5923:(p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: "national language" in the Gujarati original).
5762:(subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.
1762:
1754:
8060:
loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through
Persian, as a result of which a throrough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.
6863:
evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from
Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.
6896:
that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from
Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.
5406:
5388:
5660:हिंदुस्तानी hindustānī३ संज्ञा स्त्री॰ १. हिंदुस्तान की भाषा । २. बोलचाल या व्यवहार की वह हिंदी जिसमें न तो बहुत अरबी फारसी के शब्द हों न संस्कृत के । उ॰—साहिब लोगों ने इस देश की भाषा का एक नया नाम हिंदुस्तानी रखा । Translation: Hindustani hindustānī3 noun feminine 1. The language of Hindustan. 2. That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present. Context: The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country.
1924:
703:
2270:
5039:
5025:
513:
684:
5011:
490:
84:
7352:", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")
726:
2000:, has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words. It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.
6452:... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
1783:, though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas. This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu. A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu.
2422:, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However, an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies.
2316:
1701:, further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi-Urdu' when either of those was too specific. More recently, the word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of
5370:"Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census):
8277:
6374:
Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.
6068:
6794:
High Hindi written in
Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and
1790:
or, more generally, the vernacular of North
Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers. Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume
8709:
In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million
Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the
8059:
forms from
Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic
7276:
Hindustani is a
Central Indo-Aryan language based on Khari Boli (Khaṛi Boli). Its origin, development, and function reflect the dynamics of the sociolinguistic contact situation from which it emerged as a colloquial speech. It is inextricably linked with the emergence and standardisation of Urdu and
6566:
Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during
Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of
2323:
Prior to 1947, Hindustani was officially recognised by the
British Raj. In the post-independence period however, the term Hindustani has lost currency and is not given any official recognition by the Indian or Pakistani governments. The language is instead recognised by its standard forms, Hindi and
6895:
On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates
5432:
of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are
2255:
of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are
7074:
Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new
1878:
1441:
scripts, it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language. Alongside Persian, it achieved the status of a literary language in Muslim courts and was also used for literary purposes in
6373:
The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the
6862:
is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is
8054:
The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are
7168:
In Deccan the dialect developed and flourished independently. It is here that it received, among others, the name Dakkhni. The kings of many independent kingdoms such as Bahmani, Ādil Shahi and Qutb Shahi that came into being in Deccan patronized the dialect. It was elevated as the official
6724:
The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's
1829:
script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily
6567:
1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; .
6535:
During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ...
5672:
hindustānī hīndusta:nī: a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso-Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high-flown Sanskritized
1041:, as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn. The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved just by
1565:
of the Hindustani arose in the 19th century. While the first literary works (mostly translations of earlier works) in Sanskritised Hindustani were already written in the early 19th century as part of a literary project that included both Hindu and Muslim writers (e.g.
1410:
of the local Delhi dialect. However, as an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India; this was a result of the
7137:
Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it
1750:, literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords. The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence.
1609:, was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people. The process of hybridization also led to the formation of words in which the first element of the compound was from Khari Boli and the second from
6536:
Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.
5433:
of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
2256:
of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
1574:), the call for a distinct Sanskritised standard of Hindustani written in Devanagari under the name of Hindi became increasingly politicised in the course of the century and gained pace around 1880 in an effort to displace Urdu's official position.
6692:
Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each
2736:
Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari, and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script.
6242:
Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look
1382:
rulers in the Indian Subcontinent, and the patronisation of it by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianised
2607:
Hindustani phonology, shared by both Hindi and Urdu, is characterized by a symmetrical ten-vowel system, where vowels are distinguished by length, with long vowels typically being tense and short vowels lax. The language also includes
1497:
was given to that language. The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian:
5997:
The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al.
5869:(p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149)
6427:
Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and
5873:
There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160)
1588:
with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural
7042:
The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps
1026:. Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called
5780:
In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table
6281:
Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars (p.
7988:
after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it as their mother language
6762:
Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one
6344:
Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.
4787:
Anucchēd 1: Sabhī manuṣyō̃ kō gaurav aur adhikārō̃ kē viṣay mē̃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haĩ. Unhē̃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī dēn prāpt hai aur paraspar unhē̃ bhāīcārē kē bhāv sē bartāv karnā
6504:
It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
1641:
expanded, Hindustani speakers traveled to distant parts of India as administrators, soldiers, merchants, and artisans. As it reached new areas, Hindustani further hybridized with local languages. In the
1554:). This is all due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became the first official language of
6402:
But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.
4818:
human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.
2710:
4900:
Article 1: All humans free and rights and dignity's consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another's with brotherhood's treatment do must.
4756:अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।
2665:(via Persian). Hindustani contains around 5,500 words of Persian and Arabic origin. There are also quite a few words borrowed from English, as well as some words from other European languages such as
4804:
səbʰiːmənʊʂjõːkoːɡɔːɾəʋɔːɾədʰɪkɑːɾõːkeːʋɪʂəjmẽːdʒənmədʒɑːtsʋətəntɾətɑːɔːɾsəmɑːntɑːpɾɑːptɦɛ̃ː‖ʊnʰẽːbʊdːʰɪɔːɾəntəɾɑːtmɑːkiːdeːnpɾɑːptɦɛːɔːɾpəɾəspəɾʊnʰẽːbʰɑːiːtʃɑːɾeːkeːbʰɑːʋseːbəɾtɑːʋkəɾnɑːtʃɑːɦɪeː‖]
4910:
Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
7107:
Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century AD in and around the Indian cities of Dehli and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony.
4972:
Film titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the
7807:
4772:انُچھید ١ : سبھی منُشیوں کو گورو اور ادھکاروں کے وِشئے میں جنمجات سوَتنتْرتا پراپت ہیں۔ اُنہیں بدھی اور انتراتما کی دین پراپت ہے اور پرسپر اُنہیں بھائی چارے کے بھاؤ سے برتاؤ کرنا چاہئے۔
4872:
Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq ō ʻizzat kē iʻtibār sē barābar paidā hu’ē haĩ. Unhē̃ żamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī haĩ. Isli’ē unhē̃ ēk dūsrē kē sāth bhā’ī cārē kā sulūk karnā cāhi’ē.
2482:, and also the Union Territories of Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as
1037:
The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma
940:
4842::دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔
2740:
However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet.
4828:
Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
5958:
Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.
1697:
from the late 18th through to the late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi', and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of
1152:
than Hindustani. The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.
4889:
dəfaːeːktəmaːmɪnsaːnaːzaːdɔːɾhʊquːqoːizːətkeːɛːtəbaːɾseːbəɾaːbəɾpɛːdaːhʊeːhɛ̃ːʊnʱẽːzəmiːɾɔːɾəqlʋədiːəthʊiːhɛ̃ːɪslɪeːʊnʱẽːeːkduːsɾeːkeːsaːtʰbʱaːiːtʃaːɾeːkaːsʊluːkkəɾnaːtʃaːhɪeː
4858:दफ़ा १ — तमाम इनसान आज़ाद और हुक़ूक़ ओ इज़्ज़त के ऐतबार से बराबर पैदा हुए हैं। उन्हें ज़मीर और अक़्ल वदीयत हुई हैं। इसलिए उन्हें एक दूसरे के साथ भाई चारे का सुलूक करना चाहीए।
2356:.) At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English.
7711:
7675:
6357:
7075:
language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.
1481:
In the 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Hindustani, one of the successors of
6594:
The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
9236:. (A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English / abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor; as edited by the late W. Hunter; by William Carmichael Smyth.)
11829:
6149:
8023:
Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.
6705:
5828:
before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies
7444:
2520:
of North India and Pakistan in South Asia, Hindustani is also spoken by many in the South Asian diaspora and their descendants around the world, including
6830:
People in Delhi spoke Khari Boli, a language the British called Hindustani. It used an Indo-Aryan grammatical structure and numerous Persian "loan-words."
9144:
5516:
7008:
8906:
5428:
We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the
2251:
We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the
12814:
11785:
8353:
5582:
4746:, in the two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. Because this is a formal legal text, differences in vocabulary are most pronounced.
7482:
5624:
f Hindustani (a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan
548:
9952:
7837:
6628:
The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.
725:
8252:
6040:
4683:
when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu (unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet) are mostly mutually intelligible as well.
8880:
1131:
947:
9919:
2459:
9288:
7746:
Nijhawan, S. 2016. "Hindi, Urdu or Hindustani? Revisiting 'National Language' Debates through Radio Broadcasting in Late Colonial India."
1746:
and core vocabulary, they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent
12748:
7311:
is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kürügän" ("son-in-law"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into
5816:
The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level
5692:
1167:
8404:
5477:(1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.
5343:
2616:
and murmured sounds. Hindustani maintains a four-way phonation distinction among plosives, unlike the two-way distinction in English.
2247:
be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were:
8149:
6663:
Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.
3909:
3419:
1638:
5544:
12829:
7582:
1072:, evolving into the present form of Hindustani. The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the
11834:
6307:
is designated the Old NIA stage because it is at this stage that the NIA languages such as Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati,
5087:
2353:
9320:
8073:
7722:
7686:
2333:
554:
11778:
9702:
8757:
8494:
8446:
8133:
8108:
8047:
8016:
7966:
7790:
7659:
7624:
7557:
7532:
in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.
7521:
7458:
7428:
7300:
7269:
7238:
7211:
7130:
7035:
6823:
6787:
6755:
6656:
6621:
6559:
6528:
6497:
6395:
6266:
6021:
5990:
5951:
5458:
4743:
3527:
2836:
1148:, though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other
17:
7897:
9559:
9268:
8562:
2548:
films and songs in the region, as well as the fact that many Afghan refugees spent time in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s.
1859:
the neutralized form of Hindustani used in popular television and films (which is nearly identical to colloquial Urdu), or
1705:
films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu.
9554:
6422:
5473:, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his
4992:
4351:
3426:
702:
12753:
9945:
9549:
9041:
3535:
2850:
1712:
increasing with the later spread of English as a world language. This has created a new variant of Hindustani known as
921:
2319:
Hindustani, in its standardised registers, is one of the official languages of both India (Hindi) and Pakistan (Urdu).
12758:
12362:
11478:
9065:
9014:
8985:
8865:
8839:
8824:
8620:
8572:
8545:
7817:
7591:
7362:
7161:
7100:
7067:
6888:
6851:
6447:
5916:
5862:
5806:
5498:
1344:
8658:
1493:
particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for a short period. The term
12255:
11771:
9914:
7027:
4049:
3731:
3440:
3057:
9597:
9574:
8197:
Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.).
7486:
5696:
4999:
partially on the basis that the films feature too much Urdu, with some critics employing the epithet "Urduwood".
4880:
4796:
4657:
4239:
3485:
3326:
2864:
1056:, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the
10351:
9664:
9223:
3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
8484:
8206:
5082:
4649:
4463:
3433:
2871:
1116:
1042:
836:
9089:(8 ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215
8736:
Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.
5513:
674:
12824:
12380:
11130:
10168:
9938:
8939:
8588:
3993:
3703:
3447:
3088:
3069:
2352:) of the Union." (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country—India has
588:
579:
8723:
709:
616:
607:
12809:
12334:
12324:
11839:
11101:
10921:
10767:
10087:
9669:
9166:. Vol. 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399
8860:
5110:
4471:
4077:
4021:
3675:
3454:
2878:
1073:
933:
762:
734:
5631:
4888:
3339:
3320:
3255:
3243:
3185:
3180:
3161:
3082:
3063:
2991:
2965:
2281:
1938:(or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the
11664:
11632:
11488:
9283:
7001:
5854:
5579:
4621:
4515:
4479:
3759:
3647:
3155:
2885:
2843:
2404:
1901:
1818:
1739:
1729:
1562:
1251:
1173:
991:
534:
382:
9252:
4803:
1838:
includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word
12722:
11880:
11198:
9826:
9659:
9569:
9313:
9228:
8533:
7510:
Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān
5943:
4613:
4133:
3591:
3519:
3412:
3314:
2829:
2235:
1725:
1003:
845:
9273:
8675:
7396:
7344:
6957:"From a Symbol of Colonial Conquest to the Scripta Franca: The Roman Script for South Asian Languages"
6589:
5649:
12773:
12738:
11637:
11338:
11312:
10751:
10635:
9899:
9695:
8314:
7513:
7059:
6909:
6111:
5636:, केन्द्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, भारत सरकार (Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India), p. 1458
4655:
4647:
4619:
4611:
4583:
4555:
4547:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4433:
4405:
4377:
4349:
4321:
4293:
4265:
4237:
4209:
4161:
4159:
4131:
4105:
4103:
4075:
4047:
4019:
3991:
3965:
3963:
3935:
3875:
3873:
3845:
3817:
3791:
3789:
3729:
3701:
3673:
3645:
3617:
3589:
3561:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3076:
2971:
2056:
between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.
1761:
542:
9293:
8642:
5405:
5387:
1658:. In Dakhani, aspirated consonants were replaced with their unaspirated counterparts; for instance,
1584:'s courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as a distinct language but only as a dialect of
12768:
11809:
11533:
10297:
9377:
9126:
6361:
4985:
4521:
4487:
4267:
3847:
3765:
3619:
3461:
3237:
3167:
2959:
2857:
2585:
2359:
At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 10 of the 29 Indian states and three
2208:
916:
668:
9874:
9132:
A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani
9110:
7649:
1753:
426:
12819:
12385:
12263:
11814:
11795:
9613:
5655:
5266:
4295:
3563:
3333:
2952:
2729:
native to India, whereas the Urdu alphabet is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script written in
2230:
1961:
Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to the 13th-14th century works of
1846:
standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India (except some states such as Tamil Nadu),
1052:, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century. During the period of the
1022:) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively. Thus, it is also called
459:
198:
109:
8483:
Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.),
7349:
6613:
6607:
12395:
11861:
11741:
11610:
10886:
10680:
10507:
10035:
9858:
9618:
9485:
9462:
9414:
7577:
7331:
6815:
5904:
4680:
4211:
3191:
2985:
2696:
2487:
2408:
1850:
1367:
865:
203:
8537:
7956:
7881:
7780:
7616:
7448:
7201:
7151:
6725:
vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.
6549:
5794:
5700:
12024:
11856:
11411:
11224:
10710:
10675:
10670:
10502:
10015:
9644:
9581:
9306:
9130:
8690:
7418:
6011:
5908:
5878:... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.
5072:
5067:
4407:
4379:
3937:
3903:
3819:
3345:
3261:
3249:
3174:
2640:
2562:
2337:
2162:(amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century. The name
1853:
and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,
1407:
1161:
1081:
984:
911:
888:
466:
134:
124:
9639:
7608:
7401:
6232:. Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
1912:, an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by
1045:, instead of translation which is generally only required for religious and literary texts.
12763:
12311:
12121:
11991:
11699:
11674:
11543:
11513:
11370:
11150:
11140:
10950:
10529:
9961:
9904:
9747:
9742:
9688:
9512:
9480:
9392:
9362:
9263:
5077:
5052:
4323:
3095:
2978:
2654:
2636:
2602:
2578:
2574:
1585:
1416:
1340:
1100:
1057:
902:
769:
332:
208:
43:
8379:
6226:
8:
12778:
11959:
11954:
11903:
11819:
11746:
11553:
11274:
11259:
11191:
11165:
11155:
11080:
10587:
10514:
10497:
10242:
10072:
9372:
9345:
9104:
8697:
7877:
7748:
7718:
7712:"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"
7682:
7676:"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"
7549:
7370:
6469:
Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920
5982:
5541:
5240:
4946:
4549:
2666:
2613:
2137:
2025:
1992:, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as
1951:
1862:
the more formal neutralized form of Hindustani used in television and print news reports.
1803:(a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different.
1780:
1694:
1577:
1218:
1077:
1011:
964:
883:
369:
97:
12651:
12573:
12458:
12091:
12029:
11979:
11946:
11851:
11824:
11558:
11471:
11436:
11208:
10726:
10464:
10154:
10082:
10077:
9909:
9821:
9737:
9340:
8794:
8630:
8452:
8219:
8143:
7927:
7905:
7197:
6937:
6710:
6207:
5749:
5344:"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution"
5062:
2997:
2700:
2676:
2625:
2212:
2021:
1743:
1708:
British rule over India also introduced some English words into Hindustani, with these
1647:
1412:
1403:
874:
247:
120:
2709:
660:
12710:
12463:
12372:
12235:
12161:
12126:
12096:
12071:
12039:
12009:
12004:
11974:
11888:
11751:
11565:
11234:
11203:
11181:
11145:
10987:
10945:
10850:
10792:
10557:
10489:
10477:
10386:
10307:
10287:
10209:
10134:
10051:
9984:
9845:
9541:
9442:
9432:
9220:
9136:
9061:
9037:
9010:
8981:
8947:
8914:
8820:
8786:
8753:
8616:
8568:
8541:
8526:
8510:
8490:
8456:
8442:
8334:
8227:
8202:
8180:
8129:
8104:
8043:
8012:
7962:
7813:
7786:
7655:
7620:
7609:
7587:
7553:
7517:
7454:
7424:
7296:
7265:
7234:
7207:
7157:
7126:
7096:
7063:
7031:
6975:
6941:
6929:
6884:
6847:
6819:
6783:
6751:
6652:
6617:
6555:
6524:
6516:
6493:
6391:
6272:
6262:
6211:
6131:
6017:
5986:
5947:
5912:
5858:
5802:
5494:
5469:
of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his
5454:
5141:
4950:
3511:
2822:
2447:
2443:
1955:
1893:
1822:
1517:
1458:
Hindu courts. Its majors centres of development included the Mughal courts of Delhi,
999:
988:
11595:
11581:
8354:"The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites"
8082:
6168:
4675:, Hindustani is occasionally written in the Latin script. This adaptation is called
2554:
was derived from the Hindustani linguistic group and is spoken widely by Fijians of
1580:
in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the
1482:
1192:, a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred due to Muslim rule.
1177:
252:
12783:
12611:
12596:
12491:
12483:
12473:
12468:
12433:
12339:
12296:
12291:
12222:
12212:
12194:
12169:
12151:
12146:
12136:
12116:
12101:
12081:
12076:
12014:
11969:
11669:
11659:
11605:
11538:
11441:
11416:
11406:
11385:
11380:
11355:
11294:
11186:
11160:
11123:
11118:
11072:
11018:
10971:
10930:
10881:
10826:
10787:
10736:
10655:
10625:
10572:
10562:
10423:
10418:
10410:
10396:
10346:
10302:
10214:
10020:
9969:
9889:
9884:
9634:
9564:
9475:
9427:
9387:
9355:
8434:
8433:, SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 7–9,
8326:
8172:
7753:
7546:
Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari
7226:
7092:
6921:
6747:
6199:
6123:
5185:
5106:
4962:
4958:
2680:
2658:
2451:
2376:
2301:
2063:
2059:
2040:
1655:
1610:
1605:
population in all parts of India." Next to English it was the official language of
1571:
1471:
1263:
1240:
1209:
1139:
1135:
1069:
893:
855:
850:
785:
297:
12357:
6925:
5256:
4728:
2544:, can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of
2347:
1485:
vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the
1076:, and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern
12601:
12583:
12558:
12443:
12428:
12349:
12329:
12273:
12207:
12141:
12106:
12086:
12019:
11931:
11911:
11893:
11714:
11548:
11503:
11390:
11360:
11317:
11269:
11229:
11135:
11085:
11056:
11034:
10966:
10876:
10836:
10802:
10746:
10741:
10700:
10685:
10665:
10660:
10650:
10640:
10630:
10602:
10592:
10582:
10577:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10519:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10391:
10312:
10237:
10193:
10149:
10144:
10129:
10124:
10067:
10030:
10025:
9879:
9795:
9727:
9504:
9470:
9447:
9257:
9201:
9181:
9161:
9084:
9080:
9029:
8881:"Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office?"
8662:
8426:
8295:
7952:
7645:
7414:
7228:
7120:
6473:...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).
6089:
5894:
5844:
5730:
5586:
5548:
5520:
5252:
5044:
5030:
4981:
4973:
4942:
2726:
2684:
2360:
2305:
2053:
2045:
1966:
1947:
1651:
1447:
1391:
1374:, and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after
1359:
1232:
1197:
1149:
1053:
860:
801:
302:
213:
190:
11763:
8438:
7290:
6227:"A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu"
6225:
Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016).
6150:"After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind"
12698:
12631:
12626:
12616:
12529:
12496:
12438:
12408:
12286:
12230:
12184:
12034:
11964:
11926:
11724:
11466:
11375:
11307:
11302:
11284:
11264:
11051:
11044:
11013:
10907:
10855:
10695:
10690:
10645:
10620:
10612:
10567:
10537:
10482:
10358:
10267:
10232:
10224:
10188:
10139:
10005:
9649:
9350:
8278:
Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.
7864:
One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India
7564:
Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
7203:
Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism
6069:
Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.
5890:
5149:
4679:
or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. Since Urdu and Hindi are
4668:
2730:
2670:
2589:
2384:
2049:
1897:
1886:
1709:
1643:
1379:
1371:
1259:
1254:
dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent from Delhi, was succeeded by the
1247:
1236:
1038:
1015:
980:
353:
9140:
7374:
6910:"Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction"
6203:
5896:
An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition
12803:
12788:
12641:
12550:
12523:
12448:
12423:
12413:
12301:
12240:
12111:
11936:
11846:
11709:
11365:
11279:
11254:
11039:
10381:
10282:
9853:
9790:
9780:
9732:
9522:
9382:
8951:
8918:
8812:
8790:
8338:
8231:
8184:
7757:
6933:
6648:
6358:"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"
6329:
Hindustani as a colloquial speech developed over almost seven centuries from
6294:
6276:
6135:
5900:
5840:
5375:
4977:
4557:
2714:
2577:, still know it, although it has had no official status in the country since
2555:
2521:
2516:
2475:
2396:
2141:
1923:
1909:
1796:
1775:
1698:
1581:
1555:
1486:
1426:
1395:
1255:
976:
790:
442:
416:
376:
337:
307:
218:
6778:
Chatterji, Suniti Kumar; Siṃha, Udaẏa Nārāẏana; Padikkal, Shivarama (1997).
6311:, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi assumed distinct identities (p. 1, emphasis added)
5393:
2227:
commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a "mixture" of Hindi and Urdu.
12659:
12636:
12534:
12319:
12245:
11704:
10472:
9757:
9654:
9517:
9278:
8425:
Palakodety, Shriphani; KhudaBukhsh, Ashiqur R.; Jayachandran, Guha (2021),
8164:
7833:
7312:
5016:
4934:
4672:
4585:
4435:
2704:
2609:
2570:
2414:
In the remaining states, Hindi is not an official language. In states like
2368:
2067:
1962:
1913:
1425:, or 'mixed', which implies that it was mixed with Persian. Written in the
1384:
1193:
1188:
in the 7th–13th centuries. Hindustani emerged as a contact language around
779:
774:
447:
396:
327:
322:
9135:(2nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 1144.
8296:"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"
8176:
6256:
6090:"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"
5140:
font if you will have one installed, otherwise it may display in a modern
2062:, Hinglish colloquially refers to Romanized Hindi — Hindustani written in
643:
636:
12743:
12621:
12453:
12403:
12281:
10782:
10597:
10103:
9894:
9422:
9233:
8676:"Census data shows Canada increasingly bilingual, linguistically diverse"
8655:
8330:
6858:
On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population.
6844:
Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia
6127:
4954:
4930:
2537:
2529:
2479:
2400:
2392:
2200:
2087:
2029:
1974:
1970:
1943:
1606:
1598:
1490:
1185:
1112:
1019:
968:
180:
168:
151:
9274:
Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
8907:"Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite"
8798:
8774:
8103:. Essential grammars (1. publ ed.). London: Routledge. p. 05.
7809:
Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
7289:
Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002), Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.),
6586:
Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11
6419:
The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis
5351:
International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences
5341:
4785:
2269:
12591:
12202:
10891:
10860:
10831:
9930:
9831:
9490:
9367:
9109:(3 ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. p.
8284:. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
6880:
6390:. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies.
6075:. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
5533:
5398:
5380:
5230:
4676:
2725:, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets. Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the
2561:
Hindustani was also one of the languages that was spoken widely during
2551:
2524:(e.g., in Canada, Hindustani is one of the fastest growing languages),
2415:
2174:) appeared around 1780. It is believed to have been coined by the poet
2071:
1826:
1742:
of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu, as they share a common
1430:
1399:
1181:
1144:
1108:
806:
420:
390:
363:
342:
142:
93:
39:
7478:
7002:"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011"
6645:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
6323:
Dua, Hans (2008). "Hindustani". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.).
4870:
2454:
is the native language of the majority of the population, Urdu is the
1526:
1390:
Hindustani began to take shape as a Persianised vernacular during the
12540:
11921:
11681:
11590:
11570:
10262:
10257:
9989:
9452:
8315:"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"
8008:
6973:
Not considering whether speakers may be bilingual in Hindi and Urdu.
6112:"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"
5282:
5057:
4922:
2545:
2491:
2471:
2463:
2419:
2388:
2380:
2215:, India and Pakistan established national standards that they called
1787:
1757:
New Testament cover page in Hindustani language was published in 1842
1733:
1702:
1567:
1352:
1294:
1280:
1142:, with 843 million native and second-language speakers, according to
1085:
1049:
653:
627:
599:
571:
257:
9294:
National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)
6956:
5651:
Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition
1877:
1769:
The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as
1378:, a continuation since the introduction of Persian by Central Asian
12703:
12606:
12568:
12418:
12131:
12059:
11719:
11461:
10812:
10277:
10272:
10252:
10010:
9752:
9527:
8508:
Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. 2011. "The Urdu language reforms."
8128:(in enghinurd). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. p. 09.
7193:
6187:
5742:
5137:
5038:
4996:
4966:
2650:
2645:
Hindi-Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from
2223:
respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with the result that
2075:
2017:
2010:
1905:
1831:
1800:
1713:
1438:
1096:
1061:
1048:
Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of
1027:
972:
795:
518:
432:
400:
372:
156:
5737:... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...
5590:. 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4),
11916:
11653:
11524:
10997:
10731:
10247:
9785:
9247:
8424:
5979:
Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context
5850:
5595:
5560:
2646:
2566:
2483:
2372:
2175:
2144:
in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords.
1935:
1856:
the vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India,
1792:
1747:
1459:
1092:
1065:
812:
713:
689:
683:
317:
7227:
Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005),
5776:
Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning
2683:
affixes became so assimilated that they were used with original
12675:
12179:
12066:
11999:
10992:
10841:
10816:
10376:
10368:
10292:
10183:
10108:
9805:
9800:
9500:
9058:
A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani
9005:
Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language." In
8611:
Schmidt, Ruth L (2003). Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).
5591:
5451:
The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray
5145:
4926:
2722:
2662:
2525:
2155:
2146:
1987:
1939:
1917:
1602:
1590:
1475:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1434:
1421:
1317:
1104:
1031:
822:
817:
410:
404:
312:
147:
7782:
Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach
7450:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
5523:, 2009. D.Ed. Special Education (Deaf & Hard of Hearing),
12049:
10807:
10705:
9329:
9034:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
8486:
Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia
7958:
Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis
7928:"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica"
7898:"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica"
7886:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 344. GGKEY:P8ZHWWKEKAJ.
7651:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
7153:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
6773:
6771:
6386:
Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985).
5599:
5537:
5315:
5298:
5215:
2541:
2467:
2364:
2315:
2159:
2133:
2034:
1812:
1738:
Although, at the spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered
1594:
1375:
1348:
1239:
region, which led to the development of its southern dialect
1189:
1123:
995:
751:
500:
495:
436:
277:
138:
83:
31:
9007:
Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations
8691:"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"
1231:'). By the end of the century, the military exploits of
12715:
12563:
12174:
12054:
11508:
10821:
9711:
8528:
Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan
7611:
Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan
7245:... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the
5319:
5302:
5221:
4938:
2458:. In India, Urdu is one of the languages recognised in the
2192:
2178:. In local literature and speech, it was also known as the
1872:
1463:
1443:
1127:
1119:
increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.
1007:
756:
523:
504:
386:
282:
35:
6768:
6254:
5203:
11600:
7528:
Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending
6706:"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar"
6554:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430 (Appendix I).
6379:
5342:
Robina Kausar; Muhammad Sarwar; Muhammad Shabbir (eds.).
5194:
2612:
vowels, as well as a wide array of consonants, including
2211:
published "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language". Upon
2186:. Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name
1172:
Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the
9298:
7118:
5774:
Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023).
5605:
9680:
7249:
of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...
5732:
Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts
5728:
5633:बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2)
5244:
5234:
5169:
5161:
5154:
4715:
4704:
2592:
from various countries live and work for several years.
2341:
2125:
2119:
2107:
2101:
1904:. It is written, except in some parts of India, in the
1834:, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term
1535:
1200:
period in North India, used these forms (which was the
9264:
Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi–Urdu Commitment
8853:
7230:
World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives
7174:
6777:
2733:, which is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu.
1243:, which was promoted by Muslim rulers in the Deccan.
1068:
base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from
8405:"Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English"
8081:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. Archived from
7288:
7024:
The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages
6385:
5218:
5209:
5197:
5188:
1765:
First chapter of New Testament in Hindustani language
1512:, 'language of the camp'). The etymology of the word
1204:
of the period) in his writings and referred to it as
9206:(reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259
9199:
9179:
9159:
9009:, edited by M. G. Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
8418:
8300:
International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter
7838:"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India"
7769:
Khalid, Kanwal. "Lahore During the Ghanavid Period".
6094:
International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter
5799:
Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
5212:
5200:
5006:
4980:
are almost entirely in Urdu, whereas films based on
2679:
also borrowed Persian prefixes to create new words.
2462:
and is an official language of the Indian states of
9020:Dua, Hans R. 1994a. "Hindustani." Pp. 1554 in
9002:(rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
8726:. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations
7420:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
7292:
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
6609:
The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline
5786:
5532:The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of
5206:
5191:
1825:of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous
1320:, and Hindi. Its regional dialects became known as
9203:A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English
8715:
8525:
8319:ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
8169:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
8075:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
8033:
8031:
7945:
7883:Indika, The country and People of India and Ceylon
7402:Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids
7009:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
6908:Brandt, Carmen; Sohoni, Pushkar (2 January 2018).
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6224:
6116:ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
5833:
5687:
5685:
5683:
4988:make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary.
2584:Hindustani is also spoken in the countries of the
2078:), often also mixed with English words or phrases.
11793:
8980:, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
8905:Raj, Kaushik; Gurmat, Sabah (30 September 2022).
8656:Government of India: National Policy on Education
8165:"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu"
7812:. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159.
6515:
6471:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.
5883:
5561:"National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language"
4742:The following is a sample text, Article 1 of the
1830:Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around
1196:, who lived in the thirteenth century during the
1115:in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with
12801:
9053:, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
9024:, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
8976:Asher, R. E. 1994. "Hindi." Pp. 1547–49 in
8775:"Some Linguistic Influences of English on Hindi"
8747:
8724:"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"
8005:Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India
7998:
7996:
7778:
6412:
6410:
5801:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150,
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Pakistan
9079:
8847:UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
8489:, University of California Press, p. 806,
8282:International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH
8220:"A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million"
8028:
7654:. University of California Press. p. 912.
7640:
7638:
7636:
7483:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
7086:
6668:
6188:"Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani"
6073:International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH
6013:Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish
5680:
5471:Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English
4671:in South Asia and the international use of the
1091:The language's core vocabulary is derived from
549:National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
7799:
7262:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
7122:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
6579:
6577:
6575:
6483:
6481:
6325:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
4995:have been launched against Bollywood films by
2132:). During this period, Hindustani was used by
1916:vocabulary and was historically also known as
11779:
9946:
9696:
9314:
9125:
8721:
8371:
8211:
7993:
7785:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 120–.
7413:
7220:
6976:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"
6805:
6803:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6407:
6352:
6350:
2502:Urdu is treated with just as much respect as
2096:referred to this language of his writings as
1507:
1246:The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several
941:
9183:A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language
9163:A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language
9106:A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language
9051:The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics
9022:The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics
8978:The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics
8752:. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. x.
8523:
8306:
8287:
8270:
8245:
8123:
7832:
7633:
7606:
7254:
6907:
6599:
6009:
5666:Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), "हिंदुस्तानी",
5614:McGregor, R. S., ed. (1993), "हिंदुस्तानी",
5488:
5366:
5364:
4933:uses Standard Hindi, colloquial Hindustani,
2721:Historically, Hindustani was written in the
2509:
2460:Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India
12749:Meitei associate official language movement
9102:
8710:decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.
8682:
8469:
8037:
7986:. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
7961:. Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
7537:
7206:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
7192:
7015:
6780:Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute
6685:
6638:
6636:
6572:
6490:History Of Printing And Publishing In India
6478:
6462:
6460:
6438:
6436:
6255:Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona, eds. (2007).
5963:
5933:
5931:
5715:
5271:
5123:
4916:
4769:
4754:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2028:and the Hindustani language. Its name is a
1902:22 officially recognised languages of India
1819:22 officially recognized languages of India
1786:This can be seen in the popular culture of
1168:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
11786:
11772:
9953:
9939:
9703:
9689:
9321:
9307:
8722:Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013).
8581:
8126:Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader
8002:
7805:
7575:
7501:
7337:
6868:
6800:
6730:
6492:. National Book Trust, India. p. 31.
6347:
6192:Comparative Studies in Society and History
5752:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 November 2018
5665:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5246:
5163:
5153:
5148:and most other non-Urdu languages such as
4856:
4841:
4839:
4771:
4717:
4632:
4630:
4596:
4594:
4568:
4566:
4532:
4530:
4498:
4496:
4446:
4444:
4418:
4416:
4390:
4388:
4362:
4360:
4334:
4332:
4306:
4304:
4278:
4276:
4250:
4248:
4222:
4220:
4194:
4192:
4172:
4170:
4144:
4142:
4116:
4114:
4088:
4086:
4060:
4058:
4032:
4030:
4004:
4002:
3976:
3974:
3948:
3946:
3920:
3918:
3886:
3884:
3858:
3856:
3830:
3828:
3802:
3800:
3776:
3774:
3742:
3740:
3714:
3712:
3686:
3684:
3658:
3656:
3630:
3628:
3602:
3600:
3574:
3572:
3546:
3544:
3494:
3492:
2450:. Although English is spoken by many, and
2433:
2431:
2127:
2109:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1107:(via Persian). It is often written in the
948:
934:
688:Areas (red) where Hindustani (Delhlavi or
682:
82:
72:
8904:
8819:, John Benjamins Publishing, p. 17,
8098:
7772:
7600:
7282:
7112:
7048:
6835:
6698:
6416:
5773:
5618:, Oxford University Press, p. 1071,
5444:
5442:
5440:
5361:
5245:
5174:, then you are not seeing it in Nastaliq.
5170:
5162:
5155:
4716:
2136:in promulgating their message across the
2126:
2108:
1536:
12815:Languages attested from the 13th century
9960:
8772:
8560:
8377:
7583:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
7355:
7149:
7143:
6686:Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005).
6633:
6605:
6509:
6457:
6433:
6301:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
6185:
5928:
5613:
4840:
4770:
4691:
2708:
2314:
2207:was used by British officials. In 1796,
1950:spoken in and around the capital of the
1922:
1876:
1760:
1752:
1269:Ancestors of the language were known as
979:of the region. It is also spoken by the
9036:, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186,
9027:
8610:
8217:
8201:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254.
7951:
7845:Pakistan Journal of History and Culture
7644:
7615:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
7543:
7180:
7056:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
7021:
6877:Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories
6583:
6487:
6444:Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4
5976:
5839:
5542:Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction
5413:
5088:Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation
1343:, deriving its base primarily from the
1043:transliteration between the two scripts
178:million (2011 & 2017 censuses)
14:
12802:
9229:A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English
9086:English and Urdu dictionary, romanized
9049:—— 1994b. "Urdu." Pp. 4863–64 in
8811:
8688:
8590:A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language
8482:
8293:
8071:
8038:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007).
7981:
7507:
7472:
7470:
6954:
6874:
6812:India: A Primary Source Cultural Guide
6809:
6741:
6547:
6327:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 497–500.
6293:
6087:
5889:
5437:
5265:
1849:formal or official Hindi advocated by
1415:in Hindustan that created a composite
555:National Language Promotion Department
108:
11767:
9934:
9684:
9302:
9260:academic lessons taught in Hindi-Urdu
9221:A Dictionary, Hindustani and English.
8995:. London: English Universities Press.
8431:Low Resource Social Media Text Mining
8312:
8148:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
7876:
7866:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6841:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6083:
6081:
6063:
6061:
6035:
6033:
6010:Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011).
5792:
4921:The predominant Indian film industry
4744:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4696:An example of colloquial Hindustani:
2653:, as well as a substantial amount of
2332:Hindi is declared by Article 343(1),
1132:3rd-most-spoken language in the world
716:characters in this article correctly.
9560:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
9269:Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?
9147:from the original on 19 October 2018
8750:Perso-Arabic Loanwords in Hindustani
8748:Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, Agnieszka (2008).
8567:. Mittal Publications. p. 136.
8162:
7861:
7443:
6642:
6521:Principles of Historical Linguistics
6466:
5937:
5670:, Delhi: National Publishing House,
5668:A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary
5493:. Evincepub publishing. p. 43.
2264:
1980:
1530:, and known in local translation as
1413:contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures
1058:contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures
9555:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
9032:, in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.),
8351:
8218:Baldauf, Scott (23 November 2004).
8163:King, Robert D. (10 January 2001).
8124:Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990).
7476:
7467:
7186:
7119:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008),
6612:. Oxford University Press. p.
6322:
5647:
5616:The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary
5448:
5144:in a style more common for writing
2432:
1548:
1508:
1329:
1310:
1299:
1285:
1213:
24:
12754:Meitei classical language movement
9550:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
9072:
9060:. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
8427:"Low Resource Machine Translation"
8378:Coughlan, Sean (8 November 2006).
8313:Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985).
8065:
7489:from the original on 19 April 2010
7320:
7156:. Allied Publishers. p. 186.
6541:
6523:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 475.
6186:Lelyveld, David (1 January 1993).
6110:Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985).
6100:
6078:
6058:
6030:
4969:in scripts and soundtrack lyrics.
2310:
1946:, with the prestige dialect being
1799:(known for its usage of Urdu) and
25:
12841:
12759:Meitei linguistic purism movement
9241:
9186:. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399
8866:National Science and Media Museum
7369:(Sixth ed.). New York City:
6955:Brandt, Carmen (1 January 2020).
6690:. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12.
6448:Tata Institute of Social Sciences
6333:to 1800 (p. 497, emphasis added).
4749:
4520:
4514:
3908:
3902:
3764:
3758:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3344:
3332:
3325:
3313:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3190:
3173:
3166:
3154:
3094:
3087:
3075:
3068:
3056:
2996:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2958:
2951:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2690:
2494:, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and
1806:
1561:Hindi as a standardised literary
1419:. The language was also known as
1235:, introduced the language in the
11656:(unknown further classification)
8932:
8898:
8873:
8832:
8805:
8773:Chandola, Anoop Chandra (1963).
8766:
8741:
8668:
8649:
8604:
8554:
8517:
8502:
8397:
8345:
8191:
8156:
7028:University of Pennsylvania Press
6875:Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017).
5903:. annotation by Suhrud, Tridip.
5778:. Lexington Books. p. 198.
5729:Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994),
5404:
5386:
5308:
5184:
5037:
5023:
5009:
4834:
2268:
2154:('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi,
2009:This section is an excerpt from
1930:title in the Perso-Arabic script
1866:
1470:as well as the Rajput courts of
724:
701:
511:
488:
12830:Languages written in Devanagari
9598:Department of Official Language
9575:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
8969:
8861:"Decoding the Bollywood poster"
8615:. Routledge. pp. 318–319.
8253:"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"
8117:
8092:
7975:
7920:
7890:
7870:
7855:
7826:
7763:
7740:
7704:
7668:
7569:
7437:
7407:
7389:
7264:. Elsevier. 2010. p. 497.
7150:Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008).
7080:
6994:
6967:
6948:
6914:South Asian History and Culture
6901:
6423:University of Wisconsin–Madison
6338:
6316:
6287:
6248:
6218:
6179:
6169:"The Persistence of Hindustani"
6166:
6160:
6142:
6041:"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"
6003:
5767:
5697:North Carolina State University
5571:
5291:
5235:
5177:
5130:
5116:
5058:Hindustan (Indian subcontinent)
4705:
2442:) of Pakistan, where it shares
2430:Urdu is the national language (
2342:
2120:
2102:
1693:When the British colonised the
1524:('camp'), cognate with English
1442:various other settings such as
1339:or Urdu around Delhi. It is an
9920:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
7904:. 1 April 2022. Archived from
6810:Draper, Allison Stark (2003).
6467:Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008).
5824:are the same language (called
5793:Trask, R. L. (8 August 2019),
5553:
5526:
5507:
5482:
5335:
5099:
4857:
4686:
1965:, often called the "father of
1791:that the Hindustani spoken in
1314: 'Language of Hindustan'
1303: 'Language of Hindustan'
763:Regional or dialectal variants
13:
1:
9915:Progressive Writers' Movement
9248:Bolti Dictionary (Hindustani)
9160:John Thompson Platts (1874).
8524:Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009).
8294:Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009).
8099:Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007).
7862:King, Christopher R. (1994).
7607:Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009).
7423:. A&C Black. p. 18.
7417:; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012).
7087:Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2011).
6926:10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048
6088:Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009).
5977:Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019).
5328:
2649:, which in turn derives from
2630:
2260:
2090:
1973:is seen as the progenitor of
1779:of the north and west of the
1502:('language of the court') or
1387:Turkic and Afghan dynasties.
1358:Although the Mughals were of
172:
6305:between 1000 AD-1200/1300 AD
6156:. The Feral. 3 October 2019.
5580:Standard Code Table for Urdu
5491:Glimpses of Indian Languages
5257:
5136:This will only display in a
5111:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
5105:Not to be confused with the
4961:and with the liberal use of
4865:Transliteration (ISO 15919)
4780:Transliteration (ISO 15919)
4729:
2596:
2348:
2233:, in his highly influential
1719:
1258:in 1526 and preceded by the
1080:, which is reflected in the
1074:Indian Independence movement
30:For its official forms, see
7:
9289:Hindustani online resources
9196:the New York Public Library
8998:Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960.
8779:Anthropological Linguistics
8564:Marathwada Under the Nizams
8439:10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5
8101:Hindi: an essential grammar
8003:Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019).
7295:, Modern Library Classics,
5855:University of Chicago Press
5735:, University of Wisconsin,
5602:. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.
5489:Gangopadhyay, Avik (2020).
5426:Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47.
5002:
4871:
4851:Devanagari transliteration
4786:
2405:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2340:as the "official language (
2070:instead of the traditional
2003:
1900:of Pakistan and one of the
1817:Standard Hindi, one of the
1730:Register (sociolinguistics)
1333: 'Language of Gujars'
10:
12846:
11830:list by number of speakers
9258:Khan Academy (Hindi-Urdu):
9122:the University of Michigan
9099:the University of Michigan
8689:Hakala, Walter N. (2012).
8534:Cambridge University Press
6584:Ashmore, Harry S. (1961).
6417:Dhulipala, Venkat (2000).
5944:Cambridge University Press
5648:Das, Shyamasundar (1975),
5083:Hindi–Urdu transliteration
4905:Translation (grammatical)
4823:Translation (grammatical)
2694:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2600:
2299:
2239:, proposed that the names
2236:Linguistic Survey of India
2140:. After the advent of the
2008:
1870:
1810:
1723:
1402:. Hindustani retained the
1289: 'Language of India'
1165:
1159:
1155:
183:: ~500 million (1999–2016)
29:
12731:
12688:
12668:
12650:
12582:
12549:
12516:
12509:
12482:
12394:
12371:
12348:
12310:
12272:
12254:
12221:
12193:
12160:
11990:
11945:
11902:
11879:
11870:
11802:
11733:
11690:
11646:
11623:
11579:
11522:
11496:
11487:
11454:
11429:
11399:
11348:
11337:
11330:
11293:
11247:
11217:
11174:
11111:
11100:
11065:
11027:
11006:
10980:
10959:
10938:
10929:
10920:
10900:
10869:
10775:
10766:
10719:
10611:
10528:
10463:
10456:
10409:
10367:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10223:
10202:
10176:
10167:
10117:
10096:
10060:
10044:
9998:
9977:
9968:
9867:
9844:
9814:
9773:
9766:
9718:
9627:
9606:
9590:
9540:
9499:
9461:
9413:
9406:
9336:
9328:
9279:GRN Report for Hindustani
8993:Teach yourself Hindustani
8224:Christian Science Monitor
7806:Coatsworth, John (2015).
7779:Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009).
7514:Brill Academic Publishers
7508:Strnad, Jaroslav (2013).
7445:Laet, Sigfried J. de Laet
7367:The Columbia Encyclopedia
7060:Brill Academic Publishers
6742:Kuiper, Kathleen (2010).
6688:Hindi, Urdu & Bengali
6606:Tunstall, Jeremy (2008).
6548:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
6362:Google Arts & Culture
6204:10.1017/S0010417500018661
5475:One Language, Two Scripts
5124:
4755:
4631:
4595:
4567:
4531:
4497:
4445:
4417:
4389:
4361:
4333:
4305:
4277:
4249:
4221:
4193:
4171:
4143:
4115:
4087:
4059:
4031:
4003:
3975:
3947:
3919:
3885:
3857:
3829:
3801:
3775:
3741:
3713:
3685:
3657:
3629:
3601:
3573:
3545:
3493:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2565:. Many older citizens of
2536:A sizeable population in
2510:Geographical distribution
1542:), which is shortened to
1489:among the educated elite
975:, and functioning as the
681:
667:
651:
625:
597:
569:
564:
543:Central Hindi Directorate
533:
480:Official language in
478:
473:
456:
350:
291:
268:
240:
187:
162:
130:
116:
104:
81:
65:
60:
55:
11534:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
9710:
9253:Hamari Boli (Hindustani)
8991:Bailey, Thomas G. 1950.
8940:"The siege of Bollywood"
8040:The Indo-Aryan Languages
7984:The Indo-Aryan Languages
7758:10.1177/0262728015615486
7586:(2 ed.). Elsevier.
6551:The Indo-Aryan Languages
6258:The Indo-Aryan languages
5940:The Rhetoric of Hindutva
5846:A Dictionary of Language
5267:[ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː]
5093:
4917:Hindustani and Bollywood
2586:Gulf Cooperation Council
2327:
2209:John Borthwick Gilchrist
2082:
1130:together constitute the
712:to display the uncommon
692:) is the native language
110:[ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː]
12264:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
11796:languages of South Asia
9614:World Hindi Secretariat
9200:—— (1884).
9180:—— (1892).
8593:, Chronicle Press, 1796
8380:"It's Hinglish, innit?"
7453:. UNESCO. p. 734.
7404:, Online Edition, 2007.
7397:Encyclopædia Britannica
7345:Encyclopædia Britannica
7022:Gambhir, Vijay (1995).
6590:Encyclopædia Britannica
6488:Kesavan, B. S. (1997).
6016:. Penguin Books India.
5656:Nagari Pracharini Sabha
5519:13 January 2014 at the
5449:Ray, Aniruddha (2011).
2425:
2182:(military language) or
1842:include, among others:
675:to -qf 59-AAF-qa to -qf
383:Bengali–Assamese script
11742:Indo-Iranian languages
9859:Hindi-Urdu controversy
9619:World Hindi Conference
9591:National organizations
9570:Hindi–Urdu controversy
8199:Language in South Asia
8072:Rahman, Tariq (2011).
7982:Masica, Colin (1991).
7334:, Online Edition, 2006
7332:Encyclopaedia of Islam
7062:. 1993. p. 1024.
6846:. Verso. p. 113.
6816:Rosen Publishing Group
5938:Basu, Manisha (2017).
5565:www.urducouncil.nic.in
5536:and Hindi spelling in
5514:Norms & Guidelines
2718:
2697:Hindustani orthography
2409:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
2320:
2258:
1931:
1889:
1883:Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla
1851:Purushottam Das Tandon
1766:
1758:
1726:Hindi–Urdu controversy
1654:and came to be called
1111:or the Arabic-derived
1004:influenced by Sanskrit
866:Hindustani orthography
846:Hindi–Urdu controversy
38:. For other uses, see
11412:Maharashtrian Konkani
9645:Sahitya Akademi Award
9582:Punjabi Suba movement
9028:Mustafa, K.S (2008),
8177:10.1515/ijsl.2001.035
6842:Ahmad, Aijaz (2002).
6450:. 1943. p. 264.
6261:. London: Routledge.
5909:Yale University Press
5750:"Hindustani language"
5547:15 April 2010 at the
5467:Hindustani Dictionary
5073:List of Hindi authors
5068:Languages of Pakistan
4895:Gloss (word-to-word)
4809:Gloss (word-to-word)
4764:Urdu transliteration
4692:Colloquial Hindustani
4681:mutually intelligible
2712:
2641:Hindustani vocabulary
2563:British rule in Burma
2354:23 official languages
2318:
2249:
1926:
1880:
1764:
1756:
1500:Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla
1335:) in Gujarat, and as
1162:History of Hindustani
1082:Hindustani vocabulary
1016:influenced by Persian
985:pluricentric language
467:Indian Signing System
135:Western Uttar Pradesh
18:Language of Hindostan
12825:Indo-Aryan languages
11700:Andaman Creole Hindi
11131:Bishnupriya Manipuri
10951:Caribbean Hindustani
9962:Indo-Aryan languages
9607:Global organizations
9513:Andaman Creole Hindi
9481:Caribbean Hindustani
9103:John Dowson (1908).
9000:Indo-Aryan and Hindi
8661:20 June 2006 at the
8331:10.1075/itl.70.02sin
7878:Hurst, John Fletcher
7544:Farooqi, M. (2012).
7089:The Culture of India
6744:The Culture of India
6643:Hiro, Dilip (2015).
6154:Prabhu Mallikarjunan
6128:10.1075/itl.70.02sin
5654:, Kashi (Varanasi):
5585:8 April 2019 at the
5078:List of Urdu authors
5053:Caribbean Hindustani
2637:Hindustani etymology
2603:Hindustani phonology
2044:. In the context of
1963:Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī
1773:. Hindustani is the
1686:'understand' became
1637:'house, place'). As
1625:'house, place') and
1417:Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
1099:), with substantial
922:Phonological history
435:(historical, mainly
98:Perso-Arabic scripts
44:Caribbean Hindustani
12810:Hindustani language
12779:Pure Tamil movement
12335:Southern Nicobarese
11747:Nuristani languages
11479:Mitanni superstrate
10088:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
8869:. 28 February 2013.
8698:National Geographic
8276:Salwathura, A. N. "
8257:read.dukeupress.edu
8088:on 10 October 2014.
7749:South Asia Research
7719:Columbia University
7683:Columbia University
7576:Hindustani (2005).
7477:Taj, Afroz (1997).
7371:Columbia University
7198:Yakobson, Alexander
6782:. Sahitya Akademi.
6067:Salwathura, A. N. "
6045:read.dukeupress.edu
5983:Springer Publishing
4738:: How much is this?
3472:
2745:
2338:Indian Constitution
2138:Indian subcontinent
1942:and other parts of
1781:Indian subcontinent
1695:Indian subcontinent
1670:'dissolved' became
1578:John Fletcher Hurst
1433:, and occasionally
1394:(1206–1526 AD) and
1370:descent, they were
1341:Indo-Aryan language
1324:in southern India,
1078:Indian subcontinent
1012:Perso-Arabic script
965:Indo-Aryan language
743:Hindustani language
12689:Prestige language-
12325:Central Nicobarese
11633:Proto-Indo-Iranian
11514:Early Ardhamagadhi
9219:Shakespear, John.
9056:Rai, Amrit. 1984.
7932:www.britannica.com
7479:"About Hindi-Urdu"
7377:on 5 December 2006
6711:The Times of India
5693:"About Hindi-Urdu"
5063:Languages of India
4997:Hindu nationalists
3470:
2743:
2719:
2701:Devanagari Braille
2626:Hindustani grammar
2514:Besides being the
2321:
2280:. You can help by
2058:In the context of
1932:
1890:
1767:
1759:
1398:(1526–1858 AD) in
983:. Hindustani is a
903:Linguistic history
640: – Hindi
248:Shauraseni Prakrit
12797:
12796:
12711:Perso-Arabization
12684:
12683:
12505:
12504:
11761:
11760:
11752:Iranian languages
11619:
11618:
11539:Dramatic Prakrits
11450:
11449:
11425:
11424:
11326:
11325:
11243:
11242:
11199:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
11096:
11095:
10916:
10915:
10762:
10761:
10752:list of languages
10452:
10451:
10405:
10404:
10321:
10320:
10163:
10162:
9928:
9927:
9840:
9839:
9678:
9677:
9542:Language politics
9536:
9535:
9284:Hindustani Poetry
9216:Oxford University
9176:Oxford University
8759:978-83-7188-161-9
8561:P.V.Kate (1987).
8496:978-0-520-22821-4
8448:978-981-16-5624-8
8384:BBC News Magazine
8352:Daniyal, Shoaib.
8135:978-81-7026-162-9
8110:978-0-415-35671-8
8049:978-1-135-79711-9
8018:978-1-00-070224-8
7968:978-0-521-78737-6
7851:(2). NIHCR: 1–42.
7792:978-81-8069-568-1
7661:978-0-520-22821-4
7626:978-0-521-51931-1
7559:978-1-137-02692-7
7523:978-90-04-25489-3
7460:978-92-3-102813-7
7430:978-1-4411-5127-8
7302:978-0-375-76137-9
7271:978-0-08-087775-4
7240:978-0-7167-1904-5
7213:978-1-107-00785-7
7132:978-0-08-087774-7
7037:978-0-8122-3328-5
6860:Farhang-e-Asafiya
6825:978-0-8239-3838-4
6789:978-81-260-0353-2
6757:978-1-61530-149-2
6658:978-1-56858-503-1
6623:978-0-19-518146-3
6561:978-0-521-29944-2
6530:978-3-11-012962-5
6517:Hans Henrich Hock
6499:978-81-237-2120-0
6397:978-0-907962-30-4
6268:978-1-135-79711-9
6023:978-0-14-341639-5
5992:978-981-13-3125-1
5953:978-1-107-14987-8
5703:on 15 August 2009
5460:978-93-80607-16-0
5402:(21st ed., 2018)
5384:(21st ed., 2018)
5301:: बोलचाल हिन्दी,
4991:In recent years,
4914:
4913:
4832:
4831:
4665:
4664:
3468:
3467:
2444:official language
2361:Union Territories
2298:
2297:
2241:Hindustani, Urdu,
2114:, 'of Delhi') or
1981:Bazaar Hindustani
1956:Deccan Sultanates
1894:national language
1823:official language
1629:'fashion house' (
1307:Hindustan ki boli
1222:
1174:Middle Indo-Aryan
1109:Devanagari script
1103:from Persian and
1095:(a descendant of
1088:films and songs.
1000:Devanagari script
958:
957:
710:rendering support
697:
696:
647: – Urdu
535:Regulated by
407:or Informal Text)
40:Fijian Hindustani
16:(Redirected from
12837:
12784:Sanskrit revival
12774:Punjabi Movement
12739:Bengali movement
12514:
12513:
11881:Great Andamanese
11877:
11876:
11788:
11781:
11774:
11765:
11764:
11638:Proto-Indo-Aryan
11494:
11493:
11417:Canarese Konkani
11346:
11345:
11335:
11334:
11109:
11108:
10936:
10935:
10927:
10926:
10773:
10772:
10461:
10460:
10337:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10174:
10173:
9975:
9974:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9932:
9931:
9771:
9770:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9682:
9681:
9565:Hindi imposition
9411:
9410:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9300:
9299:
9226:Taylor, Joseph.
9215:
9213:
9211:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9046:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8844:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8731:
8719:
8713:
8712:
8706:
8704:
8695:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8672:
8666:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8636:
8634:
8626:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8531:
8521:
8515:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8480:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8285:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8215:
8209:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8139:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8000:
7991:
7990:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7953:Coulmas, Florian
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7842:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7776:
7770:
7767:
7761:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7728:on 28 March 2016
7727:
7721:. Archived from
7716:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7692:on 28 March 2016
7691:
7685:. Archived from
7680:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7646:Pollock, Sheldon
7642:
7631:
7630:
7614:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7474:
7465:
7464:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7415:Bennett, Clinton
7411:
7405:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7373:. Archived from
7359:
7353:
7341:
7335:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7093:Rosen Publishing
7084:
7078:
7077:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7006:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6748:Rosen Publishing
6739:
6728:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6666:
6665:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6485:
6476:
6475:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6354:
6345:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6076:
6065:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5974:
5961:
5960:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5899:. Translated by
5887:
5881:
5880:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5726:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5699:. Archived from
5689:
5678:
5675:
5662:
5658:, p. 5505,
5644:
5643:
5641:
5626:
5609:
5603:
5577:Zia, K. (1999).
5575:
5569:
5568:
5557:
5551:
5530:
5524:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5453:. Primus Books.
5446:
5435:
5424:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5391:
5390:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5339:
5323:
5312:
5306:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:looks like this
5167:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5122:Also written as
5120:
5114:
5107:Bihari languages
5103:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
4890:
4874:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4790:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4732:
4730:Ye kitnē kā hai?
4721:
4720:
4719:
4708:
4707:
4661:
4653:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4625:
4617:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4589:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4561:
4553:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4518:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4383:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4355:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4299:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4137:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4053:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4025:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3906:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3851:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2540:, especially in
2437:
2436:
2435:
2377:Himachal Pradesh
2363:, respectively:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2302:Hindi literature
2293:
2290:
2272:
2265:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2066:(that is, using
2064:English alphabet
2060:written language
1994:Colloquial Hindi
1646:, for instance,
1633:'colour, dye' +
1621:'royal, king' +
1572:Insha Allah Khan
1553:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1511:
1510:
1351:, also known as
1334:
1331:
1315:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1264:Ghaznavid Empire
1217:
1215:
950:
943:
936:
856:Hindi literature
851:Persian and Urdu
728:
721:
720:
705:
686:
677:
663:
646:
639:
630:
620:
619:
611:
610:
602:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
557:(Urdu, Pakistan)
517:
515:
514:
494:
492:
491:
462:
356:
193:
177:
174:
112:
86:
74:
53:
52:
21:
12845:
12844:
12840:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12835:
12834:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12793:
12769:Nepali movement
12727:
12723:Sanskritisation
12691:
12690:
12680:
12664:
12646:
12578:
12559:Arabi Malayalam
12545:
12501:
12478:
12390:
12367:
12344:
12306:
12268:
12250:
12217:
12189:
12156:
11986:
11941:
11898:
11872:
11866:
11798:
11792:
11762:
11757:
11756:
11729:
11692:
11686:
11642:
11625:
11615:
11575:
11518:
11504:Ashokan Prakrit
11483:
11446:
11421:
11395:
11340:
11322:
11289:
11239:
11213:
11170:
11103:
11092:
11061:
11023:
11002:
10976:
10955:
10912:
10896:
10865:
10837:Hyderabadi Urdu
10758:
10715:
10607:
10524:
10448:
10401:
10392:Pahari-Pothwari
10363:
10317:
10298:Pahari Kinnauri
10219:
10198:
10159:
10125:Indus Kohistani
10118:Hazara Division
10113:
10092:
10056:
10040:
9994:
9964:
9959:
9929:
9924:
9863:
9836:
9822:Aurangabad Urdu
9810:
9762:
9714:
9709:
9679:
9674:
9623:
9602:
9586:
9532:
9495:
9457:
9402:
9332:
9327:
9244:
9239:
9232:. Available at
9209:
9207:
9189:
9187:
9169:
9167:
9150:
9148:
9115:
9113:
9092:
9090:
9081:Henry Blochmann
9075:
9073:Further reading
9070:
9044:
8972:
8967:
8966:
8956:
8954:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8923:
8921:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8885:thediplomat.com
8879:
8878:
8874:
8859:
8858:
8854:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8810:
8806:
8771:
8767:
8760:
8746:
8742:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8716:
8702:
8700:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8663:Wayback Machine
8654:
8650:
8638:
8637:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8609:
8605:
8596:
8594:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8575:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8522:
8518:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8481:
8470:
8461:
8459:
8449:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8350:
8346:
8311:
8307:
8292:
8288:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8236:
8234:
8216:
8212:
8196:
8192:
8161:
8157:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8097:
8093:
8085:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8050:
8036:
8029:
8019:
8001:
7994:
7980:
7976:
7969:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7934:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7908:on 1 April 2022
7896:
7895:
7891:
7875:
7871:
7860:
7856:
7840:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7777:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7745:
7741:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7662:
7643:
7634:
7627:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7574:
7570:
7560:
7542:
7538:
7524:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7412:
7408:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7350:Timurid Dynasty
7342:
7338:
7325:
7321:
7303:
7287:
7283:
7272:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7191:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7164:
7148:
7144:
7133:
7117:
7113:
7103:
7085:
7081:
7070:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7038:
7020:
7016:
7011:. 29 June 2018.
7004:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6953:
6949:
6906:
6902:
6891:
6883:. p. 310.
6873:
6869:
6854:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6808:
6801:
6790:
6776:
6769:
6758:
6740:
6731:
6717:
6715:
6714:. 12 March 2024
6704:
6703:
6699:
6684:
6669:
6659:
6651:. p. 398.
6641:
6634:
6624:
6604:
6600:
6592:. p. 579.
6582:
6573:
6562:
6546:
6542:
6531:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6486:
6479:
6465:
6458:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6415:
6408:
6398:
6388:Urdu literature
6384:
6380:
6366:
6364:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6321:
6317:
6292:
6288:
6269:
6253:
6249:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6219:
6184:
6180:
6165:
6161:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6108:
6101:
6086:
6079:
6066:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6008:
6004:
5993:
5975:
5964:
5954:
5936:
5929:
5919:
5888:
5884:
5865:
5838:
5834:
5809:
5791:
5787:
5772:
5768:
5755:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5727:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5691:
5690:
5681:
5639:
5637:
5630:"हिंदुस्तानी",
5629:
5610:
5606:
5587:Wayback Machine
5576:
5572:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5549:Wayback Machine
5531:
5527:
5521:Wayback Machine
5512:
5508:
5501:
5487:
5483:
5461:
5447:
5438:
5425:
5414:
5403:
5385:
5369:
5362:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5313:
5309:
5305:: بول چال ہندی)
5296:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5262:
5253:transliteration
5187:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5045:Language portal
5043:
5036:
5031:Pakistan portal
5029:
5024:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5005:
4982:Hindu mythology
4974:Delhi Sultanate
4919:
4879:Transcription (
4837:
4795:Transcription (
4752:
4706:ये कितने का है?
4694:
4689:
3482:Transliteration
2727:Brahmic scripts
2707:
2695:Main articles:
2693:
2687:words as well.
2643:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2605:
2599:
2590:migrant workers
2569:, particularly
2512:
2428:
2330:
2313:
2311:Official status
2308:
2306:Urdu literature
2300:Main articles:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2278:needs expansion
2263:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2054:translanguaging
2046:spoken language
2014:
2006:
1998:Simplified Urdu
1983:
1967:Urdu literature
1948:Hyderabadi Urdu
1875:
1869:
1815:
1809:
1736:
1722:
1408:core vocabulary
1392:Delhi Sultanate
1337:Zabān-e Dehlavi
1332:
1322:Zabān-e Dakhani
1313:
1302:
1288:
1233:Alauddin Khalji
1198:Delhi Sultanate
1184:of present-day
1170:
1164:
1158:
1150:Hindi languages
1054:Delhi Sultanate
954:
861:Urdu literature
829:
828:
811:
800:
784:
719:
718:
717:
706:
693:
673:
659:
642:
641:
635:
634:
626:
615:
614:
613:
606:
605:
598:
587:
586:
585:
578:
577:
570:
560:
529:
521:
512:
510:
498:
489:
487:
481:
474:Official status
463:
458:
452:
357:
352:
287:
271:
264:
243:
236:
194:
191:Language family
189:
179:
175:
165:
164:Native speakers
155:
146:
143:Hindustani Belt
100:
77:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12843:
12833:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12820:Lingua francas
12817:
12812:
12795:
12794:
12792:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12764:Newar movement
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12735:
12733:
12729:
12728:
12726:
12725:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12699:Englishisation
12695:
12693:
12686:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12672:
12670:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12662:
12656:
12654:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12588:
12586:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12555:
12553:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12543:
12538:
12537:(Undeciphered)
12532:
12527:
12520:
12518:
12511:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12494:
12488:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12400:
12398:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12377:
12375:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12360:
12354:
12352:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12316:
12314:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12278:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12266:
12260:
12258:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12227:
12225:
12219:
12218:
12216:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12199:
12197:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12166:
12164:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11996:
11994:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11951:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11908:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11885:
11883:
11874:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11799:
11791:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11768:
11759:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11696:
11694:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11672:
11662:
11657:
11650:
11648:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11629:
11627:
11621:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11587:
11585:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11562:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11536:
11530:
11528:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11500:
11498:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11458:
11456:
11452:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11433:
11431:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11403:
11401:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11352:
11350:
11343:
11332:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11251:
11249:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11115:
11113:
11106:
11098:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11088:
11083:
11075:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11042:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11010:
11008:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10963:
10961:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10953:
10948:
10942:
10940:
10933:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10910:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10819:
10810:
10805:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10779:
10777:
10770:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10617:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10534:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10492:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10483:Lisan ud-Dawat
10475:
10469:
10467:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10415:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10373:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10343:
10341:
10334:
10327:
10323:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10229:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10180:
10178:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10121:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9981:
9979:
9972:
9966:
9965:
9958:
9957:
9950:
9943:
9935:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9850:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9777:
9775:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9708:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9650:Jnanpith Award
9647:
9642:
9637:
9631:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9546:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9509:
9507:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9467:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9419:
9417:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9326:
9325:
9318:
9311:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9255:
9250:
9243:
9242:External links
9240:
9238:
9237:
9224:
9217:
9197:
9177:
9157:
9123:
9100:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9054:
9047:
9043:978-1139465502
9042:
9025:
9018:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8931:
8897:
8872:
8852:
8840:"UDHR - Hindi"
8831:
8825:
8813:Kachru, Yamuna
8804:
8765:
8758:
8740:
8714:
8681:
8667:
8648:
8621:
8603:
8580:
8573:
8553:
8546:
8516:
8501:
8495:
8468:
8447:
8417:
8396:
8370:
8344:
8305:
8286:
8269:
8244:
8210:
8190:
8155:
8134:
8116:
8109:
8091:
8064:
8048:
8027:
8017:
7992:
7974:
7967:
7944:
7919:
7889:
7869:
7854:
7825:
7818:
7798:
7791:
7771:
7762:
7739:
7703:
7667:
7660:
7632:
7625:
7599:
7592:
7568:
7558:
7536:
7522:
7500:
7466:
7459:
7436:
7429:
7406:
7388:
7354:
7336:
7319:
7301:
7281:
7270:
7253:
7239:
7219:
7212:
7185:
7183:, p. 185.
7173:
7162:
7142:
7131:
7111:
7101:
7095:. p. 80.
7079:
7068:
7047:
7036:
7014:
6993:
6966:
6947:
6900:
6889:
6867:
6852:
6834:
6824:
6799:
6788:
6767:
6756:
6729:
6697:
6667:
6657:
6632:
6622:
6598:
6571:
6560:
6540:
6529:
6508:
6498:
6477:
6456:
6432:
6425:. p. 27.
6406:
6396:
6378:
6346:
6337:
6315:
6295:Kachru, Yamuna
6286:
6267:
6247:
6217:
6198:(4): 665–682.
6178:
6159:
6141:
6099:
6077:
6057:
6029:
6022:
6002:
5991:
5962:
5952:
5927:
5917:
5901:Desai, Mahadev
5882:
5863:
5841:Crystal, David
5832:
5807:
5785:
5766:
5741:
5714:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5663:
5645:
5627:
5604:
5570:
5552:
5525:
5506:
5499:
5481:
5465:There was the
5459:
5436:
5412:
5360:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5318:: आसान उर्दू,
5307:
5290:
5176:
5129:
5115:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5034:
5020:
5004:
5001:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4751:
4750:Literary Hindi
4748:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4722:
4718:یہ کتنے کا ہے؟
4709:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4663:
4662:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4590:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4216:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3479:Name of letter
3477:
3471:Urdu alphabet
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2692:
2691:Writing system
2689:
2632:
2629:
2624:Main article:
2621:
2618:
2601:Main article:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2559:
2549:
2511:
2508:
2427:
2424:
2385:Madhya Pradesh
2329:
2326:
2312:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2180:Lashkari Zabān
2084:
2081:
2050:code-switching
2048:, it involves
2024:hybrid use of
2015:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1982:
1979:
1928:Lashkari Zabān
1898:state language
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1811:Main article:
1808:
1807:Standard Hindi
1805:
1721:
1718:
1678:'some' became
1532:Lashkari Zabān
1452:Krishna Bhakta
1326:Zabān-e Gujari
1260:Ghorid dynasty
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
981:Deccani people
956:
955:
953:
952:
945:
938:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
906:
905:
899:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
878:
877:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
840:
839:
833:
832:
831:
830:
827:
826:
820:
815:
809:
804:
798:
793:
788:
782:
777:
772:
765:
761:
759:
754:
746:
745:
739:
738:
730:
729:
707:
700:
699:
698:
695:
694:
687:
679:
678:
671:
665:
664:
657:
649:
648:
631:
623:
622:
603:
595:
594:
575:
567:
566:
565:Language codes
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
546:
545:(Hindi, India)
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
508:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
464:
457:
454:
453:
451:
450:
445:
440:
430:
424:
414:
408:
394:
380:
367:
360:
358:
354:Writing system
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
293:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
274:
272:
270:Standard forms
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
261:
260:
246:
244:
241:
238:
237:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
197:
195:
188:
185:
184:
166:
163:
160:
159:
132:
128:
127:
118:
117:Native to
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
87:
79:
78:
76:
75:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12842:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12790:
12789:Urdu movement
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12730:
12724:
12721:
12717:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12700:
12697:
12696:
12694:
12687:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12667:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12653:
12649:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12581:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12542:
12539:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12525:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12515:
12512:
12508:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12393:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12376:
12374:
12370:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12309:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12271:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12259:
12257:
12256:Malay creoles
12253:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12224:
12220:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12159:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11993:
11989:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11901:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11882:
11878:
11875:
11869:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11789:
11784:
11782:
11777:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11766:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11732:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11710:Haflong Hindi
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11665:Chinali–Lahul
11663:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11645:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11622:
11612:
11611:Khasa Prakrit
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11578:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11486:
11480:
11477:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11336:
11333:
11329:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11116:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11099:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10958:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10887:Chhattisgarhi
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10765:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10681:Rathwi Bareli
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10455:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10366:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10335:
10331:
10328:
10324:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10283:Mahasu Pahari
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10222:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10116:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10095:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10043:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9997:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9956:
9951:
9949:
9944:
9942:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9854:Urdu movement
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9781:Standard Urdu
9779:
9778:
9776:
9772:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9713:
9706:
9701:
9699:
9694:
9692:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9523:Haflong Hindi
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9486:Chhattisgarhi
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9460:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9405:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9378:Kinship terms
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9319:
9317:
9312:
9310:
9305:
9304:
9301:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9205:
9204:
9198:
9185:
9184:
9178:
9165:
9164:
9158:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9127:Duncan Forbes
9124:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9101:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9067:
9066:0-19-561643-X
9063:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9015:3-11-012855-1
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8986:0-08-035943-4
8983:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8944:The Economist
8941:
8935:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8901:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8856:
8848:
8841:
8835:
8828:
8826:90-272-3812-X
8822:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8671:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8652:
8644:
8632:
8624:
8622:9780700711307
8618:
8614:
8607:
8592:
8591:
8584:
8576:
8574:9788170990178
8570:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8549:
8547:9780521519311
8543:
8539:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8520:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8406:
8400:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8359:
8355:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8151:
8145:
8137:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8095:
8084:
8077:
8076:
8068:
8061:
8058:
8051:
8045:
8042:. Routledge.
8041:
8034:
8032:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8010:
8006:
7999:
7997:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7970:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7954:
7948:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7873:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7821:
7819:9780521761062
7815:
7811:
7810:
7802:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7775:
7766:
7759:
7755:
7752:36(1):80–97.
7751:
7750:
7743:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7707:
7688:
7684:
7677:
7671:
7663:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7612:
7603:
7595:
7593:0-08-044299-4
7589:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7471:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7432:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7392:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7285:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7248:
7247:lingua franca
7242:
7236:
7233:, Macmillan,
7232:
7231:
7223:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7182:
7177:
7170:
7165:
7163:9788184242799
7159:
7155:
7154:
7146:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7108:
7104:
7102:9781615301492
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7069:9789004097964
7065:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7010:
7003:
6997:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6890:9781438468075
6886:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6861:
6855:
6853:9781859843581
6849:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6804:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6772:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6726:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6649:PublicAffairs
6646:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6602:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6413:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6244:
6228:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5918:9780300234077
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5891:Gandhi, M. K.
5886:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:9780226122038
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5808:9781474473316
5804:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5751:
5745:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5635:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5502:
5500:9789390197828
5496:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5430:lingua franca
5429:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5334:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5284:
5268:
5259:
5254:
5242:
5232:
5226:
5180:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5119:
5112:
5109:, a group of
5108:
5102:
5098:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5021:
5018:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4986:ancient India
4983:
4979:
4978:Mughal Empire
4975:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4957:, along with
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:, located in
4924:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4835:Literary Urdu
4827:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4713:
4710:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:anglicisation
4659:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:do chashmī he
4538:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4458:w, v, ō, or ū
4457:
4455:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3506:a, ā, i, or u
3505:
3503:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2715:Samrup Rachna
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:military rule
2576:
2575:Anglo-Burmese
2572:
2571:Anglo-Indians
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:North America
2519:
2518:
2517:lingua franca
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:Uttar Pradesh
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:lingua franca
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2411:, and Delhi.
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Uttar Pradesh
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2317:
2307:
2303:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2276:This section
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2254:
2253:lingua franca
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:('mixture'),
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2117:
2099:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:of the words
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Urdu alphabet
1908:style of the
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1867:Standard Urdu
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:Uttar Pradesh
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:lingua franca
1772:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:British India
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:'see' became
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:blended with
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:Mughal Empire
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1556:British India
1545:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:lingua franca
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:circles, and
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Mughal Empire
1393:
1388:
1386:
1385:Central Asian
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Western Hindi
1342:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:before that.
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Mughal Empire
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:lingua franca
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:lingua franca
974:
970:
966:
962:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
920:
918:
917:Kinship terms
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
907:
904:
901:
900:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
876:
873:
872:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
834:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
810:
808:
805:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
767:
766:
764:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
732:
731:
727:
723:
722:
715:
711:
708:You may need
704:
691:
685:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
655:
650:
645:
638:
632:
629:
624:
618:
609:
604:
601:
596:
590:
581:
576:
573:
568:
563:
556:
553:
551:(Urdu, India)
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
538:
536:
532:
525:
520:
509:
506:
502:
497:
486:
485:
483:
477:
472:
468:
465:
461:
455:
449:
446:
444:
443:Hindi Braille
441:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
381:
378:
377:Urdu alphabet
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
359:
355:
349:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
290:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
267:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
245:
239:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:Western Hindi
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:Indo-European
196:
192:
186:
182:
170:
167:
161:
158:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:Pronunciation
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
80:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12396:Sino-Tibetan
12044:
12025:Chittagonian
11871:Contemporary
11803:Languages of
11705:Bombay Hindi
11647:Unclassified
11544:Ardhamagadhi
11371:Berar Deccan
11225:Chittagonian
11218:Chittagonian
10797:
10711:Vaagri Booli
10676:Pauri Bareli
10671:Palya Bareli
10636:Dhodia–Kukna
10326:Northwestern
10016:Kundal Shahi
9827:British Urdu
9722:
9655:Hindi cinema
9518:Bombay Hindi
9437:
9397:
9227:
9208:. Retrieved
9202:
9188:. Retrieved
9182:
9168:. Retrieved
9162:
9149:. Retrieved
9131:
9114:. Retrieved
9105:
9091:. Retrieved
9085:
9057:
9050:
9033:
9021:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8977:
8970:Bibliography
8955:. Retrieved
8943:
8934:
8922:. Retrieved
8911:The Guardian
8910:
8900:
8888:. Retrieved
8884:
8875:
8864:
8855:
8846:
8834:
8816:
8807:
8782:
8778:
8768:
8749:
8743:
8735:
8728:. Retrieved
8717:
8708:
8701:. Retrieved
8684:
8670:
8651:
8612:
8606:
8595:, retrieved
8589:
8583:
8563:
8556:
8527:
8519:
8509:
8504:
8485:
8462:24 September
8460:, retrieved
8430:
8420:
8408:. Retrieved
8399:
8389:24 September
8387:. Retrieved
8383:
8373:
8363:24 September
8361:. Retrieved
8357:
8347:
8325:(1): 33–60.
8322:
8318:
8308:
8302:(50): 16–17.
8299:
8289:
8281:
8272:
8260:. Retrieved
8256:
8247:
8237:24 September
8235:. Retrieved
8223:
8213:
8198:
8193:
8168:
8158:
8125:
8119:
8100:
8094:
8083:the original
8074:
8067:
8056:
8055:replaced by
8053:
8039:
8022:
8004:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7957:
7947:
7935:. Retrieved
7931:
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7906:the original
7901:
7892:
7882:
7872:
7863:
7857:
7848:
7844:
7834:Tariq Rahman
7828:
7808:
7801:
7781:
7774:
7765:
7747:
7742:
7730:. Retrieved
7723:the original
7706:
7694:. Retrieved
7687:the original
7670:
7650:
7610:
7602:
7581:
7571:
7563:
7545:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7509:
7503:
7491:. Retrieved
7449:
7439:
7419:
7409:
7395:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7375:the original
7366:
7357:
7343:
7339:
7328:"Tīmūr Lang"
7327:
7322:
7313:Genghis Khan
7308:
7306:
7291:
7284:
7275:
7261:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7229:
7222:
7202:
7188:
7181:Mustafa 2008
7176:
7167:
7152:
7145:
7136:
7125:, Elsevier,
7121:
7114:
7106:
7088:
7082:
7073:
7055:
7050:
7041:
7023:
7017:
6996:
6984:. Retrieved
6979:
6969:
6960:
6950:
6917:
6913:
6903:
6894:
6876:
6870:
6859:
6857:
6843:
6837:
6829:
6811:
6793:
6779:
6761:
6743:
6723:
6716:. Retrieved
6709:
6700:
6691:
6687:
6662:
6644:
6627:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6565:
6550:
6543:
6534:
6520:
6511:
6503:
6489:
6472:
6468:
6451:
6443:
6426:
6418:
6401:
6387:
6381:
6372:
6365:. Retrieved
6340:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6257:
6250:
6241:
6234:. Retrieved
6220:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6173:ResearchGate
6172:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6122:(1): 33–60.
6119:
6115:
6096:(50): 16–17.
6093:
6072:
6048:. Retrieved
6044:
6012:
6005:
5996:
5978:
5957:
5939:
5922:
5907:and London:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5798:
5795:"Hindi-Urdu"
5788:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5761:
5754:. Retrieved
5744:
5736:
5731:
5705:. Retrieved
5701:the original
5671:
5667:
5659:
5650:
5638:, retrieved
5632:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5607:
5578:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5528:
5509:
5490:
5484:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5450:
5431:
5427:
5397:
5379:
5371:
5354:
5350:
5337:
5322:: آسان اردو)
5310:
5293:
5241:Perso-Arabic
5236:हिन्दुस्तानी
5179:
5132:
5118:
5101:
5017:India portal
4990:
4971:
4935:Bombay Hindi
4920:
4838:
4815:
4753:
4741:
4735:
4725:Romanisation
4724:
4711:
4700:
4695:
4673:Latin script
4666:
4639:
4603:
4575:
4539:
4505:
4453:
4425:
4397:
4369:
4341:
4313:
4285:
4257:
4229:
4201:
4179:
4151:
4123:
4095:
4067:
4039:
4011:
3983:
3955:
3927:
3893:
3865:
3837:
3809:
3749:
3721:
3693:
3665:
3637:
3609:
3581:
3553:
3501:
2739:
2735:
2720:
2713:"Surahi" in
2705:Urdu Braille
2675:
2644:
2606:
2515:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2455:
2446:status with
2439:
2429:
2413:
2369:Chhattisgarh
2358:
2331:
2322:
2286:
2282:adding to it
2277:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2188:Zabān-i-Ordu
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2168:Zabān-i-Ordu
2167:
2163:
2151:
2145:
2115:
2097:
2086:
2068:Roman script
2039:
2033:
2016:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1971:Walī Deccani
1960:
1933:
1927:
1892:Urdu is the
1891:
1882:
1839:
1835:
1816:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1737:
1707:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1576:
1560:
1543:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1504:Zabān-e Urdū
1503:
1499:
1494:
1480:
1427:Perso-Arabic
1420:
1389:
1368:Turco-Mongol
1363:
1357:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1245:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1201:
1194:Amir Khusrow
1176:
1171:
1143:
1122:As of 2023,
1121:
1117:romanisation
1090:
1047:
1036:
1023:
1010:(written in
998:(written in
960:
959:
742:
669:Linguasphere
652:
460:Signed forms
448:Urdu Braille
429:(historical)
413:(historical)
370:Perso-Arabic
328:Bihari Hindi
223:
214:Central Zone
204:Indo-Iranian
89:
69:हिन्दुस्तानी
50:
48:
12744:Hela Havula
12454:Nepal Bhasa
11960:Bangladeshi
11810:Afghanistan
11693:and creoles
11675:Lahul Lohar
11554:Maharashtri
11151:Mal Paharia
11141:Kharia Thar
10783:Braj Bhasha
9885:Informatics
9234:Hathi Trust
8785:(2): 9–13.
8639:|work=
7578:Keith Brown
7326:B.F. Manz,
6920:(1): 1–15.
6795:High Hindi.
6367:25 February
6303:The period
6167:Rai, Alok.
5142:Arabic font
5125:हिंदुस्तानी
4955:Braj Bhasha
4931:Maharashtra
4687:Sample text
4667:Because of
2744:Devanagari
2717:calligraphy
2538:Afghanistan
2530:Middle East
2480:West Bengal
2440:qaumi zabān
2401:West Bengal
2393:Uttarakhand
2203:, the term
2201:British Raj
2199:During the
2094: 1300
2088:Amir Khusro
2030:portmanteau
1975:Urdu poetry
1944:South India
1881:The phrase
1639:Muslim rule
1607:British Raj
1599:North India
1491:upper class
1448:Nirgun Sant
1372:Persianised
1347:dialect of
1186:North India
1182:vernaculars
1113:Urdu script
994:, known as
969:North India
242:Early forms
181:L2 speakers
169:L1 speakers
152:South India
12804:Categories
12652:Old Italic
12592:Devanagari
12517:Historical
12386:Portuguese
12203:Burushaski
12122:Rajasthani
12045:Hindustani
11992:Indo-Aryan
11980:Sri Lankan
11815:Bangladesh
11596:Apabhraṃśa
11582:Apabhraṃśa
11559:Shauraseni
11275:Bodo Parja
11260:Sambalpuri
11192:Goalpariya
11166:Tanchangya
11156:Noakhailla
11081:Bote-Darai
10892:Fiji Hindi
10861:Sadhukkadi
10832:Judeo-Urdu
10798:Hindustani
10588:Shekhawati
10530:Rajasthani
10515:Saurashtra
10243:Bhadarwahi
10073:Gawar-Bati
9880:Literature
9832:Roman Urdu
9796:Hyderabadi
9748:Vocabulary
9723:Hindustani
9635:Literature
9491:Fiji Hindi
9453:Sansi Boli
9438:Hindustani
9398:Hindustani
9368:Devanagari
9346:Declension
9151:18 October
9141:1043011501
8957:31 October
8924:31 October
8890:31 October
8536:. p.
8410:26 January
8262:29 October
8207:1139465503
7902:archive.ph
7381:8 November
7363:"Timurids"
7315:'s family.
6980:Ethnologue
6881:SUNY Press
6243:different.
6236:18 October
6050:29 October
5826:Hindustani
5814:Hindi-Urdu
5756:18 October
5673:vocabulary
5640:17 October
5622:hindustani
5540:. Source:
5534:Devanagari
5399:Ethnologue
5381:Ethnologue
5372:Ethnologue
5329:References
5263:pronounced
5258:Hindustānī
5231:Devanagari
5152:. If this
4947:Rajasthani
4814:Article 1—
4701:Devanagari
4677:Roman Urdu
4426:nūn ghunna
2685:Khari Boli
2677:Hindustani
2667:Portuguese
2635:See also:
2631:Vocabulary
2552:Fiji Hindi
2528:, and the
2416:Tamil Nadu
2261:Literature
2225:Hindustani
2205:Hindustani
2072:Devanagari
1990:Hindustani
1827:Devanagari
1771:Hindi-Urdu
1724:See also:
1710:influences
1648:Hindustani
1617:'palace' (
1613:, such as
1593:) by many
1538:لشکری زبان
1495:Hindustani
1483:apabhraṃśa
1431:Devanagari
1400:South Asia
1178:apabhraṃśa
1166:See also:
1145:Ethnologue
1024:Hindi–Urdu
967:spoken in
961:Hindustani
912:Vocabulary
889:Declension
807:Judeo-Urdu
802:Hyderabadi
421:Judeo-Urdu
391:Bangladesh
364:Devanagari
343:Judeo-Urdu
303:Hyderabadi
253:Apabhraṃśa
224:Hindustani
209:Indo-Aryan
176: 250
94:Devanagari
90:Hindustani
61:Hindi–Urdu
56:Hindustani
12692:influence
12612:Malayalam
12574:Shahmukhi
12541:Kharosthi
12526:(Abugida)
12459:Sikkimese
12312:Nicobaric
11975:Pakistani
11922:Malayalam
11904:Dravidian
11873:languages
11862:Sri Lanka
11840:classical
11835:scheduled
11682:Sheikhgal
11626:languages
11591:Abahattha
11571:Paishachi
11472:Classical
11437:Maldivian
11209:Surjapuri
11175:Kamarupic
11077:Kuswaric
10939:Bhojpuric
10727:Khandeshi
10263:Chambeali
10258:Bilaspuri
10155:Mankiyali
10083:Shumashti
10078:Nangalami
9990:Kishtwari
9767:Varieties
9743:Phonology
9407:Varieties
9393:Etymology
9363:Phonology
9030:"Dakkhni"
8952:0013-0613
8919:0261-3077
8791:0003-5483
8641:ignored (
8631:cite book
8597:8 January
8457:244313560
8358:Scroll.in
8339:0019-0829
8232:0882-7729
8185:0165-2516
8144:cite book
8009:Routledge
7400:article:
7194:Gat, Azar
7169:language.
6986:11 August
6942:148802248
6934:1947-2498
6763:language.
6277:648298147
6212:144180838
6136:0019-0829
5905:New Haven
5283:Hindustan
5247:ہندوستانی
5160:and this
4923:Bollywood
2731:Nastaʿlīq
2655:loanwords
2614:aspirated
2610:nasalized
2597:Phonology
2546:Bollywood
2492:Hyderabad
2472:Telangana
2464:Jharkhand
2434:قومی زبان
2420:Karnataka
2389:Rajasthan
2381:Jharkhand
2349:rājabhāṣā
2289:July 2022
2213:partition
2022:macaronic
1985:The term
1887:Nastaʿlīq
1788:Bollywood
1740:registers
1734:digraphia
1720:Registers
1703:Bollywood
1627:rangmahal
1568:Lallu Lal
1558:in 1850.
1509:زبان اردو
1353:Khariboli
1295:Hindustan
1101:loanwords
1086:Bollywood
1050:Old Hindi
992:registers
987:with two
654:Glottolog
628:ISO 639-3
600:ISO 639-2
572:ISO 639-1
258:Old Hindi
88:The word
73:ہندوستانی
12732:Activism
12704:Hinglish
12607:Gurmukhi
12602:Gujarati
12569:Nastaliq
12464:Tenyidie
12419:Dzongkha
12236:Lyngngam
12195:Isolates
12132:Sanskrit
12127:Rangpuri
12097:Maithili
12072:Kashmiri
12060:Hinglish
12040:Gujarati
12010:Bhojpuri
12005:Assamese
11970:Nepalese
11947:Germanic
11889:Aka-Jeru
11857:Pakistan
11847:Maldives
11738:See also
11720:Nefamese
11715:Nagamese
11606:Kamarupi
11566:Gāndhārī
11523:Middle (
11462:Sanskrit
11400:Konkanic
11349:Marathic
11339:Marathi–
11331:Southern
11235:Rohingya
11204:Rangpuri
11182:Assamese
11146:Kurmukar
11124:dialects
11104:Kamarupa
10988:Maithili
10981:Maithili
10946:Bhojpuri
10851:Kannauji
10813:Hinglish
10793:Haryanvi
10558:Dhundari
10508:Wadiyara
10490:Jandavra
10478:Gujarati
10465:Gujarati
10387:Khetrani
10352:dialects
10308:Sirmauri
10288:Jaunsari
10278:Mandeali
10273:Pangwali
10253:Bhateali
10210:Garhwali
10169:Northern
10135:Chilisso
10011:Brokskat
9985:Kashmiri
9978:Kashmiri
9846:Politics
9791:Dhakaiya
9774:Dialects
9753:Nastaliq
9733:Alphabet
9528:Hinglish
9443:Kannauji
9433:Haryanvi
9373:Numerals
9351:Pronouns
9145:Archived
9129:(1857).
9083:(1877).
8815:(2006),
8799:30022405
8730:13 March
8703:13 March
8659:Archived
7955:(2003).
7937:17 April
7912:17 April
7880:(1992).
7836:(2011).
7732:23 April
7696:23 April
7648:(2003).
7550:Springer
7487:Archived
7447:(1994).
7200:(2013).
7043:Spanish.
6961:Academia
6519:(1991).
6297:(2006).
5893:(2018).
5843:(2001),
5707:9 August
5598:. CICC,
5583:Archived
5545:Archived
5517:Archived
5138:Nastaliq
5003:See also
4993:boycotts
4967:Hinglish
4951:Bhojpuri
4506:choṭī he
2651:Sanskrit
2588:, where
2573:and the
2231:Grierson
2184:Lashkari
2076:Nastaliq
2018:Hinglish
2011:Hinglish
2004:Hinglish
1969:" while
1954:and the
1906:Nastaliq
1832:Varanasi
1821:and the
1801:Varanasi
1714:Hinglish
1615:rajmahal
1603:Musalman
1563:register
1544:Lashkari
1520:origin,
1518:Chagatai
1439:Gurmukhi
1293:Zabān-e
1279:Zabān-e
1223:'of
1140:Mandarin
1097:Sanskrit
1062:Sanskrit
1028:Hinglish
989:standard
973:Pakistan
884:Numerals
796:Hinglish
791:Dhakaiya
735:a series
733:Part of
661:hind1270
519:Pakistan
433:Mahajani
401:Hinglish
379:) (Urdu)
373:Nastaliq
323:Bambaiya
308:Dhakaiya
292:Dialects
157:Pakistan
125:Pakistan
12632:Sinhala
12627:Ranjana
12617:Kannada
12597:Bengali
12584:Brahmic
12510:Scripts
12492:Turkmen
12474:Tripuri
12469:Tibetan
12434:Ladakhi
12373:Romance
12340:Teressa
12297:Santali
12292:Mundari
12213:Kusunda
12170:Balochi
12162:Iranian
12152:Sylheti
12147:Sinhala
12137:Saraiki
12117:Punjabi
12102:Marathi
12082:Kumaoni
12077:Konkani
12030:Dhivehi
12015:Bengali
11955:English
11917:Kannada
11691:Pidgins
11670:Chinali
11660:Bazigar
11654:Badeshi
11549:Magadhi
11525:Prakrit
11442:Sinhala
11430:Insular
11407:Konkani
11386:Katkari
11381:Phudagi
11361:Varhadi
11356:Marathi
11341:Konkani
11313:Bhunjia
11187:Kamrupi
11161:Sylheti
11119:Bengali
11112:Bengali
11073:Kumhali
11040:Kochila
11028:Tharuic
11019:Kurmali
11007:Sadanic
10998:Bajjika
10972:Khortha
10922:Eastern
10882:Bagheli
10870:Eastern
10827:Deccani
10803:Kauravi
10788:Bundeli
10776:Western
10768:Central
10737:Dawoodi
10732:Lambadi
10656:Bhilori
10626:Bhilali
10573:Marwari
10563:Harauti
10503:Parkari
10457:Western
10424:Kholosi
10419:Jadgali
10397:Saraiki
10347:Punjabi
10340:Eastern
10333:Punjabi
10303:Hinduri
10248:Churahi
10225:Western
10215:Kumaoni
10203:Central
10177:Eastern
10104:Kalasha
10097:Chitral
10052:Pashayi
10045:Pashayi
10021:Kalkoti
9905:Writers
9786:Dakhini
9758:Braille
9738:Grammar
9728:History
9665:Writers
9505:Creoles
9501:Pidgins
9476:Bagheli
9463:Eastern
9448:Kauravi
9428:Bundeli
9415:Western
9388:History
9383:Braille
9341:Grammar
8514:26(97).
8511:Studies
8171:(150).
8057:tatsama
7580:(ed.).
7493:30 June
7309:Gurkānī
5851:Chicago
5596:Myanmar
5275:
5171:پاکستان
5164:پاکستان
5156:پاکستان
4963:English
4959:Punjabi
4736:English
4644:ai or ē
4640:baṛī ye
4430:ṁ or m̐
3750:baṛī he
2681:Persian
2659:Persian
2647:Prakrit
2620:Grammar
2567:Myanmar
2558:origin.
2506:Hindi.
2500:Khaalis
2488:Aligarh
2484:Lucknow
2452:Punjabi
2448:English
2373:Haryana
2343:राजभाषा
2336:of the
2334:Part 17
2176:Mashafi
2142:Mughals
2121:हिन्दवी
2116:Hindavi
2098:Dehlavi
2041:English
2026:English
2020:is the
1936:Dakhini
1914:Persian
1793:Lucknow
1748:Prakrit
1744:grammar
1656:Dakhani
1611:Persian
1601:and by
1460:Lucknow
1404:grammar
1364:Gurkānī
1360:Timurid
1330:transl.
1311:transl.
1300:transl.
1286:transl.
1275:Hindavi
1241:Deccani
1221:
1210:Persian
1206:Hindavi
1156:History
1136:English
1093:Prakrit
1070:Persian
1066:Prakrit
875:Grammar
837:History
813:Kauravi
786:Deccani
770:Andaman
714:Unicode
690:Kauravi
633:Either:
612:– Hindi
584:– Hindi
366:(Hindi)
338:Haflong
333:Andaman
318:Kauravi
298:Deccani
92:in the
12676:Thaana
12642:Telugu
12551:Arabic
12524:Brahmi
12484:Turkic
12444:Meitei
12429:Hajong
12381:French
12363:Jarawa
12330:Chaura
12223:Khasic
12208:Nihali
12180:Pashto
12142:Sindhi
12107:Nepali
12087:Magahi
12067:Hindko
12020:Chakma
12000:Angika
11965:Indian
11932:Telugu
11912:Brahui
11894:Aka-Bo
11820:Bhutan
11794:Major
11624:Proto-
11580:Late (
11489:Middle
11391:Kadodi
11318:Nahari
11295:Halbic
11270:Bhatri
11230:Chakma
11136:Hajong
11102:Gauda–
11086:Danwar
11066:Others
11057:Musasa
10993:Angika
10967:Magahi
10960:Magahi
10931:Bihari
10901:Others
10877:Awadhi
10842:Rekhta
10817:Urdish
10747:Romani
10742:Domari
10720:Others
10701:Vasavi
10686:Pardhi
10666:Magari
10661:Mawchi
10651:Bauria
10641:Dhanki
10631:Chodri
10603:Nimadi
10593:Dhatki
10583:Mewari
10578:Mewati
10553:Gujari
10548:Loarki
10543:Goaria
10520:Vaghri
10444:Sindhi
10439:Memoni
10434:Luwati
10429:Kutchi
10411:Sindhi
10377:Hindko
10369:Lahnda
10313:Sarazi
10293:Kullui
10238:Kangri
10194:Nepali
10184:Doteli
10150:Tirahi
10145:Kalami
10130:Bateri
10109:Khowar
10068:Dameli
10031:Palula
10026:Ushoji
9970:Dardic
9895:Poetry
9890:Cinema
9875:Awards
9806:Urdish
9801:Rekhta
9640:Awards
9471:Awadhi
9210:6 July
9190:6 July
9170:6 July
9139:
9116:6 July
9093:6 July
9064:
9040:
9013:
8984:
8950:
8917:
8823:
8797:
8789:
8756:
8619:
8571:
8544:
8493:
8455:
8445:
8337:
8230:
8205:
8183:
8132:
8107:
8046:
8015:
7965:
7816:
7789:
7658:
7623:
7590:
7556:
7520:
7457:
7427:
7307:Note:
7299:
7277:Hindi.
7268:
7237:
7210:
7160:
7138:Hindwi
7129:
7099:
7066:
7034:
6982:. 2023
6940:
6932:
6887:
6850:
6822:
6786:
6754:
6693:other.
6655:
6620:
6558:
6527:
6496:
6428:Islam.
6394:
6275:
6265:
6210:
6134:
6020:
5998:2000).
5989:
5950:
5915:
5861:
5805:
5592:Yangon
5497:
5457:
5146:Arabic
4953:, and
4943:Awadhi
4927:Mumbai
4788:cāhiē.
4608:y or ī
3476:Letter
2723:Kaithi
2703:, and
2663:Arabic
2581:began.
2556:Indian
2526:Europe
2504:Shuddh
2324:Urdu.
2166:(from
2158:, and
2156:Lahori
2147:Rekhta
2103:देहलवी
1988:bazaar
1952:Nizams
1940:Deccan
1918:Rekhta
1732:, and
1684:samajh
1682:, and
1652:Telugu
1644:Deccan
1595:Hindus
1591:Bengal
1516:is of
1476:Jaipur
1468:Lahore
1456:Rajput
1435:Kaithi
1422:Rekhta
1380:Turkic
1318:Rekhta
1271:Hindui
1252:Afghan
1248:Turkic
1237:Deccan
1134:after
1105:Arabic
1060:, the
1039:Gandhi
1032:Urdish
1020:Arabic
1006:) and
963:is an
823:Urdish
818:Rekhta
780:Bombay
775:Bihari
737:on the
621:– Urdu
593:– Urdu
516:
493:
417:Hebrew
411:Kaithi
405:Urdish
313:Rekhta
148:Deccan
131:Region
12669:Other
12660:Latin
12637:Tamil
12535:Indus
12530:Greek
12497:Uzbek
12439:Limbu
12409:Balti
12350:Ongan
12287:Korku
12274:Munda
12231:Khasi
12185:Wakhi
12092:Mahal
12050:Hindi
12035:Dogri
11927:Tamil
11852:Nepal
11825:India
11725:Vedda
11497:Early
11467:Vedic
11376:Varli
11308:Kamar
11303:Halbi
11285:Kupia
11265:Desia
11052:Majhi
11045:Buksa
11035:Tharu
11014:Sadri
10908:Parya
10856:Sansi
10808:Hindi
10706:Wagdi
10696:Kalto
10691:Gamit
10646:Dubli
10621:Bhili
10568:Malvi
10538:Bagri
10498:Kachi
10494:Koli
10359:Sansi
10268:Gaddi
10233:Dogri
10189:Jumli
10140:Gowro
10061:Kunar
10006:Shina
9999:Shina
9910:Poets
9900:Music
9815:Forms
9670:Poets
9660:Music
9356:Verbs
9330:Hindi
8843:(PDF)
8817:Hindi
8795:JSTOR
8694:(PDF)
8453:S2CID
8086:(PDF)
8079:(PDF)
7841:(PDF)
7726:(PDF)
7715:(PDF)
7690:(PDF)
7679:(PDF)
7330:, in
7005:(PDF)
6938:S2CID
6718:8 May
6309:Hindi
6299:Hindi
6282:279).
6230:(PDF)
6208:S2CID
5876:India
5871:Hindi
5818:Hindi
5781:12.1.
5600:Japan
5538:India
5376:Hindi
5347:(PDF)
5316:Hindi
5299:Hindi
5150:Naskh
5094:Notes
4654:, or
4576:hamza
4202:ghain
4096:zu'ād
4068:su'ād
3532:, or
2671:Dutch
2657:from
2542:Kabul
2468:Bihar
2365:Bihar
2328:Hindi
2245:Hindi
2221:Urdu,
2217:Hindi
2170:, or
2160:Dakni
2152:Hindi
2134:Sufis
2128:ہندوی
2110:دہلوی
2083:Names
2035:Hindi
1840:Hindi
1836:Hindi
1813:Hindi
1688:samaj
1668:ghula
1635:mahal
1623:mahal
1586:Hindi
1550:لشکری
1527:horde
1472:Amber
1376:Babur
1349:Delhi
1229:India
1214:ھندوی
1190:Delhi
1124:Hindi
996:Hindi
894:Verbs
752:Hindi
501:Hindi
496:India
469:(ISS)
437:Hindi
427:Laṇḍā
397:Latin
385:(for
278:Hindi
139:Delhi
121:India
32:Hindi
12716:Urdu
12622:Odia
12564:Arwi
12449:Mizo
12424:Garo
12414:Bodo
12358:Önge
12302:Sora
12241:Pnar
12175:Dari
12112:Odia
12055:Urdu
11937:Tulu
11509:Pāli
11366:Andh
11280:Reli
11255:Odia
11248:Odia
10822:Urdu
10613:Bhil
10382:Inku
10036:Sawi
9868:Arts
9712:Urdu
9628:Arts
9503:and
9423:Braj
9212:2011
9192:2011
9172:2011
9153:2018
9137:OCLC
9118:2011
9095:2011
9062:ISBN
9038:ISBN
9011:ISBN
8982:ISBN
8959:2023
8948:ISSN
8926:2023
8915:ISSN
8892:2023
8821:ISBN
8787:ISSN
8754:ISBN
8732:2018
8705:2018
8643:help
8617:ISBN
8613:Urdu
8599:2007
8569:ISBN
8542:ISBN
8491:ISBN
8464:2022
8443:ISBN
8412:2021
8391:2022
8365:2022
8335:ISSN
8264:2023
8239:2022
8228:ISSN
8203:ISBN
8181:ISSN
8150:link
8130:ISBN
8105:ISBN
8044:ISBN
8013:ISBN
7963:ISBN
7939:2022
7914:2022
7814:ISBN
7787:ISBN
7734:2018
7698:2018
7656:ISBN
7621:ISBN
7588:ISBN
7554:ISBN
7518:ISBN
7495:2019
7455:ISBN
7425:ISBN
7383:2006
7297:ISBN
7266:ISBN
7235:ISBN
7208:ISBN
7158:ISBN
7127:ISBN
7097:ISBN
7064:ISBN
7032:ISBN
6988:2024
6930:ISSN
6885:ISBN
6848:ISBN
6820:ISBN
6784:ISBN
6752:ISBN
6720:2024
6653:ISBN
6618:ISBN
6556:ISBN
6525:ISBN
6494:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6369:2020
6331:1100
6273:OCLC
6263:ISBN
6238:2021
6132:ISSN
6052:2023
6018:ISBN
5987:ISBN
5948:ISBN
5913:ISBN
5859:ISBN
5822:Urdu
5820:and
5803:ISBN
5758:2021
5709:2009
5642:2021
5495:ISBN
5455:ISBN
5394:Urdu
5374:21.
5357:(1).
5320:Urdu
5303:Urdu
5272:lit.
4939:Urdu
4712:Urdu
4454:wā'o
4180:‘ain
4152:zo'e
4124:to'e
4040:shīn
3502:alif
3083:d͡ʒʱ
3064:t͡ʃʰ
2669:and
2661:and
2639:and
2496:Saaf
2490:and
2426:Urdu
2418:and
2399:and
2304:and
2243:and
2219:and
2193:Urdu
2172:Orda
2164:Urdu
2038:and
1896:and
1873:Urdu
1676:kuch
1672:gula
1660:dekh
1631:rang
1619:raja
1522:Ordū
1514:Urdu
1474:and
1466:and
1464:Agra
1444:Sufi
1406:and
1281:Hind
1262:and
1250:and
1225:Hind
1219:lit.
1138:and
1128:Urdu
1126:and
1064:and
1018:and
1014:and
1008:Urdu
1002:and
971:and
757:Urdu
524:Urdu
522:(as
505:Urdu
503:and
499:(as
387:Urdu
283:Urdu
123:and
96:and
42:and
36:Urdu
34:and
12320:Car
12246:War
11601:Elu
11455:Old
10473:Aer
9111:264
8435:doi
8327:doi
8173:doi
7754:doi
7619:–.
7348:, "
6922:doi
6614:160
6200:doi
6124:doi
5620:2.
5396:at
5378:at
5281:of
4984:or
4976:or
4965:or
4881:IPA
4816:All
4797:IPA
4618:or
4554:or
4484:or
4398:nūn
4370:mīm
4342:lām
4314:gāf
4286:kāf
4258:qāf
4012:sīn
3984:zhe
3866:zāl
3838:ḍāl
3810:dāl
3786:k͟h
3783:khe
3732:t͡ʃ
3722:che
3704:d͡ʒ
3694:jīm
3486:IPA
3070:d͡ʒ
3058:t͡ʃ
2498:or
2284:.
2190:to
2074:or
2052:or
1996:or
1934:As
1885:in
1680:kuc
1664:dek
1597:in
1437:or
1316:),
1305:),
1291:),
1227:or
1084:of
1030:or
644:urd
637:hin
617:urd
608:hin
389:in
12806::
12404:Ao
12282:Ho
10598:Od
9143:.
8946:.
8942:.
8913:.
8909:.
8883:.
8863:.
8845:.
8793:.
8781:.
8777:.
8734:.
8707:.
8696:.
8635::
8633:}}
8629:{{
8540:.
8538:19
8532:.
8471:^
8451:,
8441:,
8429:,
8382:.
8356:.
8333:.
8323:70
8321:.
8317:.
8298:.
8280:"
8255:.
8226:.
8222:.
8179:.
8167:.
8146:}}
8142:{{
8052:.
8030:^
8021:.
8011:.
8007:.
7995:^
7930:.
7900:.
7849:32
7847:.
7843:.
7717:.
7681:.
7635:^
7617:19
7562:.
7552:.
7548:.
7530:-a
7526:.
7516:.
7512:.
7485:.
7481:.
7469:^
7365:.
7305:,
7274:.
7243:,
7196:;
7166:.
7135:,
7105:.
7091:.
7072:.
7058:.
7040:.
7030:.
7026:.
7007:.
6978:.
6959:.
6936:.
6928:.
6916:.
6912:.
6893:.
6879:.
6856:.
6828:.
6818:.
6814:.
6802:^
6792:.
6770:^
6760:.
6750:.
6746:.
6732:^
6722:.
6708:.
6670:^
6661:.
6647:.
6635:^
6626:.
6616:.
6588:.
6574:^
6564:.
6533:.
6502:.
6480:^
6459:^
6446:.
6435:^
6421:.
6409:^
6400:.
6371:.
6360:.
6349:^
6279:.
6271:.
6240:.
6206:.
6196:35
6194:.
6190:.
6171:.
6152:.
6130:.
6120:70
6118:.
6114:.
6102:^
6092:.
6080:^
6071:"
6060:^
6043:.
6032:^
5995:.
5985:.
5981:.
5965:^
5956:.
5946:.
5942:.
5930:^
5921:.
5911:.
5867:,
5857:,
5853::
5849:,
5811:,
5797:,
5760:.
5717:^
5695:.
5682:^
5594:,
5563:.
5463:.
5439:^
5415:^
5392:.
5363:^
5353:.
5349:.
5270:,
5261:,
5255::
5251:,
5243::
5239:,
5233::
5229:;
5216:ɑː
4949:,
4945:,
4941:,
4937:,
4929:,
4883:)
4799:)
4727::
4714::
4703::
4658:eː
4650:ɛː
4622:iː
4604:ye
4525:/
4519:~
4488:uː
4476:,
4472:oː
4468:,
4436:◌̃
4230:fe
4187:–
4128:t̤
4072:s̤
4044:sh
3956:ze
3928:ṛe
3913:/
3907:~
3894:re
3769:/
3763:~
3754:h̤
3666:se
3638:ṭe
3610:te
3582:pe
3554:be
3524:,
3520:aː
3516:,
3340:bʱ
3321:pʰ
3285:फ़
3256:dʱ
3244:tʰ
3186:ɽʱ
3181:ɖʱ
3162:ʈʰ
3140:ढ़
3126:ड़
3042:झ़
3028:ज़
2992:ɡʱ
2966:kʰ
2930:ग़
2916:ख़
2902:क़
2886:ɔː
2879:oː
2872:ɛː
2865:eː
2858:uː
2844:iː
2830:aː
2699:,
2673:.
2532:.
2486:,
2478:,
2474:,
2470:,
2466:,
2438:,
2407:,
2403:;
2395:,
2391:,
2387:,
2383:,
2379:,
2375:,
2371:,
2367:,
2346:,
2196:.
2124:/
2106:/
2091:c.
1977:.
1958:.
1920:.
1795:,
1728:,
1716:.
1690:.
1674:,
1666:,
1570:,
1478:.
1462:,
1450:,
1446:,
1429:,
1366:)
1355:.
1277:,
1273:,
1216:,
1212::
1034:.
589:ur
580:hi
393:.)
173:c.
171::
154:),
145:),
11787:e
11780:t
11773:v
11584:)
11527:)
10815:/
9954:e
9947:t
9940:v
9704:e
9697:t
9690:v
9322:e
9315:t
9308:v
9214:.
9194:.
9174:.
9155:.
9120:.
9097:.
9017:.
8988:.
8961:.
8928:.
8894:.
8849:.
8801:.
8783:5
8762:.
8678:.
8665:.
8645:)
8625:.
8577:.
8550:.
8437::
8414:.
8393:.
8367:.
8341:.
8329::
8266:.
8241:.
8187:.
8175::
8152:)
8138:.
8113:.
7971:.
7941:.
7916:.
7822:.
7795:.
7760:.
7756::
7736:.
7700:.
7664:.
7629:.
7596:.
7497:.
7463:.
7433:.
7385:.
7216:.
6990:.
6963:.
6944:.
6924::
6918:9
6214:.
6202::
6175:.
6138:.
6126::
6054:.
6026:.
5711:.
5567:.
5503:.
5410:.
5355:2
5314:(
5297:(
5287:'
5278:'
5225:/
5222:i
5219:n
5213:t
5210:s
5207:ˈ
5204:ʊ
5201:d
5198:n
5195:ɪ
5192:h
5189:ˌ
5186:/
5113:.
4660:/
4656:/
4652:/
4648:/
4633:ے
4624:/
4620:/
4616:/
4614:j
4612:/
4597:ی
4588:/
4586:ʔ
4584:/
4580:'
4569:ء
4560:/
4558:ʱ
4556:/
4552:/
4550:ʰ
4548:/
4544:h
4533:ھ
4522:ɦ
4516:h
4513:/
4510:h
4499:ہ
4490:/
4486:/
4482:/
4480:ɔ
4478:/
4474:/
4470:/
4466:/
4464:ʋ
4462:/
4447:و
4438:/
4434:/
4419:ں
4410:/
4408:n
4406:/
4402:n
4391:ن
4382:/
4380:m
4378:/
4374:m
4363:م
4354:/
4352:l
4350:/
4346:l
4335:ل
4326:/
4324:ɡ
4322:/
4318:g
4307:گ
4298:/
4296:k
4294:/
4290:k
4279:ک
4270:/
4268:q
4266:/
4262:q
4251:ق
4242:/
4240:f
4238:/
4234:f
4223:ف
4214:/
4212:ɣ
4210:/
4206:ġ
4195:غ
4184:‘
4173:ع
4164:/
4162:z
4160:/
4156:ẓ
4145:ظ
4136:/
4134:t
4132:/
4117:ط
4108:/
4106:z
4104:/
4100:ż
4089:ض
4080:/
4078:s
4076:/
4061:ص
4052:/
4050:ʃ
4048:/
4033:ش
4024:/
4022:s
4020:/
4016:s
4005:س
3996:/
3994:ʒ
3992:/
3988:ž
3977:ژ
3968:/
3966:z
3964:/
3960:z
3949:ز
3940:/
3938:ɽ
3936:/
3932:ṛ
3921:ڑ
3910:ɾ
3904:r
3901:/
3898:r
3887:ر
3878:/
3876:z
3874:/
3870:z
3859:ذ
3850:/
3848:ɖ
3846:/
3842:ḍ
3831:ڈ
3822:/
3820:d
3818:/
3814:d
3803:د
3794:/
3792:x
3790:/
3777:خ
3766:ɦ
3760:h
3757:/
3743:ح
3734:/
3730:/
3726:c
3715:چ
3706:/
3702:/
3698:j
3687:ج
3678:/
3676:s
3674:/
3670:s
3659:ث
3650:/
3648:ʈ
3646:/
3642:ṭ
3631:ٹ
3622:/
3620:t
3618:/
3614:t
3603:ت
3594:/
3592:p
3590:/
3586:p
3575:پ
3566:/
3564:b
3562:/
3558:b
3547:ب
3538:/
3536:ʊ
3534:/
3530:/
3528:ɪ
3526:/
3522:/
3518:/
3514:/
3512:ə
3510:/
3495:ا
3462:ɦ
3455:s
3448:ʂ
3441:ʃ
3434:ʋ
3427:l
3420:ɾ
3413:j
3404:ह
3397:स
3390:ष
3383:श
3376:व
3369:ल
3362:र
3355:य
3346:m
3334:b
3327:f
3315:p
3306:म
3299:भ
3292:ब
3278:फ
3271:प
3262:n
3250:d
3238:t
3229:न
3222:ध
3215:द
3208:थ
3201:त
3192:ɳ
3175:ɽ
3168:ɖ
3156:ʈ
3147:ण
3133:ढ
3119:ड
3112:ठ
3105:ट
3096:ɲ
3089:ʒ
3077:z
3049:ञ
3035:झ
3021:ज
3014:छ
3007:च
2998:ŋ
2986:ɣ
2979:ɡ
2972:x
2960:q
2953:k
2944:ङ
2937:घ
2923:ग
2909:ख
2895:क
2851:ʊ
2837:ɪ
2823:ə
2814:औ
2807:ओ
2800:ऐ
2793:ए
2786:ऊ
2779:उ
2772:ई
2765:इ
2758:आ
2751:अ
2291:)
2287:(
2118:(
2100:(
2013:.
1546:(
1534:(
1506:(
1362:(
1328:(
1309:(
1298:(
1284:(
1208:(
949:e
942:t
935:v
825:)
768:(
526:)
507:)
439:)
423:)
419:(
403:-
399:(
375:(
150:(
141:(
137:/
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
