153:
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405:, another particle-sizing technique, correlation between the two was poor for non-spherical particles. This is due to the fact that the underlying Fraunhofer and Mie theories only cover spherical particles. Non-spherical particles cause more diffuse scatter patterns and are more difficult to interpret. Some manufacturers have included algorithms in their software, which can partly compensate for non-spherical particles.
305:. Particles in estuaries are important as they allow for natural or pollutant chemical species to move around with ease. The size, density, and stability of particles in estuaries are important for their transportation. Laser diffraction analysis is used here to compare particle size distributions to support this claim as well as find cycles of change in estuaries that occur because of different particles.
1164:"Da Costa, Lydie; Suner, Ludovic; Galimand, Julie; Bonnel, Amandine; Pascreau, Tiffany; Couque, Nathalie; Fenneteau, Odile; Mohandas, Narla (January 2016). "Diagnostic tool for red blood cell membrane disorders: Assessment of a new generation ektacytometer". Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases. 56 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.09.001. ISSN 1079-9796. PMC 4811191. PMID 26603718"
83:) of the particle’s material. Hence is it typically applied to samples of unknown optical properties, or to mixtures of different materials. For samples of known optical properties, Fraunhofer theory should only be applied for particles of an expected diameter at least 10 times larger than the light source’s wavelength, and/or to opaque particles.
131:
Multiple light detectors are used to collect the diffracted light, which are placed at fixed angles relative to the laser beam. More detector elements extend sensitivity and size limits. A computer can then be used to detect the object's particle sizes from the light energy produced and its layout,
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analysis. When compared, results showed that laser diffraction analysis made fast calculations that were easy to recreate after a one-time analysis, did not need large sample sizes, and produced large amounts of data. Results can easily be manipulated because the data is on a digital surface. Both
1125:
Baskurt, O. K.; Hardeman, M. R.; Uyuklu, M.; Ulker, P.; Cengiz, M.; Nemeth, N.; Shin, S.; Alexy, T.; Meiselman, H. J. (2009). "Baskurt, Oguz K.; Hardeman, M. R.; Uyuklu, Mehmet; Ulker, Pinar; Cengiz, Melike; Nemeth, Norbert; Shin, Sehyun; Alexy, Tamas; Meiselman, Herbert J. (2009). "Comparison of
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The Mie theory is based on measuring the scattering of electromagnetic waves on spherical particles. Hence, it is taking into account not only the diffraction at the particle’s contour, but also the refraction, reflection and absorption phenomena within the particle and at its surface. Thus, this
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Commercial laser diffraction analyzers leave to the user the choice of using either
Fraunhofer or Mie theory for data analysis, hence the importance of understanding the strengths and limitations of both models. Fraunhofer theory only takes into account the diffraction phenomena occurring at the
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De Boer, A. H.; Gjaltema, D.; Hagedoorn, P.; Frijlink, H. W. (2002). "de Boer, A.H.; D Gjaltema; P Hagedoorn; H.W Frijlink (December 2002). "Characterization of inhalation aerosols: a critical evaluation of cascade impactor analysis and laser diffraction technique". International
Journal of
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theory, stating that the intensity of light scattered by a particle is directly proportional to the particle size. The angle of the laser beam and particle size have an inversely proportional relationship, where the laser beam angle increases as particle size decreases and vice versa. The
111:
power supply, and structural packaging. Alternatively, blue laser diodes or LEDs of shorter wavelength may be used. The light source affects the detection limits, with lasers of shorter wavelengths better suited for the detection of submicron particles. Angling of the
902:"McCave, I.N. (1986). "Evaluation of a Laser-Diffraction-Size Analyzer for use with Natural Sediments" (PDF). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 56 (4): 561–564. Bibcode:1986JSedR..56..561M. doi:10.1306/212f89cc-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d. Retrieved 14 November 2013".
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In practical terms, laser diffraction instruments can measure particles in liquid suspension, using a carrier solvent, or as dry powders, using compressed air or simply gravity to mobilize the particles. Sprays and aerosols generally require a specific setup.
87:
theory is better suited than the
Fraunhofer theory for particles that are not significantly larger than the wavelength of the light source, and to transparent particles. The model’s main limitation is that it requires precise knowledge of the
1078:"Viallat, A.; Abkarian, M. (2014-04-18). "Red blood cell: from its mechanics to its motion in shear flow". International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. 36 (3): 237–243. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12233. ISSN 1751-5521. PMID 24750669"
1211:"Beuselinck, L; G Govers; J Poesen; G Degraer; L Froyen (June 1998). "Grain-size analysis by laser diffractometry: comparison with the sieve-pipette method". CATENA. 32(3–4): 193–208. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(98)00051-4".
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the sieve-pipette method and laser diffraction analysis are able to analyze minuscule objects, but laser diffraction analysis resulted in having better precision than its counterpart method of particle measurement.
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of particles in the different size classes. That the diffracted light is proportional to the particle’s volume also implies that results are assuming particle sphericity, i.e. that the particle size result is an
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used in laser diffraction analysis are not thoroughly validated. Different algorithms are used at times to have collected data match assumptions made by users as an attempt to avoid data that looks incorrect.
1161:
Da Costa, L.; Suner, L.; Galimand, J.; Bonnel, A.; Pascreau, T.; Couque, N.; Fenneteau, O.; Mohandas, N.; Society of
Hematology Pediatric Immunology (SHIP) group; French Society of Hematology (SFH) (2016).
398:
measurement inaccuracies due to sharp edges on objects. Laser diffraction analysis has the chance of detecting imaginary particles at sharp edges because of the large angles the lasers make upon them.
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causing RBCs to orient themselves. Oriented and stretched red blood cells have a diffraction pattern representing the apparent particle size in each direction, making it possible to measure the
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and its stability when wet. The stability of soil aggregation (clumps held together by moist clay) and clay dispersion (clay separating in moist soil), the two different states of soil in the
91:(including the absorption coefficient) of the particle’s material. The lower theoretical detection limit of laser diffraction, using the Mie theory, is generally thought to lie around 10 nm.
385: assumptions including particles having random configurations and volume values. In some dispersion units, particles have been shown to align themselves together rather than have a
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is placed between the object being analyzed and the detector's focal point, causing only the surrounding laser diffraction to appear. The sizes the laser can analyze depend on the lens'
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Because the light energy recorded by the detector array is proportional to the volume of the particles, laser diffraction results are intrinsically volume-weighted. This means that the
667:
941:
Bale, A.J. (February 1987). . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science. 24 (2): 253–263. Bibcode:1987ECSS...24..253B. doi:10.1016/0272-7714(87)90068-0. Retrieved 14 November 2013
128:, the distance from the lens to its point of focus. As the focal length increases, the area the laser can detect increases as well, displaying a proportional relationship.
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three commercially available ektacytometers with different shearing geometries". Biorheology. 46 (3): 251–264. doi:10.3233/BIR-2009-0536. ISSN 1878-5034. PMID 19581731".
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Since laser diffraction analysis is not the sole way of measuring particles it has been compared to the sieve-pipette method, which is a traditional technique for
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savanna region, were compared with laser diffraction analysis to determine if plowing had an effect on the two. Measurements were made before
220:. Derived from the cumulative curve, it represents the particle diameter separating the upper 50 % of the data from the lower 50 %.
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The main graphical representation of laser diffraction results is the volume-weighted particle size distribution, either represented as
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and after plowing for different intervals of time. Clay dispersion turned out to not be affected by plowing while soil aggregation did.
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passed through any object ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size to quickly measure geometrical dimensions of a particle. This
734:"Drop size measurement techniques for sprays: Comparison of image analysis, phase Doppler particle analysis, and laser diffraction"
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produced by the laser is detected by having a beam of light go through a flow of dispersed particles and then onto a
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of particle material in the different size classes. This is in contrast to counting-based optical methods such as
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contour of the particle. Its main advantage is that it does not require any knowledge of the optical properties (
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Harmonized standards for the accuracy and precision of laser diffraction measurements have been defined both by
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The span, which gives a measure of the width of the particle size distribution, and is calculated as span = /D
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1036:"Aggregation studied by laser diffraction in relation to plowing and liming in the Cerrado region in Brazil"
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Laser diffraction analysis has been used to measure particle-size objects in situations such as:
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Particle size distribution (density and cumulative undersize) obtained by laser diffraction
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Westerhof, R; Buurman, P; van
Griethuysen, C; Ayarza, M; Vilela, L; Zech, W (July 1999).
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model, or Mie theory, is used as alternative to the
Fraunhofer theory since the 1990s.
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Pharmaceutics. 249 (1–2): 219–231. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00526-4. PMID 12433450".
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Laser diffraction analysis has been questioned in validity in the following areas:
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595:"Evaluation of a laser-diffraction-size analyzer for use with natural sediments"
547:. Alena Mudroch, José M. Azcue, Paul Mudroch. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Lewis. 1997.
528:(book preview), section laser diffraction, herausgegeben von Wayne P. Olson and
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Automated
Microbial Identification and Quantitation: Technologies for the 2000s
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Kelly, Richard N.; Etzler, F. (2006). "What Is Wrong With Laser
Diffraction".
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McCave, I. N.; Bryant, R. J.; Cook, H. F.; Coughanowr, C. A. (1986-07-01).
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Sijs, R; Kooij, S; Holterman, HJ; van de Zande, J; Bonn, D (2021).
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which the computer derives from the data collected on the particle
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Particle size measurements : fundamentals, practice, quality
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782:"Laser diffraction for particle sizing :: Anton Paar Wiki"
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The most widely used numerical laser diffraction results are:
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Laser diffraction analysis is typically accomplished via a red
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Technology for measuring geometrical dimensions of particle
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erythrocyte deformability can be measured under changing
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544:
Manual of physico-chemical analysis of aquatic sediments
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Particles moving through the spread parallel laser beam
879:"Laser Diffraction Measurement of Particle Size | USP"
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Laser diffraction analysis is originally based on the
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The mean volume-weighted diameter, also termed D or
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327:under shear. Due to a special phenomenon called
1075:
446:"Grain Transportation Report, October 24, 2013"
231:values, also derived from the cumulative curve.
1082:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
355:and is used in the diagnosis and follow up of
1330:
532:, product information, Company Sympathec GmbH
197:(which highlights the different modes) or as
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619:10.1306/212f89cc-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d
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401:when compared to the data collecting of
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357:congenital hemolytic anemias
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1367:List of laser applications
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704:10.1002/9781118688977.ch04
696:Lasers and Optoelectronics
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325:erythrocyte deformability
54:Fraunhofer vs. Mie Theory
805:Merkus, Henk G. (2009).
455:10.9752/ts056.10-24-2013
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1357:List of laser articles
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575:: CS1 maint: others (
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421:List of laser articles
416:Diffraction tomography
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114:light energy
109:high-voltage
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1484:X-ray laser
1477:Ti-sapphire
1447:Laser diode
1425:Helium–neon
1174:(1): 9–22.
1128:Biorheology
883:www.usp.org
364:Comparisons
333:erythrocyte
138:wavelengths
134:frequencies
105:laser diode
101:He-Ne laser
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888:2022-06-02
850:2022-06-02
791:2022-06-02
786:Anton Paar
719:2021-02-11
677:2022-06-02
672:Anton Paar
653:2022-06-02
432:References
393:algorithms
370:grain size
175:microscopy
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1588:M squared
1410:Gas laser
1393:Dye laser
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410:See also
282:such as
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1048:Bibcode
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607:Bibcode
318:plowing
314:Cerrado
299:in situ
148:Results
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1457:Er:YAG
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227:and D
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813:ISBN
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559:OCLC
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