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xeric vegetation seem to have persisted throughout the 10,000 year period. The sea levels began rising around 7000 years ago, shrinking the area of land the settlement was found on. All life in the area would have been subject to changing sea levels and tectonic shifts over several thousand years. A changing environment affected the subsistence patterns of the Las Vegas people, as noted by a change in diet between the early and late Las Vegas periods. Faunal remains suggest a dry, forested environment that did not receive enough rain throughout the year to turn into a wetland forest. Plant remains support this environment; grass and shrub remains indicative of a dryer climate were found in abundance. The mostly dry season that lasted throughout the majority of the year is typical of regions where maize is grown well. A rise in sea levels along with an annual dry season could have motivated the Las Vegas people to pursue plant domestication and gathering of marine resources for food.
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with the remains of people who died elsewhere transported to those sites for burial or reburial. The burial customs suggest that the two main sites had become base camps and ceremonial centers. Other sites may have been occupied only seasonally as families and bands moved from place to place to hunt, fish, or collect wild plants for food. A closer community could explain the burials found at site 80. As people grew stronger bonds, practices and beliefs could have developed and influenced rituals. There is little evidence of what kinds of rituals were practiced, but we do know that the burials in this area were intentional and happened often. Most of the burials show evidence of first and second burials. In the initial burial, a corpse was placed in a grave in a flexed position. Later on, bones from these burials were unearthed and placed in another burial.
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collect more predictable resources. This sedentary lifestyle could have been a strong factor in the beginning of plant cultivation. A more sedentary lifestyle would also help to foster stronger communities. People living in the area would likely have needed to rely on each other more to gather enough resources to survive. The lack of big game meant more time needed to be spent hunting and gathering, as well as tending to crops. Food sharing in this community creates an early form of the reciprocity that shows up throughout the Andean region in various cultures.
238:"Maize was introduced to Ecuadorian coastal populations already familiar with plant cultivation. At the preceramic Vegas site (OGSE-80), phytolith assemblages, which included bottle gourd (Lagenaria spp.), the root crop llerén (Calathea spp.), and domesticated-size squash phytoliths, were directly dated to 11,210–9,900 cal B.P., with maize present in directly dated phytolith assemblages to ≈7500 cal B.P."
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habitation probably remain to be discovered near and along several hundred miles of
Ecuadorian coast Prior to the rise in sea levels, the coasts supported mangrove swamps. Mangrove clams were a notable part of the Las Vegas diet. As sea levels rose, the mangroves seem to have been wiped out. After about 6000 BCE, the mangrove clams shrink from Las Vegas assemblages.
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peninsula is the northernmost extension of the coastal desert that stretches for some 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) along the
Pacific coast of South America. The city of Santa Elena receives about 250 millimetres (9.8 in) of precipitation annually nearly all of it from January to March. Under the influence of the cool waters of the
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have been discovered that may have been used for making nets or textiles. They utilized shell, wood, bamboo, reeds, and bark to make tools and containers. Burial customs underwent a major change in the Later Las Vegas. Burials took place only at the two major sites (Site 80 and 66/67) of the culture
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have divided the Las Vegas culture into two periods: early Las Vegas from 8000 to 6000 BCE, and late Las Vegas from 6000 BCE to 4600 BCE. The dividing line between the two periods is a lacuna in the archaeological record at one representative site. The Las Vegas culture was pre-ceramic, meaning that
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Thirty-two Las Vegas sites have been identified on the Santa Elena peninsula, scattered over an area about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east-west and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-south, most along the Rio Grande and its tributaries, including the Las Vegas River. Additional similar sites of human
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The sites discovered by archaeologists suggest they were originally established on low hills and in areas where marine life and terrestrial resources were equally accessible. Faunal remains show about half of animal protein consumed was from terrestrial sources, half from marine sources. The human
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Ten thousand years ago sea level on the Santa Elena peninsula was 30 metres (98 ft) lower than at present. Thus, the known settlements of the Las Vegas period were further inland then than they are now and some ancient settlements may have been covered by the rising sea. The dry climate and
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During Early Las Vegas the "basic unit of social production, distribution, and consumption was the small, relatively self-sufficient family, flexibly organized for carrying out a wide variety of subsistence tasks using a few generalized tools and facilities." Houses were small and it appears that
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Scholars have been debating whether the early planting of maize was done in the lowlands, at the mid-elevations, or perhaps even in the highlands of the
Americas. Also, the question remains open whether the first maize in South America was introduced in the lowlands or at the higher elevations.
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During the late period, sea levels rose, bringing marine resources closer to established sites. At the same time, big game either became less abundant, or was simply hunted less by the Las Vegans. This loss of big game may have motivated the Las Vegas people to become more sedentary in order to
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Given the desert and near-desert conditions and the scarcity of surface water, the Santa Elena peninsula does not seem a promising area for pre-historic agriculture, but the Las Vegas people were among the earliest in South
America to practice agriculture. Agriculture did not replace fishing,
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from about 8000 BCE to 4600 BCE. It is one of the earliest settlements found in
Ecuador and is notable for its role in domesticating wild squash and maize. It is also home to one of the largest burial sites in South America, where remains of at least 192 individuals were found. The Santa Elena
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wild foods and hunted and fished in the variety of habitats in the region: the desert, dry tropical forest, and the
Pacific coast. Deer, fox, rabbit, small rodents, weasel, anteater, squirrel, peccary, opossum, frog, boa constrictor, indigo snake, parrot and lizard were exploited for food.
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Later Las Vegas continued to rely on hunting and gathering, but with a greater dependence on fish and shellfish from the ocean. The harvesting of offshore fish species suggests that the Later Las Vegas people may have had boats. They made a variety of tools from stone and bone points and a
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Recent data has suggested that humans dispersed maize into the upper lowland of northwest
Colombia at some time within a date range of 8997-8277 cal. BP. Later, human groups dispersed maize into the mid-elevation forests of the Colombian Andes by 8000-7600 cal. BP.
262:, Ecuador. Recent microbotanical studies from Cubilan recovered maize starches from milling and scrapping lithic tools associated with contexts dated to 8078-7959 cal. BP (about 6,000 BC). This is the oldest evidence of maize in South American highlands.
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Intertidal species and crab were also harvested in small quantities. The Las Vegans were broad-spectrum hunters and were able to hunt these many different species and not rely on any one source of food.
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Even earlier dates were obtained by
Zarrillo et al. in 2008. According to their data, early agriculture started in the area c. 11,000 BP (9,000 BC), and maize was already present by 7,500 BP (5,500 BC).
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Evidence of a human presence of the Santa Elena peninsula has been radiocarbon dated back to 8800 BCE, but with the onset of the Las Vegas period about 8000 BC, the evidence becomes much more extensive.
422:
Stothert, Karen E., Piperno, Dolores R., and Andres, Thomas C. (2002), "Terminal
Pleistocene/Early Holocene human adaptation in coastal Ecuador: the Las Vegas evidence, pg. 3, "
369:
Stothert, Karen E.; Dolores R. Piperno; Thomas C. Andres (Fall 2004). "New
Evidence of Early Holocene Agriculture from the Coast of Ecuador: A Multidisciplinary Approach".
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and other desert plants. Inland, precipitation generally increases and the vegetation becomes more varied and lush, changing from desert to seasonally dry forest..
218:, a tropical root crop probably not native to the Santa Elena area). Evidence of their cultivation and domestication date to 7000 BCE. A semi-domesticated type of
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Archaeologists have found no evidence of the presence of humans on the Santa Elena peninsula for one thousand years after 4600 BCE. About 3500 BCE, the
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of squash date back to 8000 BCE. Surprising to archaeologists, maize cultivation was practiced in Las Vegas area by about 4600 BCE. Maize originated in
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138:, temperatures are mild, averaging 23 °C (73 °F) with only a few degrees in seasonal variation. The natural vegetation near the coast is
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333:
Ubelaker, Douglas H. (1980). "Human Skeletal Remains From Site OGSE-80, A Preceramic Site on the Sta. Elena Peninsula, Coastal Ecuador".
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family units moved from one site to another to take advantage of seasonal food sources. Houses were very small and flimsy. The people
110:. The name comes from the location of the most prominent settlement, Site No. 80, near the Las Vegas River and now within the city of
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remains found at these sites also seem to indicate that the residents of the Santa Elena Peninsula were healthy and free of anemia.
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hunting, and foraging, but complemented these traditional means of subsistence. The earliest domesticated crops may have been
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2012:
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574:"The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments."
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http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=121148&cityname=Santa-Elena-Santa-Elena-Ecuador&units=metric
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Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (2015).
114:. The Las Vegas culture represents "an early, sedentary adjustment to an ecologically complex coastal environment."
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355:, ed. by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, New York, Springer, p. 80; "Weatherbase: Santa Elena Ecuador"
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638:"Late ninth millennium B.P. use of Zea mays L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches"
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Also, according to Piperno, the recent dates for maize use by Las Vegas culture are at c. 8053-7818 cal. BP.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;105(13):5006-5011.
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appears in the same area as the Las Vegas people lived. The fate of the Las Vegas people is not known.
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Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador.
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https://downloads.arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec/ayhpwxgv/bibliografia/Stothert-et-al_LasVegas.pdf
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settlements which flourished between 8000 BCE and 4600 BCE near the coast of present-day
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Stothert, Karen E. (July 1985). "The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of Coastal Ecuador".
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Raymond, J. Scott (2008), "The Process of Sedentism in Northwedern South America" in
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The Las Vegas culture is important because it was one of the earliest cultures in
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In 21st century, archaeologists investigated the Cubilan area, in
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The Las Vegas culture existed on the coast of Ecuador along the
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Zarrillo S, Pearsall DM, Raymond JS, Tisdale MA, Quon DJ.
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
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505:"Chapter 2: The Original Peopling of Latin America"
475:, Boulder: University of Colorado Press, pp. 96-97
298:(3). American Antiquity, Vol. 50, No. 3: 613–637.
19:For the culture of Las Vegas, United States, see
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471:Stothert et al (2002); Moore, Jerry D. (2014),
2117:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2102:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
576:Current Anthropology 2011; 52(S4), S453-S470.
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335:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
38:Location of the Las Vegas culture in Ecuador
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2107:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
222:might have been cultivated even earlier.
2190:Archaeological cultures of South America
711:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
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157:Another ancient culture in the area was
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353:Handbook of South American Archaeology
230:and its cultivation spread elsewhere.
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175:the people did not utilize pottery.
1135:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
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16:Large number of Archaic settlements
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2127:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1106:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
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2205:Hunter-gatherers of South America
1118:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1089:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
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1111:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1084:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
509:General History of Latin America
21:Las Vegas, Nevada § Culture
1094:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
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2038:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1099:Archaeological sites in Chile
473:A Prehistory of South America
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246:Other early maize in the area
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2132:Mesoamerican writing systems
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1128:Archaeological sites in Peru
654:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025
102:" is the name given to many
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2028:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
214:or bottle gourd and leren (
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2054:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
1957:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
614:Santos Vecino et al., 2014
540:Stothert et al (Fall 2004)
462:Stothert et al (Fall 2004)
453:Stothert et al (Fall 2004)
444:Stothert et al (Fall 2004)
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371:Culture & Agriculture
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1123:Cultural periods of Peru
642:Quaternary International
531:Moore, 97; Raymond p. 82
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2235:Prehistoric agriculture
2060:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
906:Mesoamerican chronology
604:10.1073/pnas.0800894105
503:Bryan, Alan L. (2000).
2230:Agriculture in Ecuador
2220:Pre-Columbian cultures
2215:History of agriculture
2195:Archaeology of Ecuador
763:Archaeological periods
426:, accessed 10 Feb 2016
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2225:Prehistory of Ecuador
2066:List of Conquistadors
1953:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1364:Quebrada de Humahuaca
783:Caddoan Mississippian
359:, accessed 9 Feb 2016
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131:Santa Elena Peninsula
48:Santa Elena Peninsula
2033:Francisco de Montejo
1961:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1074:Andean civilizations
1001:Shaft tomb tradition
572:Dolores R. Piperno.
1999:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1304:Manteño-Huancavilca
773:Ancestral Puebloans
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558:Moore, pp. 97-100
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35:
30:
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2157:
2090:
1940:Moctezuma II
1897:Inca history
1822:Andean Music
1766:Architecture
1761:Architecture
1756:Architecture
1751:Architecture
1747:Architecture
1741:Gender Roles
1486:Tenochtitlan
1409:Timoto–Cuica
1404:Tierradentro
1268:
1189:Casma–Sechin
921:Chalcatzingo
670:
645:
641:
619:
610:
594:
588:
554:
545:
536:
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516:. Retrieved
508:
498:
489:
484:Moore, p. 97
480:
472:
467:
458:
449:
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431:
418:
409:
400:
391:
377:(2): 31–41.
374:
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156:
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128:
116:
99:
97:
2003:Túpac Amaru
1987:Manco Cápac
1936:Moctezuma I
1847:Agriculture
1842:Agriculture
1837:Agriculture
1828:Agriculture
1771:Road System
1660:Mathematics
1525:Muysc Cubun
1379:San Agustín
1329:Monte Verde
1006:Teotihuacan
898:Mesoamerica
793:Coles Creek
778:Anishinaabe
735:Archaeology
648:: 137–155.
205:Agriculture
165:Description
112:Santa Elena
87:Followed by
81:Site No. 80
2184:Categories
1974:Tisquesusa
1948:Cuauhtémoc
1944:Cuitláhuac
1274:Lauricocha
1244:Gran Chaco
1234:Cupisnique
1219:Chinchorro
1194:Chachapoya
1184:Caral–Supe
1026:Tlaxcaltec
1016:Teuchitlán
931:Chupícuaro
858:Plum Bayou
853:Plaquemine
823:Marksville
788:Chichimeca
518:2007-05-16
341:(1): 3–24.
278:References
260:Oña Canton
224:Phytoliths
142:featuring
1995:Atahualpa
1991:Pachacuti
1966:Nemequene
1832:Chinampas
1654:Astronomy
1643:Astronomy
1623:Mythology
1618:Mythology
1613:Mythology
1608:Mythology
1604:Mythology
1434:Wankarani
1424:Tuncahuán
1314:Marajoara
1269:Las Vegas
1155:Atacameño
1051:Xochipala
991:Purépecha
951:Epi-Olmec
941:Cuicuilco
883:Troyville
873:St. Johns
662:1040-6182
320:162313695
159:Real Alto
76:Type site
27:Las Vegas
2091:See also
2009:Conquest
1982:Zoratama
1649:Calendar
1638:Calendar
1633:Calendar
1629:Calendar
1598:Religion
1593:Religion
1582:Religion
1571:Religion
1567:Religion
1556:Numerals
1550:Numerals
1511:Language
1491:Multiple
1429:Valdivia
1414:Tiwanaku
1374:Saladoid
1369:Quimbaya
1259:Kuhikugu
1239:Diaguita
1229:Chorrera
1046:Veraguas
1041:Veracruz
1021:Tlatilco
833:Mogollon
740:Cultures
718:Americas
212:calabash
185:gathered
1978:Tundama
1907:Peoples
1892:History
1887:History
1882:History
1878:History
1872:Cuisine
1867:Cuisine
1862:Cuisine
1857:Cuisine
1853:Cuisine
1711:Warfare
1706:Warfare
1701:Warfare
1697:Warfare
1691:Society
1686:Economy
1675:Society
1670:Society
1666:Society
1536:Writing
1530:Quechua
1515:Nahuatl
1482:Capital
1419:Toyopán
1399:Tairona
1309:Mapuche
1224:Chiripa
1199:Chancay
1170:Cañaris
1145:Amotape
1140:El Abra
1056:Zapotec
1036:Totonac
1011:Tepanec
996:Quelepa
966:Mezcala
956:Huastec
926:Cholula
916:Capacha
911:Acolhua
868:Sinagua
843:Patayan
813:Hohokam
803:Fremont
198:spatula
125:Setting
108:Ecuador
104:Archaic
58:Archaic
1921:Muisca
1916:Mayans
1911:Aztecs
1545:Script
1540:Script
1500:Bacatá
1471:Muisca
1354:Pucará
1349:Piaroa
1344:Paiján
1339:Omagua
1294:Lupaca
1289:Lokono
1254:Kalina
1249:Huetar
1209:Chavín
1204:Chango
1179:Nariño
1175:Capulí
1165:Calima
1160:Aymara
1150:Arawak
1031:Toltec
981:Olmecs
976:Nicoya
971:Mixtec
946:Diquis
848:Picosa
838:Oshara
808:Glades
798:Dorset
660:
513:UNESCO
318:
312:280325
310:
228:Mexico
220:squash
54:Period
1926:Incas
1817:Music
1812:Music
1807:Music
1803:Music
1736:Women
1731:Women
1726:Women
1722:Women
1680:Trade
1561:Quipu
1505:Cusco
1496:Hunza
1461:Aztec
1394:Taíno
1389:Sican
1384:Shuar
1334:Nazca
1324:Mollo
1319:Moche
1299:Luzia
1214:Chimú
986:Pipil
961:Izapa
936:Coclé
878:Thule
768:Adena
316:S2CID
308:JSTOR
144:cacti
140:xeric
64:Dates
1716:Army
1498:and
1476:Inca
1466:Maya
1444:Zenú
1439:Wari
1284:Lima
658:ISSN
1797:Art
1792:Art
1787:Art
1782:Art
1778:Art
650:doi
646:404
600:doi
578:doi
379:doi
300:doi
2186::
2035:)
656:.
644:.
640:.
628:^
563:^
511:.
507:.
375:24
373:.
339:70
337:.
314:.
306:.
296:50
294:.
68:c.
2079:)
2075:(
2068:)
2064:(
2062:)
2058:(
2056:)
2052:(
2045:)
2041:(
2031:(
2020:)
2016:(
1773:)
1769:(
1682:)
1678:(
1656:)
1652:(
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1641:(
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1574:(
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1548:(
1177:/
703:e
696:t
689:v
664:.
652::
602::
580::
521:.
385:.
381::
322:.
302::
98:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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