20:
271:, on March 24, a general strike was declared again throughout Catalonia. The strike was triggered by the government's refusal to release all the people imprisoned during the first strike as agreed. This second strike was called after pressure by most intransigent groups, and while negotiations were still being held with the government. In this occasion the government responded more harshly, took out the army from the first moment and stationed machine guns and cannons in the streets. Paramilitary groups were also organized and authorized to open stores, supply the city and arrest workers. On April 3, the decree was promulgated that imposed the 8-hour day from October and afterwards, getting many workers to return to work, resulting in the strike's intensity declining until April 14, when it was concluded. However, the state of war and anti-union repression kept being present.
184:. Some days before, the company had decided to lower the workers' salaries camouflaging the wage reduction by simultaneously changing these workers' status from temporary to permanent employment. Some of the workers affected by this action were members of the CNT and turned to it to defend their wages, resulting to their dismissal by the company. Three days later, on February 5, the workers of the billing section of the company started the strike until the reinstatement of their colleagues and sent a commission to the civil governor, Carlos GonzƔlez Rothwos, the president of the association and the mayor requesting them to intervene. The management called the police to kick them out of the factory. Their dismissal caused other sections of the company to join the strike.
259:, drivers, textile workers and printers improved their employment terms. Among the improvements, the eight-hour day signed on April 3 stands out, because it made Spain the first country in the world to establish it by law. Moreover, the most aggressive currents of the workers were kept disciplined; in the forty-four days of the strike very few violent acts took place: a bomb and four murders, isolated events in the face of the pacifism of the majority of the workers. Lastly, it placed social issues in a prominent place within Catalan politics and made the CNT into one of the most influential organizations of Catalonia and Spain.
214:
committee. The proposals were rejected by the government and the companies published that all those workers who did not return to work on March 6 would be fired. On March 7 the movement was extended to the railway sector and on the 12th of the same month the strike was general. On March 9 the government to published the decree of the captain general, Milans del Bosch, declaring a state of war and calling to arms all the workers of the companies on strike with a sentence of four years in prison for those who did not appear in their recruitment areas. However, most of the workers did not show up and many were imprisoned in the
239:(UGT) would show solidarity. During March 15 and 16, several meetings were held between the union committee, the civil authorities and the company, which took place at the headquarters of the Institute of Social Reforms, where an agreement with the following terms was reached: the end of the conflict, freedom to all prisoners arrested for "social crimes" who were not subject to trial, reinstatement of all strikers without reprisals, a general and proportional increase in the wages of the workers of
130:(the CNT's members increased from 80,541 in 1918 to 845,805 in 1919). It was, likewise, the first major action of the CNT after the reorganization into single unions carried out by the Regional Confederation of Catalonia, which the entire organization would later adopt. The choice to start the strike at the principal electricity company of Catalonia, vital for the industry of the entire region, aimed to make Catalan business owners recognize CNT as a major organized labor force.
210:
sent some members of the engineering corps and the navy to operate it. Military technicians calculated that they would need four days to restore service. Contrary to the governor, JoaquĆn Milans del Bosch, captain general of
Barcelona, considered it necessary to declare a state of war. On February 27, the strike in gas and water companies had also become general. Ćlvaro de Figueroa declared that same day that he would resign when order was restored in Barcelona.
296:
201:. In addition, on February 17, the textile sector joined the strike with the demands of 8-hour work day, half day of work on Saturday, the abolition of payment by piece, the payment of the full day's wage in case of accident, prohibition of work for minors under 14 years of age and full pay for the week once started.
213:
On March 1, the government seized the water service and the mayor contacted the strike committee. He was presented with three conditions and a term of two days to answer, which were: freedom of the prisoners imprisoned since
January 16, the opening of the unions and the immunity of the members of the
209:
On
February 21, the strike in the electrical sector was general, with the participation of the workers of all electrical companies. This way, 70% of the Catalan industry, trams or newspapers, among others, was paralyzed. After speaking with the British embassy, the government seized the company and
279:
action groups, nourished by numerous dismissed workers and inserted in blacklists, gaining strength and replacing the more moderate worker's representatives. On the other hand, a change in the government, from (the more open to negotiation) Ćlvaro de
Figueroa's government to the more authoritarian
226:
By March 13, the government was looking for the path of negotiation. For this reason, it sent to
Barcelona the sub-secretary of the presidency JosƩ Morete; Carlos MontaƱƩs, an engineer with Catalan sympathies, was appointed civil governor; and Gerardo Doval held the position of chief of police. At
274:
One of the most imminent consequences was the creation of the
Catalan Employers' Federation, in the hands of the most "intransigent" and "combative" employers, which was organized to confront the new trade unionism that maintained these strikes. Among the measures used against the unions were the
187:
At this point the conflict took on other overtones, it was no longer just a labor struggle, what was at stake was the recognition of the unions and the right of workers to organize. A strike committee made up of several of those fired and members of the CNT led by SimĆ³ Piera was appointed. On
192:
published their demands from the company: reinstatement of all those fired, salary increases, dismissal of strikebreakers and no retaliation by the management against the strikers. Two days later, the company responded with a statement accusing the unions of taking political advantage of the
188:
February 8, almost the entire workforce declared a strike and the electric bill collectors refused to carry out their work. A part of the
Electric Power of Catalonia staff began to show solidarity and began a strike in their company. The workers of
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243:, a maximum working day of eight hours and payment of half a month for the duration of the strike. In order for this agreement to be carried out, it would have to have the consent of the workers, for which a rally was called in the
284:'s, made repression harsher. Bravo Portillo, who had formerly been imprisoned for collaborating with Germany in World War I, returned to the Barcelona police and contributed to the harsh repression.
227:
the same time, the state of war and the existing press censorship were maintained. The government was concerned that the strike would spread to other areas of strong CNT presence such as
197:
forced them to stop, a strikebreaker collector was murdered on
February 12 and conflicts arose in other sectors such as the public transport drivers and the workers in the newspaper
133:
In
January, weeks before initiating the strike, the Regional Confederation of Catalonia organized an agitation campaign in which it sent its best speakers (among whom were
255:
This strike, which has been considered one of the most important strikes in the history of Spain, ended as a complete victory for the unions, as the workers of
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bullring. The rally was attended by around 25,000 workers and, on March 19, after SeguĆ's intervention at the rally, it was agreed to end the strike.
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19:
153:. This campaign greatly alarmed the government and, along with the agitation that was taking place in Barcelona, led the government of
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815:"3 de Abril Jornada Laboral de 8 Horas en EspaƱa - Gaceta de Madrid. 04-04-1919 | PDF | PolĆtica | Gobierno"
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conflict. The situation worsened: the dependency of a multitude of services and industries on the energy of
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374:
111:
402:
638:
1067:
Anarchism, Revolution, and
Reaction: Catalan Labour and the Crisis of the Spanish State, 1898-1923
419:
La CNT en los aƱos rojos : (del sindicalismo revolucionario al anarcosindicalismo, 1910-1926)
1254:
1187:
1147:
The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War
324:
314:
301:
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lockouts, the blacklists and the massive dismissals of unionized workers. This situation led to
23:
Defaced mural commemorating the 100th anniversary of the strike on a former factory of Barcelona
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345:"La vaga de "La Canadenca" i l'establiment de la jornada de vuit hores a l'Estat espanyol"
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The strike was initiated as a solidarity act to eight workers who had been fired from the
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to suspend constitutional guarantees, arrest important figures and CNT leaders like
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CNT which reached its maximum point in the National Congress of December 1919 in
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1215:. Vol. 1. trans. Chris Ealham and Paul Sharkey. Hastings: Meltzer Press.
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Los obreros contra el trabajo : Barcelona y ParĆs bajo el Frente Popular
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94:. The strike originated at the principal electricity company in Barcelona,
80:. Among its consequences was to force the Spanish government to issue the
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El laberinto espaƱol. Antecedentes sociales y polĆticos de la guerra civil
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The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary Era
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295:
1035:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 223ā224.
512:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 212ā213.
65:
161:, Buenacasa or SeguĆ and to close unions and the newspaper
983:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 223.
931:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 221.
896:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 214.
844:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 223.
785:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 216.
477:. Manuel de la Escalera. Barcelona: Ariel. p. 214.
562:"La huelga de la canadiense y la jornada de ocho horas"
218:, where almost three thousand prisoners were interned.
291:
1032:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
980:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
928:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
893:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
841:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
782:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
509:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
474:La izquierda revolucionaria en EspaƱa (1914-1923)
1231:
460:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Nova Terra. p. 75.
639:"ABC MADRID 28-02-1919 pƔgina 9 - Archivo ABC"
204:
83:Decreto de la jornada de ocho horas de trabajo
179:
105:
95:
81:
68:, that was initiated in February 1919 by the
29:
592:. Madrid: Editorial Aguilera. p. 115.
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371:The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914-1923
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1015:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
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963:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
959:
876:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
872:
750:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
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686:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. pp. 81ā83.
683:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
679:
669:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. pp. 79ā81.
666:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
662:
627:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. pp. 77ā78.
624:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
620:
550:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. pp. 74ā76.
547:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
543:
457:El sindicalismo en Barcelona (1916-1923)
453:
72:and lasted over 44 days evolving into a
70:ConfederaciĆ³n Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
18:
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589:Historia del anarcosindicalismo espaƱol
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122:The strike was part of the rise of the
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110:because its major shareholder was the
16:Historical general strike in Catalonia
1150:(2nd paperback ed.). Cambridge:
1063:
703:(1st ed.). Pepitas de Calabaza.
1176:
1119:Praetorian Politics in Liberal Spain
1115:
1070:. Berghahn Books. pp. 298ā301.
1018:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. p. 99.
966:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. p. 85.
879:. Barcelona: Nova Terra. p. 84.
539:
537:
449:
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415:
76:paralyzing much of the industry of
13:
1124:University of North Carolina Press
1088:
422:. Madrid: Akal. pp. 490ā491.
14:
1306:
1212:The CNT in the Spanish Revolution
568:(in European Spanish). 2019-11-04
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235:or Andalusia and feared that the
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1245:1919 labor disputes and strikes
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403:"La huelga de 'La Canadiense'"
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237:UniĆ³n General de Trabajadores
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86:, the first law limiting the
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205:General strike in Barcelona
10:
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1152:Cambridge University Press
1029:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
1012:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
977:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
960:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
925:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
890:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
873:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
838:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
779:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
747:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
680:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
663:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
621:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
586:GĆ³mez Casas, Juan (1977).
544:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
506:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
471:Meaker, Gerald H. (1978).
454:Balcells, Alberto (1968).
369:Meaker, Gerald H. (1974).
1095:Bookchin, Murray (1996).
697:Seidman, Michael (2014).
375:Stanford University Press
181:Riegos y Fuerzas del Ebro
180:
112:Canadian Bank of Commerce
97:Riegos y Fuerzas del Ebro
96:
82:
1290:Labour movement in Spain
1240:General strikes in Spain
1116:Boyd, Carolyn P (1979).
753:. Barcelona: Nova Terra.
351:(in Spanish). 2019-04-04
1285:Social history of Spain
1188:Oxford University Press
1183:Modern Spain, 1875-1980
732:Brenan, Gerald (1962).
315:Labor movement in Spain
302:Organized labour portal
50:huelga de La Canadiense
1205:Peirats, JosƩ (2001).
764:Raymond, Carr (1970).
106:
49:
41:
30:
24:
1064:Smith, Angel (2007).
416:Bar, Antonio (1981).
104:, popularly known as
22:
1280:History of Catalonia
1275:History of Barcelona
1270:February 1919 events
169:Events of the strike
42:Vaga de La Canadenca
1250:Anarcho-syndicalism
1101:. London: Cassell.
216:castle of Montjuich
174:Start of the strike
124:anarcho-syndicalist
1295:Anarchism in Spain
1265:1910s in Barcelona
405:. 8 February 2016.
349:Solidaridad Obrera
310:Anarchism in Spain
163:Solidaridad Obrera
155:Ćlvaro de Figueroa
102:Barcelona Traction
100:, a subsidiary of
25:
1260:1919 in Catalonia
1222:978-1-901172-05-8
1197:978-0-19-280129-6
1169:978-0-521-39827-5
1154:(Canto). p.
1133:978-0-8078-1368-3
1108:978-0-304-33594-7
1077:978-1-84545-176-9
710:978-84-15862-21-5
566:Passeig de GrĆ cia
52:) was a historic
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