Laboratory mouse - Knowledge

31: 62: 54: 1165: 1635:, consuming a wide range of fruit or grain. However, in laboratory studies it is usually necessary to avoid biological variation and to achieve this, laboratory mice are almost always fed only commercial pelleted mouse feed. Food intake is approximately 15 g (0.53 oz) per 100 g (3.5 oz) of body weight per day; water intake is approximately 15 ml (0.53 imp fl oz; 0.51 US fl oz) per 100 g of body weight per day. 1584:, predominantly in neurons, drives the expression. When compared to non-transgenic littermates, Tg2576 mice show a five-fold rise in Aβ40 and a 10- to 15-fold increase in Aβ42/43. These mice develop senile plaques linked to cellular inflammatory responses because their brains have approximately five times as much transgenic mutant human APP than indigenous mouse APP. The mice exhibit main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as increased generation of 1454: 1517: 1607: 2089:

addition, the caging of laboratory animals may render them irrelevant models of human health because these animals lack day-to-day variations in experiences, agency, and challenges that they can overcome. The impoverished environments inside small mouse cages can have deleterious influences on biomedical results, especially with respect to studies of mental health and of systems that depend upon healthy psychological states.

43: 265: 663: 671: 1909:. U.K. regulations are considered amongst the most comprehensive and rigorous in the world. Detailed data on the use of laboratory mice (and other species) in research in the U.K. are published each year. In the U.K. in 2013, there were a total of 3,077,115 regulated procedures undertaken on mice in scientific procedure establishments, licensed under the Act. 1593:

synaptic plasticity are probably linked to the memory phenotype. Associative learning impairments are exacerbated when Tg2576 mice are crossed with PS1 transgenic animals that possess the A246E FAD mutation. This crosses promotes the build-up of amyloid and plaque development in the CNS. This lends credence to the theory that AD

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For example, researchers have found that many mice in laboratories are obese from excess food and minimal exercise, which alters their physiology and drug metabolism. Many laboratory animals, including mice, are chronically stressed, which can also negatively affect research outcomes and the ability

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and rats which she marketed to rodent hobbyists and keepers of exotic pets, and later began selling in large numbers to scientific researchers. Together they generated the DBA (Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti) inbred mouse strain and initiated the systematic generation of inbred strains. The mouse has

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learning and memory. Tg2576 mice are a good model for early-stage AD because they show amyloidogenesis and working memory impairments linked to age but do not show neuronal degeneration. The absence of cell death suggests that changes in typical cellular signaling cascades involved in learning and

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Sanchez-Varo, Raquel; Mejias-Ortega, Marina; Fernandez-Valenzuela, Juan Jose; Nuñez-Diaz, Cristina; Caceres-Palomo, Laura; Vegas-Gomez, Laura; Sanchez-Mejias, Elisabeth; Trujillo-Estrada, Laura; Garcia-Leon, Juan Antonio; Moreno-Gonzalez, Ines; Vizuete, Marisa; Vitorica, Javier; Baglietto-Vargas,

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Traditionally, laboratory mice have been picked up by the base of the tail. However, recent research has shown that this type of handling increases anxiety and aversive behaviour. Instead, handling mice using a tunnel or cupped hands is advocated. In behavioural tests, tail-handled mice show less

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carried out his early investigations of inheritance on mouse coat color but was asked by his superior to stop breeding in his cell "smelly creatures that, in addition, copulated and had sex". He then switched his investigations to peas but, as his observations were published in a somewhat obscure

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Some studies suggests that inadequate published data in animal testing may result in irreproducible research, with missing details about how experiments are done are omitted from published papers or differences in testing that may introduce bias. Examples of hidden bias include a 2014 study from

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is influenced by the interplay between APP and PS-1 gene products. Although Tg2576 mice do not perfectly replicate late-stage AD with cell death, they do offer a platform for researching the physiology and biochemistry of the illness.With the help of transgenic mouse models, researchers can make

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Laboratory mice have retained many of the physical and behavioural characteristics of house mice; however, due to many generations of artificial selection, some of these characteristics now vary markedly. Due to the large number of strains of laboratory mice, it is impractical to comprehensively

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mice. The young are called pups and weigh 0.5–1.5 g (0.018–0.053 oz) at birth, are hairless, and have closed eyelids and ears. Pups are weaned at 3 weeks of age when they weigh about 10–12 g (0.35–0.42 oz). If the female does not mate during the postpartum estrus, she resumes

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notes, "The difficulties associated with using animal models for human disease result from the metabolic, anatomic, and cellular differences between humans and other creatures, but the problems go even deeper than that" including issues with the design and execution of the tests themselves. In

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Group-housed C57BL/6 mice (and other strains) display barbering behaviour, in which the dominant mouse in a cage selectively removes hair from its subordinate cage mates. Mice that have been barbered extensively can have large bald patches on their bodies, commonly around the head, snout, and

1993:, and other illnesses has been called into question by a number of researchers. Regarding experiments on mice, some researchers have complained that "years and billions of dollars have been wasted following false leads" as a result of a preoccupation with the use of these animals in studies. 1936:

does offer a standard for their care and use. Compliance with the PHS is required for a research project to receive federal funding. PHS policy is administered by the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Many academic research institutes seek accreditation voluntarily, often through the

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with humans, their ease of maintenance and handling, and their high reproduction rate, make mice particularly suitable models for human-oriented research. The laboratory mouse genome has been sequenced and many mouse genes have human homologues. Lab mice are sold at

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long (3,000 Mb distributed over 19 autosomal chromosomes plus 1 respectively 2 sex chromosomes), therefore equal to the size of the human genome. Estimating the number of genes contained in the mouse genome is difficult, in part because the definition of a

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Phylogenetic tree of the eight founder strains used in the DO project, as well as their approximate age of divergence. M. spretus is included as an outgroup that diverged ~2 million years ago (mya), it is not part of the DO project.

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strains are usually the animals of choice for most fields. Inbred mice are defined as being the product of at least 20 generations of brother X sister mating, with all individuals being derived from a single breeding pair.

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is currently one of the world's largest suppliers of laboratory mice, at around 3 million mice a year. The laboratory is also the world's source for more than 8,000 strains of genetically defined mice and is home of the

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laboratory-bred strain from which a number of common substrains are derived. With over 200 generations bred since 1920, BALB/c mice are distributed globally and are among the most widely used inbred strains used in

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published the results of his experiments using mice which showed that Mendel's laws of inheritance were also valid for animals — results that were soon confirmed and extended to other species.

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Male BALB/c mice are aggressive and will fight other males if housed together. However, the BALB/Lac substrain is much more docile. Most BALB/c mice substrains have a long reproductive life-span.

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is 4–5 days and lasts about 12 hours, occurring in the evening. Vaginal smears are useful in timed matings to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. Mating can be confirmed by the presence of a

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This project has resulted in over 1,000 genetically diverse mice which have been used to identify genetic factors for diseases such as obesity, cancer, diabetes, and alcohol use disorder.

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b． Szabo, Anna; Cattaud, Vanessa; Bezzina, Charlotte; Dard, Robin F.; Sayegh, Fares; Gauzin, Sebastien; Lejards, Camille; Valton, Luc; Rampon, Claire; Verret, Laure; Dahan, Lionel (2023).

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Sorge RE, Martin LJ, Isbester KA, Sotocinal SG, Rosen S, Tuttle AH, et al. (June 2014). "Olfactory exposure to males, including men, causes stress and related analgesia in rodents".

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progress in AD research by understanding the intricate relationships between gene products that are involved in the production of Aβ peptide.e physiology and biochemistry of the illness.

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Mogil JS, Wilson SG, Bon K, Lee SE, Chung K, Raber P, et al. (March 1999). "Heritability of nociception I: responses of 11 inbred mouse strains on 12 measures of nociception".

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In the U.K., as with all other vertebrates and some invertebrates, any scientific procedure which is likely to cause "pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm" is regulated by the

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Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y, Micale V, Bockmühl Y, Fischer D, et al. (December 2009). "Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress".

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While mice are by far the most widely used animals in biomedical research, recent studies have highlighted their limitations. For example, the utility of rodents in testing for

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C57BL/6 has several unusual characteristics which make it useful for some research studies but inappropriate for others: It is unusually sensitive to pain and to cold, and

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C57BL/6 mice have a dark brown, nearly black coat. They are more sensitive to noise and odours and are more likely to bite than the more docile laboratory strains such as

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Many inbred strains have well documented traits that make them ideal for specific types of research. The following table shows the top 10 most popular strains according to

2071:. "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the overwhelming majority of studies, while the 629:, who was influential in promoting the mouse as a laboratory organism. In 2011, an estimated 83% of laboratory rodents supplied in the U.S. were C57BL/6 laboratory mice. 4195: 2503: 2336: 3695:

Nyul-Toth, Adam; Delfavero, Jordan; Mukli, Peter; Tarantini, Amber; Ungvari, Anna; Yabluchanskiy, Andriy; Csiszar, Anna; Ungvari, Zoltan; Tarantini, Stefano (2021).

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to accurately extrapolate findings to humans. Researchers have also noted that many studies involving mice are poorly designed, leading to questionable findings.

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is still being debated and extended. The current count of primary coding genes in the laboratory mouse is 23,139. compared to an estimated 20,774 in humans.

586:, in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are as nearly as possible genetically identical. In laboratory mice, this is accomplished through 1623:

willingness to explore and to investigate test stimuli, as opposed to tunnel-handled mice which readily explore and show robust responses to test stimuli.

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in laboratory mice held at more than half of the US and Japanese institutes investigated. Murine astrovirus was found in nine mice strains, including

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Roep BO, Atkinson M, von Herrath M (December 2004). "Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models of type 1 diabetes".

6851: 4040: 2055:, which directly affects the immune system and the development of pathological conditions. Moreover, persistent virus infections (for example, 617:. Many (but not all) laboratory strains are inbred. The different strains are identified with specific letter-digit combinations; for example 5651: 666:

Two mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under UV-illumination flanking one plain mouse from the non-transgenic parental line

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Eicher EM, Beamer WG, Washburn LL, Whitten WK (1980). "A cytogenetic investigation of inherited true hermaphroditism in BALB/cWt mice".

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The worldwide market for gene-altered mice is predicted to grow to $ 1.59 billion by 2022, growing at a rate of 7.5 percent per year.

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may be removed. Barbering is more frequently seen in female mice; male mice are more likely to display dominance through fighting.

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describe the appearance and behaviour of all of them; however, they are described below for two of the most commonly used strains.

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was completed in late 2002 using the C57BL/6 strain. This was only the second mammalian genome to be sequenced after humans. The

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Hilgers J, van Nie R, Iványi D, Hilkens J, Michalides R, de Moes J, et al. (1985). "Genetic Differences in BALB/C Sublines".

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botanical journal, they were virtually ignored for over 35 years until they were rediscovered in the early 20th century. In 1902

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which suggests that mice handled by men rather than women showed higher stress levels. Another study in 2016 suggested that gut

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in the vagina up to 24 hours post-copulation. The presence of sperm on a vaginal smear is also a reliable indicator of mating.

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and the PHS policy. This accreditation is, however, not a prerequisite for federal funding, unlike the actual compliance.

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strains of mice have been created by a number of methods. A small selection from the many available strains includes -

5434: 4562: 295:, and simultaneous lactation and gestation prolongs gestation by 3–10 days owing to delayed implantation. The average 5361: 4794:"Clinical predictive value of the in vitro cell line, human xenograft, and mouse allograft preclinical cancer models" 3171: 2690: 2237: 2978:

Saul, M. C.; Philip, V. M.; Reinholdt, L. G.; Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction; Chesler, E. J. (2019).

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which arose in an inbred. Theophilos et al. 1996 found this to be genetic and localized to chromosome 8, near the

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To facilitate intravenous injection into the tail, laboratory mice can be carefully warmed under heat lamps to

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Breeding onset occurs at about 50 days of age in both females and males, although females may have their first

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Sarna JR, Dyck RH, Whishaw IQ (February 2000). "The Dalila effect: C57BL6 mice barber whiskers by plucking".

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used them to investigate the biological consequences of an increase in air pressure. During the 18th century

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Southwick CH, Clark LH (1966). "Aggressive behaviour and exploratory activity in fourteen mouse strains".

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BALB/c are noted for displaying high levels of anxiety and for being relatively resistant to diet-induced

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induction, stating that a flow rate of 10% to 30% volume/min is optimal for euthanasing laboratory mice.

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medications are less effective in this strain. Unlike most laboratory mouse strains, the C57BL/6 drinks

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at 25–40 days. Mice are polyestrous and breed year round; ovulation is spontaneous. The duration of the

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There are noted differences between different BALB/c substrains, though these are thought to be due to

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A Compendium of Drugs Used for Laboratory Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia, Tranquilization and Restraint

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Benatar M (April 2007). "Lost in translation: treatment trials in the SOD1 mouse and in human ALS".

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Saul, Michael C.; Philip, Vivek M.; Reinholdt, Laura G.; Chesler, Elissa J.; Chesler, E. J. (2019).

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Hedrich, Hans, ed. (2004-08-21). "The house mouse as a laboratory model: a historical perspective".

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and recommended maximum injected volume at a single time at one site, as given in the table below:

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are unnecessary or a population with genetic variation is required, and are usually referred to as

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Balcombe JP, Barnard ND, Sandusky C (November 2004). "Laboratory routines cause animal stress".

4117: 2977: 2199: 1888:, with various degrees of prevalence. The pathogenicity of the murine astrovirus was not known. 6915: 6643: 6009: 5595: 3246: 2060: 2044: 1990: 1974: 1563: 1530: 1100: 1060: 1032: 1012: 721: 715: 171: 5353: 4278:"Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare: PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" 1550:

rather than genetic contamination. The BALB/cWt is unusual in that 3% of progeny display true

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Michael Purdy: "Researchers add mice to list of creatures that sing in the presence of mates"

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From Duke University and Medical Center – Animal Care & Use Program. Retrieved April 2011

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and is associated with many important biological discoveries of the 20th and 21st Centuries.

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size is 10–12 during optimum production, but is highly strain-dependent. As a general rule,

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Other mouse species sometimes used in laboratory research include two American species, the

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laboratory mouse is an iconic model organism for scientific research in a variety of fields

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Seok J, Warren HS, Cuenca AG, Mindrinos MN, Baker HV, Xu W, et al. (February 2013).

3761: 2531: 2162: 1724: 316: 86: 35: 4843: 4752: 4396: 4152: 4137:"Identification of an astrovirus commonly infecting laboratory mice in the US and Japan" 3975: 3458: 3399: 1181:) project is a mouse breeding program using multiple inbred founder strains to create a 892:, meaning that all animals are nearly genetically identical. Approximately 98.7% of the 777:, which fail to recruit nutrient copper into milk causing pup death. It is caused by an 744:; therefore, they do not mount cellular immune responses. They are used for research in 6723: 6607: 6589: 6430: 6085: 5935: 5222: 5185: 5142: 5025:"The inescapable problem of lab animal restraint | Garet Lahvis | TEDxMtHood – YouTube" 5001: 4974: 4865: 4774: 4676: 4540: 4464: 4439: 4415: 4380: 4171: 4136: 3992: 3959: 3940: 3848: 3782: 3721: 3696: 3477: 3442: 3418: 3383: 3359: 3334: 3315: 3272: 3066: 3041: 3004: 2979: 2955: 2682: 2627: 2610: 2588: 2566: 2474: 2279: 2254: 1986: 1798: 1491: 1487: 1174: 916: 711: 244: 216: 200: 162: 139: 5427: 4925: 4696:"Of rodents and men: species-specific glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes research" 3382:

Panksepp JB, Jochman KA, Kim JU, Koy JJ, Wilson ED, Chen Q, et al. (April 2007).

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Mice differ from humans in several immune properties: mice are more resistant to some

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Nyby J (2001). "Ch. 1 Auditory communication in adults". In Willott, James F. (ed.).

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Inbred mice have several traits that make them ideal for research purposes. They are

724:, which walk in a circular pattern due to a mutation adversely affecting their inner 288: 248: 196: 5485: 5226: 4680: 4544: 4043:. Duke University and Medical Center – Animal Care & Use Program. Archived from 3319: 3276: 6634: 6475: 6346: 6155: 5707: 5418: 5212: 5189: 5169: 5146: 5126: 5062: 4996: 4986: 4896: 4869: 4847: 4778: 4756: 4707: 4660: 4623: 4524: 4459: 4451: 4410: 4400: 4346: 4166: 4156: 3987: 3979: 3944: 3924: 3873: 3863: 3807: 3797: 3757: 3716: 3708: 3655: 3610: 3472: 3462: 3413: 3403: 3354: 3346: 3299: 3256: 3061: 3053: 2999: 2991: 2950: 2942: 2678: 2622: 2606: 2469: 2461: 2274: 2266: 2072: 873: 749: 582: 497: 370: 344: 308: 192: 131: 4226:"Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain 2012" 2465: 613:. Laboratory mice can have a variety of coat colours, including agouti, black and 209: 6439: 6238: 4252:"Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2013" 4161: 4072: 3467: 3408: 3042:"Informatics resources for the Collaborative Cross and related mouse populations" 1585: 1551: 1537: 1495: 1424: 1400: 1376: 1324: 1189: 974: 905: 877: 730: 320: 296: 281: 4135:

Ng TF, Kondov NO, Hayashimoto N, Uchida R, Cha Y, Beyer AI, et al. (2013).

3614: 3609:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 122. pp. 19–30. 2434: 2047:(SPF) conditions usually have a rather immature immune system with a deficit of 6688: 6652: 6509: 6389: 5620: 5517: 5439: 5296: 4385:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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is heterogeneous, pointing to the importance of studies in interstrain hybrid,

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shoulders, although barbering may appear anywhere on the body. Both hair and

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Common inbred strains of laboratory mice available from Jackson Laboratories

889: 841: 829: 759: 501: 457: 360: 277: 228: 204: 61: 5474: 5435:"It's just in mice! This scientist is calling out hype in science reporting" 4612:"Animal models of Alzheimer disease: historical pitfalls and a path forward" 4405: 4381:"Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases" 3565: 2930: 2558: 6571: 6500: 6421: 5976: 5532: 5181: 5138: 5103: 5076: 5010: 4910: 4861: 4812: 4770: 4721: 4712: 4695: 4672: 4637: 4628: 4611: 4536: 4424: 4360: 4180: 4001: 3936: 3887: 3821: 3769: 3730: 3486: 3427: 3368: 3311: 3268: 3216: 3075: 3013: 2964: 2636: 2483: 2288: 2137: 2068: 1962: 1666:

is also possible. Each route has a recommended injection site, approximate

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Most laboratory mice are hybrids of different subspecies, most commonly of

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Newborn males are distinguished from newborn females by noting the greater

188: 5666: 4901: 4884: 4473: 3667: 3632: 2270: 1164: 6580: 6484: 6299: 6024: 5917: 5552: 3868: 3852:"Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis" 3851: 3802: 3786:"Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis" 3785: 1902: 1829: 1826: 1589: 1566:(AD) in the lab is the Tg2576 strain of mice. The K670M and N671L double 1178: 1104: 1036: 675: 557: 505: 292: 102: 5405: 4991: 3878: 3812: 2027:; and lack genes for important components of the immune system, such as 6553: 6133: 5395: 5348:

Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research: From Behavior to Molecular Biology

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Hurst JL, West RS (October 2010). "Taming anxiety in laboratory mice".

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Mice have been used in biomedical research since the 17th century when

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Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care

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Total Pubmed publications referencing the strain as of April 19, 2023

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Total Pubmed publications referencing the strain as of April 19, 2023

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mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than

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used them for his studies on reproduction and blood circulation and

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Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference

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Fat mice, prone to obesity due to a carboxypeptidase E deficiency

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Pierson, Hannah; Yang, Haojun; Lutsenko, Svetlana (2019-08-21).

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in the male. This is best accomplished by lifting the tails of

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at Drexel University College of Medicine. Retrieved April 2011

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was conducting studies on mouse genetics in the laboratory of

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Voskoglou-Nomikos T, Pater JL, Seymour L (September 2003).

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complications and may change the resistance to bacterial

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In the U.S., laboratory mice are not regulated under the

725: 155: 3902:"Tg2576 Mouse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3836:"Tg2576 Mouse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3682:"Tg2576 Mouse - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3196:

Garner JP, Weisker SM, Dufour B, Mench JA (April 2004).

3195: 2150:, five laboratory mice who orbited the Moon 75 times on 5089: 4975:"Unbridle biomedical research from the laboratory cage" 4650: 908:

that could cause problems. They also have very unified

4609: 5515: 4610:

Cavanaugh SE, Pippin JJ, Barnard ND (10 April 2013).

3381: 2980:"High-diversity mouse populations for complex traits" 2931:"High-Diversity Mouse Populations for Complex Traits" 2105:

in mice may have an impact upon scientific research.

1941:, which maintains the standards of care found within 1805:(in the dose of 100 mg per kg body weight) plus 5419:

Pictures, movies and applets showing the anatomy of

3443:"Empathy is moderated by genetic background in mice" 1943:

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

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voluntarily. It is more susceptible than average to

1185:population of mice for use in scientific research. 5471:, from the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association 4693: 4335:"[Mouse Models of Sepsis and Septic Shock]" 2586: 832:

function, resulting in improved memory and learning

819:, so as to significantly increase the incidence of 287:The average gestation period is 20 days. A fertile 4563:"Misleading mouse studies waste medical resources" 4124:2013 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals 4083: 4081: 3440: 2580: 2368:. Charles River Laboratories. 2016. Archived from 2252: 4440:"Attempted prevention of neonatal thyrotoxicosis" 3289: 2253:Steensma DP, Kyle RA, Shampo MA (November 2010). 802:, with foreign genes inserted into their genome: 758:(SCID) mice, with an almost completely defective 6882: 5454:High-Resolution Brain Maps and Brain Atlases of 5092:Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 4694:Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ (21 November 2013). 4041:"Guidelines for Selecting Route and Needle Size" 3236: 2157:Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer 657: 178: 5241:"Male Scent May Compromise Biomedical Research" 4589:"Preclinical research: Make mouse studies work" 4243: 4078: 2331: 2329: 2051:. These mice may have limited diversity of the 867: 347:, which means they are amongst the closest non- 227:. Little and Castle collaborated closely with 138:. This close relationship, the associated high 5320: 4296: 4294: 3585: 3332: 5652: 5501: 4945: 4943: 4582: 4580: 4556: 4554: 3441:Chen Q, Panksepp JB, Lahvis GP (2009-02-11). 2559:"JAX Mice Database — 002983 MRL.CBAJms-Fas/J" 2227: 1662:is not recommended due to small muscle mass. 106:. They are the most commonly used mammalian 5408:, includes NOD mouse sequence and annotation 3957: 3161:"Aurora's Guide to Mo use Colony Management" 2326: 1646:of injections in laboratory mice are mainly 1570:seen in the human 695 splice-variant of the 864:mice from cells derived from adult animals. 805:Abnormally large mice, with an inserted rat 678:(left) and a normal laboratory mouse (right) 560:; however, they are often very different in 556:Laboratory mice are the same species as the 4734: 4491: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4291: 4088:Guidelines for Systemic Anesthetics (Mouse) 3856:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3790:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3104:"002105 - New Zealand Obese Strain Details" 3039: 1588:with aging, plaque formation, and impaired 1439: 5659: 5645: 5508: 5494: 5202: 4952:"There's more to life than rats and flies" 4940: 4577: 4551: 3579: 3498: 3496: 2526: 2524: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2399:"Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association" 1891: 1843: 1159: 6053:Nolthenius's long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5216: 5066: 5000: 4990: 4900: 4851: 4760: 4711: 4627: 4463: 4414: 4404: 4350: 4170: 4160: 3991: 3914: 3877: 3867: 3811: 3801: 3720: 3476: 3466: 3417: 3407: 3358: 3250: 3065: 3003: 2954: 2916:"JAX Genetic Diversity Initiative (GeDI)" 2626: 2473: 2278: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 5325:. In Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M. (eds.). 4973:Lahvis GP (June 2017). Shailes S (ed.). 4889:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4367: 4105:Basic Biomethodology for Laboratory Mice 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2840: 2838: 2704: 2702: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2310:. Harvard Medical School. Archived from 1907:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 1821:of laboratory mice include compressed CO 1605: 1515: 1452: 1163: 669: 661: 263: 60: 52: 41: 29: 5877:Gray-bellied pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5289: 5048: 4514: 4332: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4008: 3598: 3493: 3333:Panksepp JB, Lahvis GP (October 2007). 2767: 2765: 2521: 2490: 2427: 2246: 2200:"MGI — Biology of the Laboratory Mouse" 1834:American Veterinary Medical Association 1638: 1203:Founder strains used in the DO project 334: 215:In the early part of the 20th century, 14: 6883: 5850:Indomalayan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 4972: 4949: 4923: 4882: 4825: 4586: 4560: 4437: 4300: 4059: 3158: 2668: 2501: 2450:"C. C. Little, cancer and inbred mice" 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2214: 2059:) are activated in humans, but not in 1574:(APP) are expressed by this strain. A 850:Strong muscular mice, with a disabled 5640: 5489: 5205:"Male researchers stress out rodents" 3170:. CMC Activity Center. Archived from 3020: 2880: 2835: 2699: 2657: 1421:Agouti with head blaze, greyish coat 1373:Crossbreeding heterozygous F1 hybrids 1192:, and capture a large portion of the 568:. There are hundreds of established 169:) and the North American deer mouse ( 6062:Asiatic long-tailed climbing mouse ( 5859:Koopman's pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5343: 4249: 4202:. Society of Biology. Archived from 4026: 3762:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.017 3564:. Jackson Laboratory. Archived from 3535:. Jackson Laboratory. Archived from 3040:Morgan, A. P.; Welsh, C. E. (2015). 2762: 2532:"Mouse assembly and gene annotation" 2447: 904:, so there are probably no "hidden" 860:Since 1998, it has been possible to 5396:Ensembl Mus musculus genome browser 3639: 3335:"Social reward among juvenile mice" 2384: 637:Sequencing of the laboratory mouse 24: 5841:Palawan pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5352:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 5313: 4735:Begley CG, Ellis LM (March 2012). 3958:Gouveia K, Hurst JL (March 2017). 3850:David; Gutierrez, Antonia (2022). 3784:David; Gutierrez, Antonia (2022). 2683:10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00781-6 2675:Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics 2611:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124242 2409: 2304:"History of Immunology at Harvard" 2301: 27:Mouse used for scientific research 25: 6927: 5372: 2043:, etc. Laboratory mice reared in 1896: 1848:A recent study detected a murine 1457:A female C57BL/6 laboratory mouse 1188:These mice are designed for fine 236:since been used extensively as a 6044:Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse ( 5886:Small pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5868:Large pencil-tailed tree mouse ( 5406:Vega Mus musculus genome browser 5051:"Fat rats skew research results" 4494:"The Trouble With Animal Models" 4193: 3351:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00295.x 2362:"JAX Mice and Research Services" 2175:Monument to the laboratory mouse 2015:capacity, lower activity of the 2000:than humans; have a lower total 1912: 756:Severe combined immunodeficiency 5321:Musser GG, Carleton MD (2005). 5283: 5258: 5233: 5196: 5153: 5110: 5083: 5042: 5017: 4966: 4917: 4876: 4819: 4785: 4728: 4687: 4644: 4603: 4508: 4431: 4270: 4218: 4187: 4128: 4093: 3951: 3908: 3894: 3842: 3828: 3776: 3737: 3688: 3674: 3550: 3521: 3434: 3375: 3326: 3283: 3230: 3189: 3152: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3096: 3082: 2971: 2922: 2908: 2899: 2893:"002448 - 129S1 Strain Details" 2866: 2852: 2821: 2807: 2793: 2779: 2756:"000658 - C3HFe Strain Details" 2748: 2730: 2643: 2551: 2441: 351:relatives of humans along with 312:cycling 2–5 days post-weaning. 259: 6221:Miss Ryley's soft-furred rat ( 6212:Sand-colored soft-furred rat ( 4926:"Rethinking the war on cancer" 4333:Korneev KV (18 October 2019). 3648:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 3118:"000928 - CAST Strain Details" 2905:doi: 10.1007/s00335-015-9581-z 2815:"000671 - DBA2 Strain Details" 2787:"000670 - DBA1 Strain Details" 2354: 2295: 2192: 2108: 1948: 1792: 854:gene, nicknamed "mighty mice". 645:genome is about three billion 13: 1: 5480:Biology of Laboratory Rodents 4924:Begley S (5 September 2008). 4492:Gawrylewski A (1 July 2007). 4301:Kolata G (11 February 2013). 3304:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00197-3 3261:10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00137-0 2874:"001800 - FVB Strain Details" 2860:"000686 - SJL Strain Details" 2829:"000659 - C3H Strain Details" 2773:"001976 - NOD Strain Details" 2186: 1934:National Institutes of Health 1932:(PHS) as administered by the 1812: 702:Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice 690:Mice resulting from ordinary 658:Mutant and transgenic strains 291:occurs 14–24 hours following 179:History as a biological model 110:and are used for research in 5667:Extant species of subfamily 4950:Bolker J (1 November 2012). 4162:10.1371/journal.pone.0066937 3468:10.1371/journal.pone.0004387 3409:10.1371/journal.pone.0000351 3090:"000646 - AJ Strain Details" 2846:"000664 - B6 Strain Details" 2169:Testing cosmetics on animals 1836:issued new guidelines for CO 1664:Intracerebral administration 1660:Intramuscular administration 1631:In nature, mice are usually 1626: 1601: 868:Commonly used inbred strains 740:: these mice do not produce 7: 6413:Little Indian field mouse ( 6001:Indochinese harvest mouse ( 4883:Garber K (September 2006). 4561:Hayden EC (26 March 2014). 3615:10.1007/978-3-642-70740-7_3 2466:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1357 2148:Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey 2116: 1617: 1610:Laboratory mouse (note the 1272:General purpose, background 1082:General purpose, background 880:used in research, however, 100:are usually of the species 85:which is bred and used for 10: 6932: 6698:Gray-bellied pygmy mouse ( 6330:Sumatran shrewlike mouse ( 4828:"Cancer: off by a whisker" 4653:Nature Reviews. Immunology 4587:Perrin S (26 March 2014). 4438:Ramsay I (December 1976). 3713:10.1007/s11357-021-00401-6 3239:Behavioural Brain Research 2594:Annual Review of Nutrition 2504:"The trouble with Black-6" 2308:Immunology.HMS.Harvard.edu 1509: 1460: 1448: 6780: 6710: 6531: 6399: 6377: 6342: 6316: 6297: 6281:Ethiopian striped mouse ( 6276: 6265: 6255: 6230:Kondana soft-furred rat ( 6190: 6168: 6146: 6113: 6102: 6074: 6022: 5989: 5968:Delacour's marmoset rat ( 5948: 5898: 5819: 5808: 5761: 5739: 5728: 5684: 5528: 5475:Nature Mouse Special 2002 5218:10.1038/nature.2014.15106 4529:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.015 4456:10.1136/bmj.2.6048.1385-a 4352:10.1134/S0026893319050108 4258:. Home Office. p. 26 3339:Genes, Brain and Behavior 3146:"001145 - Strain Details" 3132:"003715 - Strain Details" 3058:10.1007/s00335-015-9581-z 2996:10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003 2947:10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003 2801:"001026 - Strain Details" 2710:"Poster Mouse Coat Color" 2133:Animal testing on rodents 2019:, and a different set of 1930:Public Health Service Act 1572:amyloid precursor protein 1557: 1505: 714:(MRL) mice, with unusual 674:Comparison of a knockout 632: 491: 484: 468: 461: 442: 435: 407: 391: 384: 374: 6644:Free State pygmy mouse ( 6010:Eurasian harvest mouse ( 5424:, from www.digimorph.org 5290:Einhorn B (2019-04-01). 5049:Cressey D (March 2010). 4826:Dennis C (August 2006). 4801:Clinical Cancer Research 4339:Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 4231:. Home Office (UK). 2013 4020:www.qrg.northwestern.edu 1817:Approved procedures for 1644:Routes of administration 1440:Appearance and behaviour 706:diabetes mellitus type 1 412:(rabbits, hares, pikas) 339:Mice are mammals of the 254:Mouse Genome Informatics 199:both used mice to study 154:and can also be kept as 57:Intermediate coat colour 6906:Old World rats and mice 6356:Gairdner's shrewmouse ( 5927:Minahassa ranee mouse ( 5783:Long-tailed shrew rat ( 5450:Photographs.Short text. 4517:Neurobiology of Disease 4444:British Medical Journal 4406:10.1073/pnas.1222878110 2448:Crow JF (August 2002). 2421:www.informatics.jax.org 2259:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1892:Legislation in research 1844:Pathogen susceptibility 1801:for the house mouse is 1417:Mus musculus domesticus 1341:Mus musculus domesticus 1316:Mus musculus domesticus 1287:Mus musculus domesticus 1265:Mus musculus domesticus 1235:Mus musculus domesticus 1160:Jackson Labs DO project 912:due to this stability. 607:Mus musculus domesticus 6680:Thomas's pygmy mouse ( 6671:Setzer's pygmy mouse ( 5749:Sulawesian shrew rat ( 5323:"Superfamily Muroidea" 4713:10.14573/altex.1309231 4629:10.14573/altex.1310071 3508:Inbred Strains of Mice 3168:Cell Migration Gateway 2079:, and nonlinear mice. 2045:specific-pathogen-free 1760:hindlimb, caudal thigh 1614: 1531:animal experimentation 1521: 1520:BALB/c laboratory mice 1458: 1365:Mus musculus castaneus 1170: 722:Japanese waltzing mice 679: 667: 269: 203:. In the 19th century 172:Peromyscus maniculatus 134:clade, which includes 130:. Mice belong to the 128:scientific disciplines 66: 58: 50: 39: 6617:African pygmy mouse ( 6519:Earth-colored mouse ( 6467:Sheath-tailed mouse ( 5482:by David G. Besselsen 5203:Katsnelson A (2014). 3750:Neurobiology of Aging 2565:. Bar Harbor, Maine: 2271:10.4065/mcp.2010.0647 2202:. Informatics.jax.org 2143:Animal identification 1797:A common regimen for 1609: 1519: 1456: 1393:Mus musculus musculus 1196:of the mouse genome. 1167: 1041:developmental biology 736:, lacking hair and a 673: 665: 611:Mus musculus musculus 267: 231:who was a breeder of 225:William Ernest Castle 64: 56: 45: 33: 6891:Cosmopolitan mammals 6760:Shortridge's mouse ( 6724:Ceylon spiny mouse ( 6590:Desert pygmy mouse ( 6563:Callewaert's mouse ( 6431:Fawn-colored mouse ( 6086:Red climbing mouse ( 5936:Lesser ranee mouse ( 5469:Biology of the Mouse 3869:10.3390/ijms23105404 3803:10.3390/ijms23105404 3539:on November 16, 2006 3510:. Jackson Laboratory 3205:Comparative Medicine 3177:on 23 September 2015 2232:. Elsevier Science. 2230:The Laboratory Mouse 2025:inflammatory process 1921:administered by the 1639:Injection procedures 1220:Common research uses 991:Rheumatoid arthritis 935:Common research uses 917:Jackson Laboratories 815:, with an activated 627:Clarence Cook Little 335:Genetics and strains 221:Clarence Cook Little 6751:Rock-loving mouse ( 6742:Flat-haired mouse ( 5771:(Greater Sulawesian 5589:Medicago truncatula 5119:Nature Neuroscience 4992:10.7554/eLife.27438 4902:10.1093/jnci/djj381 4844:2006Natur.442..739D 4753:2012Natur.483..531B 4397:2013PNAS..110.3507S 4256:National statistics 4153:2013PLoSO...866937N 3976:2017NatSR...744999G 3562:Jax Mice Data Sheet 3533:Jax Mice Data Sheet 3459:2009PLoSO...4.4387C 3400:2007PLoSO...2..351P 2669:Silver, L. (2001). 2437:. 15 February 2019. 2314:on 20 December 2013 2163:Pinky and the Brain 1991:Parkinson's disease 1975:Alzheimer's disease 1725:left lower quadrant 1564:Alzheimer's disease 1562:A useful model for 1488:alcoholic beverages 1204: 1183:genetically diverse 925: 317:anogenital distance 167:Peromyscus leucopus 87:scientific research 6911:Cruelty to animals 6733:Phillips's mouse ( 6626:Temminck's mouse ( 6476:Macedonian mouse ( 5792:Tate's shrew rat ( 5174:10.1038/nmeth.2935 4307:The New York Times 4206:on 12 October 2014 4071:2011-06-06 at the 3964:Scientific Reports 3929:10.1038/nmeth.1500 3159:Connor AB (2006). 2984:Trends in Genetics 2935:Trends in Genetics 2567:Jackson Laboratory 2405:on August 3, 2012. 1987:multiple sclerosis 1919:Animal Welfare Act 1799:general anesthesia 1615: 1522: 1498:, and age-related 1492:morphine addiction 1459: 1202: 1171: 1145:Targeted mutations 923: 712:Murphy Roths large 680: 668: 270: 245:Jackson Laboratory 163:white-footed mouse 93:for certain pets. 67: 59: 51: 40: 6878: 6877: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6608:Matthey's mouse ( 6293: 6292: 6251: 6250: 6239:Soft-furred rat ( 6202:soft-furred rats) 6098: 6097: 5908:(Pygmy tree mice) 5804: 5803: 5794:T. rhinogradoides 5634: 5633: 5336:978-0-8018-8221-0 5031:. 5 December 2019 4196:"Animal Research" 3984:10.1038/srep44999 3660:10.1159/000131518 3624:978-3-642-70742-1 3052:(9–10): 521–539. 2502:Engber D (2011). 2372:on 18 August 2015 2099:McGill University 2017:complement system 1783: 1782: 1743:lateral tail vein 1437: 1436: 1214:Subspecies origin 1194:genetic diversity 1179:Diversity Outbred 1157: 1156: 553: 552: 544: 543: 535: 534: 526: 525: 517: 516: 421: 420: 289:postpartum estrus 249:Bar Harbor, Maine 197:Antoine Lavoisier 16:(Redirected from 6923: 6689:Delicate mouse ( 6662:Peters's mouse ( 6653:Oubangui mouse ( 6545:Baoule's mouse ( 6510:Algerian mouse ( 6332:M. crociduroides 6314: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6274: 6273: 6263: 6262: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6178:Blanford's rat ( 6111: 6110: 6037: 6036: 6035: 5979:H. longicaudatus 5961: 5960: 5959: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5843:C. calamianensis 5834: 5833: 5832: 5817: 5816: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5737: 5736: 5708:Euarchontoglires 5661: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5444: 5367: 5351: 5340: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4994: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4855: 4838:(7104): 739–41. 4823: 4817: 4816: 4798: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4764: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4489: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4408: 4376: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4330: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4309:. New York Times 4298: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280:. Grants.nih.gov 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4164: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3871: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3805: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3707:(4): 1947–1957. 3692: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3607:The BALB/C Mouse 3602: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568:on 11 April 2007 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3470: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3411: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3219:. Archived from 3202: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3176: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3046:Mammalian Genome 3037: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2714: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2666: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2435:"Outbred stocks" 2431: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401:. Archived from 2395: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2282: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2073:human population 2023:involved in the 2004:fraction in the 1825:gas, injectable 1699:dorsum, between 1681:Recommended site 1673: 1672: 1205: 1201: 926: 922: 906:recessive traits 828:, with enhanced 776: 775: 704:, which develop 498:Plesiadapiformes 487: 486: 473:(flying lemurs) 464: 463: 438: 437: 387: 386: 377: 376: 371:Euarchontoglires 367: 366: 345:Euarchontoglires 193:Joseph Priestley 132:Euarchontoglires 71:laboratory mouse 21: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6901:Laboratory mice 6881: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6853:Stenocephalomys 6768: 6706: 6635:Neave's mouse ( 6599:Mahomet mouse ( 6527: 6469:M. fragilicauda 6458:Servant mouse ( 6449:Cypriot mouse ( 6395: 6373: 6365:Volcano mouse ( 6347:Mayor's mouse ( 6338: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6289: 6247: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6164: 6156:Crump's mouse ( 6142: 6106: 6094: 6070: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 5985: 5958:(Marmoset rats) 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5861:C. karlkoopmani 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5812: 5800: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5732: 5724: 5680: 5665: 5635: 5630: 5524: 5518:model organisms 5514: 5463:Further reading 5433: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5337: 5316: 5314:Further reading 5311: 5302: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5201: 5197: 5158: 5154: 5131:10.1038/nn.2436 5125:(12): 1559–66. 5115: 5111: 5088: 5084: 5068:10.1038/464019a 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5029:www.youtube.com 5023: 5022: 5018: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4881: 4877: 4853:10.1038/442739a 4824: 4820: 4807:(11): 4227–39. 4796: 4790: 4786: 4762:10.1038/483531a 4747:(7391): 531–3. 4733: 4729: 4692: 4688: 4665:10.1038/nri1502 4649: 4645: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4496:. The Scientist 4490: 4481: 4436: 4432: 4377: 4368: 4331: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4299: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4192: 4188: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4079: 4073:Wayback Machine 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3956: 3952: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3781: 3777: 3742: 3738: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3654:(1–2): 104–15. 3644: 3640: 3625: 3603: 3599: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3439: 3435: 3380: 3376: 3331: 3327: 3288: 3284: 3252:10.1.1.519.7265 3235: 3231: 3223: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3038: 3021: 2976: 2972: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2671:"Inbred Strain" 2667: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2563:Jaxmice.jax.org 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2500: 2491: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2296: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2226: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2119: 2111: 1951: 1928:. However, the 1915: 1899: 1894: 1846: 1839: 1824: 1815: 1795: 1720:intraperitoneal 1689:Maximal volume 1652:intraperitoneal 1641: 1629: 1620: 1604: 1586:amyloid fibrils 1560: 1552:hermaphroditism 1538:atherosclerosis 1514: 1508: 1496:atherosclerosis 1465: 1451: 1442: 1425:Genetic mapping 1401:Genetic mapping 1377:genetic mapping 1325:type 1 diabetes 1190:genetic mapping 1162: 975:type 1 diabetes 920: 872:There are many 870: 800:Transgenic mice 773:Toxic milk mice 771: 770: 750:transplantation 731:Immunodeficient 660: 635: 554: 545: 536: 527: 518: 422: 337: 321:genital papilla 282:copulatory plug 262: 181: 28: 23: 22: 18:Laboratory mice 15: 12: 11: 5: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6860: 6849: 6842: 6831: 6820: 6809: 6798: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762:M. shortridgei 6757: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6632: 6628:M. musculoides 6623: 6614: 6605: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6572:Gounda mouse ( 6569: 6565:M. callewaerti 6560: 6551: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6501:Steppe mouse ( 6498: 6491: 6482: 6478:M. macedonicus 6473: 6464: 6455: 6446: 6440:Cook's mouse ( 6437: 6428: 6422:Ryukyu mouse ( 6419: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6362: 6353: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6317: 6311: 6307:(Typical mice) 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6108: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6034:climbing mice) 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5977:Marmoset rat ( 5974: 5964: 5962: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5920:H. margarettae 5914: 5912: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5829:(Pencil-tailed 5814: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5789: 5785:T. macrocercus 5779: 5777: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5373:External links 5371: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5341: 5335: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5297:Bloomberg News 5282: 5270:Science | AAAS 5257: 5245:Science | AAAS 5232: 5195: 5162:Nature Methods 5152: 5109: 5082: 5041: 5016: 4965: 4939: 4916: 4895:(17): 1176–8. 4875: 4818: 4784: 4727: 4686: 4659:(12): 989–97. 4643: 4622:(3): 279–302. 4602: 4576: 4550: 4507: 4479: 4450:(6048): 1385. 4430: 4391:(9): 3507–12. 4366: 4345:(5): 799–814. 4320: 4290: 4269: 4242: 4217: 4186: 4127: 4116: 4092: 4077: 4058: 4047:on 9 June 2010 4025: 4007: 3950: 3917:Nature Methods 3907: 3893: 3841: 3827: 3775: 3736: 3687: 3673: 3638: 3623: 3597: 3578: 3549: 3520: 3492: 3433: 3374: 3325: 3298:(1–2): 67–82. 3282: 3229: 3226:on 2013-12-03. 3188: 3151: 3137: 3123: 3109: 3095: 3081: 3019: 2990:(7): 501–514. 2970: 2941:(7): 501–514. 2921: 2907: 2898: 2879: 2865: 2851: 2834: 2820: 2806: 2792: 2778: 2761: 2747: 2729: 2698: 2691: 2677:. p. 53. 2656: 2642: 2603:Annual Reviews 2579: 2550: 2520: 2489: 2460:(4): 1357–61. 2440: 2426: 2408: 2383: 2353: 2325: 2294: 2245: 2238: 2213: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2128:Animal testing 2125: 2123:Laboratory rat 2118: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2082:An article in 2049:memory T cells 1950: 1947: 1914: 1911: 1898: 1897:United Kingdom 1895: 1893: 1890: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1822: 1814: 1811: 1794: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1603: 1600: 1559: 1556: 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1461:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1101:cardiovascular 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1061:cardiovascular 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1033:Cardiovascular 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1013:cardiovascular 1006: 1003: 997: 996: 993: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 869: 866: 858: 857: 856: 855: 848: 835: 834: 833: 823: 810: 807:growth hormone 797: 796: 795: 768: 762: 753: 728: 719: 709: 659: 656: 634: 631: 551: 550: 547: 546: 542: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 529: 528: 524: 523: 520: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 490: 485: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 467: 462: 460: 454: 453: 450: 449: 441: 436: 434: 428: 427: 424: 423: 419: 418: 415: 414: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 390: 385: 383: 375: 373: 365: 336: 333: 327:and comparing 268:1-day-old pups 261: 258: 238:model organism 219:undergraduate 185:William Harvey 180: 177: 108:research model 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6928: 6917: 6916:Animal models 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6744:M. platythrix 6740: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6726:M. fernandoni 6721: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6619:M. minutoides 6615: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6581:Hausa mouse ( 6579: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6521:M. terricolor 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6503:M. spicilegus 6499: 6497: 6496: 6495:Mus nitidulus 6492: 6490: 6488: 6485:House mouse ( 6483: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6433:M. cervicolor 6429: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6390:M. lepidoides 6386: 6384: 6383:M. lepidoides 6380: 6379: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6223:M. kathleenae 6219: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6046:V. nilagirica 6042: 6041: 6039: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6003:M. erythrotis 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5929:H. minahassae 5925: 5923: 5921: 5918:Ranee mouse ( 5916: 5915: 5913: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5564:Fission yeast 5562: 5560: 5559:Budding yeast 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5546:Chlamydomonas 5543: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443:. 2019-04-15. 5442: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5365: 5363:9780849323287 5359: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168:(6): 629–32. 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4706:(2): 157–76. 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4279: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4250:Anon (2014). 4246: 4227: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4200:Policy issues 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147:(6): e66937. 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4120: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923:(10): 825–6. 3922: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3345:(7): 661–71. 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211:(2): 216–24. 3210: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2692:9780080961569 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2629: 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1913:United States 1910: 1908: 1904: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1789:the vessels. 1788: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772:intracerebral 1770: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1756:intramuscular 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1613: 1608: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:gene promoter 1580: 1579:prion protein 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1524:BALB/c is an 1518: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1347: 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811: 808: 804: 803: 801: 798: 793: 789: 788: 783: 780: 774: 769: 766: 763: 761: 760:immune system 757: 754: 751: 747: 743: 742:T lymphocytes 739: 735: 732: 729: 727: 723: 720: 717: 713: 710: 707: 703: 700: 699: 697: 693: 689: 688: 687: 685: 677: 672: 664: 655: 653: 648: 644: 640: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 549: 548: 540: 539: 531: 530: 522: 521: 513: 512: 509: 507: 503: 502:Strepsirrhini 499: 495: 489: 488: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 472: 466: 465: 459: 458:Primatomorpha 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447:(treeshrews) 446: 440: 439: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 417: 416: 413: 411: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 395: 389: 388: 382: 379: 378: 372: 369: 368: 364: 362: 361:flying lemurs 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 278:estrous cycle 275: 266: 257: 255: 250: 246: 241: 239: 234: 230: 229:Abbie Lathrop 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 210:Lucien Cuénot 206: 205:Gregor Mendel 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 176: 174: 173: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81:of the order 80: 76: 72: 65:Kept as a pet 63: 55: 49: 44: 37: 32: 19: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6735:M. phillipsi 6734: 6725: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6664:M. setulosus 6663: 6655:M. oubanguii 6654: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6554:Toad mouse ( 6546: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6451:M. cypriacus 6450: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6403: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6331: 6322: 6320: 6298: 6282: 6266: 6256: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6191: 6180:M. blanfordi 6179: 6169: 6157: 6147: 6135: 6134:Elvira rat ( 6127:C. cutchicus 6126: 6114: 6103: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6055:V. nolthenii 6054: 6045: 6032:(Long-tailed 6023: 6011: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5970:H. delacouri 5969: 5949: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5899: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5852:C. gliroides 5851: 5842: 5822:Chiropodomys 5820: 5809: 5793: 5784: 5762: 5750: 5741:Melasmothrix 5740: 5730:Melasmothrix 5729: 5706:Superorder: 5676: 5673:Melasmothrix 5672: 5625: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5568: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5533:Lambda phage 5462: 5461: 5456:Mus musculus 5455: 5438: 5421:Mus musculus 5420: 5412: 5411: 5389: 5388: 5384:FindMice.org 5377: 5376: 5347: 5326: 5301:. Retrieved 5295: 5285: 5274:. Retrieved 5272:. 2016-08-15 5269: 5260: 5249:. Retrieved 5247:. 2014-04-28 5244: 5235: 5208: 5198: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5098:(6): 42–51. 5095: 5091: 5085: 5061:(7285): 19. 5058: 5054: 5044: 5033:. Retrieved 5028: 5019: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4930:. Retrieved 4919: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4804: 4800: 4787: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4593:. Retrieved 4567:. Retrieved 4520: 4516: 4510: 4498:. Retrieved 4447: 4443: 4433: 4388: 4384: 4342: 4338: 4311:. Retrieved 4306: 4282:. Retrieved 4272: 4260:. Retrieved 4255: 4245: 4233:. Retrieved 4220: 4208:. Retrieved 4204:the original 4199: 4189: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4119: 4108:. Retrieved 4104: 4101:"Euthanasia" 4095: 4061: 4049:. Retrieved 4045:the original 4019: 4016:"Mouse Info" 4010: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3896: 3879:10261/306908 3862:(10): 5404. 3859: 3855: 3844: 3830: 3813:10261/306908 3796:(10): 5404. 3793: 3789: 3778: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3676: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3570:. Retrieved 3566:the original 3561: 3552: 3541:. Retrieved 3537:the original 3532: 3523: 3512:. Retrieved 3507: 3453:(2): e4387. 3450: 3446: 3436: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3245:(1): 39–45. 3242: 3238: 3232: 3221:the original 3208: 3204: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3172:the original 3167: 3154: 3140: 3126: 3112: 3098: 3084: 3049: 3045: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2910: 2901: 2868: 2854: 2823: 2809: 2795: 2781: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2720:. Retrieved 2716: 2674: 2645: 2598: 2592: 2582: 2570:. Retrieved 2562: 2553: 2541:. Retrieved 2535: 2511:. Retrieved 2507: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2403:the original 2374:. 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Retrieved 2194: 2173: 2161: 2138:Animal model 2112: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2081: 2069:coinfections 1995: 1963:inflammation 1952: 1942: 1916: 1900: 1869: 1847: 1816: 1796: 1784: 1695:subcutaneous 1685:Needle gauge 1668:needle gauge 1648:subcutaneous 1642: 1630: 1621: 1595:pathogenesis 1561: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1523: 1500:hearing loss 1481: 1473: 1466: 1443: 1416: 1413:Wild-derived 1392: 1389:Wild-derived 1364: 1361:Wild-derived 1340: 1315: 1286: 1264: 1234: 1198: 1187: 1175:Jackson Labs 1172: 1129:autoimmunity 1125:inflammation 1029:Dilute brown 987:Dilute brown 958:autoimmunity 954:inflammation 914: 894:genetic loci 887: 871: 859: 785: 716:regenerative 681: 636: 610: 606: 604: 599: 598:rather than 595: 581: 555: 492: 469: 443: 408: 392: 380: 338: 314: 286: 271: 260:Reproduction 242: 214: 189:Robert Hooke 182: 170: 166: 160: 103:Mus musculus 101: 74: 70: 68: 6896:House mouse 6753:M. saxicola 6691:M. tenellus 6646:M. orangiae 6610:M. mattheyi 6487:M. musculus 6283:M. imberbis 6214:M. gleadowi 6125:Cutch rat ( 6064:V. oleracea 6025:Vandeleuria 5938:H. pusillus 5888:C. pusillus 5879:C. muroides 5773:shrew rats) 5582:Arabidopsis 5553:Tetrahymena 5398:, from the 4523:(1): 1–13. 3701:Geroscience 3529:"BALB/cByJ" 3394:(4): e351. 3181:19 December 2513:19 November 2318:19 December 2265:(11): e83. 2109:Market size 2103:microbiomes 1949:Limitations 1903:Home Office 1830:anesthetics 1827:barbiturate 1793:Anaesthesia 1738:intravenous 1656:intravenous 1590:hippocampus 1323:Autoimmune 1280:129S1/SvImJ 1138:129S1/SvImJ 1105:dermatology 1037:dermatology 973:Autoimmune 826:Doogie mice 676:obese mouse 580:strains. A 558:house mouse 506:Haplorrhini 325:littermates 319:and larger 293:parturition 201:respiration 77:is a small 6885:Categories 6828:Pithecheir 6682:M. sorella 6673:M. setzeri 6601:M. mahomet 6592:M. indutus 6574:M. goundae 6547:M. baoulei 6512:M. spretus 6460:M. famulus 6415:M. booduga 6367:M. vulcani 6241:M. meltada 6232:M. kondana 6012:M. minutus 5831:tree mice) 5603:Drosophila 5596:C. elegans 5570:Neurospora 5303:2019-04-02 5276:2017-01-10 5251:2017-01-10 5035:2020-11-30 4985:: e27438. 4928:. Newsweek 4284:2010-07-29 4262:18 October 4210:18 October 4110:2012-10-17 3572:2007-04-16 3543:2007-04-16 3514:2007-04-16 2376:10 January 2366:CRiver.com 2346:10 January 2302:Pillai S. 2187:References 2063:mice with 2053:microbiota 2021:pentraxins 2010:neutrophil 2008:, a lower 2002:neutrophil 1905:under the 1850:astrovirus 1819:euthanasia 1813:Euthanasia 1787:vasodilate 1633:herbivores 1337:Laboratory 1312:Laboratory 1309:NOD/ShiLtJ 1283:Laboratory 1261:Laboratory 1247:immunology 1231:Laboratory 1217:Coat color 1211:Derivation 1121:Immunology 1065:hematology 1017:immunology 967:NOD/ShiLtJ 950:Immunology 932:Coat color 910:phenotypes 902:homozygous 792:centromere 746:immunology 718:capacities 696:inbreeding 647:base pairs 588:inbreeding 578:transgenic 566:physiology 471:Dermoptera 445:Scandentia 432:Euarchonta 410:Lagomorpha 396:(rodents) 357:treeshrews 353:lagomorphs 256:database. 233:fancy mice 145:pet stores 126:and other 120:psychology 116:physiology 95:Laboratory 6839:Pseudomys 6835:Pogonomys 6795:Chrotomys 6715:Subgenus 6700:M. triton 6637:M. neavei 6583:M. haussa 6536:Subgenus 6442:M. cookii 6424:M. caroli 6404:Subgenus 6358:M. pahari 6349:M. mayori 6321:Subgenus 6268:Muriculus 6193:Millardia 6158:D. crumpi 6136:C. elvira 6116:Cremnomys 6104:Millardia 5951:Hapalomys 5688:Kingdom: 5616:Zebrafish 3970:: 44999. 3756:: 35–48. 3558:"BALB/cJ" 3247:CiteSeerX 2619:0199-9885 2605:: 75–94. 2152:Apollo 17 2013:enzymatic 1627:Nutrition 1602:Husbandry 1568:mutations 1484:analgesic 1477:vibrissae 1429:evolution 1334:NZO/HILtJ 1296:mutations 1294:Targeted 1001:BALB/cByJ 943:C3HeB/FeJ 852:myostatin 784:mutation 782:recessive 779:autosomal 734:nude mice 592:genotypes 562:behaviour 75:lab mouse 6813:Hadromys 6791:Aethomys 6784:See also 6539:Nannomys 6324:Coelomys 6259:division 6170:Madromys 6107:division 6088:V. fulva 5992:Micromys 5901:Haeromys 5870:C. major 5813:division 5810:Micromys 5764:Tateomys 5733:division 5718:Family: 5714:Rodentia 5702:Mammalia 5696:Chordate 5694:Phylum: 5690:Animalia 5522:genetics 5390:Genetics 5378:Taxonomy 5227:87534627 5182:24776635 5139:19898468 5104:15669134 5077:20203576 5011:28661398 4958:6 August 4954:. Nature 4932:6 August 4911:16954466 4862:16915261 4813:14519650 4771:22460880 4722:24270692 4681:21204695 4673:15573133 4638:24793844 4595:6 August 4591:. Nature 4569:6 August 4565:. Nature 4545:24174675 4537:17300945 4500:6 August 4425:23401516 4361:31661479 4313:6 August 4235:July 30, 4181:23825590 4141:PLOS ONE 4069:Archived 4002:28322308 3937:20835246 3888:35628216 3822:35628216 3770:36634385 3731:34160781 3588:Am. Zool 3504:"BALB/c" 3487:19209221 3447:PLOS ONE 3428:17406675 3388:PLOS ONE 3369:17212648 3320:17604906 3312:10204719 3277:18334770 3269:10680755 3217:15134369 3076:26135136 3014:31133439 2965:31133439 2738:"PubMed" 2637:31150593 2484:12196385 2454:Genetics 2289:21061734 2117:See also 1979:diabetes 1858:NOD-SCID 1807:xylazine 1803:ketamine 1766:0.05 ml 1763:26-27 ga 1747:27-28 ga 1729:25-27 ga 1618:Handling 1612:ear tag) 1548:mutation 1358:CAST/EiJ 1257:C57BL/6J 1075:C57BL/6J 890:isogenic 817:oncogene 813:Oncomice 765:FVB mice 692:breeding 682:Various 494:Primates 394:Rodentia 140:homology 124:medicine 112:genetics 83:Rodentia 6857:Xeromys 6824:Oenomys 6817:Maxomys 6806:Golunda 6802:Colomys 6718:Pyromys 6556:M. bufo 6077:Vernaya 5751:M. naso 5720:Muridae 5712:Order: 5700:Class: 5669:Murinae 5610:Xenopus 5539:E. coli 5402:Project 5400:Ensembl 5190:8163498 5147:3328884 5002:5503508 4870:4382984 4840:Bibcode 4779:4326966 4749:Bibcode 4474:1000245 4465:1690299 4416:3587220 4393:Bibcode 4172:3692532 4149:Bibcode 4051:8 April 3993:5359560 3972:Bibcode 3945:6525713 3722:8492885 3668:7470243 3633:2994956 3478:2633046 3455:Bibcode 3419:1831495 3396:Bibcode 3360:2040181 3067:4633285 3005:6571031 2956:6571031 2717:jax.org 2628:7065453 2572:29 July 2543:29 July 2537:Ensembl 2475:1462216 2280:2966381 2206:29 July 2077:outbred 1880:, ICR, 1874:uPA-NOG 1862:NSG-3GS 1776:cranium 1750:0.2 ml 1732:2-3 ml 1701:scapula 1576:hamster 1463:C57BL/6 1449:C57BL/6 1410:WSB/EiJ 1386:PWK/PhJ 1349:Obesity 1275:25,723 1085:25,723 1050:C3H/HeJ 896:in the 874:strains 643:haploid 619:C57BL/6 600:strains 574:outbred 349:primate 329:perinea 305:outbred 217:Harvard 91:feeders 6870:Others 6864:Otomys 6846:Rattus 6200:(Asian 6148:Diomys 5516:Major 5448:Arkive 5360: 5333: 5225: 5209:Nature 5188: 5180: 5145: 5137: 5102: 5075: 5055:Nature 5009: 4999: 4909: 4868: 4860: 4832:Nature 4811: 4777: 4769: 4741:Nature 4720: 4679: 4671: 4636: 4543: 4535: 4472: 4462: 4423: 4413: 4359: 4194:Anon. 4179: 4169: 4000: 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