274:
neither to a return to the feudal system nor a complete societal transformation. He used symbols of the monarchy to communicate his message and often emphasised his princely status at public appearances, but he stressed that UPRONA would support the monarchy "only insofar as this regime and its dynasty favoured the genuine emancipation of the
Murundi people". The party enjoyed some cohesive success in Usumbura, but never truly cultivated a mass political base, especially outside the capital. UPRONA's internal rules set devolved responsibilities to the central committee, but in practice the party operated at the whim of Rwagasore; it retained relatively weak organisational capability and was held together by his charismatic leadership. His populist tendencies and personal popularity led many of the original chiefs who had supported UPRONA, including founding member Biha, to leave the party and engage in their own political activities.
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to discuss nationalist ideas. According to Biha, UPRONA was created in 1957 to protest a
Belgian administrative reorganisation that disempowered the monarchy. According to linguist Ellen K. Eggers, UPRONA was formed in the late 1950s and Rwagasore became heavily involved with it in 1958. Historian
273:
coastline. The party initially was strongly identified with the interests of the Bezi lineage of Ganwa and support for traditional institutions, but this alignment fell apart after
Rwagasore came into conflict with his father. Under Rwagasore, UPRONA pushed a program of modernisation, committing
268:
Rwagasore took virtual control over the movement, though his familial connection to the Mwami disqualified him from holding any party offices and he officially served UPRONA only as an advisor. UPRONA was able to secure the early financial support of the
Swahili population in Bujumbura and
1341:
1310:
247:
Sources differ on the circumstances of UPRONA's founding. According to political scientist Warren
Weinstein, UPRONA was created shortly after a 1958 meeting of customary chiefs and clergy convened by Burundian prince
349:, UPRONA boycotted councillors' and presidential elections but decided to participate in the legislative elections claiming the need to form an opposition bloc in Parliament and to better compete in the
1425:
1513:
1508:
1493:
1503:
1523:
1455:
1278:
1430:
265:, Rwagasore founded the party in late 1959. It received official recognition from the colonial administration as a political party on 7 January 1960.
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46:
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wrote that
Rwagasore and some associates organised the first UPRONA meetings in September and October 1958. According to Governor
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845:
751:
715:
679:
643:
609:
575:
539:
1120:
Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au
Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques
1480:
1286:
1125:
The issues and challenges of democratization in
Burundi. Essay of analysis and interpretation from political parties
1518:
1622:
1574:
1528:
1470:
1118:
933:
787:
479:
311:
FRODEBU. Since 1993, in the case of failure to be elected, UPRONA has always made sure to secure the position of
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71:
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counterparts, UPRONA remained the dominant force in
Burundian politics until the latter stages of the
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312:
278:
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that ruled the country from 1966 to 1993. In 1993, UPRONA placed second in contested elections to
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236:
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35:
8:
1603:
1395:
290:
232:
197:
159:
327:
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1214:
1172:
1153:
1132:
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National
Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
1333:
1311:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
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220:
114:
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56:
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285:(assassinated in 1961). From that time until 1965, the party also had some
208:
293:, became Prime Minister of Burundi. The party was taken over by President
1208:
79:
971:
148:
315:
or Prime Minister and some of the top positions in the government.
1146:
Meurtre Au Burundi : La Belgique et l'assassinat de Rwagasore
1370:
1289:
1131:(PhD thesis) (in French). Université Pau et des Pays de l'Adour.
204:
76:
1494:
Party for Peace, Democracy, Reconciliation, and Reconstruction
1150:
Murder in Burundi: Belgium and the assassination of Rwagasore
1094:
1070:
224:
83:
1426:
Movement for the Rehabilitation of Citizens – Rurenzangemero
998:
1514:
Party for the Promotion of the Toiling Masses – Abanyamwete
335:
323:
286:
228:
1509:
Party for the Liberation of the Burundian People – Agakiza
988:
986:
1082:
1058:
1046:
1524:
Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development
983:
1504:
Party for the Integral Renewal of Burundi – Intahemana
1022:
1456:
New Alliance for Democracy and Development in Burundi
1152:] (in French). Editions IWACU, Investig' Action.
1034:
1010:
338:-based party) on 30 April 2003. At the legislative
1431:National Alliance for Law and Economic Development
289:support, and three of its Hutu members, including
1614:
215:but subsequently became an integral part of the
1499:Party for the Economic Independence of Burundi
1116:
977:
511:
342:, the party won 7.2% and 15 out of 118 seats.
1436:National Council for the Defense of Democracy
1272:
1485:Party for National Concord – Abasangirajambo
1461:Pan Africanist Socialist Movement – Inkinzo
1171:(third ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
1411:Kaze – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
1279:
1265:
1206:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1004:
34:
1544:Union for Peace and Democracy–Zigamibanga
1225:
992:
361:
1143:
1028:
223:after 1966. Dominated by members of the
207:. Initially it emerged as a nationalist
1615:
1476:Party for Democracy and Reconciliation
1391:Front for Democracy in Burundi–Nyakuri
1381:Burundo-African Alliance for Salvation
1185:
1166:
1040:
1016:
1633:Political parties established in 1960
1534:Social Democratic Party – Dusabikanye
1260:
227:and increasingly intolerant to their
356:
1446:National Liberation Forces – Icanzo
823:
13:
14:
1649:
1481:Party for Justice and Development
1245:
1288:
1228:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
1213:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1169:Historical Dictionary of Burundi
953:
946:
945:
923:
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895:
894:
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866:
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147:
1575:Free Socialist Party of Burundi
1529:Rally for the People of Burundi
1471:Party for a Non-Violent Society
281:and Burundian National Hero is
1466:Parliamentary Monarchist Party
1416:Liberal Alliance for Democracy
1386:Front for Democracy in Burundi
1117:Banshimiyubusa, Denis (2018).
1110:
954:
924:
917:
888:
813:
806:
634:
600:
332:Front for Democracy in Burundi
190:Union pour le Progrès national
109:"UPRONA Ni wewe duhanze Amaso"
27:Union pour le Progrès national
1:
1519:People's Reconciliation Party
1441:National Forces of Liberation
1348:National Congress for Liberty
1317:National Congress for Liberty
1230:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press.
964:
1638:Political parties in Burundi
1628:Parties of one-party systems
1295:Political parties in Burundi
7:
1539:Union for National Progress
1489:Party for National Recovery
1354:Union for National Progress
1323:Union for National Progress
512:National Assembly elections
303:and became a pillar of the
235:in 2003. It is currently a
182:Union for National Progress
24:Union for National Progress
10:
1654:
1600:Lists of political parties
1565:Christian Democratic Party
1226:Weinstein, Warren (1976).
1190:[About 'Burundi']
1186:Harroy, Jean-Paul (1988).
242:
16:Political party in Burundi
1593:
1552:
1451:National Liberation Front
1363:
1332:
1301:
1207:Lemarchand, René (1970).
1167:Eggers, Ellen K. (2006).
155:
146:
141:
127:
113:
105:
90:
70:
62:
52:
42:
33:
21:
980:, pp. 221–222, 224.
1401:Independent Labor Party
1252:UPRONA official website
1188:"A propos de 'Burundi'"
1144:De Witte, Ludo (2021).
1623:Independence movements
1560:Burundi Workers' Party
362:Presidential elections
305:military dictatorships
237:minor opposition party
189:
1196:Bulletins des SĂ©ances
322:handed over power to
277:UPRONA's most famous
213:Belgian colonial rule
1406:Independents of Hope
1079:, pp. 330, 339.
392:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
1604:Politics of Burundi
1580:Party of the People
1396:Green Party-Intwari
1103:, pp. 331–332.
1007:, pp. 326–327.
978:Banshimiyubusa 2018
291:Pierre Ngendandumwe
233:Burundian Civil War
160:Politics of Burundi
1210:Rwanda and Burundi
328:Domitien Ndayizeye
309:Melchior Ndadaye's
225:Tutsi ethnic group
1610:
1609:
1303:National Assembly
1237:978-0-8108-0962-8
1178:978-0-8108-5302-7
1159:978-2-930827-87-2
962:
961:
821:
820:
509:
508:
357:Electoral history
340:elections in 2005
318:UPRONA President
211:in opposition to
178:
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165:Political parties
129:National Assembly
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824:Senate elections
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372:Party candidate
366:
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295:Michel Micombero
263:Jean-Paul Harroy
221:Michel Micombero
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1596:Portal:Politics
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1077:Lemarchand 1970
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1063:
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1053:Lemarchand 1970
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485:Gaston Sindimwo
472:
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283:Louis Rwagasore
271:Lake Tanganyika
250:Louis Rwagasore
245:
219:established by
217:one-party state
201:political party
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57:Louis Rwagasore
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1585:People's Party
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1246:External links
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1091:, p. 333.
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1043:, p. 611.
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1202:(4): 607–622.
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55:
51:
48:
47:Abel Gashatsi
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
1570:Common Front
1538:
1353:
1322:
1227:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1168:
1149:
1145:
1124:
1119:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
973:
495:
464:
433:
402:
344:
317:
299:
276:
267:
254:LĂ©opold Biha
246:
209:united front
193:
181:
179:
66:January 1960
1376:ADC–Ikibiri
1111:Works cited
1041:Harroy 1988
1017:Eggers 2006
345:During the
300:coup d'Ă©tat
198:nationalist
80:nationalism
1617:Categories
1137:1085890695
965:References
396:1,752,579
142:Party flag
1219:254366212
840:Position
831:Election
534:Position
519:Election
369:Election
170:Elections
86:interests
77:Burundian
43:President
792:108,865
728:17 / 106
720:251,759
692:15 / 118
684:174,575
648:461,691
544:627,453
427:742,360
97:Red and
72:Ideology
1553:Defunct
1371:Abahuza
800:2 / 123
764:2 / 121
756:71,189
723:11.06%
656:16 / 81
651:21.87%
620:52 / 65
586:21 / 33
552:58 / 64
547:81.23%
489:73,353
458:60,380
430:32.86%
403:Elected
381:Result
330:of the
326:leader
243:History
205:Burundi
196:) is a
135:2 / 123
63:Founded
53:Founder
1334:Senate
1234:
1217:
1175:
1156:
1135:
1127:]
940:1 / 43
911:2 / 43
882:2 / 41
852:2 / 49
834:Seats
795:2.54%
759:2.49%
687:7.21%
528:Seats
522:Votes
492:1.70%
461:2.14%
399:99.6%
375:Votes
194:UPRONA
186:French
121:1 / 43
115:Senate
106:Anthem
99:
95:
91:Colors
1192:(PDF)
1148:[
1129:(PDF)
1123:[
297:in a
101:white
84:Tutsi
1344:(34)
1319:(32)
1313:(86)
1232:ISBN
1215:OCLC
1173:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1133:OCLC
958:2nd
934:2020
928:2nd
905:2015
899:2nd
876:2010
870:4th
846:2005
837:+/–
817:3rd
788:2020
782:3rd
752:2015
746:2nd
716:2010
710:3rd
680:2005
674:2nd
644:1993
638:1st
610:1982
604:1st
576:1965
570:1st
540:1961
531:+/–
496:Lost
480:2020
465:Lost
449:2015
434:Lost
418:1993
387:1984
336:Hutu
324:Hutu
287:Hutu
252:and
229:Hutu
180:The
1356:(1)
1350:(1)
1325:(2)
774:15
702:15
666:36
630:31
596:37
562:58
334:(a
203:in
1619::
1602:-
1598:-
1200:34
1194:.
985:^
950:1
862:2
738:2
525:%
378:%
353:.
239:.
192:,
188::
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1240:.
1221:.
1181:.
1162:.
1139:.
504:N
473:N
442:N
411:Y
184:(
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