62:
331:
As far as the
Basques are concerned, it is on the contrary unsure whether their presence in the Iberian peninsula was particularly extended or dense. Very few place or people names of Basque etymology can be traced in ancient sources, even in those concerning the historically Basque areas; in these
328:
Francisco Villar (2001), La complessità dei livelli di stratificazione indoeuropea nell’Europa occidentale, in G. Bocchi e M. Ceruti (eds.), Le radici prime dell’Europa. Gli intrecci genetici, linguistici, storici, Bruno
Mondatori, Milano, pp. 209-234.
247:
The genetic boundary between the
Basques and their southern neighbors is quite abrupt, while it has a more diffuse character between Basques and their northern neighbors, which might indicate a displacement from Aquitaine to the south.
153:
has updated the debate by arguing that the Basque language is older in
Aquitaine than in the Spanish Basque country, and it now inhabits its current territory because of pressure of the Celtic invasions.
162:
According to the hypothesis of Late
Basquisation, on top of a more ancient autochthonous Indo-European occupation, evidence appears of important Celtic establishments in the current territory of the
315:
497:
Mikel A. Unzueta, J. A. Ocharan. 1999. Aproximación a la conquista romana del Cantábrico oriental: el campamento o campo de batalla de
Andagoste (Cuartango, Álava).
452:
456:
490:
Mikel
Unzueta. 1994. Indigenismo prerromano en la vertiente cantábrica del País Vasco: fuentes documentales y contexto arqueológico.
171:
534:
297:
Francisco Villar, Blanca M. Prósper (2005), Vascos, Celtas e
Indoeuropeos. Genes y lenguas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca
163:
45:
to the 5th or 6th century AD – as opposed to the mainstream view of it being the last remaining descendant of one of the
282:
529:
524:
345:
539:
20:
150:
423:
Juan José Cepeda (1999) Dos depósitos monetarios de época altomedieval romana procedentes de Aloria (Álava).
393:
El culto a los montes entre los galaicos, astures y berones y algunas de las deidades más significativas.
98:
46:
65:
Approximate extent of the Basque-speaking area in the pre-Roman period, according to Luis Núñez
Astrain
249:
131:
136:
74:
519:
220:
Absence of vestiges in Basque language prior to romanization, in stark contrast with
Aquitaine.
117:
The "Late Basquisation" hypothesis set the historical geographical spread of the Basque or the
118:
241:
Homogeneity of the Basque dialects in the Early Middle Ages (pointed out by Luis Michelena).
147:
190:
were not Basque tribes or peoples, but that they were Indo-Europeans like their neighbors
8:
82:
139:. The migration is alleged to have increased, with peaks in the 6th and 7th centuries.
50:
170:). Both cultures coexisted, the Celtic elements being socially predominant, until the
278:
235:
38:
453:« Sur l'origine présumée du fractionnement dialectal de la langue basque »
94:
70:
514:
478:
Europa Vasconica - Europa Semítica. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs
34:
122:
85:) historically occupied a much larger territory, including parts of modern-day
508:
418:
Materiales para una historia de la lengua vasca en su relación con la latina
407:
El País Vasco en los siglos inmediatos a la desaparición del Imperio Romano.
340:
214:
126:
375:
270:
349:
16:
Hypothesis about the presence of Basque speakers in north-eastern Iberia
191:
30:
205:
The Late Basquisation hypothesis puts forward the following evidence:
61:
42:
210:
195:
183:
102:
175:
146:(History of the Languages of Europe), the Spanish philologist and
86:
199:
187:
167:
129:, migration of Basque-speakers from Aquitaine overlapped with an
106:
81:. Basque (and its ancestors or closely related languages such as
179:
90:
78:
402:
Archivo Español de Arqueología. 66:149-176. ISSN 0066-6742
395:
Estudios de Arqueología Alavesa 6:147-157. ISSN 0425-3507
317:
El vasco es mas antiguo em Aquitania que en el pais vasco
400:
Francos, aquitanos y vascones al sur de los Pirineos.
223:
Deep romanization of the Basque depression (both the
121:
later in history. It suggests that at the end of the
19:
For the mainstream view of the origin of Basque, see
346:"The Paleolithic Continuity Theory: An Introduction"
332:
too ancient place and people names have a prevailing
231:, as indicated by Caro Baroja and Juan José Cepeda).
33:
that dates the arrival of the first speakers of the
483:Francisco Villar & Blanca María Prósper (2005)
439:
Arqueología y poblamiento en Bizkaia, siglos VI-XII
217:(as pointed out by María Lourdes Albertos Firmat).
166:(though apparently not in the Pyrenean valleys of
444:Manuel Gómez Moreno. 1951. De epigrafía vizcaína.
411:Historia del País Vasco. Edad Media (siglos V-XV)
244:Archaeological vestiges (Aldaieta, Alegría, etc.)
135:population whose most ancient substrate would be
506:
485:Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos. Genes y lenguas
471:Vascos y navarros en su primera historia
234:Expansion of the Basque language in the
60:
446:Boletín de la Real Academia de Historia
507:
125:and during the first centuries of the
269:
432:El yacimiento arqueológico de Aloria
263:
209:Abundance of ancient Indo-European
157:
13:
14:
551:
464:Sobre historia de la lengua vasca
144:Historia de las Lenguas de Europa
73:that has survived the arrival of
469:Claudio Sánchez Albornoz. 1976.
182:, thus being concluded that the
105:, and large parts of modern-day
385:
391:María Lourdes Albertos (1974)
364:
322:
309:
300:
291:
21:History of the Basque language
1:
535:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul
256:
112:
306:Villar, Prosper, Ibid, p.513
174:. This is observed all over
7:
437:Iñaki García Camino. 2002.
151:Francisco Rodríguez Adrados
47:pre-Indo-European languages
10:
556:
56:
18:
416:Julio Caro Baroja (1945)
69:The Basque language is a
430:Juan José Cepeda. 2001.
405:Agustín Azkárate (2004)
398:Agustín Azkárate (1993)
530:6th century in Hispania
525:5th century in Hispania
451:Hector Iglesias (2011)
130:
75:Indo-European languages
540:6th century in Francia
476:Theo Vennemann. 2003.
462:Luis Michelena. 1988.
457:Revista ARSE 45 (2011)
66:
413::23-50. 84-9797-039-X
275:The History of Basque
172:arrival of the Romans
119:proto-Basque language
64:
67:
51:Prehistoric Europe
499:Regio Cantabrorum
372:History of Basque
236:Early Middle Ages
142:In his 2008 book
27:Late Basquisation
547:
379:
368:
362:
360:
358:
357:
348:. Archived from
326:
320:
313:
307:
304:
298:
295:
289:
288:
267:
158:Claimed evidence
71:language isolate
37:in northeastern
555:
554:
550:
549:
548:
546:
545:
544:
505:
504:
487:. 84-7800-530-7
420:. 84-7148-254-1
388:
383:
382:
369:
365:
355:
353:
344:
339:Translation by
327:
323:
314:
310:
305:
301:
296:
292:
285:
268:
264:
259:
160:
115:
59:
35:Basque language
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
553:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
503:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
459: : 65-95.
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
403:
396:
387:
384:
381:
380:
363:
321:
308:
299:
290:
283:
261:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:Cavalli-Sforza
245:
242:
239:
232:
221:
218:
164:Basque Country
159:
156:
123:Roman Republic
114:
111:
109:to the north.
58:
55:
29:is a minority
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
552:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Basque people
518:
516:
513:
512:
510:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
389:
377:
373:
367:
352:on 2008-04-05
351:
347:
343:
342:
336:
335:IE character.
333:
325:
319:
318:
312:
303:
294:
286:
284:0-415-13116-2
280:
277:. Routledge.
276:
272:
266:
262:
251:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
152:
149:
145:
140:
138:
137:Indo-European
134:
133:
132:autochthonous
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
101:south of the
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
448:128:210-217.
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
406:
399:
392:
386:Bibliography
371:
366:
354:. Retrieved
350:the original
341:Mario Alinei
338:
334:
330:
324:
316:
311:
302:
293:
274:
265:
228:
224:
215:Romanization
204:
161:
143:
141:
116:
68:
26:
25:
494:94:101-112.
376:Larry Trask
271:Trask, R.L.
77:in western
509:Categories
501:: 125-142.
427:: 215-228.
356:2008-04-12
257:References
192:Autrigones
113:Hypothesis
83:Aquitanian
31:hypothesis
492:Illuntzar
378:, page 9.
370:Cited in
148:hellenist
43:Aquitaine
273:(1997).
227:and the
211:onomasty
196:Cantabri
184:Caristii
103:Pyrenees
361:(2003).
213:before
188:Varduli
168:Navarre
107:Gascony
99:Castile
57:History
515:Basque
281:
229:saltus
200:Beroni
198:, and
180:Biscay
127:Empire
91:Aragon
79:Europe
39:Iberia
425:CSDIC
176:Álava
95:Rioja
87:Béarn
41:from
480:138.
279:ISBN
225:ager
186:and
178:and
409:En
374:by
49:of
511::
455:,
337:”
252:).
202:.
194:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
53:.
473:.
466:.
441:.
434:.
359:.
329:“
287:.
248:(
238:.
23:.
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