649:, the Kuban River flows in a wide flat valley with terraced slopes. Then it bends to the west and develops a left-bank floodplain, which is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide near Ust-Labinsk. There it is winding and has many shoals and rapids. Below the mouth of Laba the river widens up to 20 kilometres (12 mi). Between the mouths of the rivers Laba and Afips the Adyghe marshes cover an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), and below the river Afips, about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) is occupied by the Zakubanskie marshes. At 116 kilometres (72 mi) from the mouth, the Kuban converges with a major tributary, the Protoka, which is 130 kilometres (81 mi) long. Near its mouth the Kuban narrows to 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) and then forms a delta covering about 4,300 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi). The delta contains numerous
127:
77:
52:
102:
204:
757:
657:
relatively warm climate and rapid flow in the upper part. The Kuban River is characterized by numerous (6–7 through the year) floods due to rains and thaws, both in the winter and summer. The water level used to fluctuate by up to 5 metres (16 ft), with the maximum in July and the minimum in
February. The amplitude of these fluctuations was reduced by construction of the Nevinnomyssk channel and the Tschikskoe, Krasnodar and Shapsug reservoirs. These measures also provided water for
215:
192:
3654:
1067:
227:
618:
1483:
862:
3642:
172:
626:
29:
38:
134:
109:
84:
59:
1021:) occurs in southern tributaries of Kuban and is hiding in small pools in the summer. It spawns in rapid streams 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 in) deep with a pebble or rocky bottom. It does not migrate much, but it moves downstream in winter to find deeper pools and returns upstream in summer. This species is abundant throughout the whole river.
673:
formerly varied between 0.95 and 1,160 cubic metres per second (34 and 40,965 cu ft/s) before the filling of the
Krasnodar Reservoir in the 1980s. The annual outflow to the Azov Sea is about 12 to 13 cubic kilometres (2.9 to 3.1 cu mi) of water, 8 million tonnes of sediments and 4 million tonnes of dissolved salts.
1009:
contrary, Kuban nase moves downstream to lower sections or larger tributaries in winter. It is rather sensitive to the water quality, especially turbidity. Its population also declined after the construction of the
Krasnodar Dam, but is still large in the middle and upper parts of the Kuban and its tributaries.
1057:
The delta of the Kuban River and its estuaries are a popular resting ground for various migratory birds, especially waterfowl such as wild geese, ducks, cormorants, pelicans, swans and gray herons. Also abundant are birds of prey, such as falcons, as well as foxes and wild cats. Muskrats were brought
1008:
Kuban barbel and Kuban nase are the only species of their genera within the Kuban basin. They prefer mountainous streams with a rapid flow and sandy or rocky bottom on which they spawn. After the construction of the
Krasnodar Dam in the 1980s, the Kuban barbel became rare in the lower Kuban. On the
672:
at about 425 cubic metres per second (15,000 cu ft/s). It was formerly higher by some 30 cubic metres per second (1,100 cu ft/s) but was lowered by the reservoir construction. The average discharge near
Armavir is 163 cubic metres per second (5,800 cu ft/s), and it
656:
In the upper stream the river is mostly fed by glaciers and high-mountain snow (49%). Near
Krasnodar, this contribution drops to 32%; meanwhile, the water supply from the subsoil water increases from 21% to 32%, and that of rainwater from 27% to 32%. The river does not freeze over because of a
1117:
The delta of Kuban is an important rice-growing region of Russia. Also developed here is fishery with the major commercial species including perch, roach and chalcalburnus. The river is navigated up to
Krasnodar where it feeds the Krasnodar Thermal Power Plant.
1078:
Tens of thousands of years ago, the Azov Sea was much larger and covered the delta of the Kuban River. Deposition of silt by the Kuban gradually pushed out the sea and shaped the delta with numerous limans and shallow estuaries. Frequent eruptions of the
676:
The average turbidity is 682 g/m. Water salinity increases toward the delta; it normally varies between 50 and 400 mg/L and may reach 1000 mg/L in some areas. All major tributaries flow into the Kuban from the left and originate in the
653:, some of which have gradually separated from the river. Until the 19th century the Kuban River discharged into both the Black and the Azov seas. However later, the rising grounds redirected the river entirely to the Azov Sea.
1012:
The Kuban gudgeon and Little Kuban gudgeon are restricted to the sections with moderately fast flow and gravel or sandy bottoms; they are abundant in the middle part of the river. The Kuban gudgeon is unusual by having five
637:
and forms at the merger of its two tributaries, the
Ullukam and Uchkulam; from the source of the Ullukam to the delta, it has a length of 906 kilometres (563 mi). Between the source and
645:, has many thresholds and rapidly changes its elevation. Near Nevinnomyssk a dam supplies water to the Nevinnomyssk channel. In its central part, until the confluence with the
3191:
849:, lilies and other species. The total area of such vegetation is 40,000 to 50,000 hectares (150 to 190 sq mi). Some estuaries contain thickets of
126:
76:
2361:
766:
The river flows through three types of landscape: mixed forests of the
Caucasus in the south, Crimean Submediterranean forests in the central part, and
1449:
3220:
695:
2773:
3700:
1441:
3230:
2470:
1471:
51:
305:
731:
743:
3685:
1356:
1479:
892:, mollusks, worms, etc., providing abundant food for fish. The fish fauna of the Kuban differs from that of the nearby
3695:
3690:
101:
1107:
3715:
1083:
contributed to this deposition process. There are about 25 mud volcanoes in the area and some are still active.
1464:
1324:
841:
and other water-hungry plants. The estuaries have rich underwater vegetation in the form of stoneworts algae,
1404:
184:
3680:
1819:
1722:
1457:
1328:
1228:
1026:
586:
1565:
1487:
1201:
681:. Those tributaries include the Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Belaya and Pshish.
531:
2403:
771:
3625:
3588:
3507:
3347:
1435:
665:
900:
rivers and contains more than 65 species from 16 families. They are dominated by the genera
3710:
261:
810:). The Crimean Submediterranean forests are also coniferous, dominated by fir and spruce.
8:
3615:
3154:
2566:
1155:
1111:
1032:
209:
3342:
2485:
2203:
2143:
2138:
2128:
1219:
893:
800:
678:
602:
550:
539:
3559:
3512:
3453:
2718:
2703:
2611:
2123:
1293:
1265:
701:
468:
431:
1387:
1353:
3529:
3517:
3497:
3149:
2668:
2636:
2596:
2512:
2480:
2465:
2450:
2415:
2178:
2003:
1149:
1137:
830:
806:
794:
650:
519:
3658:
3502:
3260:
3067:
3020:
3000:
2863:
2658:
2366:
2351:
2303:
2193:
2168:
2101:
1928:
1809:
1742:
1654:
1614:
1597:
1360:
1172:
1163:
933:
929:
788:
737:
689:
578:
545:
The Kuban flows 870 kilometres (540 mi) north and west from its source near
1715:
774:
are rich in tree species; at mid-elevation, they are dominated by
Georgian oak (
3705:
3485:
3468:
3448:
3431:
3416:
3396:
3383:
3357:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3215:
3060:
2883:
2873:
2818:
2673:
2643:
2546:
2541:
2435:
2356:
2248:
2233:
2208:
2084:
1956:
1732:
1580:
1555:
1550:
1493:
1210:
1178:
1103:
1092:
1044:
756:
719:
535:
527:
419:
220:
197:
159:
1666:
1024:
Before the construction of dams, the River had migratory stocks of sturgeons (
3674:
3646:
3549:
3480:
3421:
3379:
3317:
3307:
3015:
3005:
2955:
2948:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2853:
2808:
2798:
2693:
2678:
2653:
2626:
2576:
2517:
2228:
2148:
2133:
2118:
2079:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2015:
1951:
1861:
1851:
1792:
1649:
1602:
1592:
1535:
1530:
970:
942:
925:
846:
646:
320:
307:
872:
The wide delta of Kuban, with its abundant estuaries, is especially rich in
3620:
3441:
3411:
3406:
3337:
3225:
3171:
3144:
3102:
2975:
2965:
2928:
2848:
2833:
2778:
2763:
2738:
2708:
2648:
2586:
2551:
2534:
2475:
2339:
2325:
2268:
2263:
2238:
2213:
2158:
2096:
2091:
1978:
1918:
1890:
1637:
1570:
1545:
1511:
1014:
920:
713:
707:
658:
638:
634:
606:
574:
566:
546:
415:
411:
3583:
3576:
3544:
3522:
3426:
3352:
3312:
3302:
3208:
3198:
3117:
3097:
3035:
3025:
3010:
2985:
2828:
2445:
2440:
2383:
2258:
2223:
2042:
1963:
1779:
1754:
1683:
1585:
1525:
1503:
1080:
1071:
1050:
959:
908:
897:
842:
590:
582:
558:
554:
523:
291:
286:
861:
3593:
3122:
3092:
3082:
2980:
2960:
2938:
2933:
2918:
2823:
2803:
2748:
2631:
2561:
2430:
2198:
2173:
2067:
1905:
1843:
1629:
1540:
990:
963:
838:
822:
760:
1066:
3322:
3250:
3161:
3077:
3040:
2970:
2923:
2768:
2743:
2723:
2556:
2507:
2420:
1938:
1873:
1507:
1038:
889:
669:
594:
570:
562:
381:
1434:
1058:
to the watershed in the 20th century for commercial fur production.
3600:
3554:
3463:
3362:
3327:
3292:
3245:
3203:
3181:
3166:
3107:
3050:
3045:
2793:
2788:
2688:
2663:
2606:
2601:
2581:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2460:
2425:
2393:
2344:
2313:
2278:
2183:
2163:
2055:
1968:
1762:
1710:
1700:
1575:
1195:
948:
914:
873:
779:
1288:
1260:
813:
The vegetation of the delta mostly consists of thickets of reeds,
617:
3534:
3473:
3367:
3332:
3272:
3186:
3176:
3127:
3087:
2868:
2858:
2813:
2783:
2758:
2753:
2698:
2683:
2571:
2408:
2398:
2371:
2334:
2288:
2273:
2253:
2243:
1988:
1946:
1878:
1831:
1737:
1727:
1705:
1642:
1619:
1560:
1520:
1402:
1261:"Kuban Delta: Group of limans between Kuban & Protoka Rivers"
885:
881:
877:
850:
834:
814:
598:
1106:
who settled in its basin in the 18th–19th centuries. During the
3605:
3539:
3490:
3436:
3282:
3265:
3255:
3235:
3139:
3132:
3112:
3072:
2990:
2943:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2843:
2838:
2733:
2728:
2621:
2591:
2529:
2308:
2283:
2218:
2027:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1913:
1895:
1856:
1826:
1814:
1767:
1678:
1482:
767:
725:
625:
515:
442:
Kuban Delta: Group of limans between Kuban & Protoka Rivers
265:
232:
177:
1410:
28:
3564:
3401:
3030:
2995:
2713:
2616:
2522:
2388:
2298:
2293:
2188:
2113:
2108:
1923:
1693:
1688:
1661:
1609:
954:
937:
902:
866:
826:
818:
684:
The main tributaries of the Kuban are, from source to mouth:
642:
37:
3610:
3571:
3458:
3391:
3240:
3055:
2455:
2376:
2153:
2032:
2022:
1883:
1868:
1804:
1797:
1787:
1673:
880:. There are about 400 species of zooplankton, including
1233:
380:
425 m/s (15,000 cu ft/s) (maximum near
798:). Higher forests are coniferous and consist of fir (
629:
The confluence of Teberda and Kuban near Karachayevsk
1189:
1445:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 934.
1289:"Kuban Delta: Akhtaro-Grivenskaya group of limans"
530:for 660 kilometres (410 mi), but also in the
3672:
479:Kuban Delta: Akhtaro-Grivenskaya group of limans
641:the river flows mostly in the deep and narrow
1465:
1054:). These species have low presence nowadays.
924:and contain species and genera such as carp,
853:which was brought to the area from Africa.
1472:
1458:
1403:V. I. Borisov and E. I. Kapitonov (1973).
668:of the Kuban River is at its maximum near
612:
36:
1065:
860:
755:
624:
616:
605:lies not on the Kuban River, but on its
358:57,900 km (22,400 sq mi)
3673:
1194:
1171:
1162:
966:were acclimatized in the last decade.
633:The river originates on the slopes of
1453:
1398:
1396:
1388:Kuban - the major river of the region
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1148:
1061:
133:
108:
83:
58:
16:River in the North Caucasus of Russia
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1363:, Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1086:
13:
3701:Bodies of water of the Sea of Azov
1393:
1309:
969:Endemic species include the Kuban
14:
3727:
1427:
1409:(in Russian). KKI. Archived from
1366:
1334:
1102:Kuban River gave its name to the
985:), Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon (
958:and others. Some species such as
3653:
3652:
3640:
1481:
1108:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
565:. Major cities on the river are
526:. The Kuban runs mostly through
225:
213:
202:
190:
170:
132:
125:
107:
100:
82:
75:
57:
50:
27:
1281:
1253:
1128:
299: • coordinates
1:
3686:Rivers of Karachay-Cherkessia
1247:
277:3,400 m (11,200 ft)
239:Physical characteristics
1190:
338: • elevation
273: • elevation
7:
1234:
257: • location
91:Show map of European Russia
10:
3732:
1182:
532:Karachay–Cherkess Republic
376: • average
66:Show map of Krasnodar Krai
3634:
3378:
2324:
2041:
1937:
1904:
1842:
1778:
1753:
1628:
1502:
1329:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1296:Sites Information Service
1268:Sites Information Service
1223:
1141:
1027:Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
503:
499:
491:
483:
475:
466:
462:
454:
446:
438:
429:
425:
405:
397:
392:
388:
374:
366:
362:
354:
350:870 km (540 mi)
346:
336:
297:
285:
281:
271:
255:
247:
243:
238:
183:
165:
155:
150:
44:
35:
26:
21:
3696:Rivers of Stavropol Krai
3691:Rivers of Krasnodar Krai
1121:
981:, Little Kuban gudgeon (
856:
751:
621:Kuban River in Krasnodar
561:. It is navigable up to
1442:Encyclopædia Britannica
1074:near the delta of Kuban
613:Geography and hydrology
518:that flows through the
407: • left
3716:Ramsar sites in Russia
1146:Russian pronunciation:
1075:
995:Chondrostoma kubanicum
869:
792:) and Oriental beech (
772:Caucasus mixed forests
763:
630:
622:
553:, eventually reaching
3348:Podkamennaya Tunguska
1436:"Kuban (river)"
1069:
1003:Oxynoemacheilus merga
864:
759:
628:
620:
141:Show map of Black Sea
999:Sabanejewia kubanica
829:. Less frequent are
601:. Despite its name,
522:and drains into the
342:0 m (0 ft)
262:Main Caucasian Range
3192:Maly Khomus-Yuryakh
3155:Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur
2328:, east of the Urals
1112:North Caucasus Line
1110:it was part of the
786:), sweet chestnut (
393:Basin features
317: /
210:Karachay-Cherkessia
3343:Nizhnyaya Tunguska
2129:Bolshoy Cheremshan
1359:2011-10-05 at the
1076:
1062:Geological history
1015:anal branched rays
983:Romanogobio parvus
870:
801:Abies nordmanniana
784:Carpinus caucasica
770:in the north. The
764:
679:Caucasus Mountains
631:
623:
603:Slavyansk-on-Kuban
551:Caucasus Mountains
540:Republic of Adygea
492:Reference no.
455:Reference no.
116:Show map of Russia
3668:
3667:
3647:Russia portal
2362:Bolshaya Kuonamka
2124:Bolshaya Kokshaga
1232:
1196:[qʷʼbina]
1188:
1150:[kʊˈbanʲ]
1095:called the river
1042:) and cyprinids (
1005:and Aphips chub.
702:Bolshoy Zelenchuk
661:and rice fields.
508:
507:
487:13 September 1994
450:13 September 1994
321:45.333°N 37.400°E
3723:
3681:Rivers of Adygea
3656:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3150:Kuranakh-Yuryakh
1497:
1496:
1488:Rivers of Russia
1486:
1485:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1364:
1351:
1332:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1198:
1193:
1187:romanized:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1087:Human activities
1019:Squalius aphipsi
975:Barbus kubanicus
807:Picea orientalis
795:Fagus orientalis
520:Western Caucasus
408:
377:
332:
331:
329:
328:
327:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
274:
258:
231:
229:
228:
219:
217:
216:
208:
206:
205:
196:
194:
193:
185:Federal subjects
176:
174:
173:
142:
136:
135:
129:
117:
111:
110:
104:
92:
86:
85:
79:
67:
61:
60:
54:
40:
31:
19:
18:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3374:
2367:Malaya Kuonamka
2320:
2194:Malaya Kokshaga
2037:
1933:
1900:
1838:
1774:
1749:
1624:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1367:
1361:Wayback Machine
1352:
1335:
1323:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1202:Karachay–Balkar
1145:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1089:
1064:
1017:. Aphips chub (
987:R. pentatrichus
979:Gobio kubanicus
936:, pike, perch,
859:
789:Castanea sativa
776:Quercus iberica
754:
749:
615:
504:
471:
434:
406:
375:
339:
325:
323:
319:
316:
311:
308:
306:
304:
303:
300:
272:
264:
256:
226:
224:
214:
212:
203:
201:
191:
189:
171:
169:
146:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3384:Sea of Okhotsk
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Bolshaya Kheta
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:Vatinsky Yogan
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Sobolokh-Mayan
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2644:Kyuyol-Yuryakh
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Bolshaya Ercha
2433:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1551:Northern Dvina
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1494:drainage basin
1477:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1428:External links
1426:
1424:
1423:
1392:
1365:
1333:
1308:
1280:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1176:
1173:[psəʑ]
1164:[psəʐ]
1153:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1104:Kuban Cossacks
1093:ancient Greeks
1088:
1085:
1063:
1060:
1045:Alburnus mento
858:
855:
804:) and spruce (
753:
750:
748:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
696:Maly Zelenchuk
693:
686:
614:
611:
536:Stavropol Krai
528:Krasnodar Krai
514:is a river in
506:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:Ramsar Wetland
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:Ramsar Wetland
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
409:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
390:
389:
386:
385:
378:
372:
371:
368:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
326:45.333; 37.400
301:
298:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
259:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
221:Stavropol Krai
198:Krasnodar Krai
187:
181:
180:
167:
163:
162:
160:Eastern Europe
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
131:
130:
124:
123:
122:
121:
106:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
81:
80:
74:
73:
72:
71:
56:
55:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:Pacific Ocean
3377:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Kievsky Yogan
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Bolshoy Patom
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Bolshoy Irgiz
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:Bolshaya Laba
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:Western Dvina
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Malaya Belaya
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1413:on 2010-09-17
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1081:mud volcanoes
1073:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:Chalcalburnus
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Prussian carp
923:
922:
917:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
863:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
808:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
758:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
685:
682:
680:
674:
671:
667:
662:
660:
654:
652:
648:
647:Bolshaya Laba
644:
640:
636:
627:
619:
610:
609:the Protoka.
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:Official name
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:Official name
437:
433:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
410:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
330:
302:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
267:
263:
260:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
234:
223:
222:
211:
199:
188:
186:
182:
179:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
149:
128:
103:
78:
53:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3657:
3638:
3145:Arga-Yuryakh
3103:Khorbusuonka
2929:Uel-Siktyakh
2552:Ayan-Yuryakh
2535:Uryung-Ulakh
2404:Buor-Yuryakh
2340:Buor-Yuryakh
2326:Arctic Ocean
2239:Selizharovka
2010:
1512:Arctic Ocean
1440:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1405:
1390:(in Russian)
1331:(in Russian)
1299:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1214:
1205:
1168:
1159:
1130:
1116:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1033:A. stellatus
1031:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
968:
953:
947:
941:
934:silver bream
921:Chondrostoma
919:
913:
907:
901:
871:
831:tape-grasses
812:
805:
799:
793:
787:
783:
775:
765:
683:
675:
664:The average
663:
659:fish farming
655:
639:Nevinnomyssk
635:Mount Elbrus
632:
607:distributary
575:Nevinnomyssk
567:Karachayevsk
547:Mount Elbrus
544:
511:
509:
200:
3711:Kuban basin
3577:Chyolomdzha
3523:Iomrautvaam
3303:Bolshoy Pit
3118:Kyuyutingde
2446:Chibagalakh
2441:Byoryolyokh
2384:Bogdashkina
2043:Caspian Sea
1780:Lake Ladoga
1755:Lake Peipus
1504:Barents Sea
1406:Sea of Azov
1325:Kuban River
1072:mud volcano
1051:Vimba vimba
960:silver carp
909:Romanogobio
890:cladocerans
591:Ust-Labinsk
583:Novokubansk
559:Sea of Azov
555:Temryuk Bay
524:Sea of Azov
398:Tributaries
324: /
292:Sea of Azov
22:Kuban River
3675:Categories
3123:Merchimden
3093:Buolkalakh
3083:Beyenchime
2934:Undyulyung
2919:Tympylykan
2824:Motorchuna
2804:Markhachan
2774:Kyundyudey
2749:Khoruongka
2719:Dzhardzhan
2632:Yasachnaya
2567:Beryozovka
2562:Balygychan
2486:Selennyakh
2431:Badyarikha
2204:Medveditsa
2199:Maly Irgiz
2174:Kerzhenets
2144:Chapayevka
2068:Andi Koysu
1906:Lake Onega
1844:Lake Ilmen
1630:Baltic Sea
1541:Nautsiyoki
1417:2010-07-19
1354:428: Kuban
1248:References
1204:: Къобан,
1167:or Псыжь,
1156:Circassian
991:Kuban nase
964:grass carp
835:grass rush
484:Designated
447:Designated
355:Basin size
3513:Kamchatka
3323:Khantayka
3251:Dulgalakh
3162:Palyavaam
3078:Arga-Sala
3041:Tromyogan
2971:Barnaulka
2924:Tyugyuene
2769:Kyuelenke
2744:Khanchaly
2724:Dyanyshka
2704:Cherendey
2557:Bakhapcha
2508:Ioniveyem
2421:Indigirka
1939:Black Sea
1874:Berezayka
1508:White Sea
1229:romanized
1220:Ukrainian
1213:: Кобан,
1158:: Псыжъ,
1039:Huso huso
932:, bream,
865:Eurasian
847:hornworts
839:arrowhead
815:grassweed
761:Arrowhead
670:Krasnodar
666:discharge
595:Krasnodar
587:Kropotkin
571:Cherkessk
563:Krasnodar
382:Krasnodar
367:Discharge
3659:Category
3616:Velikaya
3601:Ukelayat
3555:Penzhina
3530:Kikhchik
3518:Khatyrka
3498:Bolshaya
3464:Tanyurer
3363:Turukhan
3328:Khemchik
3293:Bazaikha
3246:Bytantay
3231:Abyrabyt
3204:Khudosey
3182:Sellyakh
3167:Pegtymel
3108:Kelimyar
3051:Vasyugan
2794:Lyutenge
2789:Lyapiske
2689:Byosyuke
2669:Belyanka
2664:Begidyan
2637:Zyryanka
2612:Seymchan
2607:Sededema
2602:Ozhogina
2582:Korkodon
2513:Khatanga
2501:Uyandina
2496:Shangina
2491:Shandrin
2471:Kyuyente
2466:Kuydusun
2461:Khastakh
2451:Druzhina
2426:Allaikha
2416:Gusinaya
2394:Chegitun
2345:Rassokha
2314:Yeruslan
2279:Tereshka
2184:Kotorosl
2179:Kostroma
2164:Kashinka
2056:Podkumok
2004:Voronezh
1969:Temernik
1763:Velikaya
1711:Instruch
1701:Pregolya
1576:Vychegda
1357:Archived
1301:25 April
1273:25 April
949:Sprattus
915:Squalius
886:copepods
882:rotifers
874:plankton
843:pondweed
823:bur-reed
780:hornbeam
538:and the
156:Location
151:Location
3535:Kukhtuy
3503:Gizhiga
3474:Yeropol
3368:Yeloguy
3333:Kureyka
3273:Yenisey
3261:Sartang
3221:Volchya
3187:Sundrun
3177:Pyasina
3128:Siligir
3088:Birekte
3068:Olenyok
3021:Parabel
3001:Kasmala
2874:Sinyaya
2869:Pilyuda
2864:Peleduy
2859:Olyokma
2814:Menkere
2784:Lungkha
2759:Kirenga
2754:Kenkeme
2699:Chechuy
2684:Buotama
2659:Batamay
2597:Popovka
2572:Buyunda
2409:Nuchcha
2399:Chondon
2372:Suolama
2352:Amguema
2335:Alazeya
2304:Vetluga
2289:Tvertsa
2274:Sviyaga
2254:Sogozha
2244:Sheksna
2169:Kazanka
2102:Sakmara
1989:Khopyor
1947:Dnieper
1929:Vytegra
1879:Peretna
1832:Volchya
1820:Vishera
1810:Volkhov
1738:Kasplya
1706:Angrapa
1655:Plyussa
1643:Oredezh
1620:Voronya
1615:Varzuga
1598:Pechora
1566:Uftyuga
1561:Sukhona
1521:Iokanga
1231::
1191:Q̇vbina
1183:Къвбина
1138:Russian
1097:Hypanis
878:benthos
827:cattail
738:Psekups
690:Teberda
599:Temryuk
579:Armavir
557:in the
549:in the
312:37°24′E
309:45°20′N
166:Country
3606:Ulbeya
3560:Belaya
3540:Okhota
3491:Khasyn
3486:Avacha
3469:Yablon
3454:Belaya
3449:Anadyr
3437:Ussuri
3432:Shilka
3417:Bureya
3397:Amazar
3358:Tanama
3288:Bakhta
3283:Angara
3278:Abakan
3266:Tykakh
3256:Oldzho
3236:Adycha
3140:Omoloy
3133:Ukukit
3113:Kuoyka
3073:Alakit
2991:Irtysh
2986:Chulym
2944:Vilyuy
2914:Tutura
2909:Tuolba
2904:Tikyan
2899:Tayura
2844:Natara
2839:Namana
2819:Molodo
2799:Markha
2734:Ichera
2729:Eyekit
2674:Biryuk
2622:Taskan
2592:Omolon
2542:Kolyma
2530:Khroma
2357:Anabar
2309:Vazuza
2284:Tsivil
2249:Shosha
2234:Samara
2219:Nyomda
2209:Mologa
2139:Bezdna
2085:Sunzha
2028:Mzymta
1999:Bityug
1994:Osered
1984:Donets
1974:Manych
1957:Vyazma
1914:Andoma
1896:Shelon
1857:Polist
1827:Vuoksi
1815:Tigoda
1768:Kukhva
1733:Polota
1723:Sestra
1679:Izhora
1667:Šešupė
1581:Yomtsa
1556:Pinega
1294:Ramsar
1266:Ramsar
1224:Кубань
1142:Кубань
971:barbel
819:sedges
768:steppe
746:(left)
740:(left)
734:(left)
732:Apchas
728:(left)
726:Pshish
722:(left)
720:Belaya
716:(left)
710:(left)
704:(left)
698:(left)
692:(left)
651:limans
516:Russia
420:Belaya
401:
370:
347:Length
266:Russia
251:
248:Source
233:Adygea
230:
218:
207:
195:
178:Russia
175:
3706:Kuban
3584:Tumen
3565:Oklan
3550:Paren
3481:Arman
3422:Gorin
3412:Argun
3407:Anyuy
3402:Amgun
3308:Kacha
3209:Tolka
3031:Synya
3006:Katun
2996:Kazym
2981:Chaya
2956:Nadym
2949:Vitim
2894:Tamma
2889:Suola
2879:Sitte
2854:Nyuya
2849:Nuora
2809:Menda
2779:Linde
2714:Derba
2709:Chuya
2694:Chaya
2654:Aldan
2627:Tenka
2617:Sugoy
2577:Debin
2547:Anyuy
2523:Kotuy
2518:Kheta
2389:Chaun
2299:Uzola
2294:Unzha
2229:Rutka
2189:Kudma
2149:Dubna
2119:Anish
2114:Aktay
2109:Volga
2080:Malka
2075:Terek
2063:Sulak
2011:Kuban
1952:Desna
1924:Vodla
1862:Kunya
1852:Lovat
1793:Pasha
1743:Mezha
1694:Tosna
1689:Okhta
1662:Neman
1650:Narva
1610:Ponoy
1593:Onega
1536:Mezen
1235:Kuban
1215:Qoban
1211:Nogai
1206:Qoban
1179:Abaza
1122:Notes
955:Mugil
938:ruffe
930:roach
903:Gobio
898:Volga
867:ruffe
857:Fauna
851:lotus
752:Flora
744:Afips
643:gorge
512:Kuban
287:Mouth
3626:Yana
3621:Yama
3611:Urak
3594:Maya
3572:Taui
3508:Inya
3459:Mayn
3442:Zeya
3392:Amur
3338:Mana
3241:Baky
3226:Yana
3216:Uele
3056:Vakh
2976:Biya
2966:Aley
2834:Myla
2829:Muna
2764:Kuta
2739:Ilga
2649:Lena
2587:Kulu
2481:Nera
2476:Moma
2456:Elgi
2377:Udya
2269:Sura
2264:Suda
2214:Nerl
2159:Kama
2154:Ilet
2097:Ilek
2092:Ural
2051:Kuma
2033:Yeya
2023:Mius
1919:Suna
1891:Pola
1884:Uver
1869:Msta
1805:Syas
1798:Oyat
1788:Svir
1716:Lava
1674:Neva
1638:Luga
1571:Vaga
1546:Niva
1506:and
1303:2018
1275:2018
1169:Psyź
1160:Psyẑ
1091:The
962:and
918:and
896:and
876:and
825:and
714:Laba
708:Urup
597:and
510:The
416:Laba
412:Urup
3589:Uda
3545:Ola
3427:Gur
3353:Sym
3318:Kem
3313:Kan
3199:Taz
3172:Pur
3098:Bur
3046:Tym
3036:Tom
3026:Sob
3011:Ket
2939:Ura
2259:Sok
2224:Oka
1979:Sal
1964:Don
1684:Mga
1603:Usa
1586:Yug
1526:Kem
1492:by
997:),
989:),
977:),
894:Don
778:),
495:675
458:674
3677::
2961:Ob
1439:.
1395:^
1368:^
1336:^
1327:,
1311:^
1291:.
1263:.
1226:,
1222::
1185:,
1181::
1144:,
1140::
1114:.
1099:.
1070:A
1048:,
1036:,
1030:,
1001:,
952:,
946:,
940:,
928:,
912:,
906:,
888:,
884:,
845:,
837:,
833:,
821:,
817:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
577:,
573:,
569:,
542:.
534:,
418:,
414:,
3382:/
1514:)
1510:(
1473:e
1466:t
1459:v
1420:.
1305:.
1277:.
993:(
973:(
782:(
384:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
