1190:, as these sharks have slow growth and reproductive rates. This is exemplified by the rapid stock depletion and collapse of the Azores kitefin shark fishery. This targeted fishery began in the early 1970s for the production of liver oil. In the early 1980s, the fishing fleet was enlarged with the addition of industrial vessels equipped with demersal gillnets, resulting in a fishery peak in 1984 of 937 tons landed. After 1991, kitefin shark catches declined precipitously to under 15 tons annually which, along with a drop in the global price of liver oil, led to the fishery becoming unprofitable by the end of the decade. A population assessment has suggested that the northeastern Atlantic stock had fallen to 50% of the pre-exploitation biomass.
146:
295:
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121:
745:
926:
102:
1118:, or have some other means of capturing faster prey. In the Mediterranean, bony fishes are the most important food year-round, with the second-most important prey being sharks in the winter and spring, crustaceans in the summer, and cephalopods in the fall. Captured males are more likely to have full stomachs than females for unknown reasons.
760:. There are 16–21 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 17–20 tooth rows in the lower jaw. The upper teeth are small and spike-shaped, curving slightly towards the corners of the mouth. The lower teeth are very large, knife-shaped, and serrated, with their bases interlocking to form a continuous cutting surface.
1137:
and two functional uteruses; the uterus is not divided into compartments. In the
Mediterranean, breeding occurs throughout the year with peaks in spring and fall; females may have a year of rest in between pregnancies. The litter size is 10–16, increasing with female size. The young are born at
912:
this shark segregates by sex, with females most common around a depth of 230 m (750 ft) and males most common around 412–448 m (1,352–1,470 ft). The kitefin shark inhabits the outer continental shelves and upper continental slopes, and is also found around oceanic islands and
807:
in 2003. Unlike in a previous case of an albino
Portuguese dogfish, the abnormal coloration of this individual had not diminished its ability to capture prey. Most kitefin sharks are 1.0–1.4 m (3.3–4.6 ft) long and weigh 8 kg (18 lb); the maximum reported length is 1.6 m
458:
on record, has a slender body with a very short, blunt snout, large eyes, and thick lips. Its teeth are highly differentiated between the upper and lower jaws, with the upper teeth small and narrow and the lower teeth large, triangular, and serrated. Its typical length is 1.0–1.4 m
1201:
and on hook-and-line. Portugal reported a kitefin shark bycatch of 282 tons in 2000 and 119 tons in 2003. In other areas of the northeastern
Atlantic this shark is rare and reported catches are likely confounded by misidentifications of other species; some are caught by mixed-species
1211:
and gillnet fisheries. Although it is generally discarded alive, many are unable to return to deep water and do not survive. In the
Southern Hemisphere, catches by the Australian South East Trawl Fishery are increasing following the relaxation of regulations regarding seafood
843:
in tropical and warm-temperature waters, consisting of a number of widely separated populations with likely little interchange between them. This shark has not been reported from the eastern
Pacific and northern Indian Oceans. In the northern Atlantic, it occurs in the
794:
The coloration is a uniform dark brown or gray, sometimes with faint black spots on the back. The fins have white or translucent trailing edges, and the tip of the caudal fin is black. An 90 cm (3.0 ft) long kitefin shark with partial
526:
and falling liver oil prices; the rapid depletion of the Azores stock is often cited as an example of the susceptibility of deep-sea sharks to human exploitation. The low reproductive rate of this species renders it susceptible to
1146:
at a length of 77–121 cm (2.53–3.97 ft), and the females at a length of 117–159 cm (3.84–5.22 ft). There is no relationship between an individual's size at birth, size at maturity, and maximum size.
1206:
fisheries operating in deep water west of the
British Isles, where surveys suggest that kitefin shark numbers may have declined by 94% since the 1970s. In the Mediterranean, this shark is caught incidentally by
907:
An offshore, deepwater species, the kitefin shark is most common at a depth of 200–600 m (660–1,970 ft), but has been captured from the surface to as deep as 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Off the
1110:), polychaete worms, and siphonophores. Like the related cookiecutter shark, the kitefin shark is also capable of excising chunks of flesh from animals larger than itself, including other sharks and
917:. It is the only member of its family that tends to be found close to the sea floor as opposed to in the middle of the water column, though on occasion it has been captured well above the bottom.
823:
within a cup-shaped pigmented cell, with lens cells on the surface. The bioluminesence is directed downwards from its front or belly. There are two hypotheses for the use of bioluminesence by
1716:
1380:
1514:
Adnet, S.; Cappetta, H. (September 2001). "A palaeontological and phylogenetical analysis of squaliform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes) based on dental characters".
1002:
A powerful and versatile deepwater predator, the short, robust jaws of the kitefin shark give it an enormously strong bite. It feeds mainly on bony fishes (including
3634:
1563:
Shirai, S. (1996). "Phylogenetic
Interrelationships of Neoselachians (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii)". In Stiassny, M.L.J.; Parenti, L.R.; Johnson, G.D. (eds.).
779:
has a prominent upper lobe with a well-developed notch near the tip, and a barely present lower lobe. The form and arrangement of the fins is similar to the
1186:
The continuing expansion of commercial fisheries into the deep sea has raised concerns about the vulnerability of this and other deepwater shark species to
1549:
1877:
Henderson, A.C.; Flannery, K.; Dunne, J. (2003). "Biological observations on shark species taken in commercial fisheries to the west of
Ireland".
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is slightly smaller and shorter-based than the second, and neither has spines. The first dorsal fin originates behind the free rear tip of the
536:
933:
Relatively common where it occurs, kitefin sharks are usually solitary in nature but may form small groups. It is a slow swimmer with a large
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945:
less dense than water, allowing it to maintain neutral buoyancy and hover above the bottom with little effort. Studies off the coast of
4060:
736:. The fossil material now recognized as belonging to this species were historically described under a multitude of different names.
4080:
4017:
3784:
1653:
1225:
1221:
1951:
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The kitefin shark inhabits depths too great for it to be a danger to humans. Its upper teeth have been found lodged in underwater
4030:
3823:
1781:
Fowler, S.L.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Camhi, M.; Burgess, G.H.; Cailliet, G.M.; Fordham, S.V.; Simpfendorfer, C.A.; Musick, J.A. (2005).
1698:
Kiraly, S.J.; J.A. Moore; P.H. Jasinski (2003). "Deepwater and Other Sharks of the U.S. Atlantic Ocean
Exclusive Economic Zone".
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1735:"Bioluminescence of the Largest Luminous Vertebrate, the Kitefin Shark, Dalatias licha: First Insights and Comparative Aspects"
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575:
244:
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1916:
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1602:
1572:
1429:
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Fisheries operating off
Portugal and Japan are responsible for most commercial landings of the kitefin shark, generally as
2007:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018).
2008:
1167:. This species has a long history of human exploitation: the meat is consumed in the eastern Atlantic and Japan, and the
1649:
Dianne J. Bray & William T. White, 2011, Black Shark, Dalatias licha, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 25 Aug 2014,
4004:
3758:
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useful in the making of furniture and jewelry, and is also favored for the manufacture of "boroso", a Spanish polished
454:, this shark is able to cruise slowly through the water while expending little energy. The kitefin shark, the largest
2021:
929:
The lower teeth of the kitefin shark form a continuous cutting edge, enabling it to take bites out of larger animals.
684:
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1637:
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1975:(dalatiidae) fishery in the north eastern Atlantic and some recommendations for elasmobranchs exploitation".
653:
studies have consistently found that the closest relatives of the kitefin shark are the cookiecutter sharks (
1416:
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and in the Gulf of Genoa have found males outnumbering females by 2:1 and 5:1 respectively; this imbalanced
3732:
3719:
3580:
3737:
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1217:
555:
284:
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1841:
Capapé, C.; Hemida, F.; Quignard, J.P. (2008). "Biological observations on a rare deep-sea shark,
1175:. The liver oil is utilized in Portugal, Japan, and South Africa. The skin is made into a type of
1159:
Japanese researchers measure a kitefin shark; this species has long been of economic significance.
3431:
3422:
3310:
3127:
2779:
2725:
1354:
752:
The kitefin shark has a moderately elongated body with a very short, rounded snout. The eyes and
613:
1224:
classified the kitefin shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the
827:; either it illuminates the sea floor while the shark is searching for prey, or it is used as a
3815:
3659:
3625:
3519:
2896:
2860:
2770:
2761:
2718:
2700:
2659:
2272:
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459:(3.3–4.6 ft), though examples as long as 5.9 ft (180 cm) have been encountered.
494:. It also takes bites out of animals larger than itself, similar to its smaller relative, the
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2752:
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a length of 30–45 cm (12–18 in), varying by geographic location, after a possible
3706:
3449:
3415:
3286:
3017:
2806:
2650:
2489:
2351:
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1935:(Bonn 1788) in Azorean waters." ICES, Demersal Fish Committee CM 1988/G:21. pp. 1–16.
1523:
1291:
1220:. New Zealand kitefin shark catches peaked from 1986 to 1997. In June 2018 the New Zealand
828:
3841:
1785:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 230–231.
1418:
Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
566:
from "Le cap Breton" has since been lost. This species was later placed in its own genus,
8:
4065:
3562:
3492:
3202:
3035:
2869:
2833:
2675:
2239:
2230:
2212:
2194:
1949:
Report of the Working Group Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF), 22–28 June 2007, Galway, Ireland.
110:
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1527:
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3085:
3044:
3026:
2923:
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2815:
2797:
2734:
2668:
2498:
2423:
2158:
1948:
1640:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on June 15, 2009.
1233:
900:. There is a single record of this species in the southern Atlantic, from off southern
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307:
140:
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2027:
2017:
2010:
Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
1912:
1786:
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1598:
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1425:
1213:
1164:
1143:
865:
687:
428:
1845:(Chondrichthyes: Dalatiidae), off the Maghreb coast (south-western Mediterranean)".
1717:'Giant luminous shark': researchers discover three deep-sea sharks glow in the dark
1491:
1381:"Giant luminous shark': researchers discover three deep-sea sharks glow in the dark"
756:
are large. The lips are thick with pleats or fringes, though are not modified to be
462:
Armed with large teeth and a strong bite, the kitefin shark is a powerful, solitary
3996:
3982:
3750:
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3537:
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1331:
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1139:
897:
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624:
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1114:. The presence of fast-swimming fishes in its diet suggests the kitefin shark may
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3711:
3598:
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3008:
2559:
2327:
2318:
1955:
1680:
1657:
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The head of a kitefin shark, showing the large eyes, stubby snout, and thick lips
483:
455:
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3682:
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3175:
3118:
2604:
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2149:
2126:
2110:
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849:
787:), from which this species can be distinguished by the lack of fin spines. The
197:
187:
2031:
1751:
1734:
1733:
Mallefet, Jerome; Stevens, Darren W.; Duchatelet, Laurent (26 February 2021).
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957:. The kitefin shark is preyed upon by larger fishes and sharks, as well as by
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at depths of 200–600 m (660–1,970 ft). With a sizable oil-filled
435:
424:
217:
101:
1890:
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and, coupled with known population declines, has led it to be assessed as
3849:
3797:
3691:
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2465:
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1817:(Bonnaterre, 1788) (Chondrichthyes, Dalatiidae), in the south Atlantic".
1669:
1668:
Bottaro, M., Ferrando, S., Gallus, L., Girosi, L. and Vacchi, M. (2005).
1187:
1039:
1023:
1015:
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data on this species is limited; an examination of two sharks caught off
958:
893:
816:
717:
639:
528:
523:
294:
34:
3903:
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of dogfish sharks from the deep sea into relatively shallower habitats.
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431:
227:
79:
44:
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1813:
Soto, J.M.R.; Mincarone, M.M. (2001). "First record of kitefin shark,
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are small and flat, with a single horizontal ridge ending in a point.
744:
3802:
3337:
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3226:
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Reproduction in the kitefin shark is aplacental viviparous, with the
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Master of Applied Science thesis. Auckland University of Technology.
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2414:
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2016:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10.
1783:
Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
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1095:
1055:
1019:
974:
966:
938:
914:
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used for the kitefin shark include black shark and darkie Charlie.
635:
511:
463:
237:
177:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1931:
da Silva, H.M. (1988). "Growth and reproduction of kitefin shark,
1840:
1493:
Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature
560:
Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature
442:. It is found sporadically around the world, usually close to the
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1070:
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1035:
1031:
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fossil teeth dating to various ages have also been discovered in
491:
420:
89:
64:
3916:
1909:
The Shark Chronicles: A Scientist Tracks the Consummate Predator
705:
teeth that definitively belong to the kitefin shark date to the
3301:
2254:
2086:
1270:
Keyes, I.W. (1984). "New records of fossil elasmobranch genera
1216:
content; this species is not included under Australian fishery
1126:
1122:
1103:
1099:
1064:
1043:
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901:
873:
725:
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519:
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1325:
1323:
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1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1183:. This shark has no commercial value in the western Atlantic.
3937:
2116:
1330:
Finucci, B.; Walls, R.H.L.; Guallart, J.; Kyne, P.M. (2018).
1168:
1134:
1111:
1087:
1058:), but also takes a wide variety of other animals, including
993:
942:
934:
733:
586:. However, some authorities dispute this on the grounds that
515:
447:
439:
207:
1477:"L'Occitan de Comunicason - Dictionnaire Français - Occitan"
1424:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 63–64.
1812:
1310:
1130:
885:
811:
The kitefin shark is the largest known shark that exhibits
506:
and gives birth to 10–14 young. The kitefin shark is
1732:
1995:
A preliminary evaluation of the status of shark species.
2006:
1906:
953:
has not been observed off South Africa and may reflect
1902:
1900:
771:, while the second originates above the middle of the
466:
that takes many different types of prey, ranging from
1993:
Castro, J.I., Woodley, C.M. and Brudek, R.L. (1999).
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1683:
Reference No. 5115. JMBA2–Biodiversity Records.
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http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/2008
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Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (2004).
1509:
1507:
775:
bases. The pectoral fins are short and rounded. The
1897:
808:(5.2 ft), possibly 1.8 m (5.9 ft).
518:. A fishery targeting this species existed off the
1799:
1670:"First record of albinism in the deep water shark
1611:
596:, and prefer to use the next available genus name
522:from the 1970s to the 1990s, but collapsed due to
1504:
4052:
2071:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1489:
1414:
510:for its meat, skin, and liver oil, primarily by
1836:
1834:
1832:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1230:International Union for Conservation of Nature
685:transition between the Cretaceous and Tertiary
547:The kitefin shark was originally described as
537:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2057:
1977:Revista de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarollo Pesquero
1581:
1284:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
839:The kitefin shark has an almost circumglobal
1970:
1829:
1767:
1686:
1548:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1355:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T6229A3111662.en
1236:in light of documented population declines.
1966:
1964:
1269:
834:
2064:
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1726:
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1402:
1400:
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645:
293:
119:
100:
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1353:
1961:
1925:
1847:Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences
1226:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1154:
924:
743:
716:-stage deposits (43.0–37.0 Ma) in
2997:
1943:
1941:
1447:
1438:
1393:
1265:
1263:
1261:
884:. In the Pacific, it occurs off Japan,
876:. In the Indian Ocean, it is found off
623:, the French name for this shark (from
4071:Taxa named by Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
4053:
1997:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 380.
1958:ICES CM 2007/ACFM:27. pp. 52–55.
1374:
1372:
1246:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
920:
803:on 59% of its body, was caught in the
3658:
3657:
2045:
1971:Perrotta, R. (2004). "Kitefin shark,
1595:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
1150:
3943:740799B9-5CE2-5D53-B02A-187AFFC123EC
3891:2addce75-e6ed-40c3-9649-895fdb7f4144
1938:
1378:
1258:
1232:has assessed the kitefin shark as a
1133:. Adult females have two functional
1369:
1341:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1907:Musick, J.A.; McMillan B. (2003).
1638:Biological Profiles: Kitefin Shark
1282:(Order Selachii) in New Zealand".
831:camouflage when approaching prey.
14:
4092:
1567:. Academic Press. pp. 9–34.
659:), with which they share several
4061:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2433:South China cookiecutter shark (
1865:Sperm whale diet in New Zealand.
992:, while another may have been a
144:
32:
4081:Extant Eocene first appearances
3529:Indonesian shortsnout spurdog (
2442:Largetooth cookiecutter shark (
2000:
1987:
1911:. Macmillan. pp. 122–123.
1870:
1857:
1710:
1662:
1643:
1129:and being sustained to term by
712:, such as those recovered from
1556:
1483:
1469:
1304:10.1080/00288306.1984.10422527
739:
1:
3581:Indonesian greeneye spurdog (
1251:
984:. One could be identified as
864:, in the western and central
2879:Velvet belly lantern shark (
1565:Interrelationships of Fishes
815:. The light is generated by
7:
3370:Southern mandarin dogfish (
3236:Smallmouth velvet dogfish (
3152:Largespine velvet dogfish (
2843:Dense-scale lantern shark (
1739:Frontiers in Marine Science
1636:Bester, C. and Burgess, G.
1496:. Chez Panckoucke. p.
1379:Hunt, Elle (2 March 2021).
1239:
542:
302:Range of the kitefin shark
10:
4097:
3608:Western longnose spurdog (
3590:Western longnose spurdog (
3511:Eastern longnose spurdog (
3095:Shortnose velvet dogfish (
2852:West Indian lanternshark (
2789:Slendertail lanternshark (
2744:Broadbanded lanternshark (
2683:Cylindrical lanternshark (
2642:New Zealand lanternshark (
1863:GĂłmez-Villota, F. (2007).
1536:10.1080/002411601316981188
1222:Department of Conservation
604:is derived from the Greek
3966:
3666:
3432:Western highfin spurdog (
3423:Eastern highfin spurdog (
3391:
3349:
3336:
3311:Japanese velvet dogfish (
3299:
3257:
3224:
3173:
3140:
3128:Longnose velvet dogfish (
3116:
3074:
3061:
2988:
2960:
2936:
2780:Blackbelly lanternshark (
2726:Blackmouth lanternshark (
2626:
2548:
2524:
2515:
2478:
2454:
2412:
2388:
2364:
2340:
2316:
2307:
2252:
2138:
2125:
2081:
1752:10.3389/FMARS.2021.633582
1597:. CRC Press. p. 58.
1490:Bonnaterre, P.J. (1788).
1415:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
819:that consist of a single
313:
306:
301:
292:
273:
266:
141:Scientific classification
139:
117:
108:
99:
23:
3626:Kermadec spiny dogfish (
3520:Northern spiny dogfish (
2897:Tasmanian lanternshark (
2861:Fringefin lanternshark (
2771:Smalleye lantern shark (
2762:Caribbean lanternshark (
2701:Combtooth lanternshark (
2660:Shorttail lanternshark (
2273:Rough longnose dogfish (
2222:Leafscale gulper shark (
1538:(inactive 10 July 2024).
1451:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1142:of two years. The males
1052:deepwater cardinalfishes
1040:deepwater scorpionfishes
835:Distribution and habitat
785:Centroscymnus coelolepis
556:Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
338:Scymnorhinus brevipinnis
331:Pseudoscymnus boshuensis
3635:Spotted spiny dogfish (
3278:Pacific sleeper shark (
2915:Hawaiian lanternshark (
2888:Splendid lanternshark (
2753:Southern lanternshark (
2692:Tailspot lanternshark (
2204:Smallfin gulper shark (
2186:Blackfin gulper shark (
1879:Biology and Environment
1700:Marine Fisheries Review
860:, including around the
694:), as part of a larger
681:evolutionarily diverged
646:Phylogeny and evolution
612:, meaning "torch". The
345:Scymnorhinus phillippsi
4076:Fish described in 1788
3287:Little sleeper shark (
3018:Caribbean roughshark (
2807:African lanternshark (
2651:Blurred lanternshark (
2490:Smalleye pygmy shark (
2352:Longnose pygmy shark (
1763:. Wikidata Q112807357.
1160:
963:Physeter macrocephalus
930:
749:
576:Constantine Rafinesque
570:, which came from the
3563:Blacktailed spurdog (
3203:Sparsetooth dogfish (
3036:Japanese roughshark (
2870:Thorny lanternshark (
2834:Smooth lanternshark (
2240:Little gulper shark (
2231:Mosaic gulper shark (
2213:Taiwan gulper shark (
2195:Lowfin gulper shark (
1891:10.1353/bae.2003.0022
1158:
928:
747:
732:, Japan, and western
679:are believed to have
504:aplacental viviparous
500:Isistius brasiliensis
327:Shen & Ting, 1972
30:Middle Eocene–Present
3572:Shortspine spurdog (
3245:Knifetooth dogfish (
3086:Portuguese dogfish (
3045:Sailfin roughshark (
3027:Angular roughshark (
2924:Green lanternshark (
2906:Brown lanternshark (
2825:False lanternshark (
2816:Great lanternshark (
2798:Dwarf lanternshark (
2735:Pygmy lanternshark (
2499:Spined pygmy shark (
2424:Cookiecutter shark (
2159:Dwarf gulper shark (
1954:12 June 2011 at the
1465:. June 2009 version.
1125:hatching inside the
1032:cod and other gadids
829:counter-illumination
580:Dalatias sparophagus
352:Scymnus aquitanensis
316:Dalatias sparophagus
3554:Shortnose spurdog (
3361:Roughskin spurdog (
3185:Whitetail dogfish (
3104:Roughskin dogfish (
2948:Rasptooth dogfish (
2827:E. pseudosqualiolus
2710:Pink lanternshark (
2596:Combtooth dogfish (
2536:Hooktooth dogfish (
2291:Longsnout dogfish (
2282:Arrowhead dogfish (
2177:Dumb gulper shark (
1528:2001Letha..34..234C
1348:: e.T6229A3111662.
1296:1984NZJGG..27..203K
921:Biology and ecology
508:fished commercially
456:luminous vertebrate
397:* ambiguous synonym
324:Dalatias tachiensis
111:Conservation status
3538:Japanese spurdog (
3493:Edmund's spurdog (
3475:Fatspine spurdog (
3466:Greeneye spurdog (
3441:Longnose spurdog (
3379:Mandarin dogfish (
3212:Sherwood dogfish (
2614:Whitefin dogfish (
2587:Bareskin dogfish (
2578:Granular dogfish (
2264:Birdbeak dogfish (
1679:2006-09-25 at the
1656:2014-08-26 at the
1234:vulnerable species
1165:fiber-optic cables
1161:
1151:Human interactions
1062:, smaller sharks (
1012:scaly dragonfishes
931:
781:Portuguese dogfish
750:
696:adaptive radiation
683:shortly after the
496:cookiecutter shark
381:Squalus nicaeensis
367:Squalus americanus
356:de la Pylaie, 1835
4046:
4045:
3925:Open Tree of Life
3660:Taxon identifiers
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3599:Bartail spurdog (
3457:Bighead spurdog (
3332:
3331:
3269:Greenland shark (
3057:
3056:
3009:Prickly dogfish (
2984:
2983:
2703:E. decacuspidatus
2560:Highfin dogfish (
2511:
2510:
2328:Taillight shark (
2303:
2302:
2293:D. quadrispinosum
2161:C. atromarginatus
1918:978-0-8050-7359-1
1792:978-2-8317-0700-6
1604:978-0-8493-1514-5
1574:978-0-12-670950-6
1431:978-92-5-101384-7
866:Mediterranean Sea
848:and the northern
600:. The genus name
502:). This shark is
403:
402:
398:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
248:
134:
4088:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3868:NBNSYS0000181132
3858:
3857:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3655:
3654:
3617:Cyrano spurdog (
3502:Taiwan spurdog (
3400:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:(Dogfish sharks)
3320:Velvet dogfish (
3271:S. microcephalus
3194:Azores dogfish (
3097:C. cryptacanthus
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:(Sleeper sharks)
2995:
2994:
2746:E. gracilispinis
2635:
2634:(Lantern sharks)
2605:Ornate dogfish (
2522:
2521:
2343:Heteroscymnoides
2319:Euprotomicroides
2314:
2313:
2150:Needle dogfish (
2136:
2135:
2132:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1968:
1959:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1609:
1608:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1412:
1391:
1390:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1327:
1308:
1307:
1272:Megascyliorhinus
1267:
1140:gestation period
1004:deepwater smelts
986:Anisakis simplex
898:Hawaiian Islands
789:dermal denticles
614:specific epithet
484:polychaete worms
452:neutral buoyancy
425:squaliform shark
396:
390:
383:
377:Bonnaterre, 1788
376:
369:
362:
360:Scymnus vulgaris
355:
347:
340:
333:
326:
320:Rafinesque, 1810
319:
297:
279:
243:
149:
148:
128:
123:
122:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3899:Observation.org
3897:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3662:
3652:
3643:
3601:S. notocaudatus
3484:Cuban dogfish (
3477:S. crassispinus
3451:S. brevirostris
3417:S. acutirostris
3407:Spiny dogfish (
3398:
3397:
3387:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3295:
3253:
3220:
3169:
3161:Plunket shark (
3154:P. macracanthus
3136:
3112:
3066:
3065:
3053:
2980:
2972:Viper dogfish (
2956:
2932:
2899:E. tasmaniensis
2694:E. caudistigmus
2633:
2632:
2622:
2569:Black dogfish (
2544:
2507:
2474:
2450:
2426:I. brasiliensis
2408:
2400:Kitefin shark (
2384:
2360:
2336:
2330:E. zantedeschia
2299:
2248:
2131:(Gulper sharks)
2130:
2129:
2121:
2077:
2070:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1969:
1962:
1956:Wayback Machine
1946:
1939:
1933:Dalatias licha
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1839:
1830:
1811:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1768:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1696:
1687:
1681:Wayback Machine
1667:
1663:
1658:Wayback Machine
1648:
1644:
1635:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1561:
1557:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1505:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1421:
1413:
1394:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1328:
1311:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1242:
1171:processed into
1153:
1144:mature sexually
1094:, crustaceans (
1048:snake mackerels
991:
923:
852:, and from the
837:
742:
648:
638:"). Additional
545:
490:, and possibly
472:sharks and rays
394:
388:Squalus scymnus
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
288:
281:
275:
262:
242:
143:
135:
124:
120:
113:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3947:
3934:
3921:
3908:
3895:
3885:
3872:
3859:
3846:
3833:
3820:
3807:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3742:
3729:
3725:Dalatias_licha
3716:
3703:
3698:Dalatias licha
3688:
3672:
3670:
3668:Dalatias licha
3664:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3468:S. chloroculus
3463:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:Z. squamulosus
3317:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3176:Scymnodalatias
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3119:Centroselachus
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2963:Trigonognathus
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2720:E. dislineatus
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2551:Centroscyllium
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2376:Pocket shark (
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2284:D. profundorum
2279:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2233:C. tessellatus
2228:
2219:
2210:
2206:C. moluccensis
2201:
2197:C. lusitanicus
2192:
2183:
2174:
2168:Gulper shark (
2165:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2127:Centrophoridae
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2111:Elasmobranchii
2107:
2105:Chondrichthyes
2101:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2022:
1999:
1986:
1973:Dalatias licha
1960:
1947:ICES. (2007).
1937:
1924:
1917:
1896:
1869:
1856:
1843:Dalatias licha
1828:
1815:Dalatias licha
1798:
1791:
1766:
1725:
1709:
1685:
1672:Dalatias licha
1661:
1642:
1610:
1603:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1522:(3): 234–248.
1503:
1482:
1468:
1455:Dalatias licha
1449:Froese, Rainer
1437:
1430:
1392:
1368:
1334:Dalatias licha
1309:
1290:(2): 203–216.
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1152:
1149:
989:
922:
919:
850:Gulf of Mexico
836:
833:
741:
738:
671:similarities.
647:
644:
588:D. sparophagus
558:, in his 1788
544:
541:
416:Dalatias licha
401:
400:
311:
310:
304:
303:
299:
298:
290:
289:
282:
277:Dalatias licha
271:
270:
264:
263:
256:
254:
250:
249:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
198:Elasmobranchii
195:
191:
190:
188:Chondrichthyes
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
118:
115:
114:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4093:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3968:Squalus licha
3965:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3628:S. raoulensis
3624:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3583:S. montalbani
3579:
3577:
3575:
3574:S. mitsukurii
3570:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3531:S. hemipinnis
3527:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3459:S. bucephalus
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:S. blainville
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:S. altipinnis
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3130:C. crepidater
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3088:C. coelolepis
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:Centroscymnus
3073:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:O. caribbaeus
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:O. bruniensis
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2890:E. splendidus
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2845:E. pycnolepis
2841:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2755:E. granulosus
2751:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2662:E. brachyurus
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2580:C. granulatum
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2501:S. laticaudus
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2468:E. bispinatus
2466:Pygmy shark (
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:Euprotomicrus
2453:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:D. hystricosa
2271:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2179:C. harrissoni
2175:
2173:
2171:
2170:C. granulosus
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2074:dogfish shark
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2023:9781988514628
2019:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1853:(3): 355–360.
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:bottom trawls
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:bristlemouths
1025:
1024:lanternfishes
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
997:Raphidascaris
995:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:sampling bias
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
927:
918:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:British Isles
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
806:
805:Gulf of Genoa
802:
798:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:pectoral fins
766:
761:
759:
755:
746:
737:
735:
731:
728:, the former
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
707:Middle Eocene
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:type specimen
561:
557:
554:
550:
549:Squalus licha
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:siphonophores
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:kitefin shark
399:
393:
389:
382:
375:
374:Squalus licha
368:
363:Cloquet, 1822
361:
353:
348:Whitley, 1931
346:
339:
332:
325:
317:
312:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
286:
280:
278:
272:
269:
268:Binomial name
265:
261:
260:
259:D. licha
255:
252:
251:
246:
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:Selachimorpha
206:
204:Subdivision:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
132:
127:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Kitefin shark
22:
19:
4048:
3967:
3667:
3636:
3627:
3619:S. rancureli
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3565:S. melanurus
3564:
3555:
3547:
3540:S. japonicus
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3433:
3425:S. albifrons
3424:
3416:
3409:S. acanthias
3408:
3392:
3380:
3372:C. australis
3371:
3362:
3352:Cirrhigaleus
3350:
3321:
3313:Z. ichiharai
3312:
3300:
3289:S. rostratus
3288:
3280:S. pacificus
3279:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3237:
3225:
3214:S. sherwoodi
3213:
3204:
3195:
3187:S. albicauda
3186:
3174:
3162:
3153:
3143:Proscymnodon
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3075:
3047:O. paradoxus
3046:
3038:O. japonicus
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
2998:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2939:Miroscyllium
2937:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2773:E. litvinovi
2772:
2764:E. hillianus
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2627:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2589:C. kamoharai
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2517:Etmopteridae
2500:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2232:
2224:C. squamosus
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2141:Centrophorus
2139:
2115:Subdivision
2009:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1932:
1927:
1908:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1782:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1723:, 2 Mar 2021
1721:The Guardian
1720:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1671:
1664:
1645:
1594:
1564:
1558:
1544:cite journal
1519:
1515:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1417:
1386:The Guardian
1384:
1359:. Retrieved
1345:
1339:
1333:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:Centrophorus
1275:
1271:
1209:bottom trawl
1192:
1185:
1162:
1120:
1083:Centrophorus
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1016:barracudinas
1001:
996:
985:
973:found three
962:
959:sperm whales
947:North Africa
937:filled with
932:
906:
878:South Africa
846:Georges Bank
838:
824:
813:bioluminesce
810:
793:
784:
762:
751:
721:
700:
676:
672:
654:
649:
640:common names
631:
627:
620:
616:
609:
605:
601:
598:Scymnorhinus
597:
593:nomen dubium
591:
587:
583:
579:
567:
559:
548:
546:
499:
461:
450:to maintain
436:type species
415:
414:
410:
406:
404:
395:
387:
380:
373:
370:Gmelin, 1789
366:
359:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
315:
314:
276:
274:
258:
257:
238:
218:Squaliformes
18:
3850:NatureServe
3798:iNaturalist
3692:Wikispecies
3637:S. suckleyi
3556:S. megalops
3548:S. lalannei
3522:s. griffini
3504:S. formosus
3495:S. edmundsi
3486:S. cubensis
3381:C. barbifer
3238:S. obscurus
3205:S. oligodon
3196:S. garricki
3163:P. plunketi
3063:Somniosidae
3029:O. centrina
2917:E. villosus
2908:E. unicolor
2872:E. sentosus
2863:E. schultzi
2836:E. pusillus
2818:E. princeps
2712:E. dianthus
2677:E. burgessi
2653:E. bigelowi
2571:C. fabricii
2562:C. excelsum
2444:I. plutodus
2435:I. labialis
2367:Mollisquama
2215:C. niaukang
1825:(1): 23–26.
1819:Mare Magnun
1361:19 November
1188:overfishing
1008:viperfishes
894:New Zealand
817:photophores
740:Description
718:New Zealand
701:The oldest
661:dentitional
619:comes from
529:overfishing
524:overfishing
480:crustaceans
476:cephalopods
468:bony fishes
391:Voigt, 1832
384:Risso, 1810
341:Smith, 1936
334:Herre, 1935
4066:Dalatiidae
4055:Categories
3983:Q109531644
3610:S. nasutus
3592:S. nasutus
3513:S. grahami
3399:(Spurdogs)
3247:S. ringens
3106:C. owstoni
2990:Oxynotidae
2974:T. kabeyai
2950:M. sheikoi
2854:E. robinsi
2791:E. molleri
2782:E. lucifer
2685:E. carteri
2670:E. bullisi
2644:E. baxteri
2629:Etmopterus
2616:C. ritteri
2607:C. ornatum
2481:Squaliolus
2354:H. marleyi
2309:Dalatiidae
2099:Vertebrata
2097:Subphylum
2032:1042901090
1706:(4): 1–63.
1252:References
1077:Etmopterus
1036:grenadiers
896:, and the
882:Mozambique
868:, and off
799:, lacking
777:caudal fin
773:pelvic fin
765:dorsal fin
763:The first
553:naturalist
551:by French
533:Vulnerable
434:, and the
432:Dalatiidae
411:seal shark
285:Bonnaterre
245:Rafinesque
228:Dalatiidae
194:Subclass:
126:Vulnerable
3338:Squalidae
3260:Somniosus
3227:Scymnodon
2926:E. virens
2881:E. spinax
2800:E. perryi
2728:E. evansi
2598:C. nigrum
2378:M. parini
2266:D. calcea
2188:C. isodon
2109:Subclass
1983:: 97–101.
1761:2296-7745
1096:amphipods
1056:sea toads
1020:greeneyes
975:nematodes
951:sex ratio
915:seamounts
890:Australia
854:North Sea
821:photocyte
758:suctorial
754:spiracles
714:Bortonian
651:Cladistic
444:sea floor
253:Species:
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
3977:Wikidata
3855:2.102673
3816:11173286
3772:FishBase
3712:Dalatias
3683:Q1321783
3677:Wikidata
3363:C. asper
3000:Oxynotus
2809:E. polli
2737:E. fusus
2538:A. nigra
2527:Aculeola
2492:S. aliae
2415:Isistius
2402:D. licha
2391:Dalatias
2242:C. uyato
2117:Selachii
2093:Chordata
2087:Animalia
2085:Kingdom
1952:Archived
1677:Archived
1654:Archived
1462:FishBase
1280:Dalatias
1240:See also
1177:shagreen
1173:fishmeal
1116:scavenge
1108:lobsters
967:Parasite
939:squalene
872:and the
858:Cameroon
825:D. licha
797:albinism
722:Dalatias
677:Isistius
673:Dalatias
669:muscular
665:skeletal
656:Isistius
602:Dalatias
584:S. licha
578:'s 1810
572:synonymy
568:Dalatias
543:Taxonomy
539:(IUCN).
512:Portugal
464:predator
308:Synonyms
239:Dalatias
224:Family:
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
131:IUCN 3.1
4023:5216328
3930:1027232
3790:2420911
3394:Squalus
2152:C. acus
2091:Phylum
2076:species
2072:Extant
1885:: 1–7.
1524:Bibcode
1516:Lethaia
1292:Bibcode
1214:mercury
1204:gillnet
1195:bycatch
1181:leather
1135:ovaries
1123:embryos
1100:isopods
1092:octopus
1071:Squalus
979:stomach
977:in the
971:Ireland
870:Madeira
801:pigment
688:periods
636:glutton
630:, from
625:Occitan
535:by the
492:carrion
438:in its
427:in the
421:species
419:) is a
287:, 1788)
234:Genus:
214:Order:
184:Class:
129: (
4036:160653
4010:122803
3956:105910
3917:105910
3888:NZOR:
3881:170817
3829:160651
3764:124135
3302:Zameus
2255:Deania
2103:Class
2030:
2020:
1915:
1789:
1759:
1601:
1571:
1428:
1278:, and
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1218:quotas
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