1222:
373:
abdomen, and leg. Though seriously wounded, he escaped. Loyalist troops eventually suppressed the coup. As a result of the attempt, the Mwami fled to Europe while Biha went to
Belgium for several weeks to be treated for his injuries. The remnants of his government set about repressing the perpetrators of the coup and suspected collaborators. Mwambutsa soon thereafter suspended the powers of the Biha government before restoring them on 20 November. However, with the Mwami outside of the country and the prime minister incapable of discharging his duties,
1228:
296:, UPRONA). Sources differ on the circumstances of UPRONA's founding. According to Biha, UPRONA was created in 1957 to protest a Belgian administrative reorganisation that placed Bujumbura and other major locales under their own direct jurisdiction, thus disempowering the monarchy. According to political scientist Warren Weinstein, UPRONA was created shortly after a 1958 meeting of customary chiefs and clergy convened by Biha and Prince
365:
planning a coup. While seven of the other 10 government portfolios were granted to Hutus, giving them their first cabinet majority since independence, Hutu parliamentarians felt that the Mwami continued to exercise outsized influence over the government and that they did not have true control. Tutsi leaders were also angered, feeling that the government had been imposed upon them by the crown.
364:
On 13 September 1965 the Mwami appointed Biha as Prime
Minister. The installation of Biha infuriated many Hutus and some extremist Tutsis; though he was personally well-respected, his appointment was viewed as an autocratic move by the Mwami. There were rumours that radical Tutsi army officers were
372:
against the
Burundian government. While one contingent of putschists attacked the royal palace, a separate group of gendarmes drove to Biha's residence and beckoned him to step outside. Unsuspecting of their motives, Biha obliged and the putschists fired at him point-blank, striking his shoulder,
264:'s personal lands, and he subsequently became one of the Mwami's closest advisors. He accompanied Mwambutsa on his first trip to Europe in 1950. While overseeing the Muramvya chiefdom he instituted social reforms which removed previous systems of servility and created institutions to teach women
31:
360:
offered himself as a candidate to be named prime minister. He was a Hutu who served as
Director-General of the Prime Minister's Office and was critical of the monarchy. In August the Mwami rejected consideration of Nyangoma for the premiership, surprising Hutu deputies in the Assembly.
309:. Biha was named Commissioner for Finance and Budget, though UPRONA opposed his participation on the commission. He left the party in 1961. On 26 January 1961 the Harroy signed an ordinance creating an interim government in Urundi; Biha was appointed Minister of Finance. In response to
348:, was made Prime Minister as a compromise between Hutu and Tutsi factions. With Ngendandumwe's death having created a political crisis, the Mwami scheduled new elections for the National Assembly. By then, Hutu political consciousness had risen and in the
356:(PP). UPRONA won a majority 21 seats, but by then the party had lost cohesion and was overtaken by factionalism. Hutus were subsequently selected by the Assembly to lead its bureau. While discussions on the creation of a new government took place,
256:
On 29 August 1944 Biha was appointed chief of a jurisdiction in
Muramvya formally managed by his father, which encompassed the commune of Mbuye. In 1945 he was given charge of the Muramvya chiefdom, a position which included oversight of
300:
and to discuss nationalist ideas. Biha grew dissatisfied with the populist style and popularity of
Rwagasore, who emerged as UPRONA's leader. At the time, Ruanda-Urundi was transitioning towards independence in the near future.
188:'s populist style, and held different roles in transitional governments. He created a new party, Burundi Populaire, but failed to get elected to office and was appointed private secretary to the Mwami after independence.
344:
and asked
Ngendandumwe to form a new government. Ngendandumwe, a Hutu, was assassinated a few days later. The lack of a conviction for the murder became a grievance for Hutu politicians. Another Hutu,
305:, Resident-General of Ruanda-Urundi, created the offices of national commissioners under his supervision on 21 July and named Burundians to the posts to give them a chance to practice
388:"special powers to co-ordinate and control the activities of the government and the secretariats of state". Biha joined a council created to advise Charles. On 8 July 1966 Charles
313:
resolution 1605, on 6 July the government was modified and enlarged to grant more representation to different political parties, and Biha was dismissed and replaced by
211:, in July. He was arrested two months later and, after his release, avoided politics for decades. He co-founded a monarchist party in 2001 and died two years later.
184:(UPRONA) party as the Belgian colonial administration prepared to grant Burundi its independence. Biha left the party after becoming disenchanted with leader
1111:
428:
The
Conseil Supérieur du Pays was an advisory body presided over by the Mwami that had some competence over budgetary and administrative affairs in Urundi.
792:
203:. He spent several months convalescing in Belgium before returning to Burundi to resume his post in February 1966. He was removed from office during
272:
when the Mwami was out of the country. He also served as Vice
President of the Conseil Supérieur du Pays (Supreme Land Council) from 1954 until its
1352:
180:
in the 1940s after being given charge of a chiefdom which included some of the monarch's property. In the late 1950s he became involved in the
324:
on 18 September. With approximately 80% voter turnout, UPRONA won 58 of 64 seats in the
Legislative Assembly, and Rwagasore was declared
380:
Biha returned to Burundi in February 1966. On 15 March his government was reformed and Biha assumed the portfolio for Civil Service,
368:
Late in the night on 18 October, Hutu gendarmes and soldiers led by Secretary of State for the Gendarmerie Antoine Serukwavu mounted
392:, saying he taking complete control of the government. He suspended the constitution and dismissed Biha, replacing him with Captain
1104:
369:
200:
381:
320:
On 2 August 1961 Biha joined with two other Ganwa to found Burundi Populaire (BP), also known as Inararibonye. Burundi hosted
1221:
1061:
984:
352:
23 of the 33 seats in the Assembly were won by Hutus, and 10 of these were won by politicians from the Hutu-interest aligned
389:
204:
1347:
1097:
349:
321:
332:
in 1962. Shortly before the resignation of Prime Minister Ngendandumwe he was appointed private secretary to the Mwami.
232:
1357:
1080:
328:
designate. Biha lost his bid for a seat in the legislature, and the new UPRONA government moved him to a chiefdom in
396:
the following day. Biha was arrested in August and held in Rumonge prison. After his release he avoided politics.
191:
Following a political crisis and a rise in ethnic tensions in 1965, Mwambutsa appointed Biha as Prime Minister.
405:
137:
353:
437:
Inararibonye translates from Kirundi as "the Elders". The term was associated with a legend involving Mwami
1227:
289:
181:
130:
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162:
42:
1299:
261:
177:
1342:
1289:
918:
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273:
994:
Lemarchand, René (December 1966). "Social Change and Political Modernisation in Burundi".
507:
8:
1304:
1187:
1177:
438:
314:
310:
1279:
1128:
1019:
1011:
239:
and he worked in that capacity until 1944. He married and had several children. He was
199:
politicians were both dissatisfied by his selection, and Biha was seriously wounded in
441:, in which the ruler was saved by a group of elders after being choked by a lion skin.
1076:
1057:
1038:
1023:
980:
220:
108:
1207:
1003:
873:
Lelyveld, Joseph (10 March 1966). "Burundi Premier Faces Watusi Extremist Threat".
412:, PMP). He died in 2003 and was buried on 1 March in Mpanda Cemetery in Bujumbura.
393:
357:
302:
87:
1192:
1172:
1156:
1284:
1269:
1151:
1051:
947:"Des inconnus profanent la tombe de l'ancien premier ministre Léopold Bihumugani"
385:
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341:
224:
170:
112:
75:
1053:
Politics and Violence in Burundi: The Language of Truth in an Emerging State
384:
and Immigration. On 24 March Mwambutsa issued a decree giving Crown Prince
235:, graduating in 1940. The following year he was appointed Secretary of the
63:
1032:
1015:
219:
Léopold Bihumugani was born in 1919 to Burundian Chief Bagorikunda in
953:(in French). Agence burundaise d'information Net Press. 3 March 2003
30:
656:
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268:. Prior to government reforms in 1958, he would serve as
668:
620:
608:
596:
584:
536:
521:
517:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 4 May 1964.
827:
755:
572:
548:
243:
and could speak French and some Kiswahili and English.
743:
680:
454:
912:"Burundi: Monarchist party reportedly to be formed".
692:
927:
377:governance fell to the army and the civil service.
340:In January 1965 Mwambutsa dismissed Prime Minister
276:in 1959. In November and December 1960 he attended
251:
1324:
515:Office of Central Reference Biographic Register
1119:
1105:
231:of the Bezi lineage. He was educated at the
165:from 13 September 1965 until 8 July 1966. A
979:(third ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
1112:
1098:
1030:
993:
899:
887:
860:
848:
821:
809:
799:. Reuters. 23 October 1965. pp. 1, 8.
779:
737:
722:
710:
662:
650:
638:
590:
566:
542:
530:
207:launched by Mwambutsa's son, Crown Prince
29:
1070:
1056:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
833:
764:
674:
626:
614:
602:
578:
554:
479:
872:
55:13 September 1965 – 8 July 1966
1353:Union for National Progress politicians
1049:
749:
686:
1325:
974:
933:
793:"Burundi Shoots 34 For Role in Revolt"
698:
288:Biha cofounded a political party, the
1093:
996:The Journal of Modern African Studies
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
16:Prime Minister of Burundi (1965–1966)
283:
246:
13:
485:
14:
1369:
914:BBC Monitoring Africa – Political
335:
173:, he became a close confidant of
1226:
1220:
1073:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
1037:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
977:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
939:
905:
866:
785:
431:
410:Parti Monarchiste Parlementaire
968:
422:
406:Parliamentary Monarchist Party
294:Union pour le Progres National
252:Relationship with the monarchy
138:Parliamentary Monarchist Party
1:
1075:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press.
448:
399:
214:
404:In 2001 Biha co-founded the
122:2003 (aged 83–84)
7:
290:Union for National Progress
182:Union for National Progress
131:Union for National Progress
10:
1374:
1348:Prime ministers of Burundi
1121:Prime ministers of Burundi
1071:Weinstein, Warren (1976).
233:Groupe Scolaire de Astrida
1313:
1295:post abolished, 1998–2020
1235:
1218:
1165:
1136:
1127:
1031:Lemarchand, René (1970).
1008:10.1017/S0022278X00013719
975:Eggers, Ellen K. (2006).
163:Prime Minister of Burundi
161:politician who served as
144:
126:
118:
102:
97:
93:
81:
69:
59:
48:
43:Prime Minister of Burundi
41:
37:
28:
21:
1358:Leaders ousted by a coup
665:, pp. 387–388, 395.
415:
1265:post abolished, 1978–88
1255:post abolished, 1973–76
1245:post abolished, 1966–72
1050:Russell, Aiden (2019).
227:. Ethnically, he was a
201:an October coup attempt
280:conferences in Paris.
135:Burundi Populaire (BP)
322:legislative elections
508:"Léopold Bihumugani"
274:adjournment sine die
1237:Republic of Burundi
1166:Independent country
863:, pp. 419–421.
725:, pp. 413–414.
713:, pp. 411–412.
641:, pp. 331–332.
569:, pp. 326–327.
354:Party of the People
315:Pierre Ngendandumwe
311:UN General Assembly
169:born to a chief in
1129:Kingdom of Burundi
1034:Rwanda and Burundi
875:The New York Times
797:The New York Times
157:(1919–2003) was a
151:Léopold Bihumugani
1320:
1319:
1216:
1215:
1063:978-1-108-49934-7
986:978-0-8108-5302-7
350:May 1965 contests
221:Muramvya Province
148:
147:
109:Muramvya Province
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916:. 4 August 2001.
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394:Michel Micombero
358:Gervais Nyangoma
303:Jean-Paul Harroy
284:Early organising
247:Political career
98:Personal details
88:Michel Micombero
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390:launched a coup
386:Charles Ndizeye
338:
330:Bururi Province
307:self-government
298:Louis Rwagasore
286:
254:
249:
217:
209:Charles Ndizeye
186:Louis Rwagasore
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127:Political party
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1002:(4): 401–433.
991:
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904:
902:, p. 431.
892:
890:, p. 428.
880:
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853:
851:, p. 421.
838:
834:Weinstein 1976
826:
824:, p. 418.
814:
812:, p. 425.
802:
784:
782:, p. 416.
769:
765:Weinstein 1976
754:
752:, p. 154.
742:
740:, p. 415.
727:
715:
703:
701:, p. 114.
691:
689:, p. 152.
679:
677:, p. 213.
675:Weinstein 1976
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655:
653:, p. 340.
643:
631:
629:, p. 105.
627:Weinstein 1976
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617:, p. 242.
615:Weinstein 1976
607:
605:, p. 202.
603:Weinstein 1976
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593:, p. 331.
583:
581:, p. 277.
579:Weinstein 1976
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559:
557:, p. 121.
555:Weinstein 1976
547:
545:, p. 317.
535:
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484:
480:Weinstein 1976
452:
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370:a coup attempt
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237:Ngozi District
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877:. p. 13.
876:
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1343:Ganwa people
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1188:Ngendandumwe
1178:Ngendandumwe
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955:. Retrieved
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687:Russell 2019
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262:Mwambutsa IV
255:
218:
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178:Mwambutsa IV
154:
150:
149:
83:Succeeded by
64:Mwambutsa IV
50:
23:Léopold Biha
1338:2003 deaths
1333:1919 births
1305:Ndirakobuca
969:Works cited
957:28 November
934:Eggers 2006
699:Eggers 2006
71:Preceded by
1327:Categories
1280:Kanyenkiko
1260:Nzambimana
449:References
400:Later life
215:Early life
1208:Micombero
1193:Masumbuko
1152:Rwagasore
1043:254366212
1024:153869124
951:Net Press
923:450361987
159:Burundian
51:In office
1270:Sibomana
919:ProQuest
439:Mwezi IV
375:de facto
133:(UPRONA)
1315:interim
1300:Bunyoni
1290:Ndimira
1285:Nduwayo
1250:Nyamoya
1183:Nyamoya
1173:Muhirwa
1157:Muhirwa
1147:Cimpaye
60:Monarch
1275:Kinigi
1198:Bamina
1137:Under
1079:
1060:
1041:
1022:
1016:159097
1014:
983:
921:
382:Sûreté
278:UNESCO
270:regent
205:a coup
1020:S2CID
1012:JSTOR
511:(PDF)
416:Notes
259:Mwami
229:Ganwa
197:Tutsi
175:Mwami
167:Ganwa
140:(PMP)
1203:Biha
1077:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1039:OCLC
981:ISBN
959:2023
195:and
193:Hutu
155:Biha
119:Died
106:1919
103:Born
1004:doi
153:or
1329::
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841:^
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223:,
111:,
1113:e
1106:t
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1000:4
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408:(
292:(
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