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485:, Zambezi, Okavango and Limpopo rivers—as many as 100 to 400 new species, of which approximately 25 survive today. The lake's sheer size may have provided the ancestors of these fish with an extremely wide range of new ecological niches to exploit and thus could have served as the stimulus for the
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of the new species, which they may have done in record time before the lake drained completely. The theory further says that the new species, after having evolved within the confines of the lake, could have escaped with the lakewater as it drained, and populated the rivers of the region to evolve
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formed and lowered the land. As a result, the water of the
Okavango River spread out over a much larger area of land than it previously had, forming the now characteristic fan-shaped inland delta of the Okavango, which further reduced the water that flowed into Lake Makgadikgadi and hastened its
654:; Baldi, Benedetta F.; Moore, Andy E.; Lyons, Ruth J.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Kalsbeek, Anton M. F.; Petersen, Desiree C.; Rautenbach, Hannes; Förtsch, Hagen E. A.; Bornman, M. S. Riana; Hayes, Vanessa M (2019-10-20). "Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations".
360:
The great
Magwikwe Sand Ridge between Savuti and North Gate probably defined one of its northwestern shorelines. Another is thought to have been the less obvious Gidikwe Sand Ridge lying just to the west of the western border of the present Makgadikgadi National Park.
294:
Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes, which ran from east to west across the middle of the
Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the
871:
Wilkins, Jayne; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Pickering, Robyn; Gliganic, Luke; Collins, Benjamin; Brown, Kyle S.; von der Meden, Jessica; Khumalo, Wendy; Meyer, Michael C.; Maape, Sechaba; Blackwood, Alexander F. (2021-03-31).
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A drier climatic period followed, which increased evaporation and decreased the flow of the rivers that fed the lake. By about 10,000 years ago the drying of Lake
Makgadikgadi was in an advanced stage.
322:
running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other and have formed
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to 10,000 years BP. It may have once covered an area of from 80,000 to 275,000 km (30,888 to 106,178 sq mi) and was 30 metres (98 ft) deep. The
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715:"Dynamics of a Kalahari long-lived mega-lake system: hydromorphological and limnological changes in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Botswana) during the terminal 50 ka"
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713:
Riedel, Frank; Henderson, Andrew C. G.; Heußner, Karl-U.; Kaufmann, Georg; Kossler, Annette; Leipe, Christian; Shemang, Elisha; Taft, Linda (2014-11-01).
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The
Makgadikgadi Salt Pans in Botswana mark the remnants of the lake today. They are one of the most important breeding sites in Southern Africa for
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Wave-washed features can be found on several of the
Kalahari's higher places in this region. The eastern side of the Ghoha Hills, north of
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As the millennia passed, the lake filled to capacity. It began to overflow about 20,000 years ago, taking the lowest point in the
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89:
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419:, taken from populations in Southern Africa. The researchers were able to trace where the earliest maternal lineage of modern
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Approximately 2 million years ago, the fault known as the
Ovamboland-Kalahari-Zimbabwe axis (which runs from NE to SW from
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in the north east as its new outlet. This caused the middle and lower
Zambezi Rivers to connect, forming the
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are among the largest in the world and are formed from the last remnants of this great lake. The
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activities have been found at Ga-Mohana Hill in
Northern Cape dated to 105,000 years ago (105
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and debris from the
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Lake Makgadikgadi is theorised to have been the birthplace of the vast number of
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In current times this land is desiccated most of the year and is a seasonal
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874:"Innovative Homo sapiens behaviours 105,000 years ago in a wetter Kalahari"
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The other south draining rivers that once fed the lake have now all been
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proposed that land around Lake Makgadikgadi was the area where modern
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rivers once all emptied into the lake. Its remains are seen in the
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815:"DNA study claims human "homeland" was a southern African wetland"
623:"DNA study claims human "homeland" was a southern African wetland"
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840:"Ancestral home of modern humans is in Botswana, study finds"
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415:) first evolved. The findings are based on 1,217 samples of
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937:"Lost African Lake Spawned Fish Diversity 'Beyond Belief'"
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in which all the water reaching the basin is ultimately
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research suggests the lake region is the homeland of
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Today the only remains of Lake Makgadikgadi are the
427:). They concluded this was in an area south of the
318:Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying
458:, a geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania.
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556:reaches the former bed of the lake. It is now an
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1001:"Bushways Safaris article on the Okavango Delta"
133:
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961:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Burnham, A. (ed.).
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790:"Geological history - Botswana Travel Guide"
766:"Geological history - Botswana Travel Guide"
431:, encompassing parts of what’s now known as
47:The extent of the former Lake Makgadikgadi.
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1984:Recent African origin of modern humans
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423:emerged, about 200,000 years ago (200
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490:into the cichlids that exist today.
30:in the Ngorogoro crater of Tanzania.
621:Michael Irving (October 28, 2019).
326:. Parts of the courses of both the
227:[lɪt͜sʰalamakχʰadiˈkχʰaːdi]
26:Not to be confused with the extant
19:Not to be confused with the extant
16:Former lake (paleolake) in Botswana
13:
14:
1995:
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345:and ends in the east side of the
307:, southeastward to join with the
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234:that existed in what is now the
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450:, head of human origins at the
446:The conclusion is disputed by
403:In October 2019, a team led by
324:East Africa's Great Rift Valley
23:in Kenya's African Rift valley.
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813:Irving, Michael (2019-10-28).
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1:
1243:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
794:www.botswana-travel-guide.com
770:www.botswana-travel-guide.com
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497:in the rainy summer months.
7:
935:Owen, James (May 4, 2005).
10:
2000:
1113:West Siberian Glacial Lake
898:10.1038/s41586-021-03419-0
838:Sample, Ian (2019-10-28).
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286:about 70,000 years later.
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1890:
1882:List of prehistoric lakes
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1866:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
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601:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
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941:National Geographic News
597:"Makgadikgadi Salt Pans"
548:is a very large, swampy
1336:Lake Houghton (glacial)
1959:Former lakes of Africa
1578:Kankakee Outwash Plain
1494:Glacial Lake Sammamish
542:Makgadikgadi Salt Pans
452:Natural History Museum
260:Makgadikgadi salt pans
222:Letsha la Makgadikgadi
221:
210:
192:30 metres (98 ft)
1964:Geography of Botswana
1543:Lake Jordan (Montana)
1431:Glacial Lake Missoula
1421:Glacial Lake Columbia
1361:Nipissing Great Lakes
1341:Glacial Lake Iroquois
967:The Megalithic Portal
461:Excavations of early
262:, one of the largest
242:from 2,000,000 years
201:
156:20.71667°S 24.95083°E
1902:Geography portal
1672:Lake Nantucket Sound
1489:Glacial Lake Russell
79:Show map of Botswana
890:2021Natur.592..248W
668:2019Natur.575..185C
525:, and the two main
481:that once swam the
399:Human origin theory
351:epeirogenic flexure
311:and drain into the
161:-20.71667; 24.95083
152: /
1914:History portal
1367:Early Lake Ontario
290:Origin and history
282:to other parts of
211:
109:Show map of Africa
1979:Lakes of Botswana
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1938:Oceans portal
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1474:Glacial Lake Hood
1363:(Multiple basins)
1297:(Multiple basins)
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1061:Lake Makgadikgadi
884:(7853): 248–252.
662:(7781): 185–189.
650:Chan, Eva K. F.;
552:formed where the
527:Makgadikgadi pans
523:Mababe Depression
417:mitochondrial DNA
214:Lake Makgadikgadi
208:greater flamingos
196:
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103:Lake Makgadikgadi
73:Lake Makgadikgadi
36:Lake Makgadikgadi
1991:
1969:Makgadikgadi Pan
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1926:Lakes portal
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1657:Lake Connecticut
1602:Lake Monongahela
1553:Lake Musselshell
1538:Lake Great Falls
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1048:and related seas
1046:proglacial lakes
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1007:on May 16, 2008.
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448:Chris Stringer
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377:Victoria Falls
349:) moved in an
328:Linyanti River
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1536:
1534:
1533:Lake Glendive
1531:
1529:
1528:Lake Cut Bank
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Lake Chouteau
1516:
1515:
1513:
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1500:
1497:
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1487:
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1484:Lake Puyallup
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1471:
1469:
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1462:
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1455:Lake Lahontan
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1311:Lake Chippewa
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1285:Champlain Sea
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1211:North America
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Lake Lapworth
1191:
1189:
1188:Lake Harrison
1186:
1185:
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1181:Great Britain
1179:
1173:
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1167:
1163:
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1146:Littorina Sea
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1114:
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1083:
1082:Lake Washburn
1080:
1079:
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724:
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719:Hydrobiologia
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429:Zambezi River
426:
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405:Vanessa Hayes
396:
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388:
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325:
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316:
314:
310:
309:Limpopo River
306:
305:Upper Zambezi
302:
298:
287:
285:
281:
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276:
271:
267:
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261:
257:
253:
252:Upper Zambezi
249:
245:
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228:
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219:
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200:
191:
189:Average depth
187:
183:
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137:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
91:
61:
51:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
1841:Lake Minchin
1773:Lake Palomas
1763:Lake Alamosa
1735:Lake Russell
1636:Lake Passaic
1416:Lake Allison
1377:Lake Stanley
1372:Lake Saginaw
1306:Lake Chicago
1262:Lake Ojibway
1233:Lake Bassano
1228:Lake Agassiz
1219:Nelson River
1136:Ancylus Lake
1103:Lake Tengger
1098:Lake Bandung
1066:Lake Ptolemy
1060:
1005:the original
992:Lakes portal
966:
956:
945:the original
940:
930:
881:
877:
866:
855:. Retrieved
844:The Guardian
843:
833:
822:. Retrieved
818:
808:
797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
773:. Retrieved
769:
725:(1): 25–53.
722:
718:
708:
659:
655:
630:. Retrieved
626:
616:
605:. Retrieved
603:. 2018-07-06
600:
591:
570:
550:inland delta
539:
504:
492:
476:
463:Homo sapiens
462:
460:
445:
421:Homo sapiens
420:
413:Homo sapiens
412:
402:
392:Gumare fault
389:
381:
370:
363:
359:
336:
317:
313:Indian Ocean
293:
275:Homo sapiens
273:
268:
213:
212:
1974:Pleistocene
1826:Lake Escara
1740:Lake Tecopa
1725:Lake Mojave
1705:Lake Harper
1645:New England
1631:Lake Albany
1612:Teays River
1564:Mississippi
1523:Lake Circle
1465:Puget Sound
1441:Great Basin
1387:Lake Warren
1356:Lake Minong
1351:Lake Maumee
1321:Lake Duluth
1301:Lake Arkona
1277:Great Lakes
1267:Tyrrell Sea
1238:Lake Souris
1043:Pleistocene
632:October 28,
332:Chobe River
320:fault lines
159: /
134:Coordinates
28:Lake Magadi
21:Lake Magadi
1953:Categories
1861:Lake Tauca
1831:Inca Huasi
1720:Lake Modoc
1715:Lake Manly
1710:Lake Manix
1687:California
1677:Lake Stowe
1607:Lake Tight
1426:Lake Lewis
1392:Lake Wayne
1346:Lake Lundy
1156:Yoldia Sea
1129:Baltic Sea
1075:Antarctica
857:2019-10-29
824:2021-03-01
799:2021-04-13
775:2018-08-15
607:2018-08-16
583:References
566:transpired
562:evaporated
535:Nwetwe Pan
515:Lake Ngami
1796:Lake Atna
1316:Lake Dana
1253:James Bay
1172:Lake Komi
922:232483324
906:1476-4687
852:0261-3077
819:New Atlas
739:1573-5117
700:204946938
684:1476-4687
627:New Atlas
487:evolution
373:watershed
280:expanding
264:salt pans
232:paleolake
147:24°57′3″E
144:20°43′0″S
1595:drainage
1566:drainage
1255:drainage
1221:drainage
1108:Mundafan
914:33790469
747:16200741
692:31659339
573:captured
533:and the
519:Lake Xau
511:Nxai Pan
479:cichlids
441:Zimbabwe
433:Botswana
395:demise.
385:Sediment
343:Bulawayo
341:through
297:Okavango
248:Okavango
240:Botswana
230:) was a
218:Setswana
179:Botswana
127:Botswana
119:Location
1875:Summary
1856:Salinas
950:Alt URL
886:Bibcode
664:Bibcode
577:Zambezi
575:by the
531:Sua Pan
495:wetland
473:Ecology
437:Namibia
355:Limpopo
1836:Mataro
1821:Cabana
1788:Alaska
1624:valley
1622:Hudson
1562:Upper
1508:Upper
1467:system
1443:system
1409:system
1165:Russia
1122:Europe
1054:Africa
920:
912:
904:
878:Nature
850:
745:
737:
698:
690:
682:
656:Nature
529:: the
521:, the
509:, the
501:Legacy
439:, and
409:humans
366:Savuti
339:Harare
303:, and
284:Africa
256:Cuando
254:, and
204:lesser
1851:Sajsi
918:S2CID
743:S2CID
696:S2CID
483:Congo
301:Chobe
173:Basin
1846:Ouki
1593:Ohio
1091:Asia
910:PMID
902:ISSN
848:ISSN
735:ISSN
688:PMID
680:ISSN
634:2019
564:and
540:The
390:The
330:and
206:and
894:doi
882:592
727:doi
723:739
672:doi
660:575
469:).
467:kya
425:kya
270:DNA
238:in
125:in
1955::
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717:.
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244:BP
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