230:
164:, has been used to expropriate land for the road network servicing settlements, which Israel justified by claiming in court they also serviced local Palestinian needs. Of 40,000 dunams redefined for allocation to 45 settlements, in one study of 73 seizure orders, less than half (43%) is actually used for built-up areas or in settlement agriculture. The remaining 57% percent, technically Palestinian land under temporary requisition for military purposes, stands empty. Since a court judgement in 1989, seized land must bear an expiration date for the appropriation. On expiry, new orders are issued to enable extensions.
254:, the Palestinian property leased became a permanent Israeli asset, while the absentee property offered in exchange technically could revert to its original owners if they returned (from Jordan) leaving the original Palestinian party to the contract landless. One innovative technique in 1999 came from settlers complaining of poor cellphone reception. They pointed out a nearby hill, which they had unsuccessfully tried to colonize earlier, as an appropriate site for antennae. It was a biblical site, moreover, they claimed, though excavations only yielded
369:, the nearest city of any size. But when the Israelis occupied the West Bank in 1967, they began to selectively apply certain Jordanian laws based in the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which ruled that any acreage left uncultivated for three consecutive years – hilltops were rarely farmed – would revert to the state, which could transfer the land to private owners, meaning settlers. In this way, Israel had confiscated nearly 40 percent of the West Bank's landmass by the early 1990s." (
395:, the nearest city of any size. But when the Israelis occupied the West Bank in 1967, they began to selectively apply certain Jordanian laws based in the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which ruled that any acreage left uncultivated for three consecutive years–hilltops were rarely farmed–would revert to the state, which could transfer the land to private owners, meaning settlers. In this way, Israel had confiscated nearly 40 percent of the West Bank's landmass by the early 1990s." (
76:
seizure orders, based on military and security requirements, have resulted in the expropriation of over 100,000 dunams (25,000 acres) of
Palestinian land. 40% of such temporary requisitions have then been turned over to settlements. Down to 1977, 28% of the ruling Labour Government's orders were used for settlement, while after the Likud party's victory, from 1977 to 1979, the figure ran to 73%.
198:, or roughly half of the total area of the West Bank, setting aside much of the land for military training and camping areas. By defining such areas as "state land" its use by Palestinians was precluded. The first wave of land confiscations outside Jerusalem's walls began in January 1968, when 3,800 dunums of private Palestinian land were expropriated for
217:, and the Supreme Court ruled such practices were forbidden except for military purposes, civilians only being permitted on what Israel defined as "state land". This ruling actually enhanced the settlement project since anywhere Israelis settled automatically became a security zone requiring the military to guarantee their safety. One technique used in the
297:
lands – Islamic property held in sacred trust for religious purposes – in 1967 is unknown but in 1992 Michael Dumper calculated West Bank waqf properties extended over 600,000 dunams. By 2013, Israeli authorities were estimated to have expropriated more than 104,996 dunams of waqf holdings,
221:
to gain more land is via the declaration of "firing zone" (35% of the area) which require residents working the land to evacuate temporarily. From
January 2013 to 2017, 140 orders were issued to have communities leave their homes, with their flocks, sometimes in mid-winter. In addition water tankers,
75:
then banned this sequester of private
Palestinian land for settlements. Subsequently, however expropriations continued, to build numerous bypass roads to settlements, with security needs cited, and this was endorsed by the Israeli court as legitimate. According to a 2019 study by Dror Etkes, military
249:
in 2015, a military closure guaranteed settlers free passage while
Palestinians are denied access to visit those residents who remain. Another technique used was to offer a Palestinian proprietor a temporary swap, in which he leased his land for 3 years in exchange for a lease on absentee-owned land
121:
lands – Islamic property held in sacred trust for religious purposes – in 1967 is unknown but in 1992 Michael Dumper calculated West Bank waqf properties extended over 600,000 dunams. By 2013 the
Israeli occupation authorities were estimated to have expropriated more than 104,996 dunams of
138:
Palestinian property owned but abandoned before, during, or after the 1967 war is administered by the
Custodian for Abandoned Property- its trustee, on behalf of the IDF, until the owner returns. In practice repatriation of absentee owners is generally prohibited. Even if an appellant can prove he
109:
land, which altogether amounted to 26% of the West Bank. This ensured a huge reserve for future settlement. In seeking legal redress for such expropriations, the burden of proof lay on
Palestinian plaintiffs. Palestinians in practice had often avoided registering their property under the Ottomans,
189:
With
Military Order Number 59 issued on 31 July 1967 the Israeli commander asserted that therein state land would be whatever land had belonged to the enemy (Jordan) or its judicial bodies. Sweeping restrictions were imposed requiring military authorization for any land transactions. Rather than
185:
In the wake of the 1967 war, especially under the Likud governments (1977-1984), apart from expropriation, land requisitioning, zoning regulations and some purchases, Israel introduced legal definitions of what was to be regarded as "public" and what "private" land in the conquered territories.
70:
the expropriation of residents' property by an occupying power is prohibited, except for temporary possession. Israel justified its initial requisitions of West Bank land as necessary for urgent military needs. Much private land was seized and expropriated nonetheless to create settlements, and
176:
engaged in purchases. It is forbidden under
Palestinian law and custom to sell land to Jews, a fact which entailed creating a variety of methods to transfer property without the sale being visible for long periods. Thereafter, changes in the law introduced by Likud created hundreds of cases of
155:
Jordanian law required intended appropriations of property to be gazetted to allow land owners 15 days to appeal. Israel adopted part of this law dealing with urgent expropriations for the public weal, modifying the general thrust by cancelling the provision regarding prior notification which
240:
was initially built on 462 hectares originally seized for security reasons. On the three successive occasions when security fences have been raised, they have incorporated hundreds of dunams of private
Palestinian agricultural property. Land where pastoralists from
222:
pipelines for spring water, solar panels and farm machinery are confiscated causing upheavals in their local economy and persistent insecurity about their future. The Israeli settlements occupy no more than 0.0041% of the Jordan Valley and northern
282:), which held that if were not worked for 3 consecutive years without a lawful excuse they reverted to the state, Israel dispossessed, by declaring it state land, even non-arable hilltop land used by pastoralists. The lands of the village of
310:
Legal redress for expropriated land exists, but the process can prove lengthy, and financially and mentally exhausting for villagers. Israeli human rights activists who try to encourage harassed Palestinians to resist expropriation, such as
390:
writes: "Eid's grandfather...brought his family and his flocks to the rocky hilltop called Umm al-Kheir, which translates roughly as 'Mother of Goodness'. He purchased the land for the price of one hundred camels from farmers who lived in
364:
writes: "Eid's grandfather...brought his family and his flocks to the rocky hilltop called Umm al-Kheir, which translates roughly as 'Mother of Goodness'. He purchased the land for the price of one hundred camels from farmers who lived in
156:
remained in effect for 12 years. Any appeal, in Jordanian law under the jurisdiction of a local court, was to be made before the Israeli military commander. On appeal, Israel then was obliged to notify, but did so only to the local
210:. By 1983 the expropriation was calculated to extend over 52% of the territory, most of its prime agricultural land and, just before the 1993 Oslo Accords, these confiscations had encompassed over three quarters of the West Bank.
100:
the West Bank in 1950, which Israel captured from Jordan in 1967). The first seizure took over 13% of the West Bank, and then the possession of lands in Ottoman law which the Israeli authorities identified as certain varieties of
1217:
194:
until the occupation ended, Israel chose to transfer the use of unregistered land to Jewish settlers, and on that basis, from 1967 to 1984 the Israeli government requisitioned an estimated 5,500,000
114:), thus evading Ottoman taxes and army drafts. Even if the burden of proof of ownership is met, the appeal may be denied if the Israeli custodian had in the meantime transferred the land to a settlement.
290:
was recognized, the Israeli Supreme Court rejected his request to be allowed to return to his home on the grounds that the area it was located in had "special historical significance" for Jews.
147:
was recognized, the Israeli Supreme Court rejected his request to be allowed to return to his home on the grounds that the area it was located in had "special historical significance" for Jews.
177:
fraudulent sales, – with numerous Palestinians finding the land they worked apparently sold only when they observed tractors at work on the properties – a practice formally stopped in 1985.
343:"Sasson implicated the full range of authorities—military and civilian—in breaking the law and pointed to the Civil Administration of the OPT as the hub of illegality." (
46:
in knowing contravention of Israel's own laws. This was done after the government had officially frozen new settlements, in both the Oslo Accords and an undertaking by
1444:
139:
owns this land, and is resident in the West Bank, he cannot retake possession if in the meantime the Custodian has allowed it to be settled, as in the case of
1241:
1018:
1439:
89:
909:
67:
914:
286:
were expropriated in this way. In the Burqan case, where the plaintiff Mohammad Burqan's legal title to his former house in the
245:
used to graze 10,000 animals were taken, leaving the village with land that can barely carry 100 head of livestock. Likewise at
229:
258:. The IDF declared the antennae would pose a security issue, and then expropriated the site from its owners, the villagers of
1401:
1373:
1345:
1291:
1231:
1146:
1051:
986:
961:
97:
96:
and a 1967 order to possess and manage at the military commander's discretion "enemy property," namely Jordan's. (Jordan had
84:
Israel's solution adopted in the wake of this legal precedent, which might have thwarted further settlement, was to cite the
126:. Israel seized, by declaring it state land, even non-arable hilltop land used by pastoralists. The lands of the village of
71:
justified on the grounds that even civilian settlements strengthen the security of an area. A High Court decision regarding
58:
According to the analysis made by B'Tselem in 2002, there have been five mechanisms adopted to take over Palestinian land.
213:
Many of these early expropriations took place over private Palestinian land. This led to a complaint over a settlement at
827:
23:
1365:
93:
874:(September 2008). ""The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier": A Sociolegal Making of War Landscapes in the Occupied West Bank".
226:
but the land allocated for their future use as municipal areas is 28 times greater, covering 11.8% of the total area.
1219:
Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
1412:
997:
840:
1283:
1158:
250:
in the hands of the Israeli custodian. Such leases were not renewed after expiry, but, as with the case of
34:
The mechanisms by which Israel seizes or expropriates West Bank land were set forth in a detailed work by
1337:
191:
172:
Military order no.25 placed severe restrictions on land sales in the West Bank and for a decade only the
1134:
Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza
287:
203:
144:
1032:
848:
Algazy, Joseph (Spring–Summer 1985). "Israeli Settlement Policy in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip".
275:
1242:"Occupation, Inc. How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights"
327:
have often been beaten up by settlers who regard them as "Nazis". Nawi himself has been imprisoned.
266:, who grazed sheep and cultivated figs and grapes there. Settlers then moved in and established the
1138:
143:. In the Burqan case, where the plaintiff Mohammad Burqan's legal title to his former house in the
85:
876:
1304:(Spring–Summer 1985b). "Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories".
26:. From 1969 to 2019 Israel had issued over 1,150 military seizure orders alone to that purpose.
1306:
1255:
850:
271:
1387:
972:
947:
92:. Israel's justification here was posited on its interpretations of articles 43 and 55 of the
1359:
1331:
1277:
1132:
1043:
22:
refers to the practices employed by the State of Israel to take over Palestinian land in the
1253:
Playfair, Emma (Fall 1988). "Israel's Security Needs in the West Bank, Real and Contrived".
1101:
283:
173:
127:
1279:
A Half Century of Occupation: Israel, Palestine, and the World's Most Intractable Conflict
999:
Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
8:
1075:
835:
1327:
1315:
1264:
1245:
1175:
1084:
931:
893:
859:
312:
42:
of 2005, which focused on government subsidies and support for the creation of illegal
1073:
Kadri, Ali (Autumn 1998). "A Survey of Commuting Labor from the West Bank to Israel".
1397:
1369:
1341:
1287:
1227:
1188:
1156:
Matar, Ibrahim (Autumn 1981). "Israeli Settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip".
1142:
1116:
1047:
982:
957:
927:
889:
1355:
1200:
1187:
Musaee, Anwar H. M; Abbas, Eeman Muhammad; Mujan, Wan Kamal; Sidik, Roziah (2014).
1167:
923:
885:
255:
161:
88:
to justify the seizure of 40% of the West Bank on the grounds that the terrain was
233:"State Land" declarations in the Gush Etzion settlement area (Bethlehem)
382:
Speaking of one family among the tens of thousands of Bedouins expelled from the
356:
Speaking of one family among the tens of thousands of Bedouins expelled from the
267:
259:
43:
38:
in 2002 and many practices outlined there were confirmed in the official Israeli
943:
910:"Uprooting Identities: The Regulation of Olive Trees in the Occupied West Bank"
905:
871:
387:
361:
316:
1433:
1301:
1120:
392:
366:
242:
218:
39:
1383:
1208:
1097:
1040:
Amnesty International Report 2017/18: The State of the World's Human Rights
953:
237:
207:
47:
1204:
974:
Public Management in Israel: Development, Structure, Functions and Reforms
532:
530:
1393:
1128:
1112:
1065:
1006:
320:
246:
35:
1319:
1268:
1061:
935:
897:
863:
1421:
1179:
1088:
1014:
527:
263:
214:
140:
72:
978:
324:
279:
1189:"Waqf Land in the West Bank and Investment Current State of Affairs"
1171:
16:
Israeli practices in seizing Palestinian owned land in the West Bank
223:
1023:
1019:"How Palestinian Land Goes From the Israeli Army to the Settlers"
299:
157:
123:
1223:
251:
202:
and to enable the building of 6,000 apartments in the areas of
199:
668:
383:
357:
195:
160:, not to the person(s) affected. This, with the exception of
79:
803:
584:
572:
547:
545:
491:
455:
431:
294:
118:
743:
608:
542:
515:
443:
167:
1102:"Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank"
791:
692:
656:
632:
596:
503:
479:
467:
680:
1414:
Palestinian Economic Prospects: Aid, Access and Reform
1333:
Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills
755:
704:
562:
560:
1186:
779:
536:
620:
110:
preferring their local collective ownership system (
767:
644:
557:
949:The Way to the Spring: Life and Death in Palestine
721:
719:
421:
419:
417:
415:
731:
150:
1431:
1389:Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation
828:"The Moroccan Quarter: A History of the Present"
1216:Nicoletti, Claudia; Hearne, Anne-Maria (2012).
1215:
716:
674:
412:
1033:"Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories"
61:
1060:
698:
1095:
590:
578:
551:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
437:
1410:
942:
638:
396:
370:
80:Employment of the Ottoman Law Code of 1858
1445:Israeli–Palestinian conflict legal issues
1361:The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939
1300:
995:
904:
870:
797:
785:
749:
710:
614:
1252:
686:
228:
68:Customary international humanitarian law
1382:
1326:
1127:
970:
915:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
809:
761:
602:
449:
274:. Using the Ottoman law code regarding
180:
1432:
1275:
847:
626:
344:
168:Acquisition of Land on the Free Market
1354:
1155:
1072:
825:
773:
662:
650:
566:
1013:
425:
133:
1440:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
1240:
725:
20:Land expropriation in the West Bank
13:
1366:University of North Carolina Press
1031:
737:
14:
1456:
1411:World Bank (22 September 2008).
928:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01061.x
890:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00348.x
305:
841:Institute for Palestine Studies
376:
350:
190:assuming the task of being the
130:were expropriated in this way.
1284:University of California Press
337:
293:The precise extent of Islamic
278:(only 4% of the land north of
151:Expropriation for Public Needs
117:The precise extent of Islamic
1:
826:Abowd, Thomas Philip (2000).
122:waqf holdings, mostly around
53:
1159:Journal of Palestine Studies
996:Hareuveni, Eyal (May 2011).
406:
7:
1338:University of Chicago Press
675:Nicoletti & Hearne 2012
29:
10:
1461:
1046:. 2018. pp. 207–211.
818:
192:custodian of that property
62:Seizure for Military Needs
1276:Shafir, Gershon (2017).
1139:Cornell University Press
971:Galnoor, Itzhak (2010).
877:Law & Society Review
330:
200:Kalandia industrial park
86:Ottoman Land Law of 1858
591:Lein & Weizman 2002
579:Lein & Weizman 2002
552:Lein & Weizman 2002
522:Lein & Weizman 2002
510:Lein & Weizman 2002
498:Lein & Weizman 2002
486:Lein & Weizman 2002
474:Lein & Weizman 2002
462:Lein & Weizman 2002
438:Lein & Weizman 2002
1307:Arab Studies Quarterly
1256:Arab Studies Quarterly
851:Arab Studies Quarterly
234:
94:1907 Hague Regulations
1205:10.5539/ass.v10n14p23
1044:Amnesty International
812:, pp. 29ff., 85.
347:, pp. 74–75, 74)
232:
1193:Asian Social Science
181:1967 to recent times
174:Jewish National Fund
1076:Middle East Journal
1068:. 11 November 2017.
1062:"The Jordan Valley"
836:Jerusalem Quarterly
665:, pp. 517–518.
452:, pp. 138–139.
386:by Israel in 1948,
360:by Israel in 1948,
1248:. 19 January 2016.
1246:Human Rights Watch
539:, pp. 25, 34.
537:Musaee et al. 2014
313:David Dean Shulman
235:
24:occupied West Bank
1403:978-1-844-67915-7
1375:978-1-469-61725-1
1356:Stein, Kenneth W.
1347:978-0-226-56665-8
1328:Shulman, David D.
1293:978-0-520-29350-2
1233:978-9-950-32734-4
1148:978-1-501-73194-5
1053:978-0-86210-499-3
1017:(12 March 2019).
988:978-1-136-92386-9
963:978-1-783-78312-0
908:(November 2009).
752:, pp. 11–12.
617:, pp. 47–48.
605:, pp. 10–11.
593:, pp. 62–63.
581:, pp. 60–61.
500:, pp. 52–54.
464:, pp. 48–51.
440:, pp. 37–63.
134:Absentee Property
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1407:
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1323:
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1212:
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1096:Lein, Yehezkel;
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44:Israeli outposts
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1172:10.2307/2536048
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1109:B'Tselem Report
1104:
1054:
1035:
1002:
989:
964:
944:Ehrenreich, Ben
906:Braverman, Irus
872:Braverman, Irus
830:
821:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
764:, pp. 1–2.
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732:
724:
717:
709:
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639:World Bank 2008
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397:Ehrenreich 2016
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371:Ehrenreich 2016
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351:
342:
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268:illegal outpost
256:Byzantine ruins
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64:
56:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1380:
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1324:
1314:(2–3): 42–61.
1302:Shehadeh, Raja
1298:
1292:
1273:
1263:(4): 406–423.
1250:
1238:
1232:
1213:
1184:
1153:
1147:
1125:
1093:
1083:(4): 517–530.
1070:
1058:
1052:
1029:
1011:
993:
987:
968:
962:
940:
922:(2): 237–264.
902:
884:(3): 449–482.
868:
858:(2–3): 62–73.
845:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:
802:
800:, p. 256.
798:Braverman 2009
790:
786:Braverman 2008
778:
766:
754:
750:Hareuveni 2011
742:
740:, p. 210.
730:
715:
711:Hareuveni 2011
703:
691:
689:, p. 410.
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
619:
615:Shehadeh 1985b
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399:, p. 292)
388:Ben Ehrenreich
375:
373:, p. 292)
362:Ben Ehrenreich
349:
335:
334:
332:
329:
317:Arik Ascherman
307:
304:
298:mostly around
288:Jewish Quarter
182:
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145:Jewish Quarter
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132:
81:
78:
63:
60:
55:
52:
31:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1384:Weizman, Eyal
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1199:(14): 23–39.
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1166:(1): 93–110.
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1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1098:Weizman, Eyal
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
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1030:
1026:
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1020:
1016:
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984:
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976:
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969:
965:
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945:
941:
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933:
929:
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921:
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846:
842:
838:
837:
829:
824:
823:
811:
806:
799:
794:
787:
782:
776:, p. 11.
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
720:
712:
707:
700:
699:B'Tselem 2017
695:
688:
687:Playfair 1988
683:
677:, p. 15.
676:
671:
664:
659:
653:, p. 94.
652:
647:
641:, p. 49.
640:
635:
629:, p. 66.
628:
623:
616:
611:
604:
599:
592:
587:
580:
575:
569:, p. 13.
568:
563:
561:
554:, p. 59.
553:
548:
546:
538:
533:
531:
524:, p. 57.
523:
518:
512:, p. 54.
511:
506:
499:
494:
488:, p. 51.
487:
482:
476:, p. 50.
475:
470:
463:
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451:
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427:
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306:Legal redress
303:
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277:
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248:
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231:
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225:
220:
219:Jordan Valley
216:
211:
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205:
201:
197:
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187:
178:
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165:
163:
162:Ma'ale Adumim
159:
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99:
95:
91:
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69:
66:According to
59:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:Sasson Report
37:
27:
25:
21:
1413:
1388:
1360:
1332:
1311:
1305:
1278:
1260:
1254:
1218:
1209:ResearchGate
1207:– via
1196:
1192:
1163:
1157:
1133:
1129:Lustick, Ian
1108:
1100:(May 2002).
1080:
1074:
1039:
1022:
998:
973:
954:Granta Books
948:
919:
913:
881:
875:
855:
849:
834:
810:Shulman 2018
805:
793:
781:
769:
762:Weizman 2012
757:
745:
733:
713:, p. 9.
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
603:Lustick 2018
598:
586:
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517:
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481:
469:
457:
450:Galnoor 2010
445:
433:
378:
352:
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292:
284:Umm al-Khair
236:
212:
208:Ramat Eshkol
188:
184:
171:
154:
137:
128:Umm al-Khair
116:
111:
106:
102:
90:"state land"
83:
65:
57:
48:Ariel Sharon
33:
19:
18:
1394:Verso Books
1015:Hass, Amira
627:Algazy 1985
345:Shafir 2017
321:Amiel Vardi
247:Tel Rumeida
204:French Hill
1434:Categories
1422:World Bank
774:Stein 2017
663:Kadri 1998
651:Matar 1981
567:Abowd 2000
276:miri lands
264:Ein Yabrud
215:Elon Moreh
141:Beit Horon
73:Elon Moreh
54:Mechanisms
1121:0793-520X
979:Routledge
426:Hass 2019
407:Citations
325:Ezra Nawi
280:Beersheva
1386:(2012).
1358:(2017).
1330:(2018).
1320:41857768
1269:41857980
1131:(2018).
1113:B'Tselem
1066:B'Tselem
1007:B'Tselem
946:(2016).
936:24497464
898:29734134
864:41857769
726:HRW 2016
315:, rabbi
224:Dead Sea
36:B'Tselem
30:Overview
1180:2536048
1089:4329251
1024:Haaretz
843:: 6–16.
819:Sources
738:AI 2018
300:Jericho
158:mukhtar
124:Jericho
112:musha'a
98:annexed
1400:
1372:
1344:
1318:
1290:
1267:
1230:
1224:Al-Haq
1178:
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1119:
1087:
1050:
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272:Migron
252:Mehola
196:dunams
1418:(PDF)
1316:JSTOR
1265:JSTOR
1176:JSTOR
1105:(PDF)
1085:JSTOR
1036:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
932:JSTOR
894:JSTOR
860:JSTOR
839:(7).
831:(PDF)
393:Yatta
384:Negev
367:Yatta
358:Negev
331:Notes
260:Burqa
243:Marda
238:Ariel
107:mawat
1398:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1117:ISSN
1048:ISBN
983:ISBN
958:ISBN
323:and
295:Waqf
262:and
206:and
119:Waqf
105:and
103:miri
1201:doi
1168:doi
924:doi
886:doi
270:of
1436::
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718:^
559:^
544:^
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428:.
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