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that sought to redirect the discipline away from the quest for an underlying, universal human nature toward a concern with the particular histories of individual societies. It was the notion of a culture complex as an entity that develops from a centre of origin and becomes diffused over large areas
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developed at different times and in different places and that all cultures, ancient and modern, resulted from the diffusion of cultural complexes—functionally related groups of culture traits— from these cultural centers. Proponents of this school believed that the history of any culture could be
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principles, believing that similarities among cultures could be shown to be the result of cultural influence, rather than the result of a universal human nature, and that circles of interaction among various peoples could and should be delineated by the professional anthropologist. In
America,
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Arguing against the idea, then current, that "natural people" were remnants from the prehistoric era who could reveal the true nature of humanity,
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96:" (1897) and "The Origin of African Civilizations" (1898a), which cleared the way for a new scientific approach in ethnology."
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27:(roughly, "culture circle" or "cultural field") school was a central idea of the early 20th-century German school of
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reconstructed through the analysis of its culture complexes and the tracing of their origins to one or more of the
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258:(1903). "Kulturkreise and Kulturschichten in Ozeanien" [Culture circles and culture layers in Oceania].
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scholars brought history back into the study of allegedly timeless peoples. They relied on
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86:"Building on the ideas of Andree, Ratzel, and his own teacher,
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King, Gail; Wright, Meghan; Goldstein, Michael (2017-04-24).
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318:The Rise of Anthropological Theory
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240:Die Weltanschauung der Naturvolker
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166:"Diffusionism and Acculturation"
93:Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis
178:from the original on 2022-04-02
336:. Translated by Butler, A. J.
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324:: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
58:Frobenius was influenced by
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284:Die Methode der Ethnologie
260:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ethnologie
49:Vienna School of Ethnology
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288:The Method of Ethnology
334:The History of Mankind
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266:: 28–53.
332:(1896).
316:(1968).
282:(1911).
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