691:, the air attack by U.S. Army Air Forces based in Libya and Southern Italy, began their daring strategic bombing mission over the Ploiesti refineries and oilfields in Romania in order to deny the German war machine of needed fuel. This was aided by the uses of the Norden bombsight for pinpoint accuracy. This is now considered by many World War II military historians as one of the costliest and bloodiest missions of the war. Of the 53 aircraft and 660 crew members lost, many had little or no fuel to return to their bases, so they were instructed to ditch in neutral Turkey where there was a substantial American presence to assist and on which to fall back. Many a dark unlit night following the bombing raid, Steinhardt and his daughter, in a jeep with a small convoy of his embassy military personnel, sortied out into the wilds and deserts attempting to locate and return wounded American pilots, destroy the bombsights so the Germans would not know of their existence, return with the wounded, secretly patching them up by the embassy medical team and moving them quietly through channels back to their points of origin. Some were slipped out to the coast at Izmir and quietly put on sailboats bound for Lebanon or Palestine. Two flyers were smuggled out when Mrs. Steinhardt and her daughter suddenly announced their "shopping trip" to Beirut. Hidden under the sleeper bunks of Mrs. Steinhardt's train compartment, they remained unknown to all until arrival at the border when they escaped.
627:) and took seven days by train to go some 400 miles east of Moscow to this destination, designated by the Kremlin for remaining diplomats. Once the staff was situated in spartan housing with the entire stock of embassy foodstuffs brought along and sufficient to feed the greater diplomatic corps in addition to the staff, he returned to the U.S. embassy residence in Moscow during the bombings to secure the embassy with a skeleton staff of six. He was known within family circles to say he took great pride in working alongside his amazing staff in his embassy postings. In July of this period, the famed photographer,
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631:, managed to get into Moscow to the embassy residence so as to document the German bombings. On the nights of July 23 and July 26 she and Steinhardt lay on their backs on the roof of Spaso House while she photographed German bombs, Nazi parachute flares, tracer bullets, and anti-aircraft gunshots streaking across the nighttime sky overhead. Her portfolio assignment produced startling visual imagery for the American public in the issue of
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664:, Jewish children from Romania, and many eminent intellectuals fleeing Europe to find refuge in Turkey, Palestine, and the United States. In personal subterranean concert with the Vatican's representative to Turkey, Papal Nuncio Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (1881–1963), they devised false visa schemes to facilitate the documents needed for transit through Turkey for fleeing refugees. Steinhardt and
536:’s pre-convention presidential campaign, he joined the inner campaign circle committee, composed of political notables Louis Howe, Jimmy Farley, Frank Walker, and Ed Flynn. Specifically, with his economic background on FDR's finance committee, he wrote campaign speeches on the economics of the time for FDR.
642:
On
January 12, 1942, Steinhardt was appointed Ambassador to Turkey. His mission directives included buying up all the available sources of chrome the Nazis needed for the manufacture of steel for their war machine. More importantly and much more challenging was the deep rooted presence in Istanbul of
618:
Member of numerous organizations: American Bar
Association/ Atlantic Beach Club/ Bankers Club of New York/ Bar Association of the City of New York/ Columbia University Club/ Columbia Varsity Club/ Democratic National Finance Committee/ Executive Finance Committee of the Democratic National Campaign
539:
He entered the U.S. diplomatic service at ambassadorial rank in 1933 at the behest of
President Franklin D. Roosevelt as First Minister to Sweden (1933–1937), U.S. Ambassador to Peru (1937–1939), U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1939–1941), U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (1942–1945), U.S. Ambassador
622:
In 1941, immediately prior to
Germany's bombing assault on Moscow and with only six hours notice, Steinhardt sent his wife, daughter and her governess, each carrying only one suitcase, out to Stockholm on one of the last planes departing with families of diplomats to any safer destinations within
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whose objective was to bring Turkey into the German side of the war. Steinhardt's mission directive was to bring Turkey into the Allied side of the war. Each was crafty, intense, and possessed with the access to vast intelligence gathering network sources. Turkey was THE battleground during this
528:
in 1919, and was a member of the law firm
Guggenheimer, Untermyer and Marshall from 1920 to 1933. Other notable jurists and family members of Guggenheimer, Untermyer and Marshall were Samuel Untermyer, Louis Marshall, Charles S. Guggenheimer, Alvin Untermyer and Irwin Untermyer.
477:
who served as U.S. Ambassador to six countries. He served as U.S. First
Minister to Sweden (1933–1937), U.S. Ambassador to Peru (1937–1939), U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1939–1941), U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (1942–1945), U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1945–1948) and
614:
Directorships: Fruit & Produce
Acceptance Corp., Lessing's Inc., Louis Phillipe Inc., Leopold Stern and Sons Inc., Affiliated Products Inc., United Steel and Tube Inc., Neet Inc., G.R. Kinney & Co., Jean Patou Inc., Immac Inc., Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
523:
60th Field
Artillery in 1916 as a private/sharpshooter, was honorably discharged in 1918 as a sergeant Quartermaster Corps after serving as associate counsel on the Provost Marshal General Staff. He served as counsel for the Housing and Health Division of the
648:
critical period of 1942 to 1945 as so much hung in the balance, not the least of which was Turkey's important geographic location, then and now. By 1944, Turkey had turned west to the Allies, an historical orientation originally seeded by
655:
While
Ambassador to Turkey, Steinhardt, in part due to his Jewish heritage, played a significant but not openly known role (due to his public diplomatic position) in numerous Jewish- related refugee transit evacuations: the rescue of
672:
secured leaky boats wherever possible with no assurance of the safety of such vessels but the hope that anything might succeed if tried. While there were successes, sadly there were also tragedies and losses.
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Laurence A. Steinhardt was born
October 6, 1892, at his family home (23 East 92nd Street) in New York City. As a native New Yorker, he was educated at the Franklin School for Boys and graduated from
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506:
fraternity (New York) in 1909, National President in 1915, and Supreme Rex for life from 1939 to 1950. He was permanent treasurer of the class of 1913 and class of 1915 Columbia Law School.
509:
He was the son of Adolph Maximillian Steinhardt (one of the founders and executive heads of National Enameling and Stamping Co.) and Addie Untermyer Steinhardt (a sister to noted lawyer
619:
Committee/ Federation of American Zionists and the American Zion Commonwealth/ National Democratic club/ Member, President Roosevelt's pre-convention campaign committee/ Pi Lambda Phi
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He married Dulcie Yates Hofmann, daughter of Henry Hofmann (banker) and Ina Maitland Yates Hofmann, on January 15, 1923. He had one daughter, Dulcie-Ann Steinhardt (1925–2001).
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Europe. Steinhardt then returned his attention to the ongoing preparations to evacuate and accompany the remaining U.S. embassy staff to Kuybyshev (now
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559:, 1944; awarded the United States Typhus Commission Medal in 1945 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; awarded the Medal for Merit in 1946 by President
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486:, Ontario, Canada, while serving as U.S. Ambassador to Canada. He was the first United States Ambassador to be killed in the line of duty.
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He practiced accountancy with Deloitte, Plender and Griffiths, was admitted to the New York bar in October 1915, enlisted in the
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He married the former Dulcie Yates Hofmann (1895–1974) on January 15, 1923; one daughter, Dulcie-Ann Steinhardt (1925–2001).
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Medical Jurisprudence: The Rules of Law Governing the Liability of Physicians and Surgeons for Malpractice,
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Medical Jurisprudence: The General Rules of Law Governing the Compensation of Physician and Surgeons,
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in 1923 to turn Turkey into a modern secular nation while still keeping its foundational character.
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473:(October 6, 1892 – March 28, 1950) was an American economist, lawyer, and senior diplomat of the
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737:"U.S. Ambassadors to Russia | Embassy of the United States Moscow, Russia"
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482:(1948–1950). He was killed in a U.S. embassy plane crash on March 28, 1950, in
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and subsequently was canonized as a saint. The highest note of his papacy was
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The Regulation and Control of Physicians and Surgeons by Public Authority
483:
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Cardinal Roncalli was elected in 1958 by the Vatican conclave to become
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776:"Before Libya: US Ambassadors Who Have Died in the Line of Duty"
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the highest flange of German diplomats led by German Ambassador
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with an A.B in 1913, an M.A. in 1915 and an LL.B. in 1915 from
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Burial Detail: Steinhardt, Laurence A (Section 30, Grave 728)
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635:, Vol 11, No 9., pp. 15–21. dated September 1, 1941,
684:, also known as the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
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1005:
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He was awarded the Order of the Polar Star in 1936 by
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The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth
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Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Canada
3307:
Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union
563:; awarded posthumously the Honorary Doctor of Laws,
718:, the next US ambassador to die in the line of duty
3342:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1950
3292:Ambassadors of the United States to Czechoslovakia
3253:
2686:United States Ambassadors to the Czech Republic
828:at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
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877:United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
604:, June 4, 1927, vol, 88, pp. 1833–1835.
588:, March 2, 1918, vol. 70, pp. 585–587.
570:He was the author of numerous publications:
274:September 13, 1937 – April 10, 1939
221:August 11, 1939 – November 12, 1941
3277:United States Army personnel of World War I
799:US State Department Office of the Historian
602:Journal of the American Medical Association
585:Journal of the American Medical Association
114:July 20, 1945 – September 19, 1948
3297:Ambassadors of the United States to Canada
3287:Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden
3282:Ambassadors of the United States to Turkey
2947:
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1756:
1391:
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984:
931:United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia
61:November 1, 1948 – March 28, 1950
31:
811:"Index to Politicians: Stein to Steinzer"
594:July 9, 1921, vol. 77, pp. 98–100.
551:of Sweden; inscribed in The Golden Book,
3332:Ambassadors of the United States to Peru
325:August 28, 1933 – June 26, 1937
773:
532:In 1932, in active support of Governor
170:March 10, 1942 – April 2, 1945
3302:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
3254:
797:Laurence Adolph Steinhardt (1892–1950)
2928:
2651:
2229:
1751:
1372:
979:
3235:
774:Carbone, Nick (September 12, 2012).
2963:United States Ambassadors to Canada
2264:United States Ambassadors to Turkey
1779:United States Ambassadors to Russia
1007:United States Ambassadors to Sweden
13:
3352:Columbia College (New York) alumni
958:United States Ambassador to Canada
904:United States Ambassador to Turkey
542:United States Ambassador to Canada
480:United States Ambassador to Canada
14:
3363:
1407:United States Ambassadors to Peru
803:
475:United States Department of State
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2148:
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1787:
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1400:
1029:
850:United States Ambassador to Peru
575:Legal Status of the Trade Union,
135:Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.
3312:20th-century American diplomats
540:to Czechoslovakia (1945–1948),
767:
755:
729:
418:Dulcie Hofmann Steinhardt Beau
1:
722:
16:American diplomat (1892–1950)
3327:Diplomats from New York City
3322:Accidental deaths in Ontario
1469:and Minister Plenipotentiary
1148:and Minister Plenipotentiary
489:
259:United States Ambassador to
206:United States Ambassador to
155:United States Ambassador to
99:United States Ambassador to
46:United States Ambassador to
7:
709:
696:Arlington National Cemetery
557:Jewish Agency for Palestine
409:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
3368:
3347:Columbia Law School alumni
897:John Van Antwerp MacMurray
826:Lawrence Adolph Steinhardt
790:
471:Laurence Adolph Steinhardt
377:Laurence Adolph Steinhardt
310:United States Minister to
189:John Van Antwerp MacMurray
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813:. The Political Graveyard
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694:Steinhardt was buried in
502:. He became a member of
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2478:Ambassador Extraordinary
2429:Ambassador Extraordinary
2373:Minister Plenipotentiary
1560:Ambassador Extraordinary
1234:Ambassador Extraordinary
1014:Minister Plenipotentiary
346:John Motley Morehead III
2371:Envoy Extraordinary and
924:Anthony J. Biddle, Jr.
629:Margaret Bourke-White
534:Franklin D. Roosevelt
334:Franklin D. Roosevelt
282:Franklin D. Roosevelt
229:Franklin D. Roosevelt
178:Franklin D. Roosevelt
860:Raymond Henry Norweb
689:Operation Tidal Wave
553:Jewish National Fund
398:Ramsayville, Ontario
303:Raymond Henry Norweb
2480:and Plenipotentiary
2431:and Plenipotentiary
1562:and Plenipotentiary
1467:Envoy Extraordinary
1236:and Plenipotentiary
1146:Envoy Extraordinary
887:William H. Standley
843:Fred Morris Dearing
687:On August 1, 1943,
500:Columbia Law School
496:Columbia University
429:Columbia University
382:New York City, U.S.
358:Fred Morris Dearing
292:Fred Morris Dearing
252:William H. Standley
25:Laurence Steinhardt
2470:Republic of Turkey
2155:Russian Federation
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2310:Minister Resident
2289:Chargé d'Affaires
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1421:Chargé d'Affaires
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1090:Minister Resident
1039:Chargé d'Affaires
974:
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965:Succeeded by
938:Succeeded by
911:Succeeded by
884:Succeeded by
857:Succeeded by
835:Diplomatic posts
670:War Refugee Board
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968:Stanley Woodward
948:Preceded by
941:Joseph E. Jacobs
921:Preceded by
894:Preceded by
870:Joseph E. Davies
867:Preceded by
840:Preceded by
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784:
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780:newfeed.time.com
771:
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739:. Archived from
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716:John Gordon Mein
565:Hamilton College
511:Samuel Untermyer
393:
368:Personal details
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240:Joseph E. Davies
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208:the Soviet Union
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147:Joseph E. Jacobs
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92:Stanley Woodward
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743:on May 18, 2013
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678:Pope John XXIII
645:Franz von Papen
561:Harry S. Truman
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804:External links
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764:– ANC Explorer
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666:Ira Hirschmann
658:Hungarian Jews
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650:Kemal Atatürk
646:
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633:Life Magazine
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549:King Gustav V
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544:(1948–1950).
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504:Pi Lambda Phi
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72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3066:Wigglesworth
3037:
2833:Temple Black
2747:
2572:Strausz-Hupé
2506:
2468:
2279:
2105:
2050:
2031:Soviet Union
1969:Breckinridge
1588:
1283:Strausz-Hupé
1199:
956:
951:Ray Atherton
929:
902:
875:
848:
815:. Retrieved
779:
769:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:the original
731:
705:
693:
686:
675:
654:
641:
632:
621:
617:
613:
607:
601:
597:
591:
583:
580:
574:
569:
546:
538:
531:
518:
515:
508:
493:
470:
469:
392:(1950-03-28)
353:Succeeded by
320:
298:Succeeded by
269:
247:Succeeded by
216:
196:Succeeded by
165:
142:Succeeded by
123:Harry Truman
109:
87:Succeeded by
80:Ray Atherton
69:Harry Truman
56:
18:
3267:1950 deaths
3262:1892 births
3080:Butterworth
2705:(1919–1992)
2632:Satterfield
2617:Ricciardone
2034:(1933–1991)
1797:(1780–1917)
1506:Christiancy
1248:Butterworth
484:Ramsayville
341:Preceded by
288:Preceded by
235:Preceded by
184:Preceded by
130:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
3256:Categories
3038:Steinhardt
2748:Steinhardt
2577:Abramowitz
2507:Steinhardt
2453:Morgenthau
2362:Longstreet
2051:Steinhardt
1854:Cambreleng
1654:Shlaudeman
1589:Steinhardt
1574:Poindexter
1358:Ramanathan
1343:Brzezinski
1200:Steinhardt
1056:Somerville
962:1948–1950
935:1944–1948
908:1941–1945
881:1939–1941
854:1937–1939
817:January 3,
723:References
682:Vatican II
448:Profession
424:Alma mater
3150:Blanchard
2884:Stapleton
2763:Wadsworth
2723:Ratshesky
2517:Wadsworth
2502:MacMurray
2170:Pickering
1984:McCormick
1974:Hitchcock
1929:Stoughton
1864:Ingersoll
1824:Middleton
1263:Bonbright
1097:Schroeder
1081:Schroeder
1076:Ellsworth
637:Kuybyshev
577:June 1915
490:Biography
330:President
321:In office
279:President
270:In office
226:President
217:In office
175:President
166:In office
119:President
110:In office
66:President
57:In office
3228:Category
3178:Jacobson
3164:Cellucci
3122:Robinson
3073:Merchant
3059:Merchant
3045:Woodward
3031:Atherton
3017:Cromwell
2989:MacNider
2982:Phillips
2904:Schapiro
2889:Cabaniss
2879:Shattuck
2828:Niemczyk
2718:Einstein
2587:Grossman
2557:Macomber
2532:F Warren
2527:A Warren
2492:Sherrill
2448:Rockhill
2438:Leishman
2420:Leishman
2400:Thompson
2347:MacVeagh
2337:Williams
2210:Sullivan
2205:Huntsman
2180:Vershbow
2113:Stoessel
2096:Thompson
2086:Thompson
2066:W. Smith
2061:Harriman
2056:Standley
1999:Rockhill
1959:C. Smith
1889:Appleton
1834:Buchanan
1829:Randolph
1819:Campbell
1717:McKinley
1702:Hamilton
1684:Brayshaw
1679:Quainton
1624:Achilles
1614:Tittmann
1569:Gonzales
1551:McMillin
1531:McKenzie
1481:Robinson
1438:Thornton
1323:Heimbold
1298:Forsberg
1243:Matthews
1225:Matthews
1210:Sterling
1195:Morehead
1190:Harrison
1165:Ferguson
1117:Bartlett
1112:Campbell
1107:Haldeman
1061:Appleton
1046:Lawrence
747:June 14,
710:See also
567:, 1950.
521:U.S Army
454:Diplomat
400:, Canada
3240:Commons
3171:Wilkins
3094:Schmidt
2996:Robbins
2818:Matlock
2778:Ravndal
2773:Allison
2768:Johnson
2612:Jeffrey
2602:Edelman
2597:Pearson
2582:Barkley
2552:Handley
2497:Skinner
2405:Terrell
2380:Wallace
2357:Maynard
2175:Collins
2165:Strauss
2138:Strauss
2133:Matlock
2128:Hartman
2041:Bullitt
2014:Francis
1949:Lothrop
1904:C. Clay
1899:Cameron
1894:C. Clay
1884:Pickens
1879:Seymour
1844:J. Clay
1839:Wilkins
1814:Pinkney
1727:Nichols
1712:Struble
1644:Belcher
1584:Dearing
1511:Hurlbut
1443:Pickett
1313:Siebert
1278:Holland
1268:Parsons
1220:Dreyfus
1215:Johnson
1205:Dearing
1127:Stevens
1122:Andrews
1021:Russell
791:Sources
782:. Time.
668:of The
3185:Heyman
3157:Giffin
3143:Teeley
3115:Curtis
3108:Enders
3101:Porter
3087:Linder
3052:Stuart
3024:Moffat
3003:Armour
2894:Graber
2874:Walker
2869:Basora
2838:Basora
2813:Meehan
2803:Sherer
2788:Horsey
2783:Wailes
2758:Briggs
2753:Jacobs
2743:Biddle
2733:Wright
2607:Wilson
2592:Parris
2562:Spiers
2522:McGhee
2512:Wilson
2443:Straus
2415:Straus
2410:Angell
2395:Hirsch
2390:Straus
2342:Morris
2332:Spence
2317:Porter
2301:Porter
2296:Erving
2195:McFaul
2190:Beyrle
2123:Watson
2091:Kohler
2081:Bohlen
2076:Kennan
2046:Davies
1994:Riddle
1934:Foster
1919:Jewell
1909:Curtin
1849:Dallas
1722:Likins
1707:Dawson
1687:(a.i.)
1674:Watson
1669:Jordan
1629:Chapin
1619:Briggs
1609:Cooper
1604:Pawley
1594:Norweb
1546:Howard
1536:Dudley
1516:Phelps
1496:Thomas
1491:Settle
1453:Jewett
1433:Larned
1428:Cooley
1353:Howery
1338:Barzun
1328:Bivins
1308:Redman
1303:Newell
1180:Morris
1175:Graves
1170:Thomas
1160:Thomas
1132:Thomas
1066:Hughes
1051:Hughes
702:Family
625:Samara
610:, 1931
457:lawyer
415:Spouse
312:Sweden
157:Turkey
48:Canada
3199:Cohen
3192:Craft
3129:Niles
3010:Roper
2914:Sabet
2899:Eisen
2823:Luers
2808:Byrne
2728:White
2713:Crane
2637:Flake
2622:Baily
2567:Spain
2547:Komer
2458:Elkus
2352:Boker
2327:Marsh
2215:Tracy
2200:Tefft
2185:Burns
2009:Marye
2004:Guild
1989:Meyer
1979:Tower
1964:White
1924:Boker
1874:Brown
1869:Bagby
1809:Adams
1737:Kenna
1692:Adams
1664:Ortiz
1639:Jones
1599:White
1579:Moore
1541:Combs
1526:Hicks
1501:Gibbs
1486:Hovey
1448:Bryan
1318:Olson
1288:Smith
1273:Heath
1258:White
1253:Cabot
1185:Bliss
1155:Magee
1137:Magee
1102:Angel
660:from
396:near
153:10th
2909:King
2798:Toon
2793:Beam
2738:Carr
2627:Bass
2542:Hart
2537:Hare
2487:Grew
2322:Carr
2118:Toon
2107:Dubs
2101:Beam
2071:Kirk
1954:Tree
1944:Taft
1939:Hunt
1859:Todd
1804:Dana
1697:Jett
1659:Corr
1649:Dean
1634:Loeb
1521:Buck
1476:Clay
1458:Clay
1348:Raji
1333:Wood
819:2021
749:2013
387:Died
373:Born
261:Peru
44:9th
3136:Ney
2385:Cox
1914:Orr
1732:Urs
1071:Lay
513:).
441:LLB
3258::
778:.
698:.
639:.
600:,
555:,
439:,
437:MA
435:,
433:BA
2948:e
2941:t
2934:v
2671:e
2664:t
2657:v
2249:e
2242:t
2235:v
1771:e
1764:t
1757:v
1392:e
1385:t
1378:v
999:e
992:t
985:v
821:.
751:.
443:)
431:(
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