209:
299:
282:. The clause that was supposed to help guarantee Hawaii's independence now made the deal grind to a halt. James F. B. Marshall, a young associate of Ladd & Co., had secretly made his way to London with letters from Kamehameha III presenting his side of the occupation. Brinsmade met him in London and desperately negotiated with the British foreign office.
170:. Because of Brinsmade's theological training, they were sometimes called the "Pious Traders". The partners erected a large stone house and other buildings that served as family housing, offices, and storage. They would first use a sunken ship's hulk as a wharf and later build a more permanent one. The business, however, barely supported their families.
318:, the Finance Minister of the Kingdom, realized the government itself was short of cash and called in their loan. Judd and Richards convinced the Hawaiian government to disavow the deal. At least one historian notes a factor in losing the support of the American Protestant missionaries was the fact that the Belgians were generally Catholic.
373:" corporations dominating the Hawaiian economy in later decades. The KĹŤloa plantation was repossessed by the Hawaiian government and sold to Robert Wood, Hooper's brother-in-law, who ran it until 1874. It was purchased by the McBryde family in 1899, who operated it until shut down in 1996 as part of
309:
Brinsmade stayed in Europe trying to collect, but the investors were now wary. Meanwhile, Ladd & Co. was borrowing heavily to finance new facilities for its expected expansion. Some of this money came from the King himself. The U.S. State
Department replaced Brinsmade as Consul during his absence
258:
to develop all unoccupied land in the kingdom. Richards thought that adding a clause that invalidated the agreement unless Hawaii continued to be an independent country would help investors pressure world powers to protect its government. Brinsmade traveled back to the United States trying to find
223:
was produced in 1836, the wooden rollers in the mill were replaced with iron ones for increased production. By 1837, the mill produced over 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of sugar and 700 US gallons (2,600 L) of molasses . A subsequent mill, whose ruins are still visible, was built from 1839 to
294:
that
Americans were granted a land monopoly. Brinsmade convinced Aberdeen that he would be happy to take investors from any country, using the Belgium contract as his proof. Finally, on November 28, 1844, a joint declaration with Britain and France recognized Hawaii's independence. Marshall had
324:
With no incoming cash, the
Honolulu Ladd & Co. had shut down in November 1844. As the company liquidated, they felt they were owed money by the government, but the case required lengthy arbitration. Both the British and Americans accused the Kingdom of being biased against them.
204:
had experimented with using agriculture to support their missions as well as give employment to their students. After trying unsuccessfully to get Rev. Goodrich to run the operation, Hooper moved to the land as manager, despite having no training in engineering nor agriculture.
247:. William Hooper would act as deputy when Brinsmade was on his extended trip away from the islands. Their duties were reporting on commerce and protecting American citizens. Hooper sailed to Boston in 1840 but returned by May 1841.
352:
arrived from New York. Lee would organize a court system and become its chief justice. Bishop would help sort out the accounts of Ladd & Co., then start Hawaii's first bank and inherit the largest landholdings in the islands.
761:
Report of the proceedings and evidence in the arbitration between the King and
Government of the Hawaiian Islands and Messrs. Ladd & Co., before Messrs. Stephen H. Williams & James F. B. Marshall, arbitrators under
932:
321:
When a newspaper report on Ladd's shaky financial situation got back to
Belgium, the investors pulled out of the deal for good. Brinsmade returned to Hawaii empty-handed in March 1846.
344:
took over as the new Consul. After many hearings, which were treated as entertaining theater by the
Honolulu residents, Ladd & Co. gave up recovering anything. By October 1846
721:
69:. His father, John Ladd, sailed for South America and died about 1820. The younger Ladd married Lucretia Goodale (1807–1874) who was related to an earlier missionary to Hawaii,
407:
133:
578:"A Leaf in History: Showing how the government of the Hawaiian Islands was induced to perpetuate great wrongs against American merchants in aid of English merchants"
275:
on May 16, 1843, to sign a contract. The agreement would transfer stock in Ladd & Co. to the
Belgian investors in exchange for a badly needed infusion of cash.
336:. However, several parties to the lawsuits did not recognize his authority, so this case was added to the arbitration. In June 1846 the new American Commissioner
314:. For the first time, a diplomatic representative called "Commissioner", George Brown, also was appointed in March 1843, in addition to the trade representative.
695:
Rhoda E. A. Hackler (2008). ""Earnest
Persuasion but Not Peremptory Demand:" United States Government Policy toward the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, 1820–1863".
337:
388:, where he worked for newspapers and attempted various businesses for prospectors. He returned to Massachusetts where he died October 6, 1859.
361:
The old Ladd store and house complex was auctioned off, and one of the new tenants was Robert
Cheshire Janion, founder of what would become
283:
287:
728:
107:. His father was sea captain William Hooper (1771–1809) and his mother was Sally Northey. Hooper married Charlotte Augusta Wood.
391:
Hooper also sailed to San
Francisco in November 1848 and worked for Cross, Hobson & Co. where he died on December 31, 1878.
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126:
The first venture of Ladd & Co. was a store in Honolulu opened in July 1833. It was on a prime site of waterfront land at
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908:
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returned to Hawaii while Richards and Haʻalilio tried to get the United States to also recognize the Hawaiian Kingdom.
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240:
394:
Ladd died February 8, 1863, in Honolulu. Ladd and his brother, John Ladd, who died October 11, 1859, were buried in
412:
869:
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on small personal plots, this was the first large-scale commercial production in Hawaii. Joseph Goodrich of the
1054:
332:
for libel for publishing the story. There was now an official Attorney General for the first time in Hawaii:
263:
who was sent with Richards to negotiate for official recognition. Finally, they seemed to find a partner in
549:
1064:
992:
Imperial Maine and Hawaiʻi: Interpretative Essays in the History of Nineteenth Century American Expansion
417:
50:
278:
Just then news arrived that the Hawaiian islands had been taken under a military occupation called the
229:
291:
251:
104:
97:
85:
77:(1835–1909), son of another Bostonian, Captain Joseph Oliver Carter (1802–1850), sister of diplomat
821:
Richard MacAllan (1986). "Sir George Simpson and the Mission for Hawaiian Independence 1840-1843".
854:
384:
which had been started to counter Jarves' paper. Brinsmade sailed to San Francisco as part of the
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investors. He could not get any takers. He then went to Britain, and then France. He met up with
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1828–1829. He married Elizabeth Goodale of Hallowell, Maine, sister of Lucretia in 1830.
8:
874:
643:
Merze Tate (1962). "Sandwich Island Missionaries: The First American Point Four Agents".
345:
255:
946:
Greer, Richard A. (1967). "Here Lies History: Oahu Cemetery, a Mirror of Old Honolulu".
848:
454:
440:
Joseph Oliver Carter: the founder of the Carter family in Hawaii, with a brief genealogy
554:
Keepers of the Culture: A study in time of the Hawaiian Islands As told by the ancients
366:
349:
311:
78:
475:
995:
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In 1835 Ladd & Co. leased 980 acres (400 ha) for a sugarcane plantation in
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870:"HC&S, last of sugarcane plantations, on track toward more financial losses"
456:
General catalogue of Bowdoin College and the Medical School of Maine, 1794-1912
315:
235:
On April 13, 1839, Peter Brinsmade was appointed American consular agent after
193:
17:
979:
Koloa plantation, 1835-1935: a history of the oldest Hawaiian sugar plantation
254:, a former missionary who was now a political advisor. The idea was to form a
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174:
149:
135:
298:
341:
755:
333:
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The first planting was in September 1835, and although a small amount of
1018:"Ladd & Company: Koloa Plantation - Hawaii's First Sugar Plantation"
602:
Cushing, Robert L. (1985). "Beginnings of Sugar Production in Hawaiʻi".
850:
History of the Hawaiian islands: embracing their antiquities, mythology
959:
830:
807:
704:
615:
534:
182:
47:
988:"Peter Allen Brinsmade and the Tragic Pursuit of a Pious Capitalism"
652:
239:. This was originally an unpaid position of the lowest rank in the
220:
185:. The project had the support of conservative missionaries such as
115:
727:. Kauai Historical Society, Lihue, Kauaʻi, Hawaii. Archived from
380:
Brinsmade published a few articles in a new newspaper called the
264:
250:
In November 1841 the partners negotiated a much larger deal with
525:
Richard A. Greer (1998). "Along the Old Honolulu Waterfront".
798:
Richard A. Greer (1995). "A. G. Abell's Hawaiian Interlude".
408:
Relations between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States
178:
825:. Vol. 20. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 67–82.
802:. Vol. 29. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 57–74.
699:. Vol. 42. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 49–67.
529:. Vol. 32. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 53–66.
976:
46:(1809–1878). The company was behind the first commercial
765:. C.E. Hitchcock, printer, Hawaiian Government press.
103:
William Northey Hooper was born October 16, 1809, in
901:
Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780-1900: 1831-1850
843:
775:
758:; Stephen H. Williams; James F. B. Marshall (1846).
436:
694:
365:Part of their wharf was used by Charles Brewer of
547:
84:Peter A. Brinsmade was born on April 1, 1804, in
1041:
820:
797:
645:Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society
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524:
53:and first international land speculation in the
894:
722:"Finding Aid for the Diaries of William Hooper"
340:arrived, who served as lawyer for the company.
985:
243:. In July 1844 he was promoted to the rank of
665:
582:Daughters of the American Revolution magazine
473:
994:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 21–56.
867:
778:"An unpublished chapter of Hawaiian History"
690:
688:
750:
748:
571:
569:
73:. Ladd's daughter Mary (1840–1908) married
642:
443:. Hawaiian Historical Society. p. 20.
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853:(3rd ed.). C.E. Hitchcock. pp.
685:
668:"Old Sugar Mill of Koloa nomination form"
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595:
30:was an early business partnership in the
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328:Then Brinsmade sued newspaper publisher
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65:William Ladd was born May 11, 1807, in
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288:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
192:Although sugarcane had been raised by
945:
788:
711:
659:
548:Darlene E. Kelley (August 10, 2008).
541:
114:from Boston in 1832. They arrived in
954:. Hawaii Historical Society: 53–71.
672:National Register of Historic Places
586:Daughters of the American Revolution
515:
13:
977:Arthur Chambers Alexander (1937).
970:
868:Andrew Gomes (November 15, 2009).
356:
290:, had been told by British Consul
14:
1076:
1009:
784:. Vol. 67. pp. 511–520.
576:Mary S. Lockwood (January 1895).
459:. Bowdoin College. 1912. p.
305:was expected to be their investor
241:United States Department of State
933:American Seamen's Friend Society
413:United States Minister to Hawaii
40:Peter Allen (or Allan) Brinsmade
939:
888:
861:
837:
647:. Hawaiian Historical Society.
495:Joesting, Edward (1988-02-01).
903:. University of Hawaii Press.
636:
501:. University of Hawaii Press.
488:
467:
447:
430:
1:
1060:1833 establishments in Hawaii
1022:Ladds of New England web site
931:. Vol. 36, no. 10.
776:James F. B. Marshall (1883).
666:Benjamin Levy (August 1978).
628:: CS1 maint: date and year (
437:George Robert Carter (1915).
423:
674:. U.S. National Park Service
550:"Important People - Part 18"
269:Belgian Colonization Company
110:The three men sailed on the
7:
1050:Sugar plantations in Hawaii
948:Hawaiian Journal of History
823:Hawaiian Journal of History
800:Hawaiian Journal of History
697:Hawaiian Journal of History
604:Hawaiian Journal of History
584:. Vol. 6, no. 1.
527:Hawaiian Journal of History
498:Kauai: The Separate Kingdom
474:Thomas Hooper, ed. (1908).
418:Sugar plantations in Hawaii
401:
60:
10:
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267:: Brinsmade convinced the
230:National Historic Landmark
200:and Samuel Ruggles of the
15:
981:. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
935:. June 1864. p. 310.
369:These became two of the "
121:
105:Manchester, Massachusetts
98:Yale Theological Seminary
86:New Hartford, Connecticut
895:David W. Forbes (2000).
363:Theo H. Davies & Co.
16:For the film company of
986:Paul T. Burlin (2008).
897:"Sandwich Islands News"
375:Alexander & Baldwin
480:. C. H. Pope. p.
306:
216:
150:21.31028°N 157.86389°W
44:William Northey Hooper
382:Sandwich Islands News
301:
211:
92:in 1826 and attended
71:Lucy Goodale Thurston
1055:Kauai County, Hawaii
845:James Jackson Jarves
386:California Gold Rush
330:James Jackson Jarves
273:Leopold I of Belgium
181:from Royal Governor
161:Ladd & Co. store
155:21.31028; -157.86389
88:. He graduated from
75:Joseph Oliver Carter
34:. Its founders were
875:Honolulu Advertiser
588:. pp. 121–127.
367:C. Brewer & Co.
346:Charles Reed Bishop
310:in January 1845 by
256:joint stock company
145: /
1065:Business in Hawaii
350:William Little Lee
312:Alexander G. Abell
307:
217:
118:on July 27, 1833.
79:Henry A. P. Carter
28:Ladd & Company
1001:978-0-7391-2718-6
929:Sailor's Magazine
910:978-0-8248-2379-5
782:Harper's magazine
508:978-0-8248-1162-4
261:Timothy Haʻalilio
237:John Coffin Jones
194:ancient Hawaiians
177:on the island of
42:(1804–1859), and
32:Kingdom of Hawaii
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338:Anthony Ten Eyck
292:Richard Charlton
286:who was British
252:William Richards
226:KĹŤloa Sugar Mill
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67:Hallowell, Maine
55:Hawaiian Islands
22:The Ladd Company
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214:Ladd sugar mill
187:Hiram Bingham I
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202:Kona Mission
198:Hilo mission
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36:William Ladd
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27:
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756:John Ricord
334:John Ricord
224:1841. This
153: /
140:157°51′50″W
1044:Categories
1032:2010-03-01
925:"Funerals"
881:2010-03-07
738:2010-02-28
678:2010-03-08
559:2010-04-11
424:References
159: (
137:21°18′37″N
112:Hellespont
51:plantation
960:10524/384
831:10524/142
808:10524/441
705:10524/342
616:10524/508
610:: 17–34.
535:10524/430
228:is now a
183:Kaikioewa
48:sugarcane
847:(1847).
653:10524/84
402:See also
371:Big Five
221:molasses
116:Honolulu
61:Founders
762:compact
265:Belgium
998:
907:
505:
245:Consul
179:Kauaʻi
122:Hawaii
20:, see
857:–230.
732:(PDF)
725:(PDF)
175:KĹŤloa
996:ISBN
905:ISBN
630:link
503:ISBN
348:and
956:hdl
855:211
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804:hdl
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