107:
440:
to be on cost grounds, both reducing the expense of a new build and of ongoing maintenance. This would have given some degradation of performance of this type of square rig. Lateen was already available as an alternative and, having fewer component parts, could compete on cost but maintained the performance of the original
Mediterranean Square Rig. This coincided with innovation in hull construction methods as the edge-to-edge joining of the hull planking with pegged tenons (a "shell first" construction technique) started to be replaced with the early evolutionary phases of "frame first"
588:
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375:, carried lateen rigs throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Likewise, lateen sail survived in the Baltic until the late 19th century. Because the yard pivots on its point of attachment to the mast, the entire sail and yard can be swiftly dropped. This was an advantage when navigating the tidal riverways of the region, which often required passage under bridges. The balancelle, a Mediterranean coasting and fishing boat of the 19th century, also used a single lateen sail.
20:
458:
234:
121:. Instead of being a triangular sail, this has a short vertical luff – having the appearance of a triangular lateen with the front corner cut off. Both types of lateen were likely used from an early date on: a 2nd-century AD gravestone depicts a quadrilateral lateen sail (also known as a settee), while a 4th-century mosaic shows a triangular one, which was to become the standard rig throughout the
436:
when sailing downwind. (Furthermore, differences in performance are derived as much from the hull shape as the type of rig.) It is concluded that there was no evolutionary technological development that gave improved sailing performance in the 5th century AD change from the
Mediterranean square rig to lateen, and that factors other than windward performance must have dictated this change.
260:
546:
and other small recreational sailing craft. In its most basic form, it requires only two lines, a halyard and a sheet, making it very simple to operate. Often, additional lines are used to pull down the lower spar and provide tension along the upper and lower spars, providing greater control over the
522:
than a traditional loose-footed
Mediterranean lateen. They are characterized by the addition of a spar along the foot of the sail. The lower spar is horizontal and is attached to the mast where it crosses. The front ends of both spars are joined. Both joints are designed to allow free rotation in all
403:
The lateen sail can also be tacked by loosening the yard upper brace, tightening the lower brace until the yard is in vertical position, and twisting the yard on the other side of the mast by a tack. Another way of tacking with a lateen sail is to loosen the braces, lift the yard vertical, detach the
439:
The
Mediterranean Square Rig underwent a simplification in the 5th century AD, with reduction in the number of components. Most obviously, in the archaeological context, this included the absence of brails (and the distinctive lead rings through which these ropes were led). This change is suggested
435:
It is a widespread misconception that the lateen rig replaced square rig because of better windward performance and greater manoeuvrability. A study of the relative effectiveness of the two shows that their performance was actually very similar. These results apply both when working to windward and
388:
side, where it can significantly interfere with the airflow over the sail. This is the bad tack. On the other tack the sail is pushed away from the mast, greatly reducing the interference. On modern lateens, with their typically shallower angles, this tends to disrupt the airflow over a larger area
275:
Until about 1500, square rig predominated in the Indian Ocean.This then changed rapidly, with nearly all vessels now being lateen rigged. As
Mediterranean hull design and construction methods are known to have been subsequently adopted by Eastern Muslim shipbuilders, it is assumed that this process
200:
populace, which shared the existing
Mediterranean maritime tradition and continued to provide the bulk of galley crews for Muslim-led fleets for centuries to come. This is also indicated by the terminology of the lateen among Mediterranean Arabs which is derived from Greco-Roman nomenclature. More
69:
adopted the lateen rig at a later date – there is some limited archaeological evidence of lateen rig in the Indian Ocean in the 13th century AD and iconographic evidence from the 16th century. It has been suggested that this Arab use of lateen transferred to
Austronesian maritime
62:
The lateen originated in the
Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times, and became common there by the 5th century. The wider introduction of lateen rig at this time coincided with a reduction in the use of the Mediterranean square rig of the classical era. Since the
419:. In the 16th century, when Spain ruled the Netherlands, the lateen rigs were introduced to Dutch boat builders, who soon modified the design by omitting the mast and fastening the lower end of the yard directly to the deck, the yard becoming a raked mast with a full-length, triangular (
383:
One of the disadvantages of the lateen in the modern form described below is the fact that one of its tacks is significantly less advantageous than the other, the "bad tack". Because the sail sits to the side of the mast, on one tack, the mast pushes directly against the sail on the
444:. This is also suggested to be driven by costs. Therefore the change from square rig to lateen in the 5th century is considered to be driven by construction and maintenance costs, not by any significant difference in sailing performance.
523:
directions. The sheet is attached to the lower spar and the halyard to the upper spar. The geometry of the sail is such that the upper and lower spars are confined to a plane parallel to the mast. This results in the sail conforming a
146:
By the 6th century, the lateen sail had largely replaced the square sail throughout the
Mediterranean, the latter almost disappearing from Mediterranean iconography until the mid-13th century. It became the standard rig of the
1377:
Proceedings of the 7th
International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Volume 2: Ancient & Modern Issues in Cultural Heritage, Colour & Light in Architecture, Art & Material Culture, Islamic
63:
performance of these two rigs is broadly similar, it is suggested that the change from one to the other was on cost grounds, since lateen rigs used fewer components and had less cordage to be replaced when it wore out.
77:
The lateen sail played a prominent part in the shifts in maritime technology that occurred as Mediterranean and Northern European ship-construction traditions merged in the 16th century, with the lateen
554:
of the sail is simply a function of how tightly the spars stretch the sail. This means that lateen sails are often cut flat, without the complex cutting and stitching required to provide camber in
348:
typically mounted three or more lateens. However, the great size of the lateen yardarm makes it difficult and dangerous to handle on larger ships in stormy weather, and with the development of the
587:
248:
The emergence of new evidence for the development and spread of the lateen sail in the ancient Mediterranean in recent decades has led to a reevaluation of the role of
404:
sheet and tack, and turn the sail on the other side of the mast in front of the mast, and reattach the sheet and tack. This method is described in Björn Landström's
1014:
Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.).
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is changed from one side to the other when tacking. This way the rig doesn't suffer these airflow disruptions that come from the sail pushed against the mast.
393:
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early in the 17th century, this developed into the Bermuda rig, which, in the 20th century, was adopted almost universally for small sailing vessels.
1168:
GĂŒnsenin, Nergis; Rieth, Ăric (2012), "Un graffito de bateau Ă voile latine sur une amphore (IXe s. ap. J.-C.) du Portus Theodosiacus (Yenikapı)",
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Castro, F.; Fonseca, N.; Vacas, T.; Ciciliot, F. (2008), "A Quantitative Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1)",
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detailed research into their early use of the lateen is hampered by a distinct lack of unequivocal depictions of sailing rigs in early
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The lateen was developed in the Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times. It became common by the 5th century.
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that made ships more maneuverable, thus, in the historian's traditional progression, permitting merchants to sail out of the
169:. The fully triangular lateen and the settee continued to coexist in the middle Byzantine period, as evidenced by Christian
1485:
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The lateen survived as a rigging choice for mainsails of small craft where local conditions were favorable. For instance,
125:. The earliest archaeologically excavated ship that has been reconstructed with a lateen rig is dated to ca. 400 AD (
1374:
Whitewright, Julian (2012b), "Early Islamic Maritime Technology", in Matthews, R.; Curtis, J.; Gascoigne, A. L. (eds.),
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Whitewright, Julian (April 2012). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean".
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Whitewright, Julian (2012a). "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean".
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Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.),
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sails. Curved edges, when mated with the straight spars, provide all or nearly all of the sail curvature needed.
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A 17th-century woodcut of a triangular-sailed Bermudian vessel. Its raked masts were a development of the lateen.
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dating to the 11th century is at present the earliest securely identifiable example found in the Mediterranean.
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technology in the Far East, giving rise to the various fore-and-aft rigs used in that region, such as the
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Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings
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Whitewright, Julian (2011). "The Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs".
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The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms: 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters
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1037:, Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55â85
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Friedman, Zaraza; Zoroglu, Levent (2006), "Kelenderis Ship. Square or Lateen Sail?",
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356:. In the early nineteenth century, the lateen was replaced in European ships by the
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The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
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can be considered to be an associated type of the same overall category of sail.
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Whitewright, Julian (2009), "The Mediterranean Lateen Sail in Late Antiquity",
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After the Muslim conquests, the Arabs adopted the lateen sail by way of the
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with lateen sail in "bad tack" with the sail pressing against the mast, in
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was a specialized sail that was one of the technological developments in
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The Bracera: a traditional lateen-rigged sailboat of the Mediterranean.
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Until the 14th century, the lateen sail was employed primarily on the
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Since the upper and lower spars provide a frame for the sail, the
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ship graffito from the early 7th century complement the picture.
371:-like vessels in the American maritimes north of Boston, called
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Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail",
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ship rigged with settee sail (miniature from c. 880)
1053:, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1â23, archived from
86:
of the time – though later supplanted by
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189:
made way for an arrangement more akin to a barrel-like
1233:
The Age of the ÎÎĄÎÎΩÎ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500â1204
217:
From the Mediterranean, the lateen sail spread to the
1446:
instructions for building a Sunfish-like lateen sail
920:
542:
The modern lateen is often used as a simple rig for
715:
688:
632:, a type of sail sometimes mistaken as lateen sail.
430:
131:), with a further four being attested prior to the
1450:I. C. Campbell, "The Lateen Sail in World History"
1394:
1381:, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 585â598
1255:Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays
392:However, there are forms of the lateen rig, as in
1278:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1201:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1138:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1106:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
880:Science and Technology in World History, Volume 1
626:(a triangular sail with the front corner cut off)
447:
2304:
739:
1231:Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006),
1185:, vol. 1, Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 89â99,
1135:
139:mosaic (late 5th to early 6th century) and the
1203:, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 326â335,
1140:, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 108â116,
1108:, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 347â359,
778:
276:also included the lateen rigging of the novel
1479:
1438:The ship's development during the Middle Ages
1310:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1280:, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 97â104,
1230:
1167:
808:
1493:
1440:, see bottom of page for English translation
1373:
1344:
1252:(1978), "The Diffusion of the Lateen Sail",
1074:(1954), "The Sails of the Ancient Mariner",
1007:
861:
682:
411:The lateen rig was also the ancestor of the
228:
1392:
1307:
1275:
1258:, University of California Press, pp.
1078:, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 214â219
975:
963:
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486:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
82:being, for a time, universally used in the
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1016:The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania
1088:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
518:The modern "lateen" is more accurately a
506:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:The lateen also exists as a subtype: the
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185:underwent a change when the hook-shaped
105:
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205:. A glazed pottery dish from Saracenic
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1018:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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603:. The vessel is double-ended and is
484:adding citations to reliable sources
451:
283:
181:. In the 12th to 13th centuries the
1177:Makris, George (2002), "Ships", in
352:, the lateen was restricted to the
13:
1386:
1090:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1044:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
221:in Egypt, where the lateen-rigged
157:and was probably also employed by
14:
2324:
1431:
876:"Introduction: Travel Technology"
1330:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x
1294:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00213.x
1217:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x
1172:, vol. 20, pp. 157â164
1154:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00091.x
1122:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00183.x
586:
563:
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431:Lateen replacement of square rig
173:, as well as a recent find of a
1511:including limited use, outdated
1393:Rousmaniere, John (June 1998).
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826:
814:
802:
790:
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1460:.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1â23
878:. In Burns, William E. (ed.).
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727:
642:
448:Modern small-boat lateen sails
423:) mainsail aft. Introduced to
389:of the sail, affecting speed.
328:adoption of the lateen in the
1:
1235:, Brill Academic Publishers,
577:with single sail. The vessel
212:
1359:10.1080/09503110.2012.655580
990:10.1080/09503110.2012.655580
636:
7:
874:Bisson, Wilfred J. (2020).
612:
527:, identical to half of the
47:mounted at an angle on the
10:
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1403:W. W. Norton & Company
650:"the definition of lateen"
135:to the Mediterranean. The
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2019:
2010:
1947:
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1777:Spritsail (square-rigged)
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1008:General and cited sources
882:. ABC-CLIO. p. 226.
809:GĂŒnsenin & Rieth 2012
229:Diffusion to Indian Ocean
2313:Sailing rigs and rigging
1456:(University of Hawaii),
1454:Journal of World History
1051:Journal of World History
1042:Campbell, I. C. (1995),
1676:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
1646:Asymmetrical spinnaker
1444:PolySail International
415:, by way of the Dutch
301:
293:
272:
263:A large dhow with two
245:
114:
35:, meaning "Latin") or
24:
1747:Mainsail (square rig)
799:, p. 245, fn. 82
299:
291:
262:
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109:
22:
480:improve this section
320:) vessels relied on
179:Yenikapı excavations
163:532 AD invasion
99:Mediterranean origin
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1286:2009IJNAr..38...97W
1209:2006IJNAr..35..326P
1146:2006IJNAr..35..108F
1114:2008IJNAr..37..347C
599:: single mast with
442:carvel construction
394:vela latina canaria
51:, and running in a
16:Type of sailing rig
1179:Laiou, Angeliki E.
773:Castro et al. 2008
734:Castro et al. 2008
724:, pp. 243â245
531:commonly found in
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161:' flagship in the
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1242:978-90-04-15197-0
1192:978-0-88402-288-6
1097:978-0-8018-5130-8
1025:978-0-19-992507-0
917:, pp. 214f..
889:978-1-440-87116-0
862:Whitewright 2012b
683:Whitewright 2012a
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326:Northern European
306:Mediterranean Sea
284:Later development
252:seafaring in the
84:full-rigged ships
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2014:
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1983:Spinnaker pole
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1875:Spreader patch
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1860:Reefing points
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1433:
1432:External links
1430:
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1426:978-0393339185
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1072:Casson, Lionel
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712:, p. 100.
699:
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654:Dictionary.com
640:
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627:
621:
619:Crab claw sail
614:
611:
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609:
607:, not tacked.
601:crab claw sail
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520:crab claw sail
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342:Atlantic Ocean
285:
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167:Vandal Kingdom
100:
97:
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92:
90:in this role.
72:crab claw sail
67:Arab seafarers
43:set on a long
15:
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1401:(Paperback).
1399:
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1073:
1069:
1060:on 2016-08-04
1056:
1052:
1045:
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1021:
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999:
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991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
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905:, p. 98.
904:
899:
891:
885:
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877:
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863:
858:
856:
854:
846:
841:
834:
833:Campbell 1995
829:
823:, p. 101
822:
817:
811:, p. 157
810:
805:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
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755:
747:
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736:, p. 352
735:
730:
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718:
711:
706:
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696:
695:Anderson 2018
691:
684:
679:
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631:
628:
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606:
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598:
595:
589:
584:
580:
576:
575:unstayed mast
572:
566:
561:
560:
559:
557:
553:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:conic section
521:
510:
507:
499:
489:
485:
481:
475:
474:
470:
465:This section
463:
459:
454:
453:
445:
443:
437:
428:
426:
422:
421:leg-of-mutton
418:
414:
409:
407:
401:
399:
395:
390:
387:
376:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:and into the
339:
338:Mediterranean
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
290:
281:
279:
270:
266:
261:
257:
255:
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226:
224:
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176:
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168:
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156:
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144:
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112:
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91:
89:
85:
81:
75:
73:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:(from French
30:
21:
2241:Parrel beads
2189:Belaying pin
2184:Baggywrinkle
2168:Topping lift
1670:
1630:sailing rigs
1552:Fore-and-aft
1521:jury rigging
1457:
1453:
1396:
1376:
1350:
1346:
1313:
1309:
1277:
1254:
1232:
1200:
1182:
1169:
1137:
1105:
1087:
1075:
1062:, retrieved
1055:the original
1050:
1034:
1015:
981:
977:
971:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
922:
910:
898:
879:
869:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
787:, p. 63
780:
768:
741:
729:
717:
690:
657:. Retrieved
653:
644:
573:rig: single
549:
547:sail shape.
541:
537:hang gliders
529:Rogallo wing
517:
502:
496:October 2022
493:
478:Please help
466:
438:
434:
420:
416:
410:
405:
402:
396:, where the
391:
382:
379:The bad tack
366:
334:shipbuilding
322:square sails
318:Indian Ocean
308:, while the
303:
274:
254:Indian Ocean
247:
216:
195:
145:
133:Arab advance
128:Yassi Ada II
126:
116:
102:
76:
65:
61:
53:fore-and-aft
36:
32:
28:
26:
1639:Three-sided
1405:. pp.
1378:Archaeology
1353:(1): 1â19.
1316:(1): 2â17.
1250:White, Lynn
1076:Archaeology
984:(1): 1â19.
915:Casson 1954
797:Casson 1995
775:, p. 2
722:Casson 1995
556:Bermuda rig
413:Bermuda rig
354:mizzen mast
203:Islamic art
191:crow's nest
171:iconography
123:Middle Ages
2283:Turnbuckle
2211:Clevis pin
2177:Components
2111:Cunningham
2091:Boomkicker
2056:Stay mouse
1978:Crosstrees
1822:Components
1802:Topgallant
1797:Tanja sail
1715:Four-sided
1572:Ljungström
1416:0393339181
1064:2009-10-08
927:White 1978
845:White 1978
785:Basch 2001
746:Pomey 2006
630:Tanja sail
417:bezaan rig
242:Mozambique
219:Nile River
213:Nile River
159:Belisarius
155:war galley
2278:Traveller
2266:gooseneck
2246:Ring bolt
2153:Preventer
2116:Clewlines
2106:Buntlines
2096:Boom vang
2034:Lazy jack
1929:Jackstaff
1880:Tell-tale
1870:Sailcloth
1835:Bolt rope
1812:Watersail
1782:Spritsail
1752:Moonraker
1737:Junk sail
1727:Fisherman
1696:Spinnaker
1691:Screecher
1651:Crab claw
1608:Turbosail
1603:Rotorsail
1367:161464823
1338:111007423
1302:162352759
1225:162300888
1162:108961383
998:161464823
940:"YouTube"
637:Citations
467:does not
373:gundalows
149:Byzantine
111:Byzantine
37:latin-rig
2307:Category
2231:Footrope
2226:Fairlead
2121:Downhaul
2071:forestay
2066:backstay
2049:ratlines
2021:Standing
1988:Spreader
1912:Bowsprit
1855:Jackline
1792:Studding
1786:Optimist
1757:Ringtail
1742:Lug sail
1732:Foresail
1701:Staysail
1686:Ringtail
1656:Gennaker
1613:Wingsail
1577:Mast-aft
1347:Al-MasÄq
1130:45072686
1086:(1995),
978:Al-MasÄq
613:See also
544:catboats
406:The Ship
346:caravels
310:Atlantic
269:headsail
187:masthead
175:graffito
88:gaff rig
2273:Trapeze
2256:Shackle
2216:Deadeye
2148:Outhaul
2131:Halyard
2083:Running
2029:Bobstay
2012:Rigging
1963:Boomkin
1934:Jibboom
1845:Emblems
1840:Cringle
1807:Topsail
1772:Spanker
1767:Skysail
1706:Trysail
1542:B&R
1537:Bermuda
1530:Textile
1503:rigging
1318:Bibcode
1282:Bibcode
1260:255â260
1205:Bibcode
1181:(ed.),
1142:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
949:3 April
659:3 April
605:shunted
571:Sunfish
488:removed
473:sources
425:Bermuda
386:leeward
362:spanker
350:carrack
278:caravel
223:felucca
183:rigging
177:in the
165:of the
94:History
2261:Swivel
2236:Gasket
2221:Earing
2141:throat
2101:Braces
2044:Shroud
1830:Batten
1722:Course
1681:Raffee
1671:Lateen
1626:Sails
1587:Square
1582:Pinisi
1562:Gunter
1424:
1413:
1365:
1336:
1300:
1266:
1239:
1223:
1189:
1160:
1128:
1094:
1022:
996:
886:
624:Settee
552:camber
358:driver
324:. The
314:Baltic
265:settee
198:Coptic
152:dromon
141:Kellia
119:settee
80:mizzen
57:settee
33:latine
29:lateen
2288:Winch
2204:bitts
2199:Cleat
2194:Block
2158:Sheet
2061:Stays
1993:Sprit
1973:Truck
1894:Spars
1865:Roach
1850:Draft
1762:Royal
1661:Genoa
1596:Other
1517:Rigs
1499:spars
1495:Sails
1363:S2CID
1334:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1221:S2CID
1158:S2CID
1126:S2CID
1058:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
994:S2CID
579:tacks
533:kites
369:barge
316:(and
207:DĂ©nia
2163:Tack
2136:peak
1998:Yard
1968:Gaff
1958:Boom
1950:mast
1567:Junk
1557:Gaff
1501:and
1422:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1020:ISBN
951:2018
884:ISBN
661:2018
597:proa
535:and
471:any
469:cite
398:spar
312:and
250:Arab
238:Dhow
49:mast
45:yard
41:sail
2126:Guy
1948:On
1904:bow
1902:On
1666:Jib
1547:Cat
1407:174
1355:doi
1326:doi
1290:doi
1213:doi
1150:doi
1118:doi
986:doi
482:by
360:or
2309::
1497:,
1452:,
1409:.
1361:.
1351:24
1349:.
1332:.
1324:.
1314:40
1312:.
1296:,
1288:,
1262:,
1219:,
1211:,
1156:,
1148:,
1124:,
1116:,
1049:,
992:.
982:24
980:.
942:.
852:^
753:^
702:^
669:^
652:.
539:.
408:.
364:.
344:;
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193:.
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1788:)
1784:(
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1000:.
988::
966:.
953:.
892:.
748:.
697:.
685:.
663:.
581:.
509:)
503:(
498:)
494:(
490:.
476:.
271:.
244:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
