crops were sown in the adjoining valley, Arthurs Vale, and, unlike the experience in Sydney, the Kingston crops flourished. To relieve the food pressures in the infant colony of New South Wales, Governor Philip relocated around one-third Sydney's population to Kingston.
277:
Pitcairn period (from 1856 to the present), substantial ruins and standing structures, archaeological remains, landform and landscape elements. KAVHA's aesthetic qualities have been recognised since the earliest days of the first settlement. It is outstanding for its picturesque setting, historic associations, part ruinous configuration and subsequent lack of development.
367:
industrious and well behaved. For a number of reasons, including the fact that his superiors disapproved of his reformist actions, his reforms failed. Under
Maconochie's humanitarian influence the conditions for prisoners had improved. They rapidly deteriorated, however, under the next commandant, Major Joseph Childs.
429:
Other archaeological remains include the blacksmith's shop (1846), lumber yard, water mill, the crankmill (1827–38), the remains of the only known human powered crankmill built in
Australia before 1850, the salt house (1847), the windmill base (1842–43), lime kilns; the landing pier (1839–47) and sea
357:
A number of the commandants, including
Captain James Morisset, Major Joseph Childs and John Price, were particularly cruel. Mutinies and uprisings were not uncommon and invariably led to floggings and hangings. It was during Morisset's period as commandant (1829–34), which was noted for his extensive
302:
Discovered by
Captain James Cook RN in 1774, Norfolk Island was settled on 6 March 1788, six weeks after the First Fleet landed in Sydney. Cook reported the island had rich soils, tall pines suitable for ships' masts and spars, and native flax that could be used for making canvas. Governor Philip had
260:
The
Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA), on Norfolk Island, is of outstanding significance to the nation as a convict settlement spanning the era of transportation to eastern Australia between 1788 and 1855. It is also significant as the only site in Australia to display evidence of early
425:
Also to be found at KAVHA are the archaeological remains of the two convict gaols, and the perimeter walls and archaeological remains of the prisoners' barracks (1828–48) with the
Protestant chapel. These show the development of penal philosophies during the period of the settlements operation, with
391:
Their descendants, who today comprise nearly a third of
Norfolk Island's population, still speak the Pitcairn language. For them KAVHA is a place of special significance because it has been continually and actively used since their arrival as a place of residence, work, worship and recreation. KAVHA
375:
The latter stages of the second settlement saw prisoners arriving direct from
Britain to serve the first stage of their punishment under the new probation system introduced in 1843. The severity of the place continued and in his report to the British Parliament in 1847, Catholic Bishop Robert Wilson
350:
The worst of the convict population from both New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land were sent to
Norfolk Island; men who had become so brutalised by the system that ever increasing levels of punishment only served to make them more recalcitrant. The prospect of punishment by death was no deterrent.
334:
Norfolk Island was re-occupied on 6 June 1825 by Captain Turton as commandant, with a party of 50 soldiers, 57 convicts, six women and six children. The settlement was again located around Kingston and the remains of some first settlement buildings were rebuilt, old agricultural areas rehabilitated
330:
In response to the report by Commissioner Bigge (1822–23) on the effectiveness of transportation, the Colonial Secretary Lord Bathurst instructed Governor Brisbane in 1824 to re-occupy the island as a 'great hulk or penitentiary' to provide secondary punishment. Secondary punishment was designed to
285:
Europeans were not the first people to inhabit Norfolk Island. Stone tools have been found at both Emily and Slaughter bays within KAVHA. Archaeological investigations have revealed evidence of landscape modifications in the Emily Bay area including artefact assemblages and structural remains that
366:
Only one commandant of Norfolk Island, Alexander Maconochie, brought a humanising regime of reform to the second settlement period through four of its 30 years. He introduced the Merits System of Penal Discipline, which worked on the principle that the prisoner could secure freedom if they were
346:
Convicts worked from sunrise to sunset. Agricultural work was done with hoes and spades, and no ploughs or working cattle were used. Convict accommodation was cramped and unsanitary and this, combined with their poor diet of one meal every 48 hours, resulted in poor health and many deaths. The
276:
KAVHA is located on the southern side of Norfolk Island, which lies 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) to the east-north-east of Sydney. Set on the Kingston coastal plain and bounded by hills, it comprises a large group of buildings from the convict era, some of which have been modified during the
313:
Extensive clearing followed and both convicts and free settlers farmed small holdings of land. The rising land behind Kingston was cleared for surveillance and to ensure there was no cover for escaping convicts. The first settlement's population peaked at
268:
The Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA) is one of 11 places that make up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage serial listing, inscribed on 31 July 2010. KAVHA was included in the National Heritage List on 1 August 2007.
420:
the elegant Quality Row houses that provided quarters for military and civil officers. To optimise surveillance, the military complexes are elevated in order to oversight the convict precinct located closer to the water and at a lower
272:
As a place of secondary punishment, KAVHA developed a reputation as one of the harshest and cruellest of Australia's penal settlements. It was, however, also a place where humanising experiments in penal reform were conducted.
286:
have been interpreted as a rudimentary marae, a religious structure characteristic of East Polynesian culture. Radiocarbon dating indicates Polynesian settlement of the area occurred between AD 1200 and AD 1600.
347:
harshness and degradation of the treatment metered out to the convicts was intended to break them. Floggings were common, even for trivial offences, and sentences could be extended.
426:
the original gaol built for barrack accommodation while the remains of the new prison and its perimeter walls (1836–40, 1845–57) provides a rare representation of a radial design.
388:
mutineers had outgrown their island home, the British government chose to resettle them on Norfolk Island. The whole Pitcairn community landed at Kingston Pier on 8 June 1856.
430:
wall, two of the earliest remaining large scale engineering works in Australia. The role of religion in reform is evident in the Protestant and Catholic clergyman's quarters.
464:
411:
the Old Military Barracks and officers quarters constructed between 1829 and 1834 which are surrounded by high walls giving it an appearance of a military fortress
256:" .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."
331:
revive the fear of transportation and deter crime in Britain and the colonies, and was a sentence applied to transported convicts who re-offended in the colony.
73:
481:
Australian Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts "National Heritage: Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA), Norfolk Island" webpage
338:
The second settlement on Norfolk Island was designed to be the extreme in convict degradation and it came to stand for the worst of the transportation system.
502:
240:
era (1788–1855), now considered to be of such cultural significance to Australia and to the World that the area has been formally inscribed onto both the
2346:
1034:
483:
318:
in May 1792. By 1804 the free settlers on the island significantly outnumbered the convicts who represented 23 percent of the total population of
682:
358:
use of the lash, that Norfolk Island became renowned as 'hell on earth' and by 1833 the island's fearsome reputation was well known in Britain.
392:
is uncommon as a place where a distinctive Polynesian/European community has lived and practised their cultural traditions for over 150 years.
1948:
1825:
1729:
655:
593:
2336:
2331:
1155:
1115:
354:
The ruthless men charged with running Norfolk Island and controlling its convict population were themselves part of a brutal system.
408:, one of the earliest and most intact remaining government house buildings in Australia, with its commanding views of the settlement
1785:
1745:
417:
the Commissariat Store, dating from 1835 which is the finest remaining colonial (pre 1850) military commissariat store in Australia
1881:
986:
205:
37:
Military Barracks and Officer Quarters (1829–34), Quality Row Military Precinct, within Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area.
1229:
809:
2351:
1956:
2361:
1996:
1219:
1095:
731:
1234:
1075:
675:
619:
461:
2250:
1924:
1044:
500:
Australia's Department of Environment, Heritage, Water and the Arts "World Heritage: Australian Convict Sites" webpage
2356:
2341:
752:
241:
116:
2366:
2270:
2028:
1711:
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1019:
835:
405:
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908:
805:
521:
1841:
1793:
1055:
668:
499:
2181:
2116:
1932:
1395:
878:
2230:
2225:
1972:
1456:
624:
66:
480:
1990:
1897:
1889:
1295:
1135:
899:
303:
instructions to settle and secure the island as soon as possible to secure its potential naval supplies.
2300:
2285:
2255:
1380:
742:
869:
2275:
2265:
1365:
1340:
1029:
825:
819:
765:
335:
and new areas cleared. But it was to be of an entirely different character to the first settlement.
2220:
2195:
1627:
1421:
1335:
1009:
857:
225:
185:
173:
2240:
2215:
2092:
1761:
1704:
1612:
1554:
1492:
1224:
1085:
1014:
863:
737:
16:
Historic settlement area on Norfolk Island, an Australian external territory in the Pacific Ocean
2108:
2044:
1916:
1684:
1549:
1385:
722:
643:
581:
2280:
2143:
1777:
1622:
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1466:
790:
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691:
647:
629:
589:
439:
237:
2166:
1964:
1769:
1737:
1441:
974:
727:
8:
2295:
2068:
1873:
1602:
1487:
1436:
1192:
462:
Chapter 1 of Australian Government's "Australian Convict Sites" World Heritage nomination
414:
the New Military Barracks, commenced in 1836 which follows a similar fortress-like design
143:
2076:
2052:
2012:
1697:
1652:
1513:
1180:
1120:
923:
795:
702:
2205:
2176:
1857:
1690:
1587:
1370:
1130:
947:
2245:
2100:
1533:
1528:
1390:
1320:
1300:
965:
938:
261:
Polynesian settlement, and the place where the Pitcairn Island descendants of the
2310:
2210:
2161:
2004:
1865:
1849:
1817:
1753:
1607:
1577:
1186:
1090:
1070:
890:
760:
525:
506:
487:
468:
2305:
2235:
2135:
2020:
1642:
1518:
1482:
1461:
1451:
1411:
1360:
1264:
1145:
1140:
1065:
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956:
830:
815:
717:
249:
233:
229:
120:
59:
2325:
2290:
2060:
1833:
1801:
1637:
1508:
1446:
1325:
1249:
1214:
1209:
1174:
1125:
1100:
1080:
1060:
929:
914:
884:
707:
88:
75:
582:"National Heritage Places - Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA)"
1632:
1617:
1582:
1523:
1431:
1375:
1345:
1279:
1269:
1105:
996:
785:
644:
National Heritage Places - Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (KAVHA)
2171:
1809:
1559:
1416:
1355:
1350:
1330:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1004:
851:
800:
775:
770:
660:
322:. On its abandonment in 1814 the settlement's buildings were destroyed.
2084:
1647:
1592:
1310:
712:
32:
518:
195:
1940:
1657:
1426:
1239:
651:
2036:
646:
published by the Department of the Environment and Energy of the
294:
245:
620:"Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Place ID 105962)"
519:
UNESCO's World Heritage "Australian Convict Sites" webpages
131:
298:
Arthurs Vale, site of first agriculture on the island
232:, consisting of a large group of buildings from the
228:
coastal plains (bounded by hills), southern side of
2323:
289:
642:This Knowledge article contains material from
512:
493:
676:
280:
2347:Buildings and structures in Norfolk Island
683:
669:
384:As the Pitcairn Island descendants of the
361:
690:
457:
455:
1786:The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole
586:Department of the Environment and Energy
325:
293:
58:Quality Row, Kingston, southern side of
1882:The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce
222:Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area
2324:
474:
452:
1957:The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant
664:
618:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
341:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
224:(KAVHA) is an old settlement on the
379:
265:mutineers were re-settled in 1856.
13:
395:
370:
14:
2378:
2337:Australian National Heritage List
2332:World Heritage Sites in Australia
612:
596:from the original on 30 July 2017
531:
400:KAVHA's major buildings include:
242:Australian National Heritage List
117:Australian National Heritage List
2029:For the Term of His Natural Life
1949:For the Term of His Natural Life
1826:For the Term of His Natural Life
1730:For the Term of His Natural Life
31:
637:
1:
2117:Parrot and Olivier in America
445:
290:The first European settlement
2352:Convictism of Norfolk Island
2231:Darlington Probation Station
2226:Commissariat Store, Brisbane
1746:It Is Never Too Late to Mend
1457:Thomas Griffiths Wainewright
625:Australian Heritage Database
7:
2362:Prison museums in Australia
1997:It's Never Too Late to Mend
1991:Journals of the First Fleet
654:retrieved on 31 July 2017 (
433:
10:
2383:
2301:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
2261:Kingston and Arthur's Vale
987:Anti-Transportation League
144:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2276:Parramatta Female Factory
2194:
2154:
2127:
1983:
1908:
1721:
1677:
1670:
1568:
1542:
1501:
1475:
1404:
1309:
1288:
1202:
1167:
1154:
1043:
995:
844:
751:
698:
281:Early Polynesian presence
215:
211:
201:
191:
181:
166:
158:
150:
141:
137:
127:
112:
104:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
24:Kingston and Arthurs Vale
23:
2357:Kingston, Norfolk Island
2342:Australian Convict Sites
186:Australian Convict Sites
2367:Lime kilns in Australia
2241:Experiment Farm Cottage
2216:Cascades Female Factory
1762:The Life of Rufus Dawes
1705:Jim Jones at Botany Bay
1613:Laurence Hynes Halloran
909:Norfolk Island mutinies
524:20 January 2013 at the
505:17 October 2010 at the
362:A new prison philosophy
108:255 ha (630 acres)
2045:Bring Larks and Heroes
1925:The Devil Makes Sunday
1917:The Devil Makes Sunday
1685:Transportation ballads
528:Accessed 2 August 2010
509:Accessed 2 August 2010
490:Accessed 4 August 2010
471:Accessed 5 August 2010
299:
258:
89:29.05333°S 167.95861°E
1778:One Hundred Years Ago
1628:William Smith O'Brien
879:Castle Hill Rebellion
692:Convicts in Australia
648:Australian Government
630:Australian Government
590:Australian Government
486:23 April 2010 at the
440:Norfolk Island Museum
326:The second settlement
297:
254:
2271:Old Government House
2167:Port Jackson Painter
2093:Gould's Book of Fish
1770:The Mark of the Lash
1738:The Assigned Servant
1493:Kevin Izod O'Doherty
1442:William Buelow Gould
975:Cooking Pot Uprising
891:Capture of the brig
728:History of Australia
132:http://kavha.gov.au/
94:-29.05333; 167.95861
2296:Ross Female Factory
2069:Remembering Babylon
1874:Journey Among Women
1603:Elizabeth Callaghan
1488:William Henry Groom
1386:John Boyle O'Reilly
85: /
2256:Hyde Park Barracks
2182:Twenty Dollar Note
2144:Our Country's Good
2077:The Potato Factory
2053:A Fringe of Leaves
2013:Great Expectations
1842:Red Sky at Morning
1794:Sentenced for Life
1653:Elizabeth Thackery
1514:Margaret Catchpole
1235:William Hutchinson
1181:Arthur Bowes Smyth
924:Bathurst Rebellion
467:2008-08-02 at the
342:Convict conditions
300:
192:Reference no.
2319:
2318:
2206:Brickendon Estate
2190:
2189:
2177:Sydney punchbowls
1890:Van Diemen's Land
1712:Van Diemen's Land
1666:
1665:
1588:James Bloodsworth
1371:Lawrence Kavenagh
1035:Western Australia
836:Western Australia
806:Macquarie Harbour
658:on 31 July 2017).
252:list as amongst:
219:
218:
177:
2374:
2251:Great North Road
2246:Fremantle Prison
2101:The Secret River
1973:The Secret River
1933:Against the Wind
1675:
1674:
1623:Jørgen Jørgensen
1534:John Acton Wroth
1529:James Hardy Vaux
1396:William Westwood
1391:Alexander Pearce
1321:Charlotte Badger
1301:Francis Greenway
1193:D'Arcy Wentworth
1165:
1164:
1161:
1156:Notable convicts
718:Female factories
685:
678:
671:
662:
661:
633:
606:
605:
603:
601:
578:
529:
516:
510:
497:
491:
478:
472:
459:
406:Government House
380:Third settlement
321:
317:
306:Arriving on the
171:
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
35:
21:
20:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2311:Woolmers Estate
2286:Richmond Bridge
2211:Cadmans Cottage
2197:
2186:
2162:Charlotte Medal
2150:
2123:
2005:The Broad Arrow
1979:
1904:
1898:The Nightingale
1850:Under Capricorn
1818:The Tenth Straw
1754:The Lady Outlaw
1717:
1671:Popular culture
1662:
1608:Margaret Dawson
1578:Esther Abrahams
1570:
1564:
1538:
1497:
1471:
1400:
1341:William Buckley
1313:
1305:
1296:James Blackburn
1284:
1198:
1187:William Redfern
1159:
1158:
1150:
1048:
1039:
1020:New South Wales
991:
840:
826:Saltwater River
761:Cockatoo Island
747:
694:
689:
640:
615:
610:
609:
599:
597:
580:
579:
532:
526:Wayback Machine
517:
513:
507:Wayback Machine
498:
494:
488:Wayback Machine
479:
475:
469:Wayback Machine
460:
453:
448:
436:
398:
396:Major buildings
382:
373:
371:The final years
364:
344:
328:
319:
315:
292:
283:
146:
119:
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
38:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2306:Vaucluse House
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Elizabeth Farm
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2136:The Transports
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2109:The Lieutenant
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2021:The Wild Goose
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1886:
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1862:
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1643:Joseph Potaski
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1526:
1521:
1519:Frank the Poet
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:William Cuffay
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1462:Thomas Watling
1459:
1454:
1452:Charles Rodius
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Richard Browne
1419:
1414:
1412:Joseph Backler
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:William Chopin
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:William Bryant
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Robert Sidaway
1262:
1257:
1252:
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1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
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1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Eardley-Wilmot
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Norfolk Island
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
981:Catalpa rescue
978:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
921:
912:
906:
897:
888:
882:
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26:Historic Area
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1866:Adam's Woman
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1633:Robert Palin
1618:Mark Jeffrey
1583:John Baughan
1555:James Meehan
1524:Henry Savery
1432:Edmund Edgar
1376:John Mitchel
1366:Michael Howe
1346:Moondyne Joe
1314:and escapees
1280:Samuel Terry
1270:James Squire
1191:
1179:
1010:Second Fleet
967:
958:
949:
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858:Second Fleet
786:Maria Island
713:Emancipation
641:
623:
598:. Retrieved
585:
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206:Asia-Pacific
18:
2281:Port Arthur
2172:Rajah Quilt
1810:Transported
1698:Moreton Bay
1598:John Cadman
1560:Joseph Wild
1550:John Baxter
1502:Chroniclers
1476:Politicians
1467:James Walsh
1417:Thomas Bock
1381:Thomas Muir
1356:Martin Cash
1351:John Caesar
1331:Mary Bryant
1311:Bushrangers
1275:John Tawell
1260:Mary Reibey
1255:Simeon Lord
1245:Henry Kable
1225:John Davies
1049:commandants
1015:Third Fleet
1005:First Fleet
911:(1826–1846)
864:Third Fleet
852:First Fleet
801:Risdon Cove
791:Port Arthur
776:Moreton Bay
771:Sydney Cove
738:New Holland
638:Attribution
92: /
80:167°57′31″E
67:Coordinates
2326:Categories
2221:Coal Mines
2196:Australian
2085:Jack Maggs
1984:Literature
1909:Television
1858:Botany Bay
1691:Botany Bay
1648:James Ruse
1593:Billy Blue
1289:Architects
950:George III
871:Lady Shore
703:Assignment
446:References
421:elevation.
167:Designated
77:29°03′12″S
1941:Sara Dane
1658:Mary Wade
1543:Explorers
1437:John Eyre
1427:Knud Bull
1240:Mary Hyde
1131:Macquarie
1045:Governors
940:Frederick
781:Redcliffe
732:1788–1850
652:CC-BY-3.0
404:the 1829
2037:Moondyne
1965:Banished
1802:Moondyne
1571:convicts
1168:Surgeons
1136:Paterson
1116:Johnston
1101:Franklin
1071:Brisbane
1030:Tasmania
796:Richmond
766:Rosehill
656:archived
594:Archived
522:Archived
503:Archived
484:Archived
465:Archived
434:See also
226:Kingston
159:Criteria
154:Cultural
55:Location
1405:Artists
1141:Phillip
1091:Denison
1081:Darling
1076:Collins
820:History
810:History
723:Freedom
600:31 July
386:Bounty
263:Bounty
238:convict
182:Part of
174:session
128:Website
2147:(1988)
2139:(1977)
2120:(2010)
2112:(2008)
2104:(2005)
2096:(2001)
2088:(1997)
2080:(1995)
2072:(1993)
2064:(1987)
2056:(1973)
2048:(1967)
2040:(1879)
2032:(1872)
2024:(1867)
2016:(1861)
2008:(1859)
2000:(1856)
1976:(2015)
1968:(2015)
1960:(2005)
1952:(1983)
1944:(1982)
1936:(1978)
1928:(1962)
1920:(1961)
1901:(2017)
1893:(2009)
1885:(2008)
1877:(1977)
1869:(1970)
1861:(1953)
1853:(1949)
1845:(1944)
1837:(1937)
1829:(1927)
1821:(1926)
1813:(1913)
1805:(1913)
1797:(1911)
1789:(1911)
1781:(1911)
1773:(1911)
1765:(1911)
1757:(1911)
1749:(1911)
1741:(1911)
1733:(1908)
1146:Sorell
1111:Hunter
1066:Bourke
1056:Arthur
983:(1876)
977:(1846)
971:(1835)
962:(1835)
953:(1835)
944:(1834)
942:escape
935:(1833)
933:escape
931:Badger
926:(1830)
920:(1829)
918:mutiny
916:Cyprus
905:(1814)
896:(1813)
887:(1808)
881:(1804)
875:(1797)
873:mutiny
866:(1791)
860:(1789)
854:(1788)
845:Events
650:under
308:Supply
246:UNESCO
202:Region
172:(34th
162:iv, vi
113:Status
2128:Stage
1678:Music
1569:Other
1126:Logan
1106:Gipps
1086:Davey
1061:Bligh
743:Women
170:2010
1722:Film
1121:King
968:Neva
959:Hive
901:Argo
602:2017
320:1084
316:1156
244:and
196:1306
151:Type
123:list
105:Area
47:Type
2155:Art
1047:and
893:Emu
248:'s
236:'s
2328::
628:.
622:.
592:.
588:.
584:.
533:^
454:^
1714:"
1710:"
1707:"
1703:"
1700:"
1696:"
1693:"
1689:"
822:)
818:(
812:)
808:(
734:)
730:(
684:e
677:t
670:v
632:.
604:.
176:)
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