547:
significant numbers, or allow themselves to be taken by surprise. The Wolof-dominated coasts of
Senegal were too strong and alert for small groups of venturing Portuguese slave-raiders. If slave raids were to have any prospect of kidnapping people, the element of surprise was necessary, which now meant sailing well below Senegal to new "hunting grounds" - lengthier expeditions which required probably more supplies and capital than what Lagos merchants were willing to front or captains willing to sail. The killing of
885:) lists the returning names as 1. Soeiro da Costa, 2. Vicente Dias, 3. Gil Eanes, 4. Martim Vicente pilot and 5. João de Dias owner. Barros (p.92) lists them as 1. Soeiro da Costa, 2. Vicente Dias, 3. Rodrigo Eanes (!), 4. Martim Vicente and 5. Picanço. For the ships going with Lançarote to Senegal, Zurara (p.174) lists 1. Lançarote, 2. Gomes Pires, captain of the king's caravel, 3. Álvaro de Freitas, 4. Rodrigo Eanes de Travassos, 5. Lourenço Dias and 6. Vicente Dias 'the trader', plus 7. the ship of Tavilla (
62:
409:, who had preceded them and devastated the remaining settlements on the northern end of the bay, kidnapping some 100 people. At Grã's suggestion, Lançarote's fleet, now thirteen strong (only Palançano's fusta remained unaccounted for) attacked Arguin island again, taking four captives. They then headed to the southern end of Arguin Bay, kidnapping 57 Tider people and an additional five people somewhere further down (possibly around
538:, and bought some seal pelts and a Black slave from some Berber traders. Before proceeding back to Portugal, Pires promised to return to the same spot next year, and the Berber traders promised to bring him enough slaves, gold and other goods to fill his ship. Only Lourenço Dias actually made it inside the Senegal River, but realizing he was alone, decided to turn around and sailed back home by himself.
172:
601:, one of the captains of Lançarote's slave raid of 1445/46, returned to the Senegal region (sometime between 1448 and 1455), and negotiated peace and trade agreements with the Wolof statelets. Regular trade subsequently opened in the area, the Portuguese exchanging Mediterranean goods (notably, horses) for slaves and gold. This can be said to be the beginning of the
534:
Lançarote's trio skipped past the
Senegal River, and set sail back to the Arguin banks. The trio anchored in again at Tider and took an additional 59 captives, before returning to Lagos. The remaining two ships (Gomes Pires and Lourenço Dias) had to make their way back to Portugal by themselves. On his way, Gomes Pires made a brief stop in
578:, who travelled to West Africa in 1455 with Henry's license, provides some details of trade at Arguin. He noted that to keep the peace around Arguin, Prince Henry had instituted a prohibition on any further kidnapping of Berber Sanhaja people, and only allowed the acquisition of pagan Black African slaves by trade.
465:
to search upriver for settlements. The exploration didn't get very far. Venturing ashore at one point along the river bank, Afonso abducted two Wolof children from a local woodsman's hut, only to be chased down and furiously beaten by their father. Having barely escaped with their lives, the launch
546:
In number of captives, the second 1445/6 slaving expedition had been somewhat of a "disappointment" (at least relative to the first 1444 attack). The prospect for future slave raids seemed dim. The Arguin banks were devastated and it was unlikely the Berber populations would return to the coasts in
608:
The new trading stations at Arguin and
Senegal were estimated by Cadamosto have to have bought 700-800 African slaves annually to metropolitan Portugal by the mid-1450s. But there would be no resumption of the slave razzias of 1444–47. There is no record of any Portuguese ship sailing below Cape
132:
of Arguin bay were replete with fish, attracting poor desert-dwelling
Sanhaja Berbers to set up numerous little fishing settlements on islands and promontories all around the bay. It was the first human habitations that Henry's captains had come across after a decade of exploring, and they seemed
533:
Bad weather overtook them upon leaving Dakar bay and split the fleet. Lançarote managed to hold two caravels (Álvaro de
Freitas and Vicente Dias) together with his own, but lost sight of the remaining two ships. Perhaps realizing they were now too few to launch an attack on the Wolof mainland,
513:
on a launch to the mainland, hoping to open negotiations with the local chieftains. Pires managed to lay out some gift goods (mirror, cake, paper, etc.) on the beach and withdraw. But rather than curiosity or delight, the Wolof warriors came out and angrily destroyed the gift goods with their
521:
Their first strategy foiled, Lançarote and the
Portuguese captains held a conference on Gorée. According to Barros, the captains agreed to launch a raid on the mainland Wolof villages 'in the style' of Arguin. But this came to naught. Before being able to organize the attack, a sudden storm
433:
the previous year. However, not all his ships were up for the journey, several of them running short on supplies. As a result, Lançarote partitioned his fleet, taking only six or seven caravels with him, sending the remaining ships back to Lagos under the command of
526:?), and forced the Portuguese caravels out of Dakar bay, scattering them in various directions. (Zurara makes no report of the planned attack or storm; he says merely the Portuguese captains decided they ought to depart and sail back north and try their luck at the
509:) tribesmen of the mainland were already alert and in arms against the arriving ships of Lançarote's fleet. With the Wolof warriors mustered on the beach, the Portuguese did not dare land for another day and night. Finally, to break the impasse, Lançarote sent out
625:. Having been knighted after his first expedition, Lançarote was promoted by the regent Peter as "caudel" of Lagos in May, 1446. There are documents suggesting Lançarote was organizing and sending provisions supply ships from Lagos to
269:
by Henry on the spot (August 8, 1444) (even though, according to Zurara, Henry gave away his own allotment - some 46 enslaved people, to which he was entitled as licenser of the expedition - among his captains and household servants).
254:. The remaining population having fled the coastal settlements and hidden in the hinterlands, there was little point remaining in the area. By early August, 1444, the fleet had arrived back in Lagos with their human cargo.
813:) explicitly mention only 1-6 in their lists, referring to the rest merely as 'other honorable persons of Lagos'. However, some names, e.g. Lourenço Dias and Vicente Dias, are mentioned later in their narratives.
501:, a Portuguese explorer from Madeira who had preceded them there only a few weeks earlier. During his stay, Alvaro Fernandes had attempted to seize a couple of native canoes in Dakar Bay, with the result that the
413:). The element of surprise being gone and the bulk of the population having already evacuated the coast, Lançarote's captives were principally Sanhaja Berber tribesmen who had decided to stay and put up a fight.
1146:(English translation: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", in R. Kerr, 1811,
416:
Dissatisfied with the "meager" number of human beings they had taken, and realizing that Arguin Bay was too thoroughly deserted to yield up any more, Lançarote decided to take his fleet south to raid the
738:) reports Lançarote's first fleet brought back 235 captives. Magalhães Godinho (1983, v.4, p.157) considers that an underestimate, and prefers the higher estimate of almost 650 captives, as reported by
558:'s chronicle ends here). Given the growing expenses and casualties, it seems the Portuguese switched from slave-raiding to slave-trading after this. Prince Henry ordered the erection of a permanent
393:
Setting out in August, 1445 (or 1446), Lançarote's Lagos fleet was just one of several fleets that set out from
Portugal for the Arguin banks that year. Caught by bad weather, Lançarote arrived at
792:
Cortesão (p.18) and Diffie and Winius (p. 84, p. 467), following Zurara, place this in 1445. Quintella (p.139), following Barros, places it in 1446. Faria e Sousa (527-28) places it in 1447.
1211:
Cortesão, Armando (1931) "Subsídios para a história do
Descobrimento de Cabo Verde e Guiné", Boletim da Agencia Geral das Colonias, No. 75. As reprinted in 1975, Esparsos, vol. 1, Coimbra
133:
weak and vulnerable. The prospect of easy and profitable slave-raiding grounds around the Arguin banks aroused the interest of many
Portuguese merchants and fortune-seeking adventurers.
257:
The spectacle of the disembarkation, partition and sale of the Arguin slaves in Lagos, in the presence of Prince Henry, mounted on his horse, is described in heart-breaking detail in
893:) mentions 1. Lançarote, 2. Gomes Pires, 3. Álvaro de Freitas, 4. Rodrigo Eanes Travassos, 5. Lourenço Dias, and mentions later 6. Vicente Dias 'the trader' and 7. 'Dinis Dias' (
822:
Possibly the same person as "Alvaro
Fernandes Palenco", who had been earlier nominated by the regent Peter of Coimbra in January 23, 1444 as a master of royal galleys. See
163:
in the proper sense), applied to Henry for a license. Probably on account of his intimate relationship with Henry, the Lagos merchants elected Lançarote as their head.
402:
335:
313:
691:
Barros (1552: p.60); Quintella (1839: p.104). A copy of the letter patent of Peter of Coimbra (dated October 22, 1443) is found in A.J. Dias Dinis, editor, (1967),
278:
Lançarote organized a second Lagos fleet for another large slave raid in 1445 (or 1446). The Lagos fleet was composed of 14 ships, the captains normally given as:
514:
spears. Gomes Pires ordered the Portuguese on the launch to ready their crossbows. They approached the beach again, but they were greeted with a hail of thrown
406:
299:
148:, whether for the purpose of war or trade. Any ship sailing south of it without Henry's license could be confiscated. Peter's letters also granted Henry the
458:
387:
200:
1186:
Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné
598:
359:
435:
286:
342:
152:
and customs duties (tenth on imports) normally due to the Portuguese crown, on any African goods or slaves brought back to metropolitan Portugal.
2109:
1288:
397:
with only nine ships still together, the remaining having strayed off. He proceeded to the northern end of the Arguin banks, anchoring in at
324:
510:
410:
306:
850:
on an expedition to Guinea. So it is possible he may have captained it on this expedition too. See Oliveira (2002) However, Barros (1552:
1245:
Rau, Virginia, and Diffie, B. W. (1953) "Alleged Fifteenth - Century Portuguese Joint - Stock Companies and the Articles of Dr. Fitzler" ,
348:
716:
Zurara (1453: p.60-86), Barros (1552: p.65), Quintella (1889: p.106), Diffie and Winius (1977: p.80-81). See also Russell (2000: 239-40)
551:
and his crew the next year (1446 or 1447) probably dampened any remaining enthusiasm among Lagos merchants for renewing the slave raids.
2084:
481:
islands), where they found a bunch of wild goats and some fresh water. They then proceed into the bay and landed on a second island -
2079:
897:, 'who turned back'). Zurara (p.175) mentions six arrived at Senegal, five at Gorée, which seems consistent with Barros's numbers.
617:
Little more is heard about Lançarote de Lagos after his second raiding expedition of 1445/46. He continued as customs-collector (
1164:[trans. by Gabriel Pereira (1898–99) as "As Relações do Descobrimento da Guiné e das ilhas dos Açores, Madeira e Cabo Verde" in
1199:
802:
159:('Lagos Company', although it was probably little more than a temporary association of merchants, rather than an incorporated
2099:
1366:
1011:
Russell (2000: p.206) notes that Henry leased the operation of Arguin factory to a private merchant consortium for ten years.
806:
493:). But they also found signs of prior human presence - some goat skins and a carved marker with Henry the Navigator's motto (
2104:
1791:
186:
and about thirty men that set out for the Arguin banks in the spring of 1444. The six captains are usually recorded as:
230:'s captives that populous fishing settlements could be found. They arrived in Arguin in June, 1444. A pre-dawn raid on
1281:
777:
1134:(wr. 1460s, pub. 1507) "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano", as printed in Venice (1550), by
2114:
1176:
Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente
581:
In his memoir, Cadamosto claims that the Portuguese had also negotiated the establishment of trading posts with the
478:
629:
between 1452 and 1455. Records show Lançarote was still alive in May, 1463, after which there is no further trace.
2045:
889:?) and 8. Picanço, although the latter two turned back before reaching Senegal. For the Senegal squadron, Barros (
469:
After sending back yet another caravel to Lagos, Lançarote proceeded with his five remaining ships to sail around
401:(uncertain, possibly Madeleine island or Pelicans island). There, Lançarote was met by one of his missing ships,
1459:
112:
coast, with no human settlements in sight nor encounters worth reporting. But in 1443, one of Henry's captains,
2089:
2020:
1554:
1801:
1274:
405:, that had gone on ahead to Arguin island and stumbled across a small fleet of three Lisbon ships, headed by
238:
island) yielded the first set of victims. This was followed up by raids on the larger neighboring island of
2040:
1494:
1078:
Cadamosto (1460s: p.213). Godinho (1983: p.157) puts the estimate a little bit higher at 800-1000 annually.
1842:
1756:
1411:
2094:
2035:
1321:
1619:
1312:
77:
Lançarote de Freitas, better known as Lançarote da Ilha or simply Lançarote de Lagos, was trained as a
2015:
1975:
1639:
1614:
1579:
1143:
1416:
1135:
226:
Lançarote's fleet headed straight to the southern end of the Arguin Bay, where they had been told by
97:
in April 1443, succeeding his father-in-law Soeiro da Costa, who resigned the position in his favor.
1990:
1847:
1751:
1263:, Vol. 1. No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68, No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326; No. 3 (Jul), p. 457-509.
2010:
1529:
1524:
1191:
1699:
1436:
1401:
108:). But they had yielded very little profit. The expeditions had sailed mostly along the stark
2058:
1826:
1549:
1499:
559:
105:
1903:
1776:
1679:
1659:
1574:
1474:
1151:
1021:
972:
959:
929:
907:
882:
843:
827:
743:
696:
1634:
1449:
1351:
1181:
1110:
890:
851:
810:
756:
735:
679:
654:
258:
2025:
1908:
1233:
1928:
1882:
1872:
1806:
1771:
1604:
1346:
1336:
602:
523:
82:
1761:
1559:
1396:
212:
8:
1781:
1479:
567:
489:). The island was uninhabited, and they marveled at the large wide trees there (probably
137:
86:
1584:
1469:
1464:
1326:
498:
250:(Serenni peninsula). In just a few days, the Lagos fleet had kidnapped some 235 hapless
1985:
1980:
1852:
1386:
1238:
Oliveira, Aurelio de (2002) ""Diogo Gomes: trato e diplomacia ao serviço da Expansão",
1140:
Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa
1811:
1674:
1341:
2030:
1965:
1766:
1704:
1684:
1599:
1589:
1564:
1514:
773:
235:
211:
6. Uncertain (variously given as Martim Vicente, Gil Vasques, João Bernaldez or even
34:
2000:
1796:
1609:
1454:
1406:
1171:
1669:
1654:
1544:
1331:
1131:
575:
317:
141:
1913:
1786:
1664:
1938:
1821:
1746:
1594:
1534:
1489:
1431:
1371:
622:
571:
477:. While rounding the Cape, the squadron made a brief stop on an island (probably
144:, letters patent granting him an exclusive monopoly over all navigation south of
94:
66:
42:
1933:
1649:
1629:
1624:
1569:
1484:
1426:
548:
466:
immediately returned (with the two kidnapped children) to the waiting caravels.
426:
227:
113:
1887:
1689:
1509:
1376:
535:
439:
394:
1943:
594:
291:
2073:
1970:
1877:
1816:
1719:
1694:
563:
554:
Portuguese slave-raiding expeditions seem to have been suspended after 1447 (
527:
462:
454:
251:
176:
121:
117:
109:
1862:
1644:
2005:
1923:
1918:
1714:
1539:
1361:
645:
The letter from regent Peter of Coimbra appointing "Lançarote da Ilha" as
582:
506:
502:
418:
145:
61:
1504:
1002:
Teixeira da Mota (1946, Pt.2, p.310) and (p.315-16); Godinho (1983: p.156)
100:
Prince Henry the Navigator had been sending maritime expeditions down the
1381:
1157:
839:
739:
490:
352:
220:
182:
Having acquired their license, the Lagos company equipped a fleet of six
149:
101:
50:
1995:
1857:
1519:
1356:
1266:
1148:
A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century
430:
183:
129:
125:
457:, which had not yet been explored by Europeans. Lançarote dispatched
1709:
1391:
470:
453:
Lançarote's squadron soon arrived at Barbary Point, the mouth of the
447:
383:
194:
116:, returned from an expedition with some 14 captive African natives,
1867:
649:(dated April 6, 1443) is found in A.J. Dias Dinis, editor, (1967),
443:
266:
31:
482:
515:
422:
160:
155:
A consortium of merchants of Lagos, sometimes referred to as the
70:
46:
38:
838:
Although he doesn't mention this expedition in his own account,
438:(a few of which would conduct an unauthorized slave raid on the
886:
555:
223:
identifies himself as having participating in this expedition.
78:
626:
590:
586:
474:
328:
243:
171:
919:
Zurara (p.178-83), Barros (p.110-12), Quintella (p.144-45)
609:
Vert again for nearly a decade (until Cadamosto in 1455).
1309:
1259:
Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné",
1051:
Russell (2000: p.297), citing a later document from 1489.
872:
Zurara (p.161-71), Barros (p.88-91), Quintella (p.140-41)
120:
seized from small native fishing village he found in the
854:) identifies 'Picanço" as the nickname of Gomes Pires.
497:). These had been left behind on the Gorée island by
1194:(1675) "Empieça la Memoria de todas las Armadas", in
768:
Thomas, Hugh (1997). "What Heart Could Be So Hard?".
746:). Gomes claimed to have captured 22 people himself.
984:
Zurara (p.193-94), Barros (p.115), Quintella (p.146)
425:, which had been discovered (but not yet raided) by
570:traffic in slaves and gold coming up overland from
136:To immediately secure his title, in October 1443,
940:Zurara (p.192), Barros (p.113), Quintella (p.145)
2071:
1247:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
846:) claims he later captained a Lagos ship called
273:
1232:, 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
1216:Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580
1214:Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977)
265:. For this lucrative enterprise, Lançarote was
1218:Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
801:This list is drawn mainly from Faria e Sousa (
1282:
665:of the castle of Lagos (by October 1443, see
140:received from his brother, the regent prince
45:. He was the leader of two large Portuguese
1166:Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa
518:and poisoned arrows and forced to retreat.
104:coast since at least the early 1430s (see
1289:
1275:
166:
85:in the household of the Portuguese prince
1256:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
1296:
1042:Cadamosto (p.220); Russell (2000: p.297)
993:Teixeira da Mota (1946, Pt.2, p.315-16).
661:position, Soeiro da Costa was appointed
170:
60:
597:of Senegal. It has been suggested that
295:of Lagos and Lançarote's father-in-law)
2110:15th-century Portuguese businesspeople
2072:
1223:Os descobrimentos e a economia mundial
767:
1270:
1228:Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40)
485:island (marked on Portuguese maps as
1261:Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa
1254:Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life
1087:Teixeira da Mota (1946, Pt.2, p.310)
16:Portuguese explorer and slave trader
1221:Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino (1983)
382:This fleet is said to have carried
13:
906:Zurara (p.176, p.183ff.); Barros (
378:14. Leonel Gil (son of Gil Eanes).
302:(probably a relative of Lançarote)
14:
2126:
2085:15th-century Portuguese explorers
1792:José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta
1150:, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood.
2080:15th-century explorers of Africa
928:Beazley's note No.156 in Zurara
574:. The slave-trader and explorer
316:(of the household of the regent
1099:
1096:Diffie and Winius (1977; p.468)
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
965:
952:
949:Zurara (p.192); Barros, (p.114)
943:
934:
922:
913:
900:
875:
866:
857:
832:
816:
795:
786:
309:(captain of the king's caravel)
2021:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
1240:Revista da Faculdade de Letras
761:
749:
728:
719:
710:
701:
685:
672:
639:
89:. Lançarote was appointed as
1:
2046:Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho
1125:
612:
274:Second slave raid (1445/1446)
56:
2100:Maritime history of Portugal
1843:Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira
1230:Annaes da Marinha Portugueza
1205:
772:. Simon & Schuster Ltd.
541:
69:, site of the first African
7:
2105:People from Lagos, Portugal
1162:De prima inventione Guineae
10:
2131:
2041:Pedro Fernandes de Queirós
1178:. Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5)
1120:
1060:Russell (2000: p.299-300).
2054:
1956:
1896:
1835:
1739:
1732:
1445:
1302:
1252:Russell, Peter E. (2000)
1136:Giovanni Battista Ramusio
566:by 1450, to tap into the
365:and, more speculatively:
219:In his own later memoir,
2115:Portuguese slave traders
1752:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto
1322:Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia
653:, vol. 8, April 6, 1443
632:
2016:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
1976:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
1958:In foreign service
1757:André Álvares de Almada
1640:João Fernandes Lavrador
1615:João Afonso do Estreito
1580:Fernão Pires de Andrade
1530:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
1525:Diogo Fernandes Pereira
1192:Manuel de Faria e Sousa
1020:Cadamosto (1460s: Eng.
347:9. a captain nicknamed
314:Rodrigo Eanes Travassos
282:1. Lançarote de Freitas
190:1. Lançarote de Freitas
167:First slave raid (1444)
93:(customs-collector) of
2059:Portuguese discoveries
1991:Gaspar Castaño de Sosa
1848:António Raposo Tavares
1550:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
1367:Diogo de Melo Coutinho
657:. After resigning the
522:enveloped the area (a
461:and Vicente Dias on a
179:
106:Portuguese discoveries
74:
2090:History of Mauritania
1868:Diogo Álvares Correia
1620:João Álvares Fagundes
1495:Cristóvão de Mendonça
1450:Afonso de Albuquerque
1352:Bartolomeu Perestrelo
1242:, Porto, p. 163.
1182:Gomes Eanes de Zurara
1069:Russell (2000: p.247)
707:Rau and Diffie (1953)
323:6. a knight known as
174:
65:Old Customs house of
64:
30:, was a 15th-century
1883:Martim Soares Moreno
1873:Domingos Jorge Velho
1807:Paulo Dias de Novais
1772:Francisco de Lacerda
1700:Pedro Álvares Cabral
1437:Tristão Vaz Teixeira
1422:Lançarote de Freitas
1417:João Gonçalves Zarco
1402:Gonçalo Velho Cabral
1347:Antoniotto Usodimare
1297:Portuguese explorers
603:Atlantic slave trade
524:Cape Verde hurricane
495:Talent de bien faire
450:on their way home).
369:11. Diogo Gonçalves,
20:Lançarote de Freitas
2036:Ñuño Fernández Lobo
1904:António da Madalena
1782:Hermenegildo Capelo
1777:Gonçalo da Silveira
1680:Lourenço de Almeida
1660:João Vaz Corte-Real
1575:Fernão Mendes Pinto
1475:António de Saldanha
1249:, v.26, p. 181
1107:Monumenta Henricina
725:Gomes (1499: p.274)
693:Monumenta Henricina
651:Monumenta Henricina
568:Trans-Saharan trade
205:4. Rodrigo Álvares
138:Henry the Navigator
87:Henry the Navigator
2095:History of Senegal
2026:Luís Vaz de Torres
2011:Juan Díaz de Solís
1986:Ferdinand Magellan
1909:António de Andrade
1853:Baltasar Fernandes
1387:Fernando de Castro
505:(or more probably
407:Dinis Eanes de Grã
375:13. Gil Gonçalves,
351:(speculated to be
180:
157:Companhia de Lagos
75:
53:coast in 1444–46.
24:Lançarote de Lagos
22:, better known as
2067:
2066:
2031:Manuel de Mederos
1966:Alberto del Canto
1952:
1951:
1767:Francisco Barreto
1762:Francisco Álvares
1728:
1727:
1705:Pedro Mascarenhas
1685:Miguel Corte-Real
1600:Gomes de Sequeira
1590:Gaspar Corte-Real
1560:Fernão de Loronha
1515:Diogo de Azambuja
1500:Cristóvão Jacques
1397:Gonçalo de Sintra
1033:Cadamosto (p.213)
372:12. Pedro Alemão,
300:Álvaro de Freitas
213:Gonçalo de Sintra
28:Lançarote da Ilha
2122:
1959:
1802:Lourenço Marques
1737:
1736:
1670:Jorge de Menezes
1635:João de Santarém
1585:Francisco Serrão
1545:Duarte Fernandes
1470:António de Faria
1465:António de Abreu
1332:Alvise Cadamosto
1327:Álvaro Fernandes
1315:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1132:Alvise Cadamosto
1114:
1105:See footnote in
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
969:
963:
956:
950:
947:
941:
938:
932:
926:
920:
917:
911:
904:
898:
879:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
836:
830:
820:
814:
799:
793:
790:
784:
783:
765:
759:
753:
747:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
689:
683:
676:
670:
643:
576:Alvise Cadamosto
499:Álvaro Fernandes
318:Peter of Coimbra
142:Peter of Coimbra
128:). The elevated
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2050:
1957:
1948:
1939:Galeote Pereira
1929:Estêvão Cacella
1892:
1831:
1822:Sancho de Tovar
1812:Pero da Covilhã
1747:Afonso de Paiva
1724:
1675:Lopes Gonçalves
1605:Gonçalo Álvares
1595:Gaspar de Lemos
1555:Estêvão da Gama
1535:Diogo Rodrigues
1490:Bartolomeu Dias
1460:André Gonçalves
1441:
1432:Pedro de Sintra
1372:Diogo de Silves
1342:António de Noli
1337:Antão Gonçalves
1310:
1298:
1295:
1225:, 2nd ed., v.4.
1208:
1196:Asia Portuguesa
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
970:
966:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
927:
923:
918:
914:
905:
901:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:Zurara (p.152).
862:
858:
837:
833:
821:
817:
805:) Both Zurara (
800:
796:
791:
787:
780:
770:The Slave Trade
766:
762:
754:
750:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
690:
686:
677:
673:
644:
640:
635:
615:
544:
436:Soeiro da Costa
399:ilha das Graças
390:as passengers.
287:Soeiro da Costa
276:
169:
118:Sanhaja Berbers
95:Lagos, Portugal
67:Lagos, Portugal
59:
43:Lagos, Portugal
17:
12:
11:
5:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Ginés de Mafra
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1888:Pedro Teixeira
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:José Sapateiro
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Nicolau Coelho
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Gonçalo Coelho
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Diogo da Rocha
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:António Galvão
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Álvaro Martins
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:João Fernandes
1409:
1407:João de Trasto
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Diogo de Teive
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1311:In service of
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1179:
1172:João de Barros
1169:
1155:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
971:Zurara (1453,
964:
958:Barros (1552:
951:
942:
933:
921:
912:
899:
874:
865:
856:
831:
815:
809:) and Barros (
794:
785:
779:978-0684810638
778:
760:
748:
727:
718:
709:
700:
684:
678:Zurara (1453,
671:
637:
636:
634:
631:
614:
611:
583:Wolof kingdoms
543:
540:
459:Estêvão Afonso
440:Canary islands
388:Estêvão Afonso
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
363:
362:
356:
345:
343:Martim Vicente
339:
332:
321:
310:
303:
296:
283:
275:
272:
217:
216:
209:
206:
203:
201:Estêvão Afonso
197:
191:
168:
165:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2127:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Estêvão Gomes
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Aleixo Garcia
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Bento de Góis
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Duarte Coelho
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Roberto Ivens
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Jerónimo Lobo
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1720:Vasco da Gama
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Paulo da Gama
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Jorge Álvares
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
974:
968:
961:
955:
946:
937:
931:
925:
916:
909:
903:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
869:
860:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
829:
825:
819:
812:
808:
804:
798:
789:
781:
775:
771:
764:
758:
752:
745:
741:
737:
731:
722:
713:
704:
698:
694:
688:
681:
675:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
638:
630:
628:
624:
620:
610:
606:
604:
600:
599:Lourenço Dias
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Arguin island
561:
557:
552:
550:
539:
537:
531:
529:
528:Senegal River
525:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:Senegal River
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
361:
360:Lourenço Dias
357:
354:
350:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
271:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
252:Berber people
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
214:
210:
207:
204:
202:
198:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:
185:
178:
177:Bay of Arguin
173:
164:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
122:Bay of Arguin
119:
115:
111:
110:Sahara desert
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
68:
63:
54:
52:
49:raids on the
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2006:Jean Alfonse
1934:Fernão Nunes
1924:Domingo Paes
1919:Diogo Veloso
1715:Pero Escobar
1650:João Infante
1630:João da Nova
1625:João da Gama
1570:Fernão Gomes
1565:Fernão do Pó
1540:Diogo Soares
1485:António Mota
1427:Nuno Tristão
1421:
1362:Diogo Afonso
1313:Prince Henry
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1147:
1139:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
967:
954:
945:
936:
924:
915:
902:
894:
877:
868:
859:
847:
834:
823:
818:
797:
788:
769:
763:
751:
742:(see Gomes,
730:
721:
712:
703:
692:
687:
674:
666:
662:
658:
650:
646:
641:
618:
616:
607:
580:
553:
549:Nuno Tristão
545:
532:
520:
494:
491:baobab trees
486:
468:
452:
427:Nuno Tristão
415:
403:Vicente Dias
398:
392:
381:
364:
336:Vicente Dias
290:
277:
262:
256:
247:
246:island) and
239:
231:
228:Nuno Tristão
225:
218:
208:5. João Dias
181:
156:
154:
146:Cape Bojador
135:
114:Nuno Tristão
102:West African
99:
90:
76:
71:slave market
51:West African
41:trader from
27:
23:
19:
18:
1944:João Cabral
1827:Silva Porto
1655:João Serrão
1382:Diogo Gomes
1158:Diogo Gomes
840:Diogo Gomes
740:Diogo Gomes
595:Grande Côte
511:Gomes Pires
411:Cape Timris
353:Diogo Gomes
307:Gomes Pires
221:Diogo Gomes
184:slave ships
175:Map of the
150:royal fifth
124:(in modern
83:chamberlain
73:in Portugal
2074:Categories
1996:George Ura
1863:Brás Cubas
1858:Borba Gato
1645:João Grego
1520:Diogo Dias
1357:Dinis Dias
1198:, Vol. 3,
1174:(1552–59)
1126:Chronicles
1109:, vol. 8,
695:, vol. 8,
659:almoxarife
647:almoxarife
619:almoxarife
613:Later life
593:along the
536:Cape Blanc
487:Bezeguiche
473:and enter
431:Dinis Dias
395:Cape Blanc
327:(aboard a
126:Mauritania
91:almoxarife
57:Background
32:Portuguese
1710:Pero Dias
1505:Diogo Cão
1392:Gil Eanes
1206:Secondary
1160:(c.1499)
542:Aftermath
479:Madeleine
475:Dakar Bay
471:Cape Vert
421:lands of
384:Gil Eanes
325:Palançano
195:Gil Eanes
1836:Americas
1733:Overland
1303:Maritime
1200:p.525-61
1168:, no. 5.
881:Zurara (
755:Zurara,
734:Zurara (
669:, p.339)
530:again).
516:assegais
444:La Palma
338:of Lagos
267:knighted
35:explorer
1184:(1453)
1138:, ed.,
1121:Sources
1111:p.45-46
848:Piconso
842:(1499:
811:p.85-86
757:p.79-86
663:alcaide
560:factory
423:Senegal
349:Picanço
292:alcaide
263:Crónica
161:company
47:slaving
1740:Africa
1234:vol. 1
1152:online
1144:online
887:Tavira
826:, v.8
776:
572:Guinea
556:Zurara
463:launch
448:Gomera
259:Zurara
248:Cerina
79:squire
1022:p.211
973:p.193
960:p.114
930:p.342
908:p.108
883:p.173
844:p.278
828:p.121
807:p.152
803:p.527
744:p.274
697:p.107
633:Notes
627:Ceuta
623:Lagos
621:) in
591:Kayor
587:Waalo
507:Lebou
503:Wolof
483:Gorée
419:Wolof
329:fusta
244:Tidra
240:Tider
130:banks
39:slave
1897:Asia
891:p.92
852:p.88
774:ISBN
736:p.80
680:p.61
655:p.45
589:and
446:and
429:and
386:and
358:10.
236:Nair
81:and
37:and
895:sic
585:of
562:on
442:of
341:8.
334:7.
312:5.
305:4.
298:3.
285:2.
261:'s
232:Nar
199:3.
193:2.
26:or
2076::
1188:.
1142:.
824:MH
667:MH
605:.
320:),
215:).
1290:e
1283:t
1276:v
1154:)
1113:.
1024:)
975:)
962:)
910:)
782:.
682:)
355:)
331:)
289:(
242:(
234:(
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