2528:
2655:(although the latter was eventually returned) and forcing some of the Lao across the river to settle in Isan. Louang Phrabang was spared most of the destruction by submitting to Siamese overlordship. Although the kingdoms remained nominally autonomous, the Siamese demanded tribute and taxes, kept members of the respective royal houses as hostages to ensure loyalty and required the three Lao kings to come to the capital several times a year to hold an audience with the Siamese king. When the kingdoms revolted, the Siamese armies retaliated by rounding up entire villages, tattooing them to mark them as slaves and forced to settle what is now Isan, forced to serve as soldiers or manpower in
1610:
and registers of both languages and many are shared between them. Khmer loan words include body parts, urban living, tools, administration and local plants. The Thai, and likely the Lao, were able to make Khmer-style coinages that were later exported back to Khmer. The heavy imprint of Khmer is shown in the genetics of Tai speakers, with samples from Thai and Isan people of Lao descent showing proof of both the Tai migration but also intermarriage and assimilation of local populations. Scholars such as
Khanittanan propose that the deep genetic and linguistic impact of the autochthonous Khmer and their language indicates that the earliest days of
4516:, which can be described as 'creaky'. Combined with the somewhat faster manner of speaking and reduced tendency to soften consonants at the end of words, Southern Lao sounds very rough and harsh to speakers of other dialects. Many of these features, such as the faster speaking pace and glottalization may be influences from Austroasiatic languages as most of the region was inhabited by the Khmer, Kuy and various other Austroasiatic peoples until the eighteenth century when the Lao began to settle and even now, Khmer speakers comprise half the population of Surin and roughly a quarter each of the populations of Sisaket and Buriram provinces.
9155:
5107:
9321:
9296:
9278:
9203:
1756:
55:
5181:, achieving full-member status in 1992. Many of the royalists and high-ranking families of Laos left Laos in the wake of the end of the Laotian Civil War for France, but as of 2010, it was estimated that 173,800 people, or three percent of the population, were fluent in French and French is studied by 35% of the population as a second language as a required subject and many courses in engineering, medicine, law, administration and other advanced studies are only available in French.
5195:
maintains a large Lao diaspora and some of the very well-to-do still send their children to France for study. The result of this long-standing French influence is the use of hundreds of loan words of French origin in the Lao language of Laos—although many are old-fashioned and somewhat obsolete or co-exist alongside more predominant native usages. They may be contrasted with the neighbouring languages in
Thailand, which borrowed from English instead of French.
11947:
312:
11222:
300:
8875:
324:
3340:
to sound softer, sweeter and more effeminate than other Lao dialects, likely aided by the slower speed of speaking. Similar in tonal structure and quality to Tai Lanna, likely facilitated by the immigration of Lanna people to Louang
Phrabang after Chiang Mai's fall to the Burmese in 1551, the dialect is classified apart from other Lao dialects as Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. Northern Lao also resisted the merger of Proto-Tai *
900:
10965:
277:
506:
536:
2689:, whether paying their tribute directly to Bangkok or the remaining Lao kings and princes, were still nominally part of the separate kingdoms. Temples built in what is now Isan still featured the Tai Noi script on its murals and although Siam would intervene in some matters, daily administration was still left to the remaining kings and various Lao princes that served as governors of the larger
1825:) was developed to address or discuss the king and high-ranking clergy. Khmer and Sanskrit also contributed many belles-lettres as well as numerous technical, academic and cultural vocabulary, thus differentiating the Lao language from the tribal Tai peoples, but pushing the language closer to Thai, which underwent a similar process. The end of the Lao monarchy in 1975 made the Lao
3125:), 'Vientiane people' of the city and surrounding parts of the kingdom, were rounded up by Siamese armies and forced to the right bank, greatly boosting the Lao population of what is now Isan. The Tai Wiang strengthened numbers in the northern third, where Vientiane Lao was traditionally spoken, but were scattered across the Isan region overall, with heavier concentrations in
2681:
population of Isan and caused assimilation of the local peoples into the mix, a process that is occurring on a smaller scale even now. Siamese intervention paradoxically strengthened the Lao character of the region as the
Siamese left the Lao areas alone as long as they continued to produce rice and continued to pay tribute. Direct Siamese rule did not extend past
3336:
history, as many of the earliest Lao literary works were composed in the dialect, and it served, in a refined form, as the royal speech of the
Laotian kings until 1975 when the monarchy was abolished. Louang Phrabang remains the largest city in the northern region of Laos, serving as an important center of trade and communication with the surrounding areas.
2712:
French rule in Laos, the government standardized the spelling of the Lao language, with movement towards a phonetical spelling with preservation of a semi-etymological spelling for Pali, Sanskrit and French loan words and the addition of archaic letters for words of Pali and
Sanskrit origin concerning Indic culture and Buddhism.
2726:
Spelling reforms under the communist rule of Laos in 1975 were more radical, with the complete abolition of semi-etymological spelling in favor of phonetical spelling, with the removal of silent letters, removal of special letters for Indic loan words, all vowels being written out implicitly and even
839:
branch of Tai languages. Lao (including Isan) and Thai, although they occupy separate groups, are mutually intelligible and were pushed closer through contact and Khmer influence, but all
Southwestern Tai languages are mutually intelligible to some degree. The Tai languages also include the languages
6124:
brought
Vietnamese to boost the population of the cities and help administer the region. Many Lao that received a French-language education during the period of French Indochina were educated in French-language schools in Vietnam, exposing them to French and Vietnamese languages and cultures. As the
3339:
Despite the proximity to speakers of
Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is quite distinct. Unlike other Lao dialects with six tones, Northern Lao speakers use only five. Due to the distinctive high-pitch, high-falling tone on words with live syllables starting with low-class consonants, the dialect is said
3335:
was originally the prestigious variety of the language with the city serving as the capital of Lan Xang for the first half of its existence, with the kings of the city made kings of all of Laos by the French. Although the language lost its prestige to
Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is important for its
3279:
Northern Lao is a very distinct dialect, exhibiting several features and lexical differences quite apart from other Lao dialects except Northeastern Lao (Phuan). Even though it borders the Vientiane Lao dialect region, there is a sharp boundary that divides them. The dialect shares many similarities
2707:
During French rule, missing words for new technologies and political realities were borrowed from French or Vietnamese, repurposed from old Lao vocabulary as well as coined from Sanskrit. These Sanskrit-derived neologisms were generally the same, although not always, as those that developed in Thai.
1609:
Thai and Lao also share similar sources of loan words. Aside from many of the deeply embedded Sinitic loan words adopted at various points in the evolution of Southwestern Tai at the periphery of Chinese influence, the Tais in Southeast Asia encountered the Khmer. Khmer loan words dominate all areas
4233:
Nevertheless, the tones of the southern Central varieties, such as spoken in Mukdahan, Thailand and Savannakhét, Laos have a tonal structure more akin to Vientiane Lao, sharing certain splits and contours. These areas do, however, exhibit some Southern features of their lexicon, such as the common
4193:
Central Lao represents a transitional variety, with northern varieties closer to Vientiane Lao and southern varieties, roughly south of the confluence of the Xé Noi river with the Mekong, the speech varieties begin to approach Southern Lao. Some linguists, such as Hartmann, place Vientiane Lao and
2711:
Whilst previously written in a mixture of etymological and phonetical spellings, depending on audience or author, Lao underwent several reforms that moved the language towards a purely phonetical spelling. During the restoration of the king of Louang Phabang as King of Laos under the last years of
2680:
In addition to forced transfers, many Lao were encouraged to settle in Isan, with some disillusioned princes granted lofty titles in exchange for loyalty and taxation, robbing the Lao kings of taxation and wealth as well as what little nominal authority they had left. This greatly expanded the Lao
1649:
Indic languages also pushed Thai and Lao closer together, particularly Sanskrit and Pali loan words that they share. Many Sanskrit words were adopted via the Khmer language, particularly concerning Indian concepts of astrology, astronomy, ritual, science, kingship, art, music, dance and mythology.
971:
As the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples diverged, following paths down waterways, their dialects began to diverge into the various languages today, such as the Lao-Phuthai languages that developed along the Mekong River and includes Lao and its Isan sub-variety and the Chiang Saen languages which
6129:
forces, supplying Lao communist militia with weaponry and training during the two-decade-long Laotian Civil War, large numbers of Vietnamese troops have been stationed at various times in Laos' post-independence history, although the Vietnamese military presence began to wane in the late 1980s as
5114:
After the division of the Lao-speaking world in 1893, French would serve as the administrative language of the French Protectorate of Laos, carved from the Lao lands of the left bank, for sixty years until 1953 when Laos achieved full independence. The close relationship of the Lao monarchy with
1746:
of northern Vietnam were shielded from the influence of the Khmer language and the Indic cultural influences that came with them and remain traditionally a non-Buddhist people. Although the Tai Dam language is a Chiang Saen language, albeit with a lexicon and phonology closer to Lao, the lack of
3137:
provinces. This likely had a leveling effect on the Lao language as spoken in Isan, as most Isan speakers regardless of speech variety are prone to using /ʋ/ as opposed to /w/ and the informal conversion of syllable-initial /k/ to /tɕ/ in relaxed, informal speech, which in Laos, is particularly
3074:
In Laos, the written language has been mainly based on Vientiane Lao for centuries after the capital of Lan Xang was moved in 1560. The speech of the old élite families was cultivated into Standard Lao as emulated by television and radio broadcasts from the capital as well as taught to foreign
5194:
and sporadically on television ad radio. French still appears on signage, is the language of major civil engineering projects and is the language of the élite, especially the older generations that received secondary and tertiary education in French-medium schools or studied in France. France
538:
542:
541:
537:
543:
1949:), both of which signify 'loving kindness' although the Sanskrit term is more generally used for 'friendship'. The spread of Theravada Buddhism spread literacy, as monks served as teachers, teaching reading and writing as well other basic skills to village boys, and the
2677:) in 1828 which led to the death of Anouvông and most of his family. The Siamese abducted nearly the entire population of Vientiane and its surrounding area and forced them to the right bank. Continued raids of people continued until the end of the nineteenth century.
1884:-influenced script of Lan Na but was used in Lao specifically for religious literature. The influence of the related Tai Lan Na language was strengthened after the capitulation of Lan Na to the Burmese, leading many courtiers and people to flee to safety to Lan Xang.
1614:
had a largely bilingual population. Although evidence and research in Lao is lacking, major Lao cities were known to have been built atop existing Khmer settlements, suggesting assimilation of the locals. Isan and Lao commonly use a Khmer loan not found in Thai,
544:
2743:
The standard written Lao based on the speech of Vientiane has leveled many lexical differences between dialects found in Laos, and although spoken regional variations remain strong, speakers will adjust to it in formal situations and in dealings with outsiders.
4185:, but it is considered a Lao dialect in Laos. As a Tai language of northern Southeast Asia, it shares many similarities with Tai Dam and Tai Lan Na. In contrast to other minority languages of Isan, it is not losing ground to the Thai or Isan language in Isan.
5168:
Although English has mostly surpassed French as the preferred foreign language of international diplomacy and higher education since the country began opening up to foreign investment in the 1990s, the position of French is stronger in Laos than in
540:
3075:
students of Lao. The speech of the Isan city of Nong Khai, which sits on the opposite bank of the Mekong, is almost indistinguishable in tone and accent from the speech of Vientiane. Vientiane Lao predominates in Vientiane City, the surrounding
1838:
The 16th century would see the establishment of many of the hallmarks of the contemporary Lao language. Scribes abandoned the use of written Khmer or Lao written in the Khmer alphabet, adopting a simplified, cursive form of the script known as
1545:
Similar influences and proximity allowed for both languages to converge in many aspects as well. Thai and Lao, although separated, passively influenced each other through centuries of proximity. For instance, the Proto-Southwestern Tai
1811:
Khmer, and Sanskrit via Khmer, continued to influence the Lao language. Since Fa Ngoum was raised in the Khmer court, married to a Khmer princess and had numerous Khmer officials in his court, a now-extinct speech register known as
972:
includes the Central Thai dialect that is the basis of Standard Thai. Despite their close relationship, there were several phonological divergences that drifted the languages apart with time such as the following examples:
2588:. The arid hinterlands, deforested and depopulated after a series of droughts, likely led to the collapse of the Khmer Empire, was only occupied by small groups of Austroasiatic peoples and scattered outposts of Lao
3090:
In Isan, Vientiane Lao is the primary form of Isan spoken in the northern third of the region which was long settled since the days of Lan Xang and was ruled as part of the Kingdom of Vientiane, including most of
2693:. The result of the population movements re-centered the Lao world to the right bank, as today, if Isan and Lao speakers are counted together, Isan speakers form 80 percent of the Lao-speaking population.
1762:
in Nakhon Phanom. Built in the 16th century over earlier Khmer ruins when Isan was part of Lan Xang, the temple is an important place of pilgrimage, attracting Lao from Laos as well as Isan to its temple
4507:
Compared to other Isan and Lao dialects, Southern Lao has low tones in syllables that begin with high- or middle-class consonants and have long vowels. High- and middle-class consonants marked with the
5119:
when the monarchy was removed and the privileged position of French began its decline. Many of the initial borrowings for terms from Western culture were imported via French. For instance, Lao uses
6130:
Laos pursued closer relations with its other neighbors and entered the market economy. Since market reforms in Vietnam, market liberalization has been the main focus between the two countries now.
3300:
provinces, particularly the narrow strip hugging the shore of the Mekong and bordering Loei, outside of Isan are generally speakers of Northern Lao. In Laos, it is the primary dialect spoken in
1650:
New words were historically coined from Sanskrit roots just as European languages, including English, share Greek and Latin roots used for these purposes, such as 'telephone' from Greek roots
539:
4588:), 'what's wrong?'. Possibly as a result of historical Khmer influence and current influences from Thai, Southern dialects tend to pronounce some words with initial Proto-Southwestern Tai *
9970:
649:, bridging the linguistic diversity of a population that speaks many other languages. Its cultural significance is reflected in Laotian literature, media, and traditional arts. The
8917:
marks and can be placed above, below, in front of, or behind consonants. The script also contains distinct symbols for numerals, although Arabic numerals are more commonly used.
5110:
A bilingual Lao-French street sign in Vientiane. Although the influence of French on the Lao language has waned considerably, hundreds of words of French origin are used in Laos.
2576:) (1637–1694) ended with a successional dispute, with his grandsons, with Siamese intervention, carving out their separate kingdoms in 1707. From its ashes arose the kingdoms of
9832:
Center for Southeast Asian Studies. DeKalb: University of Northern Illinois. Based on Crisfield-Hartmann 2002/Enfield 2000, Brown 1965, and Chittavoravong (1980) (unpublished).
466:
2551:
and a long series of droughts during the 13th–15th centuries. The Lao settlements were found only along the banks of the Mekong River and in the wetter northern areas such as
583:. Spoken by over 3 million people in Laos and 3.2 million in all countries, it serves as a vital link in the cultural and social fabric of these areas. It is written in the
10340:
12058:
1534:
1514:
1453:
1403:
1344:
1324:
1263:
1213:
1154:
1134:
1073:
1023:
4182:
9420:
Paul, L. M., Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from
7791:
The tone letters are 13 (˩˧) in citation form or before a pause and 11 (˩˩) elsewhere, e.g., /haː˩˧ paː˩˧/ ຫາປາ "look for fish" becomes (Osatananda, 1997, p. 119).
2527:
2735:(but usually pronounced /l/) in official publications, although older people and many in the Lao diaspora continue to use some of the older spelling conventions.
9908:
9740:
2563:, with most of the population inhabiting the wetter left banks. This began to change when the golden age of Lao prosperity and cultural achievements under King
7818:
This tone is realized as a low rising tone (23 or ˨˧) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຄາບ "dead skin of a reptile") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).
8913:, but Lao consonant letters are conceived of as simply representing the consonant sound, rather than a syllable with an inherent vowel. Vowels are written as
8940:
Experts disagree on the number and nature of tones in the various dialects of Lao. According to some, most dialects of Lao and Isan have six tones, those of
7809:
This tone is realized as a mid level-falling tone (332 or ˧˧˨) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຂາບ "prostrate") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).
11936:
9879:
5012:, much as Latin and Greek have influenced European languages. For politeness, pronouns (and more formal pronouns) are used, plus ending statements with
913:
The ancestors of the Lao people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now
11916:
9825:
9393:
7735:
Northeastern Lao is sometimes considered a separate language, as it is traditionally spoken by Phuan tribal members, a closely related but distinct
11876:
7405:
Lao has six lexical tones. However, the Vientiane and the Luang Prabang dialects have five tones (see below) (Brown 1965; Osatananda, 1997, 2015).
2609:, was founded as an outpost of Champasak, establishing the first major Lao presence and the beginning of the expansion of Lao settlement along the
3324:, native Lao speakers are a small minority in the major market towns but Northern Lao, highly influenced by the local languages, is spoken as the
951:
led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the
12418:
11210:
11001:
9952:
8902:. Although the Lao script bears resemblance to Thai, the former contains fewer letters than Thai because by 1960 it was simplified to be fairly
13318:
11871:
7800:
This tone is realized as a low level tone (22 or ˨˨) in a checked syllable with a short vowel (e.g., ຄັບ "tight") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).
9862:
Osantanda, V. (2015). "Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges."
4500:), particularly near the Mekong River close to the Laotian border. Many of the areas where Southern Lao is spoken were formerly part of the
3284:
and is classified accordingly as a Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. The dialect is not common in Isan, restricted to western portions of
10091:
10049:
9985:
9928:
7973:
One difference between Thai and Lao is that in Lao initial clusters are simplified. For example, the official name of Laos is Romanized as
8014:
in the coda can be preceded only by a short vowel. Open syllables (i.e., those with no coda consonant) and syllables ending in one of the
10490:
10241:
4504:, one of the three successor states to the Kingdom of Lan Xang, prior to the division of the Lao-speaking world between France and Siam.
959:
centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Lao originating in the Tai migrants that followed the
927:. The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various
12095:
1912:. Although Lao belief is that the era of Lan Xang began the period of Theravada Buddhism for the Lao people, it was not until the mid-
10282:
1785:
653:
dialect has emerged as the de facto standard, though no official standard has been established. Internationally, Lao is spoken among
9363:
2539:. Dating to the reign of Siamese Ruler Rama III (1788–1851), the writing is in the Tai Noi script, an old form of the Lao alphabet.
10302:
11997:
9053:) placed before certain consonants will place the proceeding consonant in the high class tone. This can occur before the letters
128:
2659:
projects to build roads, to grow food, build canals, or serve as domestics. The greatest population transfer occurred after the
642:
languages, allows for effective intercommunication among their speakers, despite differences in script and regional variations.
11188:
11787:
8055:. Special particle words serve the purpose of prepositions and verb tenses in lieu of conjugations and declensions. Lao is a
12012:
4265:), which is the more common word and also signifies 'water' in general. Mukdahan-Savannakhét area speakers also understand
3348:
that occurred in all other Lao dialects, except Northeastern Lao. This affects the twenty or so words represented by Thai '
1923:. Many Pali terms existed alongside earlier Sanskrit borrowings or were Sanskritized, leading to doublets such as Sanskrit
9812:. Compton, C. J., Hartmann, J. F. Sysamouth, V. (eds.). (pp. 160–188). San Francisco, CA: Center for Lao Cultural Studies.
12411:
11203:
10994:
7002:
6815:
6808:
6656:
6120:
Because of the depopulation of the left bank to Siam prior to French colonization, the French who were already active in
940:
523:
485:
12080:
11926:
9905:
9737:
903:
Map showing the general migration patterns and diversification of the Tai peoples and languages from the original Tai
12102:
11911:
10446:
10431:
10416:
10401:
10386:
10369:
10354:
10164:"Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A comparison of tonal systems and foreign-accent rating by Luang Phrabang judges"
519:
10008:
9841:เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. ภาษาถิ่นตระกูลไทย. กทม. สถาบันวิจัยภาษาและวัฒนธรรมเพื่อการพัฒนาชนบทมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. 2531.
9166:
Traditionally, only secular literature was written with the Lao alphabet. Religious literature was often written in
4194:
Central Lao together as a singular dialect region. More Vientiane-like speech predominates in the Isan provinces of
12038:
9469:"Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Protosouthwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai"
657:, especially in countries like the United States, France, and Australia, reflecting its global diasporic presence.
17:
10483:
10376:
9738:"Language vitality and the ethnic tourism development of the Lao ethnic groups in the western region of Thailand"
7449:
7442:
7324:
7154:
6757:
475:
9338:
13308:
12404:
11196:
10987:
8059:(SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. In contrast to Thai, Lao uses pronouns more frequently.
7352:
7331:
7182:
7161:
6802:
1849:. Lao literature was also given a major boost with the brief union of Lan Xang with Lan Na during the reign of
9895:
Hartmann, J. (2002). 'Spoken Lao—A regional approach.' SEASITE Laos. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University.
8006:
may appear in the coda. If the vowel in the nucleus is short, it must be followed by a consonant in the coda;
1742:
The effects of Khmer and Indic vocabulary did not affect all the Tai languages of Southeast Asia equally. The
606:, forming sentences through the combination of individual words without inflection. These features, common in
12232:
10554:
10463:
9876:
456:
370:
7830:
The number of contrastive tones is reduced to four in checked syllables, that is, in syllables ending in an
388:
13313:
12085:
7379:
7338:
7209:
7168:
6764:
4426:
Southern Lao is spoken along the southern third of Isan and Laos. This region covers the Thai provinces of
2532:
10341:"A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies".
9113:
9104:
9095:
9086:
9077:
9068:
9059:
9050:
8022:
8018:
8003:
7963:
7932:
7914:
7896:
7878:
7835:
7567:
7563:
7544:
7523:
7504:
7485:
7466:
7418:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7103:
6861:
6427:
6353:
6279:
6207:
6102:
6030:
5958:
5886:
5814:
5742:
5682:
5610:
5550:
5478:
5406:
5334:
5274:
5162:
5154:
5137:
5129:
5084:
5068:
5052:
5039:
5029:
5019:
4706:
4689:
4678:) to other Lao, but are really a strongly velarized /ɬ/ or a rhotic tap /ɾ/. Southerners also tend to use
4663:
4646:
4632:
4615:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4568:
4554:
4530:
4497:
4304:
4290:
4276:
4262:
4248:
3963:
3345:
3341:
3169:
3152:
3122:
2732:
2674:
2619:
2602:
2573:
2467:
2403:
2351:
2334:
2268:
2204:
2138:
2072:
2006:
1965:
1946:
1933:
1859:
1822:
1777:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1679:
1643:
1629:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
12371:
11866:
11800:
11172:
9822:
9385:
8056:
7363:
7296:
7193:
7126:
6786:
2702:
1800:), modern-day Louang Phrabang. Lan Xang was powerful enough to thwart Siamese designs from their base at
349:
337:
111:
9440:
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (2007). "The Languages of Vietnam: Mosaics and Expansions".
9424:
4993:
has contributed numerous terms, especially relating to religion and in conversation with members of the
13303:
13256:
13235:
12881:
12254:
12176:
11977:
11254:
10476:
9236:
9231:
7424:
7303:
7133:
7011:
6972:
6965:
6879:
6871:
6829:
6647:
6640:
4849:
4463:
3023:
2721:
1953:
was used for personal letters, record-keeping, and signage, as well as to record short stories and the
836:
713:
639:
193:
188:
9949:
9773:
Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books.
12320:
12310:
12247:
12053:
11846:
11780:
11361:
8026:
8007:
7842:
7422:
6885:
6877:
6869:
5190:, but French-language content is sometimes seen alongside English in publications in older issues of
4451:
3007:
2577:
1901:
9320:
9295:
9277:
9154:
4543:
xé, /sȅː/)) and many of the words used in Savannakhét that are more typical of Southern Lao such as
4512:
tone mark are low and low-falling, respectively, but in these cases are pronounced with very strong
3372:' which is also /aj/. Northern Lao also contains numerous terms not familiar to other Lao speakers.
12787:
12251:
12205:
12090:
11967:
11529:
10775:
7310:
7140:
3096:
2794:
2552:
803:
The Lao language falls within the Lao-Phuthai group of languages, including its closest relatives,
450:
10163:
4450:, use Southern Lao as a second language to engage with their Isan neighbors. It is also spoken in
1519:
1499:
1438:
1388:
1329:
1309:
1248:
1198:
1139:
1119:
1058:
1008:
12871:
12340:
12277:
12171:
11921:
11647:
11374:
11127:
11043:
10929:
10532:
9810:
Contemporary Lao Studies: Research on Development, Language and Culture, and Traditional Medicine
6981:
6887:
6670:
6610:
6603:
5101:
666:
619:
10088:
10046:
9925:
1747:
Khmer, Sanskrit and Pali loan words makes the language unintelligible to Thai and Lao speakers.
13118:
13092:
13041:
13021:
12759:
12148:
12117:
12112:
12002:
11992:
11946:
11754:
11562:
11478:
11413:
11321:
11290:
11218:
10950:
10879:
10798:
9181:
7761:
6700:
4841:
4455:
4443:
4223:
4203:
3301:
3281:
3048:
3011:
2964:
2831:
2536:
1919:
With Theravada Buddhism came its liturgical language, Pali, an Indic language derived from the
1580:), although this is only used in Royal Thai or restricted academic usage, with the common form
845:
832:
757:
744:
703:
627:
611:
12861:
10238:
9853:
Enfield, N. J. (1966). A Grammar of Lao. Mouton de Gruyter: New York, NY. 2007 reprint. p. 19.
9210:
in the Khom script. This Khmer script was used to write Buddhist, Brahmanic, and ritual texts.
13298:
13216:
13183:
12856:
12851:
12823:
12777:
12525:
12427:
11972:
11701:
11632:
11420:
11226:
11010:
10866:
10217:
10135:
9576:
6996:
6940:
6933:
6796:
6553:
6546:
4483:
4199:
4178:
3317:
2960:
2911:
2893:
2851:
849:
708:
607:
178:
98:
5140:). Lao people also tend to use French forms of geographic place names, thus the Republic of
831:
languages of China, the Chiang Saen languages—which include Standard Thai, Khorat Thai, and
13133:
12918:
12846:
12831:
12496:
12267:
12222:
12186:
12063:
12043:
11856:
11851:
11773:
11575:
11539:
9386:"LAO LANGUAGE: DIALECTS, GRAMMAR, NAMES, WRITING, PROVERBS AND INSULTS | Facts and Details"
7966:. Any consonant may appear in the onset, but the labialized consonants do not occur before
6562:
4557:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use
4501:
4279:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use
4227:
4211:
3293:
3080:
3002:
2951:
2947:
2872:
2781:
2777:
2585:
2581:
1759:
257:
94:
10277:
7413:
There are six tones in smooth syllables, that is, in syllables ending in a vowel or other
4997:. Due to their proximity, Lao has influenced the Khmer and Thai languages and vice versa.
115:
8:
13263:
12841:
12836:
12782:
12674:
12143:
12068:
11468:
11111:
11086:
10761:
10685:
9359:
9246:
7043:
6751:
6732:
6714:
6707:
4845:
4215:
3305:
3289:
3104:
3084:
2943:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2876:
2864:
2835:
2802:
2798:
2785:
1908:
introduced via the Khmer and Theravada Buddhism which had been adopted and spread by the
1732:
923:
623:
102:
13076:
13036:
11347:
10322:
Igunma, Jana. (2013). Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures.
10056:. Analysis based on L. N. Morev, A. A. Moskalyov and Y. Y. Plam, (1979).
5106:
13249:
13242:
13128:
13123:
13071:
13031:
13026:
12928:
12330:
11931:
11749:
11642:
11637:
11392:
11305:
11061:
10894:
10751:
10541:
10299:
10209:
10201:
10060:. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies. Accessed 2009-12-19.
9623:
9593:
Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. Ph.D dissertation, available from UMI.
9563:
9538:
9241:
7744:
7740:
6949:
6905:
6571:
6490:
4829:
4467:
4459:
4207:
4195:
3321:
3313:
3297:
3130:
3126:
3108:
3092:
3076:
3027:
3015:
2986:
2976:
2972:
2923:
2919:
2897:
2880:
2855:
2843:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2790:
2560:
2548:
1736:
599:
11295:
441:
434:
119:
12978:
12943:
12913:
12908:
12544:
12227:
12191:
12107:
12048:
11955:
11906:
11896:
11724:
11585:
11491:
11448:
11274:
10647:
10442:
10427:
10412:
10397:
10382:
10365:
10350:
10213:
10004:
L'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Laos. (2013). Retrieved from
9568:
9453:
9159:
8052:
7047:
6959:
6920:
6910:
6854:
6596:
6505:
6495:
6469:
5116:
4471:
4219:
3360:', which preserve /aɰ/ in Northern Lao. This vowel has become /aj/, similar to Thai '
3309:
3060:
2968:
2956:
2839:
2682:
2660:
1913:
1905:
1893:
1805:
1801:
1611:
853:
804:
774:
683:
673:
603:
9606:
Huffman, Franklin E. (1973). "Thai and Cambodian – A Case of Syntactic Borrowing?".
2543:
Despite the long presence of Lan Xang and Lao settlements along the riverbanks, the
481:
13193:
13157:
13056:
13046:
12999:
12994:
12813:
12749:
12689:
12659:
12649:
12580:
12565:
12491:
12272:
12242:
12026:
12007:
11816:
11719:
11711:
11696:
11691:
11681:
11673:
11552:
11463:
11453:
11177:
11106:
10934:
10904:
10899:
10856:
10816:
10788:
10756:
10713:
10657:
10619:
10589:
10569:
10193:
9615:
9558:
9550:
9519:
9480:
9449:
9202:
9197:
9177:
8906:, whereas Thai maintains many etymological spellings that are pronounced the same.
7951:
6900:
6485:
4833:
4475:
4435:
4431:
3040:
2998:
2990:
2640:
928:
876:
languages on the Chinese Mainland and in neighbouring regions of northern Vietnam.
726:
654:
615:
13061:
11337:
10874:
9710:
Wajuppa Tossa (translator). (pp. 27–34). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
9173:
5186:
852:
branches of the Tai languages. The Tai languages form a major division within the
13198:
12988:
12956:
12923:
12903:
12802:
12772:
12767:
12734:
12721:
12707:
12699:
12684:
12679:
12654:
12644:
12634:
12616:
12608:
12560:
12478:
12468:
12458:
12364:
12292:
12181:
12166:
12131:
11886:
11808:
11729:
11595:
11524:
11438:
11428:
11402:
11096:
11091:
10846:
10821:
10746:
10675:
10670:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10559:
10306:
10286:
10273:
10245:
10221:
10095:
10053:
10012:
9956:
9932:
9912:
9883:
9829:
9744:
9580:
9428:
9168:
9149:
8925:
8921:
7318:
7249:
7148:
7083:
6927:
6915:
6865:
6500:
5178:
4837:
4828:
Western Lao (Standard Isan) does not occur in Laos but is the primary dialect of
4479:
3134:
3044:
2994:
2606:
2564:
1868:
956:
816:
769:
721:
170:
160:
12866:
10139:
9708:
Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King: A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse.
9641:
Khanittanan, W. (2001). "Khmero-Thai: The great change in the history of Thai".
13279:
13226:
13173:
13148:
13113:
13066:
12938:
12933:
12669:
12639:
12626:
12549:
12533:
12506:
12501:
12486:
12448:
12315:
12237:
12161:
11891:
11652:
11622:
11615:
11547:
11519:
11407:
11397:
11387:
11300:
11147:
11137:
11081:
11071:
11056:
11024:
10884:
10831:
10826:
10783:
10703:
10698:
10579:
9797:
Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945.
8891:
8883:
7955:
7748:
7346:
7176:
6590:
4513:
4427:
4174:
4168:
3019:
2847:
2648:
2544:
1950:
1841:
1755:
1743:
952:
678:
240:
155:
9799:(pp. 127–135, 190–197) Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
9485:
9468:
13292:
13108:
13051:
13015:
12983:
12949:
12898:
12797:
12744:
12598:
12590:
12555:
12453:
12443:
12435:
12380:
12345:
12335:
12300:
12282:
12217:
11600:
11580:
11570:
11504:
11497:
11486:
11342:
11269:
11244:
11152:
11132:
11101:
11076:
11051:
10889:
10851:
10841:
10836:
10811:
10806:
10741:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10665:
10637:
10632:
10584:
10549:
10362:
Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos
10100:
Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos
9539:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics"
8941:
8899:
8051:, and are not inflected to reflect declension or verbal tense, making Lao an
7967:
7959:
7254:
7237:
7088:
7071:
6822:
6771:
6739:
6721:
6691:
6677:
6663:
6633:
6578:
6515:
6465:
4976:
4604:
by speakers of other Lao dialects which have /h/. For example, Vientiane Lao
3332:
3285:
3100:
2927:
2860:
2814:
2556:
1955:
1850:
932:
885:
869:
857:
841:
824:
820:
787:
752:
731:
698:
688:
646:
635:
631:
592:
580:
419:
183:
7950:
Lao syllables are of the form (C)V(C), i.e., they consist of a vowel in the
12808:
12664:
12575:
12570:
12538:
12511:
12325:
11627:
11443:
11433:
11382:
11066:
10909:
10736:
10693:
10642:
10627:
10574:
10564:
10184:
Benedict, Paul K. (August 1947). "Languages and Literatures of Indochina".
10027:(pp. 280–292). Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre.
9572:
9219:
8887:
8028:
8009:
7844:
7839:
7039:
6988:
6858:
6684:
6472:. The complete inventory of Lao consonants is as shown in the table below:
4439:
1593:), actually an archaic variant. In slang and relaxed speech, Thai also has
960:
948:
563:
527:
66:
10458:
9504:
9308:
9283:
9265:
7581:
The tones in the Vientiane and Luang Prabang dialects in smooth syllables
414:
407:
12729:
12717:
12463:
12385:
12305:
12075:
11861:
11831:
11511:
10969:
10594:
9784:
Isan Writers, Thai Literature Writing and Regionalism in Modern Thailand.
8895:
8042:
7765:
7736:
7290:
7284:
7232:
7120:
7114:
7066:
5115:
France continued the promotion and spread of French until the end of the
4980:
2644:
936:
889:
861:
693:
342:
Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports
252:
143:
10979:
10005:
9661:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
9537:
Greenhill, Simon J.; Blust, Robert; Gray, Russell D. (3 November 2008).
9089:
and combined in special ligatures (considered separate letters) such as
7027:
The glottal stop appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.
579:
region of northeastern Thailand, where it is usually referred to as the
54:
13188:
12792:
11901:
11881:
11826:
11821:
11458:
10205:
10023:
Panthamaly, P. (2008). Lao PDR. In B. Indrachit & S. Logan (eds.),
9523:
9313:
9288:
9270:
8869:
7371:
7242:
7201:
7076:
7050:. The monophthongs and diphthongs are as shown in the following table:
6540:
4972:
4447:
3056:
1909:
1881:
1863:
1846:
828:
584:
247:
139:
9627:
7739:
group. Also spoken in a few small and scattered Tai Phuan villages in
856:, distantly related to other languages of southern China, such as the
11610:
11590:
10499:
10324:
Tai Culture, 23: Route of the Roots: Tai-Asiatic Cultural Interaction
9554:
9334:
8914:
7831:
7261:
7095:
3052:
2868:
2773:
2652:
2623:
2610:
1892:
Lan Xang was religiously diverse, with most of the people practicing
1793:
650:
427:
398:
380:
362:
12396:
10468:
10279:
Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS
10197:
8874:
7962:. The only consonant clusters allowed are syllable initial clusters
4985:
The Lao language consists primarily of native Lao words. Because of
4210:
provinces and on the Laotian side, portions of eastern and southern
2656:
11987:
11841:
11836:
11230:
9619:
8048:
8015:
7530:
7414:
5170:
5009:
5001:
4986:
2664:
1831:
1789:
905:
493:
317:
305:
90:
81:
1968:) poetry that were often incorporated into traditional folksongs.
602:, where the pitch or tone of a word can alter its meaning, and is
12153:
11605:
8910:
6134:
Vietnamese loanwords into Lao and differences with Thai and Isan
6121:
5174:
4218:
provinces. More Southern Lao features are found in the speech of
2715:
1920:
1897:
1768:
1767:
Taking advantage of rapid decline in the Khmer Empire, Phra Chao
944:
918:
914:
873:
588:
489:
329:
107:
11765:
9214:
Mystical, magical, and some religious literature was written in
899:
11982:
6385:
6311:
6237:
6165:
6060:
5988:
5916:
5844:
5772:
5700:
5640:
5568:
5508:
5436:
5364:
5292:
5232:
5141:
4994:
4482:
provinces. There are also small pockets of speakers located in
4021:
3957:
3951:
3890:
3829:
3744:
3680:
3616:
3552:
3488:
3424:
2636:
2478:
2414:
2345:
2279:
2215:
2149:
2083:
2017:
865:
11686:
9723:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 14.
9207:
465:
124:
9421:
11796:
10300:
Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham System of Writing
9971:"A model for the alignment of dialects in southwestern Tai"
8929:
5032:). Negative statements are made more polite by ending with
5005:
4990:
4251:), 'river', which is typical of Southern Lao as opposed to
3376:
Lack of /aj/-/aɯ/ merger in Northern (Louang Phrabang) Lao
2635:
The bulk of the Lao, however, settled after 1778 when King
1728:
1646:), which means 'building', 'foundation' or 'dorsal ridge'.
947:
and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the
576:
572:
282:
85:
77:
9764:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1–20).
3138:
characteristic of Vientiane speech. For example, the word
645:
In Laos, Lao is not only the official language but also a
492:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7768:
and, to some extent, Northern Khmer in Nakhon Ratchasima.
4064:
Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) Dialect Tone Distribution
3274:
2643:(1767–1782) conquered Champasak and Vientiane and raided
921:
where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an
9721:
Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture
9675:
Diller, A. V. N., Edmondson, J. A. & Luo, Y. (2004)
4162:
2522:
9692:. (pp. 40–60). Banglamung, Thailand: White Lotus Press.
6379:
6305:
6231:
6159:
6054:
5982:
5910:
5838:
5766:
5694:
5634:
5562:
5502:
5430:
5358:
5286:
5226:
4446:
variety of Khmer and another Austroasiatic people, the
4015:
3945:
3884:
3823:
3738:
3674:
3610:
3546:
3482:
3418:
2472:
2408:
2339:
2273:
2209:
2143:
2077:
2011:
10437:
Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003),
9505:"Proto-Southwestern-Tai revised: A new reconstruction"
3308:
provinces. In the other northern Laotian provinces of
931:, sometime around 112 CE, but likely completed by the
10264:(pp. 635–637). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium.
10098:. Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981).
9732:
Burusphat, S., Deepadung, S., & Suraratdecha, S.
9663:. Ooi, K. G. (ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
7958:
and optionally followed by a single consonant in the
3331:
Northern Lao, specifically the speech of the city of
1829:
obsolete, but as Thailand retains its monarchy, Thai
1522:
1502:
1441:
1391:
1332:
1312:
1251:
1201:
1142:
1122:
1061:
1011:
8959:
Short vowel, or short vowel plus unvoiced consonant
1916:
that the religion had become the dominant religion.
10347:
System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali
10298:Kourilsky, Grégory & Berment, Vincent. (2005).
7954:, optionally preceded by a single consonant in the
4307:), 'what's wrong?', as is typical of Southern Lao.
894:
10276:, Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007).
9536:
9512:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
9439:
8928:purposes and is still used in temples in Laos and
8878:Lao script on a sign at Wat That Luang, Vientiane.
6399:
6325:
6251:
6179:
6074:
6002:
5930:
5858:
5786:
5714:
5654:
5582:
5522:
5450:
5378:
5306:
5246:
4007:
3937:
3876:
3815:
3730:
3666:
3602:
3538:
3474:
3410:
2492:
2461:
2428:
2397:
2362:
2328:
2293:
2262:
2229:
2198:
2163:
2132:
2097:
2066:
2031:
2000:
1896:albeit somewhat influenced by local Austroasiatic
1528:
1508:
1447:
1397:
1338:
1318:
1257:
1207:
1148:
1128:
1067:
1017:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10125:
10123:
10121:
8890:in the 14th century, is ultimately rooted in the
6438:
6413:
6364:
6339:
6290:
6265:
6218:
6193:
6088:
6041:
6016:
5969:
5944:
5897:
5872:
5825:
5800:
5753:
5728:
5668:
5621:
5596:
5536:
5489:
5464:
5417:
5392:
5345:
5320:
5260:
4049:
4035:
3988:
3974:
3918:
3904:
3857:
3843:
3772:
3758:
3708:
3694:
3644:
3630:
3580:
3566:
3516:
3502:
3452:
3438:
2506:
2442:
2376:
2307:
2243:
2177:
2111:
2045:
1792:in 1354. Fa Ngoum was a grandson of the ruler of
13290:
10089:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao"
10047:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao"
9172:, a Mon-based script that is still used for the
8025:take one of four tones, and syllables ending in
6892:sounds are pronounced as , , and respectively.
6421:
6347:
6273:
6201:
4844:in Isan, Thailand. It is also spoken in much of
4311:Central Dialect Tone Distribution (Savannakhét)
1880:) or 'dharma letters' which was essentially the
819:. Together with Northwestern Tai—which includes
8021:take one of the six tones, syllables ending in
5042:). The following are formal register examples.
4856:Western Lao Dialect Tone Distribution (Roi Et)
3111:. As a result of the Lao rebellion of 1826 the
2592:in the far north. In 1718, Mueang Suwannaphum (
1972:Shared Pali loan words from Theravada Buddhism
348:Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts,
10146:
10118:
10000:
9998:
9849:
9847:
9162:formerly used in Laos for religious literature
2727:the elimination or replacement of the letter '
2716:Independence and Communist rule (1953–present)
1845:that with a few modifications survives as the
1718:
1704:
12412:
11781:
11204:
10995:
10484:
10311:First International Conference on Lao Studies
10102:. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19.
9690:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline
8909:The script is traditionally classified as an
966:
10531:
10360:Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989).
8944:have five. Tones are determined as follows:
7778:
6096:
6024:
5952:
5880:
5808:
5736:
5676:
5604:
5544:
5472:
5400:
5328:
5268:
5177:. Since 1972, Laos has been associated with
10041:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10033:
9995:
9844:
9640:
9502:
9466:
9184:. The Lao style of this script is known as
9128:(falling tone), there also exists the rare
8953:Long vowel, or vowel plus voiced consonant
4713:Southern Dialect Tone (Pakxé) Distribution
1727:), 'sound'. Indic influences also came via
1660:
1651:
1637:
12419:
12405:
11788:
11774:
11211:
11197:
11002:
10988:
10491:
10477:
10381:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
10256:
10254:
10161:
10129:
10115:Bangkok: Social Science Association Press.
9467:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (1 January 2014).
7986:
7983:Satharanarat Prachathipatai Prachachon Lao
6393:
6319:
6245:
6173:
6068:
5996:
5924:
5852:
5780:
5708:
5648:
5576:
5516:
5444:
5372:
5300:
5240:
5184:Laos maintains the French-language weekly
4692:) to mean 'to know someone' as opposed to
4001:
3931:
3870:
3809:
3724:
3660:
3596:
3532:
3468:
3404:
3361:
3349:
3288:and pockets of villages spread throughout
2696:
2486:
2455:
2422:
2391:
2356:
2322:
2287:
2256:
2223:
2192:
2157:
2126:
2091:
2060:
2025:
1994:
1673:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1550:has produced the expected Lao /m/ outcome
1486:
1462:
1296:
1272:
1106:
1082:
464:
53:
11009:
10077:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
9835:
9671:
9669:
9562:
9484:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9108:
9099:
9090:
9081:
9072:
9063:
9054:
9044:
8972:
8963:
7991:), indicating the simplification of Thai
6432:
6407:
6358:
6333:
6284:
6259:
6212:
6187:
6082:
6035:
6010:
5963:
5938:
5891:
5866:
5819:
5794:
5747:
5722:
5662:
5615:
5590:
5530:
5483:
5458:
5411:
5386:
5339:
5314:
5254:
5149:
5124:
5078:
5062:
5046:
5033:
5023:
5013:
4884:
4873:
4741:
4730:
4697:
4683:
4654:
4640:
4623:
4609:
4576:
4562:
4548:
4538:
4524:
4491:
4438:, where a large minority of speakers are
4339:
4328:
4298:
4284:
4270:
4256:
4239:
4085:
4076:
4043:
4029:
3982:
3968:
3912:
3898:
3851:
3837:
3766:
3752:
3702:
3688:
3638:
3624:
3574:
3560:
3510:
3496:
3446:
3432:
3367:
3355:
3197:
3188:
3160:
3143:
3116:
2935:
2668:
2627:
2614:
2593:
2568:
2500:
2436:
2370:
2301:
2237:
2171:
2105:
2039:
1960:
1941:
1928:
1854:
1817:
1772:
1687:
1620:
1555:
1480:
1412:
1290:
1222:
1100:
1032:
556:
39:
10183:
10030:
9968:
9959:Based on Yuphaphann Hoonchamlong (1981).
9719:Holt, J. C. (2009).
9608:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9601:
9599:
9498:
9496:
9433:
9218:(Aksar Khom), a modified version of the
9201:
9153:
8873:
5105:
4466:. In Laos, it is the primary dialect of
3176:Vientiane Dialect Six-Tone Distribution
3069:
2526:
1780:) defeated the Khmer and united the Tai
1754:
898:
534:
10394:Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit
10251:
10233:
10231:
10072:
9926:The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps
9702:
9700:
9698:
9659:Gunn, G. C. (2004). 'Laotinization' in
9605:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9410:
7764:in Sisaket, Surin, and Buriram, and to
6115:
1750:
524:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
486:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
13291:
10237:UCLA International Institute, (n.d.).
9679:(pp. 49–56). New York, NYC: Routledge.
9666:
8935:
5000:Formal writing has a larger number of
3275:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) dialect
1784:of what is now Laos and Isan into the
939:soldiers and settlers, the end of the
12426:
12400:
11769:
11192:
10983:
10498:
10472:
10113:From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects.
10068:
10066:
10006:http://www.francophonie.org/Laos.html
9866:. pp. 110–143. Special Issue 2(2015).
9776:
9767:
9596:
9587:
9530:
9493:
7979:Sathalanalat Pasathipatai Pasason Lao
7975:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
7229:
7063:
6482:
6475:
4163:Northeastern Lao dialect (Tai Phouan)
2523:Lao Three Kingdoms period (1713–1893)
1887:
1170:(initial) > Lao /h/, > Thai /r/
562:
65:
12477:
10228:
9856:
9786:(pp. 145–149). Singapore: NUS Press.
9695:
9407:
7825:
7053:
6125:Vietnamese communists supported the
4666:), respectively but may sound like *
1567:) and the expected Thai /l/ outcome
8956:Long vowel plus unvoiced consonant
7408:
6848:
5095:
1606:), likely due to influence of Lao.
24:
10333:
10162:Osatananda, Varisa (August 2015).
10063:
9543:Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online
9362:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 1995-01-20.
9259:
9143:
3328:across ethnic groups of the area.
2906:Scattered in isolated villages of
575:and a significant language in the
219:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang Lao)
27:Kra–Dai language of Southeast Asia
25:
13330:
11795:
10452:
10262:The Unicode Standard Version 12.0
10025:Asian communication handbook 2008
9915:Madison: University of Wisconsin.
8882:The Lao script, derived from the
8858:
7378:
7362:
7351:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7208:
7192:
7181:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7010:
7001:
6987:
6980:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6939:
6932:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6801:
6785:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6738:
6731:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6646:
6639:
6609:
6602:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6552:
6545:
4519:Specific dialectal words include
3155:), 'cheek', is often pronounced *
660:
11945:
11220:
10963:
10459:Lao Language and Culture website
9906:Central Lao Tones (Savannakhét).
9503:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009).
9454:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00033.x
9442:Language and Linguistics Compass
9383:
9319:
9294:
9276:
7593:(Osatananda, 2015, p. 122)
7042:distinction. Diphthongs are all
6868:in final position. Hence, final
6468:and plain form, thus creating a
5132:) in an approximation of French
1862:) (1546–1551). The libraries of
1668:which was introduced in Thai as
895:Tai migration (8th–12th century)
504:
322:
310:
298:
275:
10316:
10292:
10267:
10177:
10105:
10081:
10017:
9962:
9942:
9918:
9898:
9889:
9869:
9815:
9802:
9789:
9754:
9726:
9713:
9682:
9653:
9634:
9396:from the original on 2021-03-02
9366:from the original on 2013-01-19
9341:from the original on 2017-12-27
7812:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7777:Itself a loan word from French
7771:
7754:
7729:
6137:
5353:'cinema', 'movie theater' (US)
4943:
4923:
4903:
4859:
4800:
4780:
4760:
4716:
4421:
4398:
4378:
4358:
4314:
4067:
3179:
3032:
2981:
2932:
2886:
2824:
2768:
2751:
2547:remained depopulated since the
10411:. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001.
9939:, Special 2(2015), pps 97–109.
9473:Manusya: Journal of Humanities
9460:
9377:
9360:"Ausbau and Abstand languages"
9352:
9327:
9302:
9191:
8047:The majority of Lao words are
7988:สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว
7588:(Osatananda, 1997, p. 40)
6464:Many consonants in Lao have a
5388:ດີຊອນແນ/ດີຊອນແນຣ໌ (*ดิซอนแนร์)
4823:
4709:) used in all other dialects.
4188:
3292:provinces. The Isan people of
1523:
1503:
1442:
1392:
1333:
1313:
1252:
1202:
1143:
1123:
1062:
1012:
571:, is the official language of
13:
1:
13319:Subject–verb–object languages
9904:Hmong Research Group (2009).
9252:
8863:
8036:
7981:, with the Thai analog being
6459:
4966:
3787:Northern Lao dialectal words
1866:were copied, introducing the
8033:take one of only two tones.
7945:
6454:
6386:
6312:
6238:
6166:
6061:
5989:
5917:
5845:
5773:
5749:ຄົນສົ່ງໜັງສື (*คนส่งหนังสือ)
5701:
5641:
5569:
5509:
5437:
5365:
5293:
5233:
4442:people speaking the archaic
4022:
3958:
3952:
3891:
3830:
3745:
3681:
3617:
3553:
3489:
3425:
3034:Western Lao (Standard Isan)
2479:
2415:
2346:
2280:
2216:
2150:
2084:
2018:
1529:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1509:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1448:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1398:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1339:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1319:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1258:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1208:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1149:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1129:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1068:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1018:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
610:, also bear similarities to
567:), sometimes referred to as
7:
10173:. Special Issue 2: 110–143.
10130:Osatananda, Varisa (1997).
9978:Journal of the Siam Society
9950:Southern Lao Tones (Pakxé).
9225:
7038:All vowels make a phonemic
6439:
6414:
6400:
6365:
6340:
6326:
6291:
6266:
6252:
6219:
6194:
6180:
6089:
6075:
6042:
6017:
6003:
5970:
5945:
5931:
5898:
5873:
5859:
5826:
5801:
5787:
5754:
5729:
5724:ຟັກເຕີ/ຟັກເຕີຣ໌ (*ฟักเตอร์)
5715:
5669:
5655:
5622:
5597:
5583:
5537:
5532:ຫມາກປົ່ມ/ໝາກປົ່ມ (*หมากป่ม)
5523:
5490:
5465:
5451:
5418:
5393:
5379:
5346:
5321:
5307:
5261:
5247:
5069:/kʰa᷆ːnɔ̂ːjhētbɔ̄ːdâjdɔ᷆ːk/
4179:Chiang Saen (Thai) language
4110:High-Falling (glottalized)
4050:
4036:
4008:
3989:
3975:
3938:
3919:
3905:
3877:
3858:
3844:
3816:
3773:
3759:
3731:
3709:
3695:
3667:
3645:
3631:
3603:
3581:
3567:
3539:
3517:
3503:
3475:
3453:
3439:
3411:
3242:High-Falling (glottalized)
2738:
2703:French protectorate of Laos
2507:
2493:
2462:
2443:
2429:
2398:
2377:
2363:
2329:
2308:
2294:
2263:
2244:
2230:
2199:
2178:
2164:
2133:
2112:
2098:
2067:
2046:
2032:
2001:
1632:), 'doorframe', from Khmer
1360:> Lao /ɲ/, > Thai /j/
980:> Lao /m/, > Thai /l/
844:, which are split into the
835:—and Southern Tai form the
718:Northwestern Tai languages
350:National University of Laos
10:
13335:
10171:The Journal of Lao Studies
9984:(2): 72–87. Archived from
9937:The Journal of Lao Studies
9864:The Journal of Lao Studies
9237:Comparison of Lao and Thai
9232:Comparison of Lao and Isan
9195:
9147:
8867:
8062:
8040:
7760:Southern Lao gives way to
6380:
6306:
6232:
6160:
6055:
5983:
5911:
5839:
5767:
5761:'postman', 'mailman' (US)
5695:
5635:
5563:
5503:
5431:
5359:
5287:
5256:ກາລະວັດ/ກາຣະວັດ (*การะวัด)
5227:
5099:
4970:
4791:Low-Falling (glottalized)
4226:provinces of Thailand and
4166:
4016:
3946:
3885:
3824:
3739:
3675:
3611:
3547:
3483:
3419:
3222:Low-Falling (glottalized)
2722:History of Laos since 1945
2719:
2700:
2639:, Siamese king during the
2473:
2409:
2340:
2274:
2210:
2144:
2078:
2012:
967:Divergence and convergence
883:
879:
714:Southwestern Tai languages
664:
591:that evolved from ancient
13273:
13225:
13207:
13170:
13146:
13101:
13085:
13008:
12966:
12891:
12880:
12822:
12758:
12743:
12716:
12698:
12625:
12607:
12589:
12524:
12434:
12358:
12291:
12213:
12204:
12139:
12130:
12034:
12025:
11963:
11954:
11943:
11807:
11742:
11710:
11672:
11665:
11643:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)
11561:
11538:
11477:
11373:
11360:
11330:
11314:
11283:
11262:
11253:
11237:
11165:
11120:
11042:
11033:
11017:
10959:
10943:
10922:
10865:
10797:
10774:
10712:
10684:
10656:
10618:
10540:
10522:
10506:
10260:Unicode. (2019). Lao. In
10186:The Far Eastern Quarterly
9486:10.1163/26659077-01703004
9422:http://www.ethnologue.com
9337:. About World Languages.
9136:
9130:
9124:
9118:
9109:
9100:
9091:
9082:
9073:
9064:
9055:
9045:
8973:
8964:
8075:
8069:
7987:
7629:high-falling-to-mid-level
7590:
7585:
7329:
7301:
7282:
7270:
7260:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7159:
7131:
7112:
7102:
7094:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7033:
6795:
6750:
6589:
6539:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6433:
6408:
6394:
6359:
6334:
6320:
6285:
6260:
6246:
6226:'Vietnamese noodle soup'
6213:
6188:
6174:
6083:
6069:
6036:
6011:
5997:
5964:
5939:
5925:
5892:
5867:
5853:
5820:
5795:
5781:
5748:
5723:
5709:
5663:
5649:
5616:
5591:
5577:
5531:
5517:
5484:
5459:
5445:
5412:
5387:
5373:
5340:
5315:
5301:
5255:
5241:
5192:Khaosane Phathét Lao News
5150:
5125:
5079:
5067:(kha noi het bo lai dok,
5063:
5047:
5034:
5024:
5014:
4885:
4874:
4742:
4731:
4698:
4684:
4655:
4641:
4624:
4610:
4592:as either the rhotic tap
4577:
4563:
4549:
4539:
4525:
4492:
4340:
4329:
4299:
4285:
4271:
4257:
4240:
4130:Mid-Rising (glottalized)
4086:
4077:
4044:
4030:
4002:
3983:
3969:
3932:
3913:
3899:
3871:
3852:
3838:
3810:
3767:
3753:
3725:
3703:
3689:
3661:
3639:
3625:
3597:
3575:
3561:
3533:
3511:
3497:
3469:
3447:
3433:
3405:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3198:
3189:
3161:
3144:
3117:
2936:
2669:
2628:
2615:
2605:) in 1718 in what is now
2594:
2569:
2501:
2487:
2456:
2437:
2423:
2392:
2371:
2357:
2323:
2302:
2288:
2257:
2238:
2224:
2193:
2172:
2158:
2127:
2106:
2092:
2061:
2040:
2026:
1995:
1961:
1942:
1929:
1855:
1818:
1773:
1719:
1705:
1688:
1674:
1661:
1652:
1638:
1621:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1556:
1487:
1481:
1463:
1413:
1297:
1291:
1273:
1223:
1107:
1101:
1083:
1033:
557:
472:
463:
449:
425:
396:
378:
360:
355:
336:
288:
270:Official language in
268:
263:
237:
213:
167:
158:: 3.7 million (2015)
149:
135:
73:
61:
52:
40:
37:
32:
12039:Administrative divisions
10409:Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook
10111:Brown, J. Marvin. 1965.
8847:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn lâːn/
7400:
5199:French loanwords in Lao
5053:/kʰɔ᷆ːptɕàjlǎːjlǎːjdɤ̂ː/
5051:(khop chai lai lai doe,
4596:or a strongly velarized
4181:rather than part of the
3026:(Nakhon Ratsasima), and
2647:for slaves, seizing the
1860:/sájsȅːt.tʰăː.tʰīʔ.lȃːt/
1682:) and spread to Isan as
1349:{'to vomit'} {} {} {} {}
943:of Vietnam, the fall of
445: Northeastern Thai
222:Northeastern Lao (Phuan)
11128:Cambodian Sign Language
10392:Cummings, Joe. (2002).
10375:Enfield, N. J. (2007).
10087:Blaine Erickson, 2001.
10073:Enfield, N. J. (2007).
10045:Blaine Erickson, 2001.
9760:Stuart-Fox, M. (1997).
9706:Phra Ariyuwat. (1996).
9688:Stuart-Fox, M. (1998).
8675:(ໜຶ່ງ)ໝື່ນ/(ໜຶ່ງ)ຫມື່ນ
7679:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຂ່າ "galangal"
7668:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຂ່າ "galangal"
5102:French language in Laos
4600:which is confused with
4571:) instead of Vientiane
4293:) instead of Vientiane
2697:French Laos (1893–1953)
2584:and later in 1713, the
935:. Due to the influx of
854:Kra-Dai language family
11166:Main foreign languages
10951:Laotian sign languages
10923:Main foreign languages
10441:. Paiboon Publishing.
10424:Lao–English Dictionary
10248:. Accessed 2010-07-27.
9877:Louang Phrabang Tones.
9808:Compton, C. J. (2009)
9749:Journal of Lao Studies
9211:
9163:
8920:Lao is written in the
8879:
8718:'one hundred thousand'
7779:
6422:
6348:
6274:
6202:
6097:
6025:
5953:
5881:
5809:
5737:
5677:
5605:
5545:
5473:
5460:ອາຟິກ/ອາຟຣິກ (*อาฟรีก)
5401:
5329:
5316:ໂຮງຊີເນມາ (*โฮงซิเนมา)
5269:
5111:
4533:), 'riparian island',
2540:
2537:Maha Sarakham Province
1764:
1539:'mosquito' {} {} {} {}
1530:
1510:
1449:
1399:
1340:
1320:
1259:
1209:
1159:'slippery' {} {} {} {}
1150:
1130:
1069:
1019:
910:
766:Lao-Phuthai languages
758:Southern Thai language
745:Northern Thai language
741:Chiang Saen languages
704:Northern Tai languages
628:mutual intelligibility
564:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw]
549:
512:This article contains
474:This article contains
67:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw]
13309:Languages of Thailand
11877:Japanese puppet state
11702:Southwestern Mandarin
11011:Languages of Cambodia
10422:Kerr, Allen. (1994).
10364:. Tuttle Publishing.
10132:Tone in Vientiane Lao
9969:Hartmann, J. (1971).
9948:Hartmann, J. (2002).
9924:Davis, G. W. (2015).
9875:Hartmann, J. (2002).
9821:Hartmann, J. (2002).
9782:Platt, M. B. (2013).
9205:
9157:
9140:(rising) tone marks.
8877:
8850:1,000,000,000,000,000
7721:/kʰaː˧˦/ ຄ້າ "trade"
7701:/kʰaː˥˥˨/ ຂ້າ "kill"
7681:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຄ່າ "trade"
7059:Short vowel phonemes
6372:'carpenter's square',
5109:
5100:Further information:
5089:Open the door, please
5085:/kʰǎjpáʔ.tùːha᷆jdɛ̄ː/
4981:Sanskrit global usage
4817:Lower-Middle (short)
4618:), 'to receive', and
4484:Steung Treng Province
3865:'to joke', 'to play'
3070:Vientiane Lao dialect
2530:
2251:'to share rejoicing'
1758:
1531:
1511:
1450:
1400:
1341:
1321:
1260:
1210:
1151:
1131:
1070:
1020:
909:of southeastern China
902:
884:Further information:
709:Central Tai languages
665:Further information:
547:
12013:World Heritage Sites
9795:Ivarson, S. (2008).
9677:Tai-Kadai languages.
7712:/kʰaː˥˨/ ຄ້າ "trade"
7670:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຄ່າ "value"
7225:Long vowel phonemes
7044:centering diphthongs
6116:Vietnamese loanwords
5083:(khai patu hai dae,
5064:ຂ້ານ້ອຍເຮັດບໍ່ໄດ້ດອກ
4948:Rising-High-Falling
4635:) are pronounced as
4502:Kingdom of Champasak
4228:Savannakhét Province
4183:Lao–Phutai languages
4057:'parcel', 'package'
3037:* Not found in Laos
2828:Louang Phrabang Lao
2778:Vientiane Prefecture
2574:/súʔ.līʔ.ɲāʔwóŋ.sǎː/
1760:Wat Phra That Phanom
1751:Lan Xang (1354–1707)
1520:
1500:
1439:
1389:
1330:
1310:
1249:
1199:
1140:
1120:
1059:
1009:
655:diaspora communities
411: – PDR Lao
258:Thai and Lao Braille
13314:Isolating languages
11912:Vietnamese invasion
11867:French protectorate
11366:by languages groups
10464:Lao True Type Fonts
10339:Lew, Sigrid. 2013.
9886:Based Brown (1965).
9390:factsanddetails.com
9284:Isan (Thailand Lao)
9247:Romanization of Lao
9180:, and formerly for
8936:Indication of tones
8842:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐
8808:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn lâːn/
8778:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn/
8614:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj ʔét/
8057:subject–verb–object
7692:/kʰaː˧˩/ ຂ້າ "kill"
7655:/kʰaː˩˨/ ຄາ "stuck"
7646:/kʰaː˧˥/ ຄາ "stuck"
7635:/kʰaː˥˧˧/ ຂາ "leg"
7626:/kaː˩(˧)/ ກາ "crow"
7624:/kʰaː˩(˧)/ ຂາ "leg"
7582:
7226:
7060:
6135:
5796:ປາບາແລນ (*ปลาบาแลน)
5200:
5057:Thank you very much
4928:Rising-Mid-Falling
4857:
4714:
4312:
4104:Mid-Falling Rising
4065:
3788:
3377:
3177:
3063:(Nakhon Ratsasima)
3010:(Ubon Ratsathani),
2890:Phuan (Phouan) Lao
2871:(Khon Chaen), also
2749:
2603:/súʔ.wán.nāʔ.pʰúːm/
2599:Muang Souvannaphoum
1973:
1733:liturgical language
1493:{} {} nyung {} yung
749:Sukhothai language
667:Tai–Kadai languages
420:Isan (Thailand Lao)
290:Recognised minority
163:: 800,000 (no date)
13209:proposed groupings
12177:Telecommunications
11927:History since 1945
11922:History until 1945
11750:Thai Sign Language
11674:Immigrant language
10345:ANSI Z39.35-1979,
10305:2007-08-02 at the
10285:2019-06-14 at the
10244:2010-12-30 at the
10094:2017-10-11 at the
10052:2017-10-11 at the
10011:2017-06-10 at the
9955:2020-07-13 at the
9931:2021-03-05 at the
9911:2010-06-14 at the
9882:2022-01-26 at the
9828:2020-08-11 at the
9743:2013-12-02 at the
9427:2007-12-27 at the
9242:Literature of Laos
9212:
9164:
9158:An example of the
8880:
8852:'one quadrillion'
8844:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານລ້ານ
7695:high level-falling
7657:/kaː˩˨/ ກາ "crow"
7580:
7224:
7058:
6476:Initial consonants
6133:
5716:khon song praisani
5702:khon song praisani
5592:ເບີ/ເບີຣ໌ (*เบอร์)
5198:
5112:
4855:
4771:Low (glottalized)
4712:
4310:
4206:and some areas of
4063:
3786:
3375:
3175:
3083:and some areas of
3077:Vientiane Province
3059:(Sainyaphum), and
2747:
2549:Post-Angkor Period
2541:
1971:
1888:Theravada Buddhism
1765:
1737:Theravada Buddhism
1713:), 'distant', and
1526:
1506:
1445:
1395:
1336:
1316:
1255:
1205:
1146:
1126:
1113:{} {} muen {} luen
1065:
1015:
941:Chinese occupation
911:
550:
231:Western Lao (Isan)
13304:Languages of Laos
13286:
13285:
13280:extinct languages
13166:
13165:
13142:
13141:
12520:
12519:
12428:Kra–Dai languages
12394:
12393:
12354:
12353:
12200:
12199:
12126:
12125:
12103:Political parties
12091:National Assembly
12059:General Secretary
12054:Foreign relations
12021:
12020:
11937:2007 coup attempt
11907:Laotian Civil War
11897:Ho Chi Minh trail
11872:Japanese invasion
11763:
11762:
11738:
11737:
11661:
11660:
11356:
11355:
11238:Official language
11186:
11185:
11161:
11160:
11018:Official language
10977:
10976:
10918:
10917:
10770:
10769:
10507:Official language
10500:Languages of Laos
10439:Lao for Beginners
10407:Mollerup, Asger.
10396:. Lonely Planet.
9762:A History of Laos
9643:ภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์
9317:(27th ed., 2024)
9292:(27th ed., 2024)
9274:(27th ed., 2024)
9160:Tai Tham alphabet
9116:. In addition to
9041:
9040:
8856:
8855:
8811:1,000,000,000,000
8619:'one hundred one'
8314:/săːm síp sɔ̌ːŋ/
8053:analytic language
7943:
7942:
7826:Checked syllables
7725:
7724:
7578:
7577:
7397:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7220:
7219:
7022:
7021:
6846:
6845:
6703:
6636:
6599:
6470:phonemic contrast
6452:
6451:
6113:
6112:
6109:'gramme', 'gram'
5755:khon song nangsue
5117:Laotian Civil War
4964:
4963:
4821:
4820:
4419:
4418:
4160:
4159:
4061:
4060:
3784:
3783:
3272:
3271:
3067:
3066:
3061:Nakhon Ratchasima
3024:Nakhon Ratchasima
2683:Nakhon Ratchasima
2670:ອານຸວົງ/ອານຸວົງສ໌
2661:Laotian Rebellion
2520:
2519:
1914:sixteenth century
1906:Mahayana Buddhism
1900:, as well as the
1894:Tai folk religion
1835:is still active.
684:Kam-Sui languages
608:Kra-Dai languages
545:
520:rendering support
500:
499:
482:rendering support
478:phonetic symbols.
338:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
13326:
12889:
12888:
12756:
12755:
12475:
12474:
12421:
12414:
12407:
12398:
12397:
12374:
12367:
12211:
12210:
12157:
12137:
12136:
12032:
12031:
11961:
11960:
11949:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11767:
11766:
11712:Working language
11670:
11669:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11423:
11416:
11371:
11370:
11367:
11260:
11259:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11213:
11206:
11199:
11190:
11189:
11040:
11039:
11004:
10997:
10990:
10981:
10980:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10538:
10537:
10529:
10528:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10470:
10469:
10378:A Grammar of Lao
10327:
10320:
10314:
10296:
10290:
10274:Everson, Michael
10271:
10265:
10258:
10249:
10235:
10226:
10225:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10168:
10159:
10144:
10143:
10127:
10116:
10109:
10103:
10085:
10079:
10078:
10075:A Grammar of Lao
10070:
10061:
10058:The Lao Language
10043:
10028:
10021:
10015:
10002:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9975:
9966:
9960:
9946:
9940:
9922:
9916:
9902:
9896:
9893:
9887:
9873:
9867:
9860:
9854:
9851:
9842:
9839:
9833:
9823:Vientiane Tones.
9819:
9813:
9806:
9800:
9793:
9787:
9780:
9774:
9771:
9765:
9758:
9752:
9730:
9724:
9717:
9711:
9704:
9693:
9686:
9680:
9673:
9664:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9638:
9632:
9631:
9603:
9594:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9566:
9555:10.4137/ebo.s893
9534:
9528:
9527:
9509:
9500:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9437:
9431:
9418:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9306:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9281:
9280:
9263:
9198:Khom Thai script
9139:
9138:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9047:
8982:High consonants
8976:
8975:
8967:
8966:
8947:
8946:
8722:
8687:
8067:
8066:
8032:
8024:
8020:
8013:
8005:
7990:
7989:
7965:
7952:syllable nucleus
7934:
7916:
7898:
7880:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7837:
7819:
7816:
7810:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7775:
7769:
7758:
7752:
7733:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7565:
7557:Mid-low falling
7546:
7525:
7506:
7487:
7468:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7420:
7409:Smooth syllables
7382:
7366:
7355:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7227:
7223:
7212:
7196:
7185:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7105:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7048:falling sonority
7014:
7005:
6991:
6984:
6975:
6968:
6952:
6943:
6936:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6883:
6875:
6863:
6849:Final consonants
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6805:
6789:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6742:
6735:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6699:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6650:
6643:
6632:
6613:
6606:
6595:
6581:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6549:
6480:
6479:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6136:
6132:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6084:ກາມ/ກຣາມ (*กราม)
6078:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5201:
5197:
5164:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5139:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5096:French loanwords
5086:
5082:
5081:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5048:ຂອບໃຈຫຼາຍ ໆ ເດີ້
5041:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5016:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4858:
4854:
4850:Nakhon Ratsasima
4848:and portions of
4745:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4701:
4700:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4665:
4658:
4657:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4634:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4464:Nakhon Ratsasima
4458:and portions of
4343:
4342:
4332:
4331:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4243:
4242:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4066:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3984:ຂມົນປັງ (ขนมปัง)
3978:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3103:and portions of
3079:and portions of
3008:Ubon Ratchathani
2946:and portions of
2939:
2938:
2888:Northeastern Lao
2879:(Phetsabun) and
2750:
2746:
2734:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2531:Temple mural of
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2187:'transgression'
2181:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:Xay Xétthathirat
1824:
1821:
1820:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:) from Sanskrit
1698:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1659:, 'distant' and
1655:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1303:{} {} hak {} rak
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
929:Zhuang languages
775:Phuthai language
727:Tai Lue language
640:Southwestern Tai
566:
560:
559:
546:
526: instead of
508:
507:
468:
459:
444:
437:
417:
410:
401:
392:
391:
383:
374:
373:
365:
328:
326:
325:
316:
314:
313:
304:
302:
301:
292:language in
281:
279:
278:
243:
173:
69:
57:
43:
42:
30:
29:
21:
18:Laotian language
13334:
13333:
13329:
13328:
13327:
13325:
13324:
13323:
13289:
13288:
13287:
13282:
13269:
13227:Proto-languages
13221:
13203:
13162:
13138:
13097:
13081:
13004:
12962:
12884:
12876:
12818:
12788:Longsang Zhuang
12768:Standard Zhuang
12747:
12739:
12712:
12694:
12621:
12603:
12585:
12516:
12473:
12430:
12425:
12395:
12390:
12377:
12370:
12363:
12350:
12341:Public holidays
12287:
12278:Sex trafficking
12196:
12155:
12122:
12081:Law enforcement
12017:
11998:Protected areas
11950:
11941:
11887:Kingdom of Laos
11803:
11794:
11764:
11759:
11734:
11706:
11657:
11557:
11534:
11510:
11503:
11496:
11473:
11419:
11412:
11365:
11364:
11352:
11326:
11310:
11279:
11249:
11233:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11187:
11182:
11157:
11116:
11035:
11029:
11013:
11008:
10978:
10973:
10970:Laos portal
10964:
10962:
10955:
10939:
10914:
10861:
10793:
10766:
10708:
10680:
10652:
10614:
10524:
10518:
10502:
10497:
10455:
10426:. White Lotus.
10336:
10334:Further reading
10331:
10330:
10321:
10317:
10307:Wayback Machine
10297:
10293:
10287:Wayback Machine
10272:
10268:
10259:
10252:
10246:Wayback Machine
10236:
10229:
10198:10.2307/2049433
10182:
10178:
10166:
10160:
10147:
10128:
10119:
10110:
10106:
10096:Wayback Machine
10086:
10082:
10071:
10064:
10054:Wayback Machine
10044:
10031:
10022:
10018:
10013:Wayback Machine
10003:
9996:
9988:
9973:
9967:
9963:
9957:Wayback Machine
9947:
9943:
9933:Wayback Machine
9923:
9919:
9913:Wayback Machine
9903:
9899:
9894:
9890:
9884:Wayback Machine
9874:
9870:
9861:
9857:
9852:
9845:
9840:
9836:
9830:Wayback Machine
9820:
9816:
9807:
9803:
9794:
9790:
9781:
9777:
9772:
9768:
9759:
9755:
9745:Wayback Machine
9731:
9727:
9718:
9714:
9705:
9696:
9687:
9683:
9674:
9667:
9658:
9654:
9639:
9635:
9604:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9535:
9531:
9507:
9501:
9494:
9465:
9461:
9438:
9434:
9429:Wayback Machine
9419:
9408:
9399:
9397:
9384:Hays, Jeffrey.
9382:
9378:
9369:
9367:
9358:
9357:
9353:
9344:
9342:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9307:
9303:
9293:
9282:
9275:
9264:
9260:
9255:
9228:
9200:
9194:
9152:
9150:Tai Tham script
9146:
9144:Tai Tham script
9122:(low tone) and
9022:Low consonants
9002:Mid consonants
8938:
8922:Tai Tham script
8872:
8866:
8861:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8836:
8821:
8819:
8813:'one trillion'
8812:
8805:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານລ້ານ
8804:
8799:
8797:
8789:
8782:
8774:
8769:
8767:
8759:
8752:
8744:
8739:
8737:
8729:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8713:/(nɯ̄ŋ) sɛ̆ːn/
8709:
8704:
8702:
8694:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:/(nɯ̄ŋ) mɯ̄ːn/
8674:
8669:
8667:
8659:
8652:
8650:
8642:
8637:
8635:
8627:
8620:
8618:
8611:(ນຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍເອັດ
8610:
8605:
8603:
8595:
8588:
8586:
8582:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj/
8578:
8573:
8571:
8563:
8556:
8554:
8546:
8541:
8539:
8529:
8527:
8520:
8518:
8508:
8506:
8501:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8480:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8461:
8459:
8449:
8447:
8440:
8438:
8428:
8426:
8421:
8419:
8409:
8407:
8400:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8381:
8379:
8369:
8367:
8360:
8358:
8348:
8346:
8341:
8339:
8329:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8289:
8287:
8280:
8278:
8274:/săːm síp ʔét/
8268:
8266:
8261:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8240:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8221:
8219:
8209:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8188:
8186:
8181:
8179:
8169:
8167:
8160:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8141:
8139:
8129:
8127:
8120:
8118:
8108:
8106:
8099:
8097:
8087:
8085:
8065:
8045:
8039:
7948:
7921:if, inevitably
7908:Mid-low falling
7832:obstruent sound
7828:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7772:
7759:
7755:
7734:
7730:
7680:
7669:
7656:
7625:
7592:
7587:
7411:
7403:
7398:
7287:
7117:
7036:
6851:
6478:
6462:
6457:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6426:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6398:
6390:
6384:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6352:
6344:
6338:
6330:
6324:
6316:
6310:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6256:
6250:
6242:
6236:
6223:
6217:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6184:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6118:
6101:
6093:
6087:
6079:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6046:
6040:
6029:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5993:
5987:
5974:
5968:
5957:
5949:
5943:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5902:
5896:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5863:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5830:
5824:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5777:
5771:
5758:
5752:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5719:
5713:
5705:
5699:
5681:
5673:
5667:
5659:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5626:
5620:
5609:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5581:
5573:
5567:
5549:
5541:
5535:
5527:
5521:
5513:
5507:
5494:
5488:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5449:
5441:
5435:
5422:
5416:
5405:
5397:
5391:
5383:
5380:photchananukrom
5377:
5369:
5366:photchananukrom
5363:
5350:
5344:
5333:
5325:
5319:
5311:
5308:rong phapphayon
5305:
5297:
5294:hong phapphayon
5291:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5251:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5217:
5179:La Francophonie
5130:/sáŋ.tìː.mɛ́ːt/
5104:
5098:
4983:
4969:
4826:
4452:Ubon Ratsathani
4424:
4409:Rising-Falling
4389:Rising-Falling
4191:
4171:
4165:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4006:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3777:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3716:'wood'. 'tree'
3713:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3537:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3333:Louang Phrabang
3302:Louang Phrabang
3277:
3097:Nong Bua Lamphu
3072:
2889:
2883:(outside Isan)
2832:Louang Phrabang
2827:
2795:Nong Bua Lamphu
2741:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2641:Thonburi Period
2607:Roi Et Province
2578:Louang Phrabang
2553:Nong Bua Lamphu
2525:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2205:/ʔanumoːd̪anaː/
2203:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1890:
1786:mandala kingdom
1753:
1689:ໂທຣະສັບ/ໂທລະສັບ
1543:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1459:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1409:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1353:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1287:
1269:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1219:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1163:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1097:
1079:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1029:
1010:
1007:
1006:
997:
969:
897:
892:
882:
801:
770:Tai Yo language
722:Khamti language
669:
663:
622:languages like
614:languages like
535:
533:
532:
531:
518:Without proper
509:
505:
480:Without proper
455:
440:
439:
433:
413:
412:
406:
405:
397:
387:
386:
379:
369:
368:
361:
347:
343:
332:
323:
321:
320:
311:
309:
308:
299:
297:
293:
291:
276:
274:
271:
264:Official status
256:
251:
244:
239:
209:
174:
171:Language family
169:
159:
152:
151:Native speakers
142:
123:
106:
89:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13332:
13322:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13284:
13283:
13274:
13271:
13270:
13268:
13267:
13260:
13253:
13246:
13239:
13231:
13229:
13223:
13222:
13220:
13219:
13213:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13180:
13178:
13168:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13154:
13152:
13144:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13105:
13103:
13099:
13098:
13096:
13095:
13089:
13087:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13012:
13010:
13006:
13005:
13003:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12970:
12968:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12895:
12893:
12886:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12828:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12764:
12762:
12753:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12737:
12732:
12726:
12724:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12710:
12704:
12702:
12696:
12695:
12693:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12619:
12613:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12595:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12547:
12542:
12536:
12530:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12483:
12481:
12472:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12440:
12438:
12432:
12431:
12424:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12401:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12376:
12375:
12368:
12360:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12297:
12295:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12259:
12258:
12257:hybrid variant
12245:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12172:Stock exchange
12169:
12164:
12159:
12151:
12146:
12140:
12134:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12118:Prime Minister
12115:
12113:Vice President
12110:
12105:
12100:
12099:
12098:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12072:
12071:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12035:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11964:
11958:
11952:
11951:
11944:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11892:Indochina Wars
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11847:Luang Phrabang
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11813:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11793:
11792:
11785:
11778:
11770:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11757:
11752:
11746:
11744:
11743:Sign languages
11740:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11716:
11714:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11678:
11676:
11667:
11666:Non-Indigenous
11663:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11656:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11555:
11550:
11544:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11508:
11501:
11489:
11483:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11417:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11368:
11358:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11334:
11332:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11318:
11316:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11287:
11285:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11272:
11266:
11264:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11241:
11239:
11235:
11234:
11216:
11215:
11208:
11201:
11193:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11169:
11167:
11163:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11124:
11122:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11048:
11046:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11027:
11021:
11019:
11015:
11014:
11007:
11006:
10999:
10992:
10984:
10975:
10974:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10953:
10947:
10945:
10944:Sign languages
10941:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10932:
10926:
10924:
10920:
10919:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10803:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10791:
10786:
10780:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10718:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10690:
10688:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10662:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10624:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10546:
10544:
10535:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10496:
10495:
10488:
10481:
10473:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10454:
10453:External links
10451:
10450:
10449:
10435:
10420:
10405:
10390:
10373:
10358:
10343:
10335:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10315:
10291:
10266:
10250:
10227:
10192:(4): 379–389.
10176:
10145:
10117:
10104:
10080:
10062:
10029:
10016:
9994:
9991:on 2021-04-18.
9961:
9941:
9917:
9897:
9888:
9868:
9855:
9843:
9834:
9814:
9801:
9788:
9775:
9766:
9753:
9751:, 2(2), 23–46.
9725:
9712:
9694:
9681:
9665:
9652:
9633:
9620:10.2307/600168
9614:(4): 488–509.
9595:
9586:
9529:
9492:
9459:
9448:(6): 727–749.
9432:
9406:
9376:
9351:
9326:
9301:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9227:
9224:
9196:Main article:
9193:
9190:
9148:Main article:
9145:
9142:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8957:
8954:
8951:
8937:
8934:
8900:Brahmi scripts
8896:Southern India
8892:Pallava script
8884:Khmer alphabet
8868:Main article:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8859:Writing system
8857:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8832:/sáːw (nɯ̄ŋ)/
8830:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8806:
8803:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐
8801:
8794:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8783:'one billion'
8779:
8776:
8775:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານ
8771:
8764:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8753:'one million'
8749:
8748:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn/
8746:
8741:
8734:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8714:
8711:
8706:
8699:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8676:
8671:
8664:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8651:'one thousand'
8647:
8646:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán/
8644:
8639:
8632:
8629:
8623:
8622:
8615:
8612:
8607:
8600:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8583:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8551:
8548:
8543:
8536:
8533:
8523:
8522:
8515:
8512:
8503:
8496:
8493:
8483:
8482:
8475:
8472:
8463:
8456:
8453:
8443:
8442:
8435:
8432:
8423:
8416:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8395:
8392:
8383:
8376:
8373:
8363:
8362:
8355:
8352:
8343:
8336:
8333:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8312:
8303:
8296:
8293:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8272:
8263:
8256:
8253:
8243:
8242:
8235:
8232:
8223:
8216:
8213:
8203:
8202:
8199:'twenty-three'
8195:
8192:
8183:
8176:
8173:
8163:
8162:
8155:
8152:
8143:
8136:
8133:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8112:
8103:
8094:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8064:
8061:
8041:Main article:
8038:
8035:
7968:rounded vowels
7956:syllable onset
7947:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7811:
7802:
7793:
7784:
7770:
7762:Northern Khmer
7753:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7576:
7575:
7574:kill, servant
7572:
7570:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7533:, value resp.
7528:
7526:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7436:
7415:sonorant sound
7410:
7407:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7206:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7101:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7052:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7008:
7006:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6855:plosive sounds
6850:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6696:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6430:
6419:
6405:
6391:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6356:
6345:
6331:
6317:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6282:
6271:
6257:
6243:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6210:
6199:
6185:
6171:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:Lao alternate
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6094:
6080:
6066:
6051:
6050:
6049:'money order'
6047:
6033:
6022:
6012:ມັງດາ (*มังดา)
6008:
5994:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5961:
5950:
5936:
5922:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5889:
5878:
5864:
5850:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5817:
5806:
5792:
5778:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5745:
5734:
5720:
5706:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5674:
5660:
5646:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5613:
5602:
5588:
5574:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5542:
5528:
5514:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5485:ອາຟິກາ/ອາຟຣິກາ
5481:
5470:
5456:
5442:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5419:photchananukom
5409:
5398:
5384:
5370:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5337:
5326:
5312:
5298:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5266:
5252:
5238:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5157:) from French
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5076:
5060:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4880:
4869:
4864:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4737:
4726:
4721:
4514:glottalization
4486:, Cambodia or
4423:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4335:
4324:
4319:
4190:
4187:
4175:Phuan language
4169:Phuan language
4167:Main article:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4072:Inherent Tone
4070:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4041:
4027:
4013:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3980:
3966:
3947:ข้าวจี่ ขนมปัง
3943:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3910:
3896:
3882:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3849:
3835:
3821:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3798:Vientiane Lao
3796:
3793:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3764:
3750:
3736:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3700:
3686:
3672:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3636:
3622:
3608:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3572:
3558:
3544:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3508:
3494:
3480:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3444:
3430:
3416:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:Vientiane Lao
3388:
3385:
3382:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:Middle (high)
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3184:Inherent Tone
3182:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3055:(Khon Chaen),
3051:, portions of
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3014:, portions of
3005:
3001:, portions of
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:; portions of
2954:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2904:
2896:, portions of
2891:
2885:
2884:
2863:, portions of
2858:
2854:, portions of
2829:
2823:
2822:
2805:, portions of
2788:
2771:
2770:Vientiane Lao
2767:
2766:
2764:Thai Provinces
2761:
2756:
2740:
2737:
2728:
2720:Main article:
2717:
2714:
2701:Main article:
2698:
2695:
2685:, and the Lao
2649:Emerald Buddha
2565:Sourignavôngsa
2545:Khorat Plateau
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2498:
2484:
2470:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2434:
2420:
2406:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2368:
2354:
2337:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2235:
2221:
2207:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2103:
2089:
2075:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2037:
2023:
2009:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1951:Tai Noi script
1889:
1886:
1752:
1749:
1697:/tʰóː.lāʔ.sáp/
1680:/tʰōː.ráʔ.sàp/
1525:
1505:
1460:
1444:
1428:
1410:
1394:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1335:
1315:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1125:
1080:
1064:
1048:
1030:
1014:
998:
984:
983:
982:
981:
968:
965:
896:
893:
881:
878:
800:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
777:
772:
764:
763:
762:
761:
760:
755:
747:
739:
738:
737:
734:
729:
724:
711:
706:
696:
691:
686:
681:
679:Hlai languages
670:
662:
661:Classification
659:
600:tonal language
522:, you may see
510:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
484:, you may see
470:
469:
461:
460:
453:
447:
446:
431:
423:
422:
402:
394:
393:
384:
376:
375:
366:
358:
357:
356:Language codes
353:
352:
340:
334:
333:
296:
294:
289:
286:
285:
272:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
245:
241:Writing system
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
177:
175:
168:
165:
164:
153:
150:
147:
146:
137:
133:
132:
75:
74:Native to
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13331:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13281:
13277:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13261:
13259:
13258:
13257:Proto-Kam–Sui
13254:
13252:
13251:
13247:
13245:
13244:
13240:
13238:
13237:
13236:Proto-Kra–Dai
13233:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13224:
13218:
13215:
13214:
13212:
13210:
13206:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13175:
13174:mixed origins
13169:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13145:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13119:Tai Muong Vat
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13106:
13104:
13100:
13094:
13093:Southern Thai
13091:
13090:
13088:
13084:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13042:Tai Hang Tong
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13022:Northern Thai
13020:
13017:
13014:
13013:
13011:
13007:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12954:
12952:
12951:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12894:
12890:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12821:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12761:
12757:
12754:
12751:
12746:
12742:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12709:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12624:
12618:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12597:
12596:
12594:
12592:
12588:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12531:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12476:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12422:
12417:
12415:
12410:
12408:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12373:
12369:
12366:
12362:
12361:
12357:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12311:Dramatic arts
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12298:
12296:
12294:
12290:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12240:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12233:Ethnic groups
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12215:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12129:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12097:
12094:
12093:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11973:Deforestation
11971:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11948:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11786:
11784:
11779:
11777:
11772:
11771:
11768:
11756:
11755:Ban Khor Sign
11753:
11751:
11748:
11747:
11745:
11741:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11709:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11677:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11560:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11537:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11513:
11509:
11506:
11505:Pattani Malay
11502:
11499:
11498:Bangkok Malay
11495:
11494:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11415:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11375:Austroasiatic
11372:
11369:
11363:
11359:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11329:
11323:
11322:Southern Thai
11320:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11291:Northern Thai
11289:
11288:
11286:
11282:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11252:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11214:
11209:
11207:
11202:
11200:
11195:
11194:
11191:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11119:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11038:
11032:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11005:
11000:
10998:
10993:
10991:
10986:
10985:
10982:
10972:
10971:
10958:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10880:Northern Thai
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10864:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10715:
10711:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10617:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10533:Austroasiatic
10530:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10494:
10489:
10487:
10482:
10480:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10448:
10447:1-887521-28-3
10444:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10432:974-8495-69-8
10429:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10417:974-7534-88-6
10414:
10410:
10406:
10403:
10402:1-74059-168-2
10399:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10387:3-11-018588-1
10384:
10380:
10379:
10374:
10371:
10370:0-8048-1629-8
10367:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10355:0-88738-968-6
10352:
10348:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10325:
10319:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10295:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10263:
10257:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10240:
10234:
10232:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10180:
10172:
10165:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10150:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10114:
10108:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10090:
10084:
10076:
10069:
10067:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10048:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10026:
10020:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9954:
9951:
9945:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9901:
9892:
9885:
9881:
9878:
9872:
9865:
9859:
9850:
9848:
9838:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9818:
9811:
9805:
9798:
9792:
9785:
9779:
9770:
9763:
9757:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9729:
9722:
9716:
9709:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9691:
9685:
9678:
9672:
9670:
9662:
9656:
9648:
9644:
9637:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9602:
9600:
9590:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9533:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9497:
9487:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9436:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9340:
9336:
9330:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9141:
9037:high falling
9036:
9033:
9030:
9028:high falling
9027:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9017:high falling
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8942:Luang Prabang
8933:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8898:, one of the
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8876:
8871:
8849:
8846:
8841:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8802:
8795:
8792:
8787:
8786:
8781:1,000,000,000
8780:
8777:
8772:
8765:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8742:
8735:
8732:
8727:
8726:
8715:
8712:
8707:
8700:
8697:
8692:
8691:
8680:
8677:
8672:
8665:
8662:
8657:
8656:
8648:
8645:
8640:
8633:
8630:
8625:
8624:
8616:
8613:
8608:
8601:
8598:
8593:
8592:
8587:'one hundred'
8584:
8581:
8576:
8569:
8566:
8561:
8560:
8552:
8549:
8544:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8525:
8524:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8485:
8484:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8445:
8444:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8405:
8404:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8365:
8364:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8245:
8244:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8205:
8204:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8165:
8164:
8156:
8154:/sáːw sɔ̆ːŋ/
8153:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8125:
8124:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8104:
8102:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8034:
8030:
8017:
8011:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7961:
7960:syllable coda
7957:
7953:
7938:
7936:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7918:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7833:
7815:
7806:
7797:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7591:Luang Prabang
7584:
7573:
7571:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7406:
7393:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7156:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7128:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6881:
6873:
6867:
6860:
6857:(besides the
6856:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6445:
6441:
6431:
6428:/viə̯̣k/
6424:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6402:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6300:'to refrain'
6298:'to abstain',
6297:
6293:
6283:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6108:
6106:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5710:คนส่งไปรษณีย์
5707:
5703:
5696:คนส่งไปรษณีย์
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5425:'dictionary'
5424:
5420:
5410:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5187:Le Rénovateur
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5074:
5061:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5011:
5007:
5004:, especially
5003:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4977:Greater India
4974:
4959:
4956:
4954:High-Falling
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4867:Inherent Tone
4865:
4863:
4860:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:Maha Sarakham
4839:
4835:
4831:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4808:Lower-Middle
4807:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4788:Lower-Middle
4787:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4768:Lower-Middle
4767:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4738:
4736:
4727:
4725:
4724:Inherent Tone
4722:
4720:
4717:
4710:
4704:
4695:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4652:
4638:
4630:
4621:
4607:
4583:
4574:
4560:
4546:
4536:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4456:Amnat Charoen
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4414:
4412:High-Falling
4411:
4408:
4405:
4403:High-Falling
4402:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:High-Falling
4382:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4322:Inherent Tone
4320:
4318:
4315:
4308:
4296:
4282:
4268:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:Nakhon Phanom
4222:and southern
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:Nakhon Phanom
4201:
4197:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:High-Falling
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:High-Falling
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:Northern Lao
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:Northern Lao
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3326:lingua franca
3323:
3319:
3318:Louang Namtha
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3267:
3265:High-Falling
3264:
3262:High-Falling
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:High-Falling
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Maha Sarakham
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:Amnat Charoen
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:Southern Lao
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:Nakhon Phanom
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2934:Central Lao (
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:Louang Namtha
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:(Khon Chaen)
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:and southern
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Lao Provinces
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:Lao Dialects
2745:
2736:
2723:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:/ʔàː.nūʔ.wóŋ/
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1716:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1647:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1596:
1583:
1570:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1494:
1491:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1304:
1301:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1114:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1004:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
987:
979:
975:
974:
973:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:sixth century
930:
926:
925:
920:
917:and northern
916:
908:
907:
901:
891:
887:
886:Tai languages
877:
875:
871:
867:
864:languages of
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
789:
788:Isan language
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
765:
759:
756:
754:
753:Thai language
751:
750:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
735:
733:
732:Shan language
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
716:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:Tai languages
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:Kra languages
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:lingua franca
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Austroasiatic
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Isan language
578:
574:
570:
565:
554:
548:A Lao speaker
529:
525:
521:
517:
515:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
471:
467:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
443:
436:
432:
430:
429:
424:
421:
418: –
416:
409:
403:
400:
395:
390:
385:
382:
377:
372:
367:
364:
359:
354:
351:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
319:
307:
295:
287:
284:
273:
267:
262:
259:
254:
249:
246:
242:
236:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
216:
212:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
176:
172:
166:
162:
157:
154:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
129:Xishuangbanna
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:Pronunciation
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
36:
31:
19:
13299:Lao language
13275:
13262:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13234:
13208:
13184:Hezhang Buyi
13172:
12973:
12955:
12948:
12892:Northwestern
12882:Southwestern
12857:Myang Zhuang
12852:Pyang Zhuang
12778:Hezhang Buyi
12268:Prostitution
12262:
12223:Demographics
12187:Trade unions
12149:Central bank
12064:Human rights
12044:Constitution
11633:Northern Pwo
11563:Sino-Tibetan
11479:Austronesian
11331:Northwestern
11142:
10961:
10799:Sino-Tibetan
10676:Phong-Kniang
10513:
10438:
10423:
10408:
10393:
10377:
10361:
10346:
10323:
10318:
10310:
10294:
10278:
10269:
10261:
10189:
10185:
10179:
10170:
10131:
10112:
10107:
10099:
10083:
10074:
10057:
10024:
10019:
9986:the original
9981:
9977:
9964:
9944:
9936:
9920:
9900:
9891:
9871:
9863:
9858:
9837:
9817:
9809:
9804:
9796:
9791:
9783:
9778:
9769:
9761:
9756:
9748:
9733:
9728:
9720:
9715:
9707:
9689:
9684:
9676:
9660:
9655:
9646:
9642:
9636:
9611:
9607:
9589:
9546:
9542:
9532:
9515:
9511:
9479:(3): 47–68.
9476:
9472:
9462:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9398:. Retrieved
9389:
9379:
9368:. Retrieved
9354:
9343:. Retrieved
9329:
9312:
9309:Lao language
9304:
9287:
9269:
9261:
9220:Khmer script
9215:
9213:
9185:
9167:
9165:
9042:
9008:low falling
8997:low falling
8988:low falling
8939:
8919:
8908:
8903:
8888:Khmer Empire
8881:
8826:
8822:
8763:/síp pɛ́ːt/
8683:ten thousand
8567:/síp sɔ̌ːŋ/
8530:
8514:/pɛ̏ːt sìp/
8509:
8490:
8469:
8450:
8429:
8410:
8389:
8370:
8349:
8330:
8319:'thirty-two'
8310:sam sip song
8309:
8290:
8279:'thirty-one'
8269:
8250:
8229:
8210:
8194:/sáːw săːm/
8189:
8170:
8159:'twenty-two'
8149:
8130:
8119:'twenty-one'
8109:
8100:
8088:
8049:monosyllabic
8046:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7949:
7939:vomit, root
7840:glottal stop
7829:
7814:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7773:
7756:
7731:
7621:1(3) or ˩(˧)
7610:Tone letters
7601:Tone letters
7412:
7404:
7391:
7285:Monophthongs
7115:Monophthongs
7037:
6859:glottal stop
6852:
6463:
6448:'to labour'
6126:
6119:
5977:'billiards'
5940:ບີຢາ (*บียา)
5905:'chemistry'
5868:ຊີມີ (*ซิมี)
5524:phon aeppoen
5491:afika/afrika
5413:ພົດຈະນານຸກົມ
5407:/dik.sjɔnɛʁ/
5402:dictionnaire
5191:
5185:
5183:
5167:
5158:
5145:
5133:
5120:
5113:
5088:
5080:ໄຂປະຕູໃຫ້ແດ່
5072:
5056:
4999:
4984:
4934:Mid-Falling
4898:
4893:
4882:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4827:
4814:Low-Falling
4811:Low-Falling
4805:Mid-Falling
4797:High-Rising
4777:High-Rising
4765:High-Rising
4755:
4750:
4739:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4702:
4693:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:/hɔ̏ːŋɾɛ̏ːm/
4659:
4650:
4636:
4628:
4619:
4605:
4581:
4572:
4558:
4544:
4534:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4506:
4487:
4425:
4422:Southern Lao
4395:Low-Falling
4375:Low-Falling
4369:Low-Falling
4353:
4348:
4337:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4294:
4280:
4266:
4252:
4244:
4235:
4232:
4200:Sakon Nakhon
4192:
4172:
4096:Short Vowel
3338:
3330:
3325:
3278:
3256:High-Rising
3225:Low-Falling
3208:Short Vowel
3165:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3112:
3089:
3073:
2961:Sakon Nakhon
2912:Sakon Nakhon
2894:Xiangkhouang
2826:Northern Lao
2763:
2758:
2753:
2742:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2634:
2598:
2589:
2542:
2533:Wat Photaram
2404:/tʃakkajuga/
2317:'happiness'
2245:anoumo thana
2173:ບາບກຳ/ບາບກັມ
2139:/paːpakamma/
1954:
1937:
1924:
1918:
1891:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1856:ໄຊເສດຖາທິຣາດ
1840:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1823:/láː.sáːsáp/
1813:
1810:
1797:
1781:
1766:
1741:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1305:
1302:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1115:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1005:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
988:
985:
977:
970:
961:Mekong River
949:Tang dynasty
922:
912:
904:
837:Southwestern
812:
808:
802:
783:
780:Lao language
779:
644:
612:Sino-Tibetan
597:
568:
552:
551:
513:
511:
473:
451:Linguasphere
426:
344:
228:Southern Lao
198:
189:Southwestern
99:Preah Vihear
46:
38:
13009:Chiang Saen
12919:Tai Hongjin
12847:Yang Zhuang
12832:Nong Zhuang
12144:Agriculture
12069:LGBT rights
11862:Muang Phuan
11832:Tai peoples
11648:S'gaw Karen
11576:Eastern Pwo
11530:Urak Lawoi’
11512:Satun Malay
11284:Chiang Saen
11255:Other Thais
9649:(2): 35–50.
9549:: 271–283.
9524:1885/113003
9518:: 119–143.
9216:Khom script
9192:Khom script
9182:Kham Mueang
9005:low rising
8745:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານ
8733:/síp tɕét/
8663:/síp hȁːː/
8599:/síp săːm/
8579:(ໜຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍ
8474:/tɕét síp/
8234:/săːm síp/
8114:/sáːw ʔét/
8043:Lao grammar
8004:/ptkʔmnŋwj/
7964:/kw/or/kʰw/
7766:Khorat Thai
7673:mid-falling
7613:Example(s)
6997:Approximant
6797:Approximant
6374:'T-square'
6148:Vietnamese
5510:bak aeppoen
5322:hong sinema
5302:โรงภาพยนตร์
5288:โฮงภาพยนตร์
5138:/sɑ̃timɛtʁ/
4989:, however,
4908:Low-Rising
4899:Short Vowel
4824:Western Lao
4756:Short Vowel
4633:/hóːŋhɛ́ːm/
4488:Siang Taeng
4354:Short Vowel
4212:Bolikhamxai
4189:Central Lao
4153:Mid-Rising
4150:Mid-Rising
4144:Low-Rising
4136:Mid-Rising
4124:Low-Rising
4116:Mid-Rising
4093:Long Vowel
4069:Tone Class
3990:khanom pang
3959:khanom pang
3939:khanom pang
3839:ຫລິ້ນ/ຫຼິ້ນ
3366:' and Lao '
3354:' and Lao '
3306:Xaignabouli
3294:Phitsanulok
3248:Mid-Rising
3236:Low-Rising
3228:Mid-Rising
3216:Low-Rising
3205:Long Vowel
3181:Tone Class
3081:Bolikhamxai
3003:Savannakhét
2952:Savannakhét
2948:Bolikhamxay
2873:Phitsanulok
2782:Bolikhamxay
2645:Phuan areas
2570:ສຸຣິຍະວົງສາ
2384:'knowledge'
2231:anumo thana
2217:anumo thana
2119:'suffering'
1943:ເມດຕາ/ເມຕຕາ
1936:) and Pali
1798:Mueang Sawa
1591:/máʔ.lɛ̄ːŋ/
937:Han Chinese
890:Tai peoples
694:Be language
488:instead of
255:in Thailand
253:Thai script
225:Central Lao
95:Stung Treng
13293:Categories
13264:Proto-Hlai
12967:Lao–Phutai
12842:Min Zhuang
12837:Dai Zhuang
12783:Yei Zhuang
12675:Changjiang
12552:(Naxi Yao)
12331:Literature
12156:(currency)
11978:Ecoregions
11932:Insurgency
11917:Neutrality
11902:Pathet Lao
11882:Lao Issara
11827:Lao people
11822:Khun Borom
11540:Hmong-Mien
11469:Vietnamese
11263:Lao–Phutai
11112:Vietnamese
11034:Indigenous
10776:Hmong–Mien
10762:Vietnamese
10523:Indigenous
10222:1290485784
10134:(Thesis).
9736:. (2011).
9581:1038141425
9400:2020-12-19
9370:2012-07-08
9345:2016-05-25
9314:Ethnologue
9289:Ethnologue
9271:Ethnologue
9253:References
8926:liturgical
8870:Lao script
8864:Lao script
8798:'nineteen'
8793:/síp kȃw/
8773:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐
8768:'eighteen'
8710:(ໜຶ່ງ)ແສນ
8698:/síp hók/
8643:(ໜຶ່ງ)ພັນ
8636:'fourteen'
8631:/síp sīː/
8604:'thirteen'
8550:/kȃw síp/
8535:/síp ʔét/
8434:/hók síp/
8394:/hȁː síp/
8354:/sīː síp/
8270:sam sip ét
8267:ສາມສິບເອັດ
8037:Morphology
7715:mid-rising
7698:552 or ˥˥˨
7649:low rising
7632:533 or ˥˧˧
7604:Example(s)
7448:Phonetic (
7441:Phonemic (
7262:Diphthongs
7096:Diphthongs
6866:unreleased
6466:labialized
6460:Consonants
6446:'to work',
6175:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว
6161:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว
6127:Pathét Lao
5664:ແວງ (*แวง)
5504:บักแอปเปิล
5466:afik/afrik
5335:/si.ne.ma/
5281:'necktie'
5218:alternate
5134:centimètre
4973:Indosphere
4971:See also:
4967:Vocabulary
4894:Long Vowel
4862:Tone Class
4846:Chaiyaphum
4751:Long Vowel
4719:Tone Class
4555:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/
4498:/síaŋtɛːŋ/
4448:Kuy people
4349:Long Vowel
4317:Tone Class
4277:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/
4202:, most of
3593:*/C̥.daɰ/
3524:'to give'
3290:Udon Thani
3123:/tʰájwíaŋ/
3099:, eastern
3085:Xaisômboun
3057:Chaiyaphum
3047:(Hoi Et),
2916:Udon Thani
2908:Chaiyaphum
2902:Xaisômboun
2877:Phetchabun
2865:Udon Thani
2836:Xaignbouli
2803:Udon Thani
2799:Chaiyaphum
2786:Xaisômboun
2632:) rivers.
2595:ສຸວັນນະພູມ
2450:'bicycle'
2444:chakkanyan
2430:chakkrayan
2416:chakkrayan
2239:ອະນຸໂມທະນາ
1947:/mȇːt.tàː/
1930:ໄມຕີ/ໄມຕຣີ
1910:Mon people
1902:Brahmanism
1872:(BGN/PCGN
1864:Chiang Mai
1847:Lao script
1804:and later
1794:Muang Xoua
1763:festivals.
1630:/kʰáʔ.nŏŋ/
1622:ຂະໜົງ/ຂນົງ
1375:'mosquito'
1185:'to vomit'
995:'slippery'
807:(BGN/PCGN
624:Vietnamese
585:Lao script
528:Lao script
438: Lao
248:Lao script
194:Lao–Phutai
103:Ratanakiri
13278:indicate
13250:Proto-Tai
13243:Proto-Kra
13129:Tai Khang
13124:Tai Thanh
13072:Thai Song
13032:Tai Meuay
13027:Tai Daeng
13018:(Siamese)
12929:Tai Laing
12872:Tsʻün-Lao
12321:Festivals
12228:Education
12192:Transport
12108:President
12096:President
12049:Elections
11956:Geography
11857:Champasak
11852:Vientiane
11638:Phrae Pwo
11611:Hainanese
11591:Cantonese
11315:Sukhothai
11306:Thai Song
11227:Languages
11148:Tai Phuan
11044:Mon–Khmer
11036:languages
10895:Tai Daeng
10686:Palaungic
10525:languages
10214:162902327
10140:304347191
9043:A silent
8971:Mai tho (
8915:diacritic
8820:ຊາວ(ນຶ່ງ)
8790:ສິບເກົ້າ
8751:1,000,000
8738:seventeen
8703:'sixteen'
8668:'fifteen'
8547:ເກົ້າສິບ
8479:'seventy'
8307:ສາມສິບສອງ
8086:ສູນ/ສູນຍ໌
8016:sonorants
7946:Syllables
7745:Uttaradit
7741:Sukhothai
7706:high-fall
7662:mid level
7586:Vientiane
7520:ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ
7319:Close-mid
7149:Close-mid
6752:Fricative
6701:aspirated
6634:voiceless
6455:Phonology
6401:tham ngan
5802:pa balaen
5629:'butter'
5518:ผลแอปเปิล
5497:'Africa'
5374:พจนานุกรม
5360:พจนานุกรม
5347:hong nang
5275:/kʁa.vat/
5155:/kìː.néː/
5121:sangtimet
5002:loanwords
4883:Mai tho (
4830:Khon Kaen
4740:Mai tho (
4707:/hȗːtɕák/
4620:hong haem
4582:pén gnang
4468:Champasak
4338:Mai tho (
4230:of Laos.
4216:Khammouan
4208:Nong Khai
4196:Bueng Kan
4084:Mai tho (
4045:ຄູ່ (คู่)
3926:'monkey'
3914:ລິງ (ลิง)
3853:ເອວ (เอว)
3652:'inside'
3401:*/ʰmɤːl/
3322:Phôngsali
3298:Uttaradit
3282:Tai Lanna
3196:Mai tho (
3131:Khon Kaen
3113:Tai Wiang
3109:Bueng Kan
3105:Saiyaphum
3093:Nong Khai
3053:Khon Kaen
3016:Si Sa Ket
2987:Champasak
2977:Bueng Kan
2973:Nong Khai
2944:Khammouan
2924:Nong Khai
2920:Bueng Kan
2881:Uttaradit
2869:Khon Kaen
2844:Phôngsali
2819:Khon Kaen
2811:Bueng Kan
2791:Nong Khai
2774:Vientiane
2653:Phra Bang
2586:Champasak
2582:Vientiane
2561:Nong Khai
2516:'morals'
2399:cakkayuga
2386:'wisdom'
2335:/ʋiɟdʒaː/
2200:anumōdanā
2134:pāpakamma
2121:'misery'
2073:/d̪ukkʰa/
2055:'virtue'
1934:/máj.tìː/
1874:toua tham
1806:Ayutthaya
1802:Sukhothai
1778:/fâːŋūːm/
1612:Ayutthaya
1524:→
1504:→
1443:→
1393:→
1334:→
1314:→
1253:→
1203:→
1144:→
1124:→
1063:→
1013:→
833:Tai Lanna
827:and most
651:Vientiane
638:, fellow
598:Lao is a
595:scripts.
428:Glottolog
399:ISO 639-3
381:ISO 639-2
363:ISO 639-1
136:Ethnicity
112:Điện Biên
47:Phasa Lao
13086:Southern
12979:Phu Thai
12944:Khamyang
12914:Tai Long
12909:Tai Nuea
12760:Northern
12545:Cao Miao
12381:Category
12273:Religion
12263:Language
12248:COVID-19
12086:Military
12027:Politics
12008:Wildlife
11988:Phou Bia
11842:Vat Phou
11837:Lan Xang
11817:Peopling
11801:articles
11725:Japanese
11449:Nyah Kur
11414:Northern
11362:Minority
11275:Phu Thai
11231:Thailand
10542:Bahnaric
10303:Archived
10283:Archived
10242:Archived
10218:ProQuest
10136:ProQuest
10092:Archived
10050:Archived
10009:Archived
9953:Archived
9929:Archived
9909:Archived
9880:Archived
9826:Archived
9741:Archived
9577:ProQuest
9573:19204825
9425:Archived
9394:Archived
9364:Archived
9339:Archived
9226:See also
9186:Lao Tham
9174:Tai Khün
9169:Tai Tham
8962:Mai ek (
8904:phonemic
8837:'twenty'
8730:ສິບເຈັດ
8572:'twelve'
8555:'ninety'
8540:'eleven'
8519:'eighty'
8510:paet sip
8470:chet sip
8415:/pɛ̏ːt/
8175:/sɔ̌ːŋ/
8150:sao song
7864:Phonetic
7861:Phonemic
7838:or the
7718:34 or ˧˦
7709:52 or ˥˨
7689:31 or ˧˩
7686:mid-fall
7676:32 or ˧˨
7665:33 or ˧˧
7652:12 or ˩˨
7643:35 or ˧˥
7531:galangal
7498:Falling
7347:Open-mid
7177:Open-mid
6906:Alveolar
6491:Alveolar
6440:het ngan
6415:het wiak
6387:het ngan
6220:kuaitiao
6214:ກ໋ວຍຕ໋ຽວ
6181:kuaitiao
6167:kuaitiao
6090:kam/kram
6043:thananat
6031:/mɑ̃.da/
6004:thananat
5990:thananat
5959:/bi.jaʁ/
5926:บิลเลียด
5912:บิลเลียด
5833:'whale'
5743:/faktœʁ/
5557:'apple'
5452:aepfrika
5438:aepfrika
5394:disonnae
5248:nek thai
5234:nek thai
5171:Cambodia
5126:ຊັງຕີແມດ
5073:I cannot
5010:Sanskrit
4987:Buddhism
4872:Mai ek (
4729:Mai ek (
4703:hou chak
4676:hông dèm
4672:hongdaem
4651:honglaem
4586:/penɲăŋ/
4578:ເປັນຫຍັງ
4573:pen yang
4569:/pȅnsȁŋ/
4559:pen sang
4550:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ
4545:mae thao
4460:Yasothon
4444:northern
4327:Mai ek (
4305:/pènɲăŋ/
4300:ເປັນຫຍັງ
4295:pen yang
4291:/pȅnsȁŋ/
4281:pen sang
4272:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ
4267:mae thao
4220:Mukdahan
4075:Mai ek (
3996:'bread'
3976:khao chi
3970:ເຂົ້າຈີ່
3953:khao chi
3657:*/mwaj/
3588:'heart'
3314:Houaphan
3310:Oudômxai
3187:Mai ek (
3170:/tɕɛ̂ːm/
3127:Yasothon
3028:Yasothon
2969:Mukdahan
2957:Mukdahan
2898:Houaphan
2856:Houaphan
2840:Oudômxay
2807:Yasothon
2739:Dialects
2665:Anouvông
2663:by Chao
2514:'dharma'
2468:/ɖʱamma/
2438:ຈັກກະຍານ
2393:चक्कयुग
2315:'health'
2225:อนุโมทนา
2211:อนุโมทนา
2194:अनुमोदना
1878:tua tham
1869:tua tham
1832:rachasap
1814:rasa sap
1790:Lan Xang
1769:Fa Ngoum
1725:/ʃabd̪a/
1693:thôrasap
1684:thorasap
1675:โทรศัพท์
1670:thorasap
1136:/mɯ̄ːn/
924:Urheimat
906:Urheimat
868:and the
846:Northern
813:Phu Thai
809:Phouthai
626:. Lao's
604:analytic
514:Lao text
494:Help:IPA
457:47-AAA-c
442:nort2741
435:laoo1244
318:Cambodia
306:Thailand
214:Dialects
116:Lai Châu
91:Cambodia
82:Thailand
13276:Italics
13217:Kam–Tai
13194:Cao Lan
13158:Cao Lan
13102:(other)
13077:Tày Tac
13057:Tai Dam
13047:Tai Lue
13037:Tai Dón
13000:Kaloeng
12995:Lao Nyo
12824:Central
12814:Tai Pao
12752:, etc.)
12690:Yuanmen
12660:Baoting
12650:Tongzha
12581:Ai-Cham
12566:Chadong
12526:Kam–Sui
12365:Outline
12306:Cuisine
12293:Culture
12206:Society
12182:Tourism
12167:Fishing
12132:Economy
11968:Borders
11809:History
11720:English
11697:Russian
11692:Punjabi
11682:Burmese
11616:Hokchew
11606:Hokkien
11596:Teochew
11586:Sinitic
11553:Iu Mien
11464:Thavung
11459:Ten'edn
11454:Palaung
11421:Western
11348:Tai Nüa
11178:English
11107:Tampuan
10935:English
10905:Tai Lue
10900:Tai Dam
10867:Kra–Dai
10857:Sinsali
10817:Bantang
10789:Iu Mien
10757:Thavung
10590:Nyaheun
10206:2049433
9564:2614200
9266:PDR Lao
9134:(high)
8985:rising
8911:abugida
8886:of the
8760:ສິບແປດ
8743:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐
8716:100,000
8695:ສິບຫົກ
8660:ສິບຫ້າ
8628:ສິບສີ່
8596:ສິບສາມ
8564:ສິບສອງ
8528:ສິບເອັດ
8467:ເຈັດສິບ
8430:hok sip
8420:'eight'
8399:'fifty'
8380:'seven'
8375:/tɕét/
8359:'forty'
8230:sam sip
8220:'three'
8215:/sǎːm/
8190:sao sam
8135:/nɯ̄ŋ/
8107:ຊາວເອັດ
8093:/sǔːn/
8076:Number
8070:Number
8063:Numbers
8019:/mnŋwj/
7995:to Lao
7926:Falling
7780:équerre
7564:/kʰa᷆ː/
7460:Rising
7238:Central
7072:Central
6960:Plosive
6921:Glottal
6911:Palatal
6591:Plosive
6506:Glottal
6496:Palatal
6434:ເຮັດງານ
6409:ເຮັດວຽກ
6381:เฮ็ดงาน
6280:/kiə̯ŋ/
6253:ngotwen
6122:Vietnam
6037:ທະນານັດ
5998:ธนาณัติ
5984:ธนาณัติ
5971:binliat
5954:billard
5932:binliat
5918:binliat
5887:/ʃi.mi/
5815:/balɛn/
5810:baleine
5788:pla wan
5774:pla wan
5738:facteur
5689:'wine'
5538:mak pom
5479:/afʁik/
5474:Afrique
5446:แอฟริกา
5432:แอฟริกา
5341:ໂຮງຫນັງ
5270:cravate
5262:karawat
5213:French
5175:Vietnam
5040:/dɔ̏ːk/
4960:Middle
4957:Middle
4931:Middle
4925:Middle
4911:Middle
4834:Kalasin
4785:Middle
4782:Middle
4694:hu chak
4690:/tɕa᷇k/
4660:hônglèm
4629:hônghèm
4564:ເປັນສັງ
4510:mai tho
4476:Attapeu
4472:Salavan
4436:Sisaket
4432:Buriram
4415:Middle
4406:Middle
4392:Rising
4386:Middle
4380:Middle
4372:Rising
4366:Middle
4363:Rising
4286:ເປັນສັງ
4234:use of
4156:Middle
4147:Middle
4127:Middle
4121:Middle
4107:Middle
3780:'fire'
3721:*/wɤj/
3529:*/cɤɰ/
3465:*/haɰ/
3381:Source
3259:Middle
3239:Middle
3233:Middle
3219:Middle
3153:/kɛ̂ːm/
3041:Kalasin
2999:Attapeu
2991:Saravan
2754:Dialect
2424:จักรยาน
2410:จักรยาน
2269:/sukʰa/
2179:bap kam
2165:bap kam
2159:บาปกรรม
2151:bap kam
2145:บาปกรรม
2128:पापकम्म
2053:'merit'
2007:/puɲɲa/
1966:/kɔ̀ːn/
1921:Prakrit
1898:animism
1876:, RTGS
1842:Tai Noi
1827:raxasap
1819:ຣາຊາສັບ
1774:ຟ້າງູ່ມ
1744:Tai Dam
1711:/d̪ura/
1644:/knɑːŋ/
1626:khanông
1617:khanong
1604:/mɛ̄ːŋ/
1582:malaeng
1578:/lɛ̄ːŋ/
1565:/mɛ́ːŋ/
1516:/ɲúːŋ/
1326:/hâːk/
1156:/lɯ̂ːn/
1092:/lɯ̂ːn/
1042:/mɯ̄ːn/
957:twelfth
945:Jiaozhi
919:Vietnam
915:Guangxi
880:History
874:Kam-Sui
850:Central
840:of the
811:, RTGS
805:Phuthai
784:PDR Lao
674:Kra-Dai
616:Chinese
589:abugida
569:Laotian
558:ພາສາລາວ
490:Unicode
404:Either:
330:Vietnam
250:in Laos
179:Kra–Dai
108:Vietnam
41:ພາສາລາວ
13199:Jiamao
12991:(Nyaw)
12989:Tai Yo
12957:Turung
12924:Khamti
12904:Tai Ya
12885:(Thai)
12805:(Nyaw)
12803:Tai Yo
12773:Bouyei
12750:Zhuang
12735:Jizhao
12722:Jizhao
12708:Jiamao
12700:Jiamao
12685:Baisha
12680:Moyfaw
12655:Zandui
12645:Lauhut
12635:Bouhin
12617:Lakkia
12609:Lakkia
12561:Maonan
12541:(Dong)
12469:Qabiao
12459:Buyang
12386:Portal
12346:Sports
12316:Emblem
12301:Anthem
12238:Health
12162:Energy
11993:Rivers
11983:Mekong
11799:
11730:Korean
11525:Moklen
11439:Mlabri
11429:Kintaq
11403:Kensiu
11296:Tai Lü
11173:French
11097:Stieng
11092:Somray
11087:Sa’och
10930:French
10847:Phunoi
10822:Cantan
10747:Maleng
10714:Vietic
10671:Mlabri
10658:Khmuic
10620:Katuic
10605:Sedang
10600:Sapuan
10560:Halang
10445:
10430:
10415:
10400:
10385:
10368:
10353:
10220:
10212:
10204:
10138:
9628:600168
9626:
9579:
9571:
9561:
9178:Tai Lü
9107:, and
9080:, and
8950:Tones
8770:XVIII
8708:໑໐໐໐໐໐
8681:10,000
8531:sip et
8507:ແປດສິບ
8495:/síp/
8455:/kȃw/
8427:ຫົກສິບ
8390:ha sip
8387:ຫ້າສິບ
8350:si sip
8347:ສີ່ສິບ
8335:/hók/
8321:XXXII
8300:'five'
8295:/hȁː/
8255:/sīː/
8239:thirty
8227:ສາມສິບ
8187:ຊາວສາມ
8147:ຊາວສອງ
8110:sao et
8098:'zero'
8079:Gloss
8073:Gloss
7933:/hâːk/
7915:/hȁːk/
7885:break
7867:Gloss
7747:, and
7568:/kʰȁː/
7524:/kʰāː/
7512:trade
7505:/kʰâː/
7493:stuck
7486:/kʰáː/
7467:/kʰǎː/
7455:Gloss
7392:
7040:length
7034:Vowels
6901:Labial
6884:, and
6864:) are
6597:voiced
6532:plain
6526:plain
6520:plain
6512:plain
6486:Labial
6292:nyuean
6286:ເຍຶ້ອນ
6247:งดเว้น
6233:เยื้อน
6208:/fə̌ː/
6154:Gloss
6103:/ɡʁam/
6098:gramme
6026:mandat
6018:mangda
5965:ບິລລຽດ
5882:chimie
5827:pa wan
5782:ปลาวาฬ
5768:ปลาวาฬ
5730:faktoe
5606:beurre
5330:cinéma
5221:Gloss
5163:/gine/
5159:Guinée
5151:/ກີເນ/
5142:Guinea
5030:/dɤ̂ː/
5020:/dɛ̄ː/
4995:sangha
4979:, and
4840:, and
4838:Roi Et
4699:ຮູ້ຈັກ
4656:ໂຮງແລມ
4649:) and
4625:ໂຮງແຮມ
4531:/dɔːn/
4493:ຊຽງແຕງ
4480:Xékong
4263:/nȃːm/
3933:ขนมปัง
3804:Gloss
3582:*chaue
3460:'new'
3396:Gloss
3135:Hoi Et
3133:, and
3045:Roi Et
2995:Xékong
2937:ລາວກາງ
2850:, and
2691:mueang
2687:mueang
2657:corvée
2637:Taksin
2622:) and
2590:mueang
2502:ທຳ/ທັມ
2463:ḍhamma
2364:witcha
2347:witcha
2324:विज्जा
2068:dukkha
1989:Gloss
1925:maitri
1796:(RTGS
1782:mueang
1731:, the
1634:khnâng
1479:{} {}
1475:
1457:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1422:/ɲúːŋ/
1407:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1356:PSWT *
1346:/râːk/
1306:*raːk
1289:{} {}
1285:
1282:/râːk/
1267:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:/hâːk/
1217:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1166:PSWT *
1116:*mlɯn
1099:{} {}
1095:
1077:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1027:
1003:
1000:
989:
986:
976:PSWT *
953:eighth
866:Hainan
842:Zhuang
817:Tai Yo
815:) and
736:others
555:(Lao:
327:
315:
303:
280:
120:Sơn La
13149:mixed
13114:Pa Di
13067:Phuan
12939:Aiton
12934:Phake
12670:Nadou
12640:Ha Em
12550:Nuoxi
12534:Mulam
12507:Telue
12502:Hagei
12497:Mulao
12487:Vandu
12479:Gelao
12449:Lachi
12372:Index
12336:Music
12283:Women
12252:Delta
12218:Crime
12003:Towns
11687:Hindi
11653:Ugong
11623:Nuosu
11601:Hakka
11548:Hmong
11520:Moken
11492:Malay
11408:Khmer
11398:Jahai
11393:Chung
11388:Chong
11301:Phuan
11138:Jarai
11121:Other
11082:Samre
11072:Mnong
11062:Kaco’
11057:Chong
11025:Khmer
10885:Phuan
10832:Cosao
10827:Cauho
10784:Hmong
10752:Nguồn
10704:Lamet
10699:Kiorr
10648:Ta'Oi
10580:Laven
10309:. In
10239:"Lao"
10210:S2CID
10202:JSTOR
10167:(PDF)
9989:(PDF)
9974:(PDF)
9734:et al
9624:JSTOR
9508:(PDF)
9335:"Lao"
9208:sutra
9025:high
9011:high
8991:high
8827:nueng
8740:XVII
8673:໑໐໐໐໐
8649:1,000
8606:XIII
8521:LXXX
8448:ເກົ້າ
8439:sixty
8422:VIII
8281:XXXI
8201:XXII
8180:'two'
8161:XXII
8140:'one'
8131:nueng
8101:nulla
8023:/ptk/
8002:Only
7903:love
7897:/hāk/
7879:/hák/
7847:]
7843:[
7749:Phrae
7552:crow
7545:/kàː/
7479:High
7435:Name
7427:]
7423:[
7401:Tones
7291:Close
7233:Front
7121:Close
7067:Front
7046:with
6928:Nasal
6916:Velar
6541:Nasal
6535:lab.
6529:lab.
6523:lab.
6501:Velar
6395:ทำงาน
6354:/ekɛ/
6341:i kae
6335:ອີແກ້
6275:kiêng
6267:kiang
6239:yuean
6142:Thai
6139:Isan
5899:khémi
5860:khemi
5846:khemi
5821:ປາວານ
5683:/vɛ̃/
5670:waeng
5611:/bœʁ/
5551:/pɔm/
5546:pomme
5242:เนกไท
5228:เนกไท
5207:Thai
5204:Isan
5038:(dok
5028:(doe
5022:) or
5018:(dae
4905:High
4762:High
4670:and *
4647:/ɾàp/
4616:/hāp/
4440:Khmer
4428:Surin
4360:High
4249:/sêː/
4177:is a
4101:High
3825:หลิ้น
3795:Isan
3792:Thai
3646:*naue
3518:*haue
3454:*maue
3387:Isan
3384:Thai
3344:and *
3280:with
3213:High
3157:chaem
3118:ໄທວຽງ
3020:Surin
2848:Bokèo
2620:/síː/
2358:วิชชา
2341:วิชชา
2330:vijja
2264:sukha
2185:'sin'
2093:ทุกข์
2079:ทุกข์
2062:दुक्ख
2002:puñña
1996:पुञ्ञ
1983:Thai
1980:Isan
1977:Pali
1938:metta
1715:śabda
1666:phōnē
1595:maeng
1569:laeng
1552:maeng
1548:mlɛːŋ
1536:/jūŋ/
1496:*ɲuŋ
1472:/jūŋ/
1419:nyung
1182:*raːk
992:*mlɯn
630:with
587:, an
125:China
13134:Kuan
13109:Sapa
13062:Khün
13052:Yong
13016:Thai
12984:Isan
12950:Ahom
12899:Shan
12862:Nùng
12798:Saek
12627:Hlai
12599:Biao
12591:Biao
12556:Then
12492:A'ou
12454:Paha
12444:Laha
12326:Flag
12255:cron
12250:and
12154:Kip
11797:Laos
11581:Lisu
11571:Akha
11487:Cham
11343:Shan
11338:Khün
11270:Isan
11245:Thai
11153:Thai
11133:Cham
11102:Suoy
11077:Pear
11052:Brao
10890:Saek
10875:Khün
10852:Piyo
10842:Luma
10837:Hani
10812:Akha
10807:Akeu
10742:Liha
10732:Cuoi
10727:Chut
10722:Arem
10666:Khmu
10638:Katu
10633:Brao
10585:Lavi
10570:Jru'
10555:Duan
10550:Alak
10443:ISBN
10428:ISBN
10413:ISBN
10398:ISBN
10383:ISBN
10366:ISBN
10351:ISBN
9569:PMID
9034:mid
9031:mid
9014:mid
8994:mid
8930:Isan
8924:for
8800:XIX
8705:XVI
8641:໑໐໐໐
8638:XIV
8574:XII
8481:LXX
8460:nine
8411:paet
8382:VII
8371:chet
8368:ເຈັດ
8260:four
8241:XXX
8222:III
8171:song
8128:ໜຶ່ງ
8121:XXI
7872:High
7855:Tone
7640:high
7607:Name
7598:Name
7560:ຂ້າ
7549:or
7538:Low
7517:Mid
7509:or
7501:ຄ້າ
7490:or
7474:leg
7471:or
7438:Lao
7421:and
7419:,,,,
7372:Open
7255:rnd.
7250:unr.
7243:Back
7202:Open
7108:uaʔ
7100:iaʔ
7089:rnd.
7084:unr.
7077:Back
6853:All
6516:lab.
6423:việc
6349:ê-ke
6327:chak
6313:chak
6145:Lao
6076:kram
6070:กรัม
6062:kram
6056:กรัม
5946:biya
5893:ເຄມີ
5874:simi
5854:เคมี
5840:เคมี
5650:ไวน์
5636:ไวน์
5623:noei
5617:ເນີຍ
5584:noei
5570:noei
5210:Lao
5173:and
5146:kine
5025:ເດີ້
5008:and
5006:Pali
4991:Pali
4951:Low
4945:Low
4940:Low
4937:Low
4920:Low
4917:Low
4914:Low
4802:Low
4794:Low
4774:Low
4680:chak
4478:and
4462:and
4434:and
4400:Low
4214:and
4173:The
4141:Low
3920:ling
3906:ling
3892:ling
3878:ling
3811:เล่น
3568:chai
3554:chai
3540:chai
3448:ໃຫມ່
3434:ໃຫມ່
3420:ใหม่
3406:ใหม่
3346:/aj/
3342:/aɰ/
3320:and
3304:and
3296:and
3286:Loei
3253:Low
3166:chèm
3162:ແຈ້ມ
3145:ແກ້ມ
3140:kaem
3107:and
3101:Loei
2975:and
2950:and
2928:Loei
2926:and
2900:and
2861:Loei
2817:and
2815:Loei
2651:and
2557:Loei
2508:tham
2494:tham
2488:ธรรม
2480:tham
2474:ธรรม
2457:धम्म
2378:wisa
2372:ວິຊາ
2113:thuk
2099:thuk
2085:thuk
1986:Lao
1956:klon
1904:and
1729:Pali
1720:शब्द
1701:dura
1662:φωνή
1657:tēle
1653:τῆλε
1639:ខ្នង
1587:แมลง
1561:mèng
1469:yung
1372:*ɲuŋ
1108:ลื่น
1102:ມື່ນ
1089:luen
1084:ลื่น
1039:muen
1034:ມື່ນ
955:and
888:and
872:and
860:and
858:Hlai
848:and
825:Ahom
821:Shan
636:Isan
634:and
632:Thai
577:Isan
573:Laos
283:Laos
144:Isan
118:and
101:and
86:Isan
78:Laos
12974:Lao
12867:Tày
12809:Yoy
12745:Tai
12665:Cun
12576:Mak
12571:Sui
12539:Kam
12512:Qau
12436:Kra
12243:HIV
12076:Law
11628:Mpi
11444:Mon
11434:Kuy
11383:Bru
11229:of
11143:Lao
11067:Kuy
10910:Yoy
10737:Kri
10694:Bit
10643:Kuy
10628:Bru
10610:Su'
10575:Juk
10565:Jeh
10514:Lao
10194:doi
9616:doi
9559:PMC
9551:doi
9520:hdl
9481:doi
9450:doi
9311:at
9286:at
9268:at
9114:/m/
9105:/n/
9096:/l/
9087:/w/
9078:/r/
9069:/ɲ/
9060:/ŋ/
9051:/h/
8894:of
8839:XX
8823:sao
8670:XV
8621:CI
8617:101
8609:໑໐໑
8585:100
8577:໑໐໐
8557:XC
8542:XI
8500:ten
8491:sip
8488:ສິບ
8462:IX
8451:kao
8441:LX
8408:ແປດ
8361:VL
8342:VI
8340:six
8331:hok
8328:ຫົກ
8288:ຫ້າ
8262:IV
8248:ສີ່
8211:sam
8208:ສາມ
8182:II
8168:ສອງ
8089:sun
7977:or
7929:ຮາກ
7911:ຫາກ
7893:ຮັກ
7890:Mid
7875:ຫັກ
7858:Lao
7849:).
7836:,,,
7737:Tai
7618:low
7566:or
7541:ກາ
7482:ຄາ
7463:ຂາ
7450:IPA
7443:IPA
7429:).
7104:ɯaʔ
6862:/ʔ/
6740:kʷʰ
6722:tʷʰ
6664:tɕʷ
6366:sak
6360:ສາກ
6321:ฉาก
6307:ฉาก
6261:ກຽງ
6203:phở
6195:foe
6189:ເຝີ
5678:vin
5656:wai
5642:wai
5598:boe
5578:เนย
5564:เนย
5216:Lao
5165:).
5144:is
5035:ດອກ
5015:ແດ່
4685:ຈັກ
4668:dap
4642:ລັບ
4637:lap
4611:ຮັບ
4606:hap
4602:/d/
4598:/ɬ/
4594:/ɾ/
4590:/r/
4526:ດອນ
4521:don
4258:ນ້ຳ
4253:nam
4051:khu
4031:ຫໍ່
4017:ห่อ
4003:ห่อ
3900:ລີງ
3886:ลีง
3872:ลิง
3845:lin
3831:lin
3817:len
3774:fai
3760:fai
3746:fai
3732:fai
3710:mai
3704:ໄມ້
3696:mai
3690:ໄມ້
3682:mai
3676:ไม้
3668:mai
3662:ไม้
3632:nai
3618:nai
3604:nai
3512:ໃຫ້
3504:hai
3498:ໃຫ້
3490:hai
3484:ให้
3476:hai
3470:ให้
3440:mai
3426:mai
3412:mai
3172:).
3168:, *
3149:kèm
3121:),
2733:/r/
2629:ມູນ
2624:Mun
2535:in
2309:suk
2303:ສຸກ
2295:suk
2289:สุข
2281:suk
2275:สุข
2258:सुख
2107:ທຸກ
2047:bun
2041:ບຸນ
2033:bun
2027:บุญ
2019:bun
2013:บุญ
1962:ກອນ
1882:Mon
1788:of
1735:of
1706:दूर
1600:แมง
1574:แลง
1557:ແມງ
1488:ยุง
1485:{}
1482:ຍູງ
1464:ยุง
1414:ຍູງ
1298:ราก
1295:{}
1292:ຮາກ
1279:rak
1274:ราก
1229:hak
1224:ຮາກ
1105:{}
870:Kra
829:Dai
618:or
593:Tai
553:Lao
476:IPA
415:tts
408:lao
389:lao
345:and
199:Lao
184:Tai
140:Lao
33:Lao
13295::
12730:Be
12718:Be
12464:En
10595:Oi
10349:,
10253:^
10230:^
10216:.
10208:.
10200:.
10188:.
10169:.
10148:^
10120:^
10065:^
10032:^
9997:^
9982:65
9980:.
9976:.
9935:.
9846:^
9747:.
9697:^
9668:^
9647:19
9645:.
9622:.
9612:93
9610:.
9598:^
9575:.
9567:.
9557:.
9545:.
9541:.
9514:.
9510:.
9495:^
9477:17
9475:.
9471:.
9444:.
9409:^
9392:.
9388:.
9222:.
9206:A
9188:.
9176:,
9137:ອ໋
9131:ອ໊
9125:ອ້
9119:ອ່
9098:,
9092:ຫຼ
9071:,
9062:,
8977:)
8974:◌້
8968:)
8965:◌່
8932:.
8835:20
8829:)
8818:໒໐
8796:19
8788:໑໙
8766:18
8758:໑໘
8736:17
8728:໑໗
8723:.
8701:16
8693:໑໖
8688:.
8666:15
8658:໑໕
8653:M
8634:14
8626:໑໔
8602:13
8594:໑໓
8589:C
8570:12
8562:໑໒
8553:90
8545:໙໐
8538:11
8526:໑໑
8517:80
8505:໘໐
8502:X
8498:10
8486:໑໐
8477:70
8465:໗໐
8437:60
8425:໖໐
8401:L
8397:50
8385:໕໐
8357:40
8345:໔໐
8317:32
8305:໓໒
8302:V
8291:ha
8277:31
8265:໓໑
8251:si
8237:30
8225:໓໐
8197:23
8185:໒໓
8157:22
8145:໒໒
8142:I
8117:21
8105:໒໑
7999:.
7993:pr
7970:.
7743:,
7452:)
7445:)
7380:aː
7364:ɔː
7353:ɛː
7339:oː
7332:ɤː
7325:eː
7311:uː
7304:ɯː
7297:iː
7277:ua
7272:ɯa
7267:ia
6876:,
6823:lʷ
6772:sʷ
6733:kʰ
6715:tʰ
6708:pʰ
6692:ʔʷ
6678:kʷ
6657:tɕ
6579:ŋʷ
5087:)
5071:)
5055:)
4975:,
4886:◌້
4875:◌່
4852:.
4836:,
4832:,
4743:◌້
4732:◌່
4705:,
4688:,
4662:,
4645:,
4631:,
4614:,
4584:,
4567:,
4553:,
4540:ເຊ
4535:se
4529:,
4496:,
4474:,
4470:,
4454:,
4430:,
4341:◌້
4330:◌່
4303:,
4289:,
4275:,
4261:,
4247:,
4245:xé
4241:ເຊ
4236:se
4198:,
4090:)
4087:◌້
4081:)
4078:◌່
4037:ho
4023:ho
4009:ho
3859:eo
3768:ໄຟ
3754:ໄຟ
3740:ไฟ
3726:ไฟ
3640:ໃນ
3626:ໃນ
3612:ใน
3598:ใน
3576:ໃຈ
3562:ໃຈ
3548:ใจ
3534:ใจ
3369:ໄ◌
3363:ไ◌
3357:ໃ◌
3351:ใ◌
3316:,
3312:,
3202:)
3199:◌້
3193:)
3190:◌່
3159:(*
3151:,
3129:,
3095:,
3087:.
3043:,
3022:,
3018:,
2997:,
2993:,
2989:,
2967:,
2963:,
2959:,
2940:)
2922:,
2918:,
2914:,
2910:,
2875:,
2867:,
2846:,
2842:,
2838:,
2834:,
2813:,
2809:,
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2780:,
2776:,
2731:'
2673:,
2616:ຊີ
2611:Si
2601:,
2580:,
2559:,
2555:,
1808:.
1739:.
1723:,
1709:,
1695:,
1678:,
1642:,
1628:,
1563:,
978:ml
963:.
862:Be
823:,
786:,
561:,
371:lo
161:L2
156:L1
114:,
97:,
45:,
13189:E
13177:)
13171:(
13151:)
13147:(
12793:E
12748:(
12720:–
12420:e
12413:t
12406:v
11789:e
11782:t
11775:v
11212:e
11205:t
11198:v
11003:e
10996:t
10989:v
10492:e
10485:t
10478:v
10434:.
10419:.
10404:.
10389:.
10372:.
10357:.
10326:.
10313:.
10289:.
10224:.
10196::
10190:6
10142:.
9630:.
9618::
9583:.
9553::
9547:4
9526:.
9522::
9516:2
9489:.
9483::
9456:.
9452::
9446:1
9403:.
9373:.
9348:.
9110:ໝ
9101:ໜ
9083:ວ
9074:ຣ
9065:ຍ
9056:ງ
9049:(
9046:ຫ
8825:(
8721:C
8686:X
8458:9
8446:໙
8418:8
8406:໘
8378:7
8366:໗
8338:6
8326:໖
8298:5
8286:໕
8258:4
8246:໔
8218:3
8206:໓
8178:2
8166:໒
8138:1
8126:໑
8096:0
8084:໐
8031:/
8029:ʔ
8027:/
8012:/
8010:ʔ
8008:/
7997:p
7985:(
7845:ʔ
7834:(
7751:.
7425:j
7417:(
7210:a
7194:ɔ
7183:ɛ
7169:o
7162:ɤ
7155:e
7141:u
7134:ɯ
7127:i
7012:j
7003:w
6989:ʔ
6982:k
6973:t
6966:p
6950:ŋ
6941:n
6934:m
6890:/
6888:k
6886:/
6882:/
6880:t
6878:/
6874:/
6872:p
6870:/
6830:j
6816:l
6809:w
6806:~
6803:ʋ
6787:h
6765:s
6758:f
6685:ʔ
6671:k
6648:t
6641:p
6611:d
6604:b
6572:ŋ
6563:ɲ
6554:n
6547:m
5161:(
5148:(
5136:(
5123:(
5091:.
5075:.
5059:.
4889:)
4878:)
4746:)
4735:)
4696:(
4682:(
4674:(
4653:(
4639:(
4622:(
4608:(
4575:(
4561:(
4547:(
4537:(
4523:(
4490:(
4344:)
4333:)
4297:(
4283:(
4269:(
4255:(
4238:(
3142:(
3115:(
2729:ຣ
2667:(
2626:(
2613:(
2567:(
1959:(
1940:(
1927:(
1853:(
1816:(
1771:(
1717:(
1703:(
1686:(
1672:(
1636:(
1619:(
1597:(
1584:(
1571:(
1554:(
1546:*
1358:ɲ
1168:r
790:)
782:(
530:.
516:.
496:.
131:)
127:(
122:)
110:(
105:)
93:(
88:)
84:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.