871:
853:
186:
1656:
823:
which contains words of up to about 9 morphemes, although words of two or three morphemes are more common. Most of the morphological complexity is found in the verb, which contains suffixes of tense and aspect, plurals, negatives, position (sitting, standing, etc.) and various adverbials. The verb is
765:
Most consonants may appear either as short (lax) or long (tense). The long consonants only appear in intervocalic position. However, they are not always a result of morpheme concatenation, and they often differ phonetically from the short analogue. For example, the long stop consonants p, t, and k
770:
consonants m, n, l, r, y, or w (they are written using b, d, and g in the Kuna alphabet). At the beginnings of words, the stops may be pronounced either as voiced or voiceless; and are usually pronounced as voiceless word-finally (Long consonants do not appear word-initially or word-finally). In
177:
294:, but some sources contend that they were mostly due to bad treatment by the Spanish invaders. The Kuna themselves attribute their migration to Guna Yala to conflicts with the native peoples, and their migration to the islands to the excessive mosquito populations on the mainland.
1002:
de Gerdes, Marta Lucía. (2003). "'The life story of grandmother Elida': Kuna personal narratives as verbal art." In
Translating native Latin American verbal art: Ethnopoetics and ethnography of speaking. Kay Sammons and Joel Sherzer, eds. Washington,
297:
During the first decades of the twentieth century, the
Panamanian government attempted to suppress many of the traditional customs. This was bitterly resisted, culminating in a short-lived yet successful revolt in 1925 known as the
996:
Ethno-linguistic Cuna dictionary, with indices and references to A critical and comparative Cuna grammar (Etnologiska studier 14) and The grammatical sketch in Cuna chrestomathy (Etnologiska studier 18)
778:
In 2010, the
National Kuna Congress decided a spelling reform by which long consonants should be written with double letters. Equally, the phonemes /p, t, k/ that may sound like or are represented by
795:
depending on its morphological precedence (narassole < naras + sole, godsa 'called' < godde 'to call' + -sa (past). So, the reformed orthography uses only the fifteen letters
766:
are pronounced as voiceless, usually with longer duration than in
English. The short counterparts are pronounced as voiced b, d, and g when they are between vowels or beside
290:
There is a wide consensus regarding the migrations of Kuna from
Colombia and the Darien towards what is now Guna Yala. These migrations were caused partly by wars with the
311:
1063:
1053:
1091:
1619:
1022:
1763:
943:
907:
718:
771:
an even more extreme case, the long s is pronounced . Underlying long consonants become short before another consonant. The letter
895:
1560:
1084:
739:
695:
672:
811:
The alveolar /s/ becomes the postalveolar after /n/ or /t/. Both long and short /k/ become before another consonant.
2016:
1612:
252:. At the time of the Spanish invasion, they were living in the region of Uraba and near the borders of what are now
1027:
1756:
623:
1586:
392:
240:
due to a conflict with
Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before the conquest, the Kuna arrived in
2011:
1077:
2006:
1605:
644:
401:
163:
1434:
2001:
1749:
369:
236:
of Panama at the time of the
Spanish invasion, and only later began to move westward towards what is now
751:
523:
513:
484:
474:
417:
265:
1214:
1730:
870:
852:
1725:
1688:
1379:
1333:
378:
314:– and a treaty in which the Panamanians agreed to give the Kuna some degree of cultural autonomy.
1581:
978:
535:
496:
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1845:
1361:
918:
8:
1801:
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1814:
1449:
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1772:
1642:
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1409:
1404:
1371:
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1257:
1189:
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1133:
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221:
96:
1851:
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233:
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1961:
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1429:
1351:
1328:
1275:
1265:
1237:
1222:
1179:
1151:
710:
441:
283:. The bankruptcy of the expedition has been cited as one of the motivations of the
51:
1879:
1520:
1270:
291:
269:
268:
explored the coast of
Colombia in 1500 and 1501. They spent the most time in the
1955:
1836:
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546:
456:
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88:
1038:
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In far-eastern Guna Yala, the community of New
Caledonia is near the site where
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1982:
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1515:
1500:
1464:
1424:
1394:
1389:
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1199:
1156:
888:
A PEOPLE WHO WOULD NOT KNEEL: Panama, the United States, and the San Blas Kuna
1995:
1967:
1939:
1934:
1892:
1862:
1856:
1661:
1295:
1280:
1227:
1052:, including recordings and translations of a narrative and a chant, from the
858:
840:
351:
280:
241:
1903:
1290:
733:
303:
138:
131:
1495:
1028:
Vocabulario
Castellano-Cuna: Compuesto por el Señor Don Alfonso L. Pinart
346:
209:
69:
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185:
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845:
363:
356:
1597:
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1741:
636:
613:
409:
386:
330:
237:
148:
122:
775:
may be pronounced as either or depending on dialect and position.
799:
for transcribing all the sounds of the language, with the digraphs
767:
276:
245:
217:
59:
41:
176:
890:(Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry). Smithsonian, 1998.
463:
326:
307:
213:
55:
37:
232:
The Kuna were living in what is now Northern Colombia and the
1062:, an archive of recordings of a Kuna musical group, from the
323:
310:
and supported by American adventurer and part-time diplomat
964:. Bogotá: CCELA – Universidad de los Andes. ISSN 0120-9507
797:⟨b, d, g, l, m, n, r, s, w, y; a, e, i, o, u⟩
962:
Relación y determinación en el predicado de la lengua Kuna
1039:
OLAC resources in and about the San Blas Kuna language
1035:, Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
970:
1651:
1064:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
1054:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
993:
1993:
1009:A Grammar of Guna: A Community-Centered Approach
279:explorers tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a
16:Chibchan language spoken in Panama and Colombia
1757:
1613:
1085:
806:
783:in all positions. Equally, the old digraph
1764:
1750:
1620:
1606:
1092:
1078:
801:⟨bb, dd, gg, ll, mm, nn, ss⟩
175:
1099:
272:, where they made contact with the Kuna.
1050:Kuna Collection of Marta Lucía de Gerdes
184:
1627:
1994:
1771:
942:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
882:
880:
1745:
1601:
1073:
1045:Documentation and Description of Kuna
877:
13:
960:Llerena Villalobos, Rito. (1987).
954:
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14:
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368:
1654:
1012:. University of Texas at Austin.
998:. Göteborg: Etnografiska Museet.
869:
851:
1587:Providence Island Sign Language
302:(or people revolution), led by
1006:Wikaliler Daniel Smith. 2014.
971:Alphonse Louis Pinart (1890).
900:
1:
827:
814:
431:
428:Vowels may be short or long.
204:, and in the language itself
994:Holmer, Nils Magnus (1952).
304:Iguaibilikinyah Nele Gantule
7:
974:Vocabulario castellano-cuna
915:www.congresogeneralkuna.com
322:Kuna language recognizes 5
317:
248:migration moving east from
10:
2033:
977:. Ernest Leroux. pp.
803:for the tense consonants.
227:
135: – San Blas Kuna
1976:
1948:
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1872:
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281:colony in the "New World"
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120:
115:
85:
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65:
47:
33:
26:
21:
2017:Circum-Caribbean culture
1726:Panamanian Sign Language
807:Other phonological rules
222:Chibchan language family
142: – Border Kuna
58:; north coastal region,
1582:Colombian Sign Language
824:not marked for person.
781:⟨b, d, g⟩
1731:Chiriquí Sign Language
1561:San Andrés–Providencia
821:agglutinative language
628:⟨ds, ss⟩
193:
2012:Languages of Colombia
1101:Languages of Colombia
266:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
188:
1672:Indigenous languages
2007:Languages of Panama
1629:Languages of Panama
189:Kuna woman selling
2002:Chibchan languages
1773:Chibchan languages
1108:Official languages
924:on 6 February 2012
793:⟨ds⟩
789:⟨ss⟩
785:⟨ch⟩
700:⟨ll⟩
603:⟨nn⟩
593:⟨mm⟩
540:⟨gg⟩
528:⟨dd⟩
518:⟨bb⟩
285:1707 Acts of Union
194:
81:61,000 (2000)
1989:
1988:
1983:extinct languages
1739:
1738:
1636:Official language
1595:
1594:
1539:
1538:
896:978-1-56098-865-6
867:(24th ed., 2021)
849:(24th ed., 2021)
763:
762:
756:⟨y⟩
744:⟨w⟩
723:⟨r⟩
689:
677:⟨l⟩
666:
649:⟨s⟩
584:
572:⟨n⟩
562:⟨m⟩
553:
509:
501:⟨g⟩
489:⟨d⟩
479:⟨b⟩
470:
426:
425:
220:, belongs to the
208:), spoken by the
183:
182:
2024:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1703:Creole languages
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1435:Tanimuca-Retuarã
1130:
1129:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1060:Gammibe Gun Galu
1043:ELAR archive of
999:
990:
988:
986:
967:
948:
947:
941:
933:
931:
929:
923:
917:. Archived from
912:
904:
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874:
873:
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838:
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158:
141:
134:
125:
91:
52:San Blas Islands
19:
18:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1992:
1991:
1990:
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1972:
1944:
1908:
1868:
1831:
1796:
1775:
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1689:Northern Embera
1667:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1631:
1626:
1596:
1591:
1570:
1535:
1469:
1380:Barasana-Eduria
1366:
1338:
1334:Northern Embera
1300:
1252:
1209:
1166:
1125:
1119:
1103:
1098:
1023:Kuna phrasebook
1019:
984:
982:
965:
957:
955:Further reading
952:
951:
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908:"Archived copy"
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262:Alonso de Ojeda
250:Central America
234:Darién Province
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92:
89:Language family
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77:Native speakers
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1873:Kuna–Colombian
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1303:
1297:
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1272:
1269:
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1249:
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1244:
1243:Murui Huitoto
1241:
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1072:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
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1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:Kuna language
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
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1011:
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1005:
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997:
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980:
976:
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916:
909:
903:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
872:
866:
865:
860:
854:
848:
847:
842:
841:San Blas Kuna
837:
833:
825:
822:
812:
804:
776:
774:
769:
759:
753:
749:
747:
741:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
720:
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714:
712:
708:
705:
703:
697:
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631:
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621:
619:
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581:
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569:
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531:
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511:
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476:
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367:
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362:
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355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:
334:
332:
328:
325:
315:
313:
312:Richard Marsh
309:
305:
301:
295:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
270:Gulf of Urabá
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:as part of a
243:
242:South America
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Kuna language
192:
187:
178:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
133:
127:
124:
119:
114:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
94:
90:
84:
80:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1978:
1960:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1861:
1844:
1819:
1683:
1285:
1007:
995:
983:. Retrieved
973:
966:(in Spanish)
961:
926:. Retrieved
919:the original
914:
902:
887:
886:James Howe.
862:
844:
836:
818:
810:
777:
772:
764:
734:Approximants
427:
321:
296:
292:Catio people
289:
274:
231:
205:
201:
197:
195:
147:
104:
27:
1496:Inga Kichwa
1215:Bora–Witoto
859:Border Kuna
819:Kuna is an
331:consonantal
210:Kuna people
70:Kuna people
1996:Categories
1556:Palenquero
1124:Indigenous
928:13 January
864:Ethnologue
846:Ethnologue
828:References
815:Morphology
432:Consonants
333:phonemes.
200:(formerly
1981:indicate
1802:Talamanca
1511:Nheengatu
1410:Macaguaje
1405:Koreguaje
1357:Guayabero
1344:Guajiboan
1172:Barbacoan
1126:languages
985:25 August
637:Fricative
614:Affricate
254:Antioquia
238:Guna Yala
149:Glottolog
123:ISO 639-3
66:Ethnicity
1962:Dorasque
1930:Kankuamo
1846:Corobicí
1481:Carijona
1420:Pisamira
1385:Carapana
1372:Tucanoan
1362:Macaguán
1258:Chibchan
1195:Mwelyama
1185:Kokonuco
1147:Cabiyari
1134:Arawakan
938:cite web
787:becomes
768:sonorant
447:Alveolar
327:phonemes
318:Phonemes
277:Scottish
246:Chibchan
218:Colombia
156:kuna1280
97:Chibchan
60:Colombia
42:Colombia
28:Dulegaya
1979:Italics
1925:Chimila
1920:Arhuaco
1886:Chibcha
1815:Cabécar
1792:Ngäbere
1787:Buglere
1643:Spanish
1551:Llanero
1455:Wajiara
1450:Waimajã
1430:Siriano
1352:Guahibo
1329:Eperara
1306:Chocoan
1276:Chimila
1266:Arhuaco
1238:Muinane
1223:Andoque
1180:Awa Pit
1152:Piapoco
1115:Spanish
660:Lateral
464:Plosive
452:Palatal
352:Central
329:and 17
228:History
128:Either:
1956:Borũca
1852:Maléku
1827:Teribe
1821:Huetar
1810:Bribri
1694:Teribe
1679:Guaymí
1566:Romani
1526:Ticuna
1506:Kichwa
1486:Cocama
1460:Wanano
1445:Tuyuca
1440:Tatuyo
1415:Macuna
1400:Desano
1248:Ocaina
1205:Totoró
1162:Yucuna
1142:Achawa
894:
711:Rhotic
442:Labial
337:Vowels
308:Ustupu
258:Caldas
214:Panama
56:Panama
48:Region
38:Panama
1949:Other
1837:Votic
1531:Yukpa
1516:Nukak
1501:Kakwa
1491:Cofán
1474:Other
1465:Yauna
1425:Siona
1395:Cuiba
1390:Cubeo
1324:Chami
1319:Catio
1314:Baudo
1200:Pasto
1190:Misak
1157:Wayuu
922:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
688:Tense
583:Tense
547:Nasal
508:Tense
457:Velar
347:Front
324:vowel
191:Molas
1968:Pech
1940:Wiwa
1935:Kogi
1899:Kuna
1893:Duit
1880:Barí
1863:Voto
1857:Rama
1684:Kuna
1521:Páez
1296:Wiwa
1286:Kuna
1281:Kogi
1271:Barí
1228:Bora
987:2012
944:link
930:2022
892:ISBN
364:High
357:Back
264:and
256:and
216:and
206:Guna
202:Cuna
196:The
169:Kuna
105:Kuna
22:Kuna
1904:Uwa
1291:Uwa
1003:D.C
861:at
843:at
791:or
665:Lax
552:Lax
469:Lax
410:Low
387:Mid
306:of
212:of
164:ELP
139:kvn
132:cuk
1998::
940:}}
936:{{
913:.
879:^
696:lˑ
624:tʃ
599:nː
589:mː
536:kː
524:tː
514:pː
287:.
260:.
224:.
54:,
40:,
1765:e
1758:t
1751:v
1621:e
1614:t
1607:v
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
1066:.
1056:.
989:.
981:–
979:3
946:)
932:.
773:w
752:j
740:w
719:ɾ
673:l
645:s
568:n
558:m
497:k
485:t
475:p
418:a
402:o
393:e
379:u
370:i
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
