736:(IBAMA) censused 570 wild birds in 2004. In their 2004 assessment, BI gave a much increased population of 246-280 birds, but continued to claim that the population was decreasing, again without reasoning. Barros counted a total wild population of 630 birds in 2006. In June 2007 Fundação Biodiversitas staff counted 751 individuals. Develey counted a total wild population of 960 birds in 2008. In the 2008 assessment BI countered that earlier surveys undercounted the birds, and that the population was not actually increasing. BI estimated a population of 250-500 mature wild individuals in 2008, arguing that because the population was probably increasing, most of the birds counted by in recent surveys were probably juveniles and therefore did not count as to the total population. BI states that if these juveniles mature over the next few years and the population grows from 250–500 to over 250 individuals, the species would need to be downlisted in the future. The population growth was stated to be uncertain, with BI reasoning that because in the 1990s some 40 birds had been trapped for the pet trade, which had represented a "very rapid decline", it was unclear if the increasing population was increasing.
497:
First a pair descends to the level of the palms to assess the suitability, the pair then returns to base, and then the entire flock descends to decide if it is worth staying around. If it is, then the macaws generally feed directly at the site, tearing the fibrous pulp off the fruit to obtain the extremely hard and thick-shelled nut. The pulp is discarded. The heavy bills appear to have evolved specifically to crack open the palm nuts with a chisel-shaped edge, being precisely of the correct size and shape. Upon occasion the birds maw fly off to a better perch to consume the nut, sometimes even carrying a branchlet with a few fruit. Such perches are generally a branch of a tall tree or a cliff face, and the ground below such a perch will become littered with piles of cracked palm nut shells, and are thus easily spotted.
788:. This study stated that although the total population size at some 1,125 birds was well known by 2010, it was unknown how many of these birds were actively breeding. During the 2010 season, 114 nests and probable nests were counted. As each nest represents two actively breeding birds, this indicates that 20.3% of the population was actively breeding each season, which is comparable to other similar parrot species. This would also indicate that there were at least 228 mature individuals at the time, assuming maturity was defined as those individuals which were successful at breeding, and would indicate that by 2018, some 340 birds would be reproductively active adults. Of the nests which were monitored, some 80% of the nests showed successful reproduction, which is quite high compared to other parrots.
772:. counted 1,263 birds in 2012. A 2012 count at the unprotected third subpopulation, with roosting sites some 230 kilometres from the main two subpopulations, only found two macaws. The 2013 assessment was basically the same as the 2012 one. The 2016 IUCN assessment continued to give an estimated total population of 250-999 individuals, with the population growth given as uncertain, although it was now clear the population was growing. BI slightly changed the text to state that 228 birds were adults, more than 250, instead of 258. The 2017 assessment is identical to the 2016 one, but includes a map for the first time, showing the roosting areas of the two subpopulations.
31:
597:
605:
740:
359:
759:' species. This states that if 95% or more of the population is found in a single subpopulation, and the total population is 2,500 or less, the species should be assessed as endangered. This was not true, it was known that there were two subpopulations, perhaps three since a new discovery of 22 birds at another roosting location in 1995, but BI filled in this information incorrectly in the Population section, despite elaborating on the different subpopulations in the Geographic Range section in the same assessment.
809:
92:
213:
50:
424:
779:(ICMBio) counted 1,294 birds, this increased to 1,354 in the 2017 ICMBio count, and grew further to 1,694 in the 2018 count. In the 2019 IUCN assessment, BI continued to assert that the population was 250-999 individuals, but now first stated that the population growth was increasing. The map was extended to show the foraging ranges, and not only the roosting sites. The 'Threats' section was updated to emphasise reduction of food resources due to
579:). In order to minimize the chagrin of victims and stop them from shooting at the birds, a scheme was implemented in 2005 to compensate farmers for crops lost to the animals with bags of maize from elsewhere. During the COVID epidemic this scheme was halted, because most of the farmers were elderly, but the macaws were not shot, as COVID restrictions prevented farmers from marketing their corn anyway.
768:
adults, more than 250. In the 2012 IUCN assessment the estimated population had grown to 250-999 individuals. The population growth was still stated to be uncertain, although the justification given for this was that the population was now clearly increasing rapidly. The number of subpopulations was changed to two. Lugarini
587:
The mating season starts at the beginning of the summer rains, at the start of the year, and extends up to May, when the young begin to fledge and leave the nest. A pair of Lear's macaw lay two or three eggs per year. The eggs are incubated for approximately 29 days. Although some pairs produce three
897:, the Lear's macaw is currently extremely rare in captivity and may live for 60 years, whereas the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database cites the maximum recorded longevity for a captive Lear's macaw at 38.3 years. It is recommended that this parrot be kept in an enclosure of 15 metres in length.
762:
In the 2009 assessment, the conservation status of the species was downgraded to endangered from critically endangered by BI, as it was by now clear that the population was growing rapidly. Despite stating this, BI estimated the population as unchanged since 2008, at 250-500 individuals, claiming
532:
A method by which the birds may secondarily disperse the nuts is by their habit of coming down to the ground to search out the nuts regurgitated by cattle, which eat the fruit, but usually cough up the large seeds, cleaned of pulp, which often aggregate in areas where the ruminants rest, and some
496:
The macaw usually forages in groups. They preferentially feed on the palms where they grow in groves, mixed together with taller trees. At least thirty confirmed feeding localities are known throughout the range. A tall tree is selected by the flock as base to carefully inspect the feeding area.
528:
palm, however, may have found a way to avoid such a fate, despite its large nuts. Macaws are very messy eaters, and this species is no different. A study found a significant number of undamaged palm nuts on the ground below the branches or rocks where the birds occasionally carry their harvest.
767:
was severely fragmented (confusingly, the same assessment states the population is not fragmented) and showed a continuing decline in quality of habitat. In 2010 Barbosa counted the population at the Toca Velha and Serra Branca roosting sites as 1,123 birds, of which at least at least 258 were
412:
The body, tail, and wings are dark metallic blue with a faint, often barely visible, tinge of green, and the head is a slightly paler shade. It has an area of pale-yellow skin adjacent to the base of its beak, and orange-yellow eye rings. It has a large, blackish beak and dark grey feet.
722:
Yamashita, one of the first scientists to study this bird in the wild, in 1987 estimated that the global population numbered just 60 birds in 1983. The estimated global population in 1987 was 70 birds. The wild population was surveyed as some 170 individuals in 2000. Based on this,
697:
Lear's macaw also requires pre-existing natural cavities found in the sandstone cliffs in which to nest. The availability of such cavities may eventually limit population growth, and thus one group of conservationists advised that more cavities should be excavated artificially.
689:
is thought to have once stretched over 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) in Brazil, but has been much reduced due to clearance for agriculture. Cattle grazing in the palm stands also appear to be damaging and killing the seedlings, thus posing a challenge for the
851:, the state agency of Bahia tasked with the environment). This latter area contains both the privately owned Canudos Biological Station where Toca Velha is located, and the privately owned Serra Branca ranch, which contains the majority of the nest and roost sites.
276:
Although there are records of the macaw from
Britain from the early 1830s, this bird was only generally recognised as an independent species in the late 1970s. It is rare with a highly restricted native range, which was only discovered in 1978, although intensive
755:' up to the 2008 assessment, apparently somewhat mistakenly. In 2000, 2004 and 2008 the reason given for it being 'critically endangered' was because criterion C2a(ii) applied. There is no criterion C2a(ii) for 'critically endangered' species, but there is for '
731:
Red List assessments, gave an estimated population of 150 birds in 2000. BI claimed that the population growth was decreasing, but did not elaborate on their reasoning. The global population was censused at 246 birds in 2001 (Gilardi), 455 in 2003, and the
2099:
588:
chicks, the average survival rate is two per pair. However, not all pairs of birds in the wild population mate often or at all. The young remain with their parents for up to a year. Juveniles reach sexual maturity around 2–4 years of age.
331:' — a larger, darker species with a differently shaped patch of yellow skin adjacent to the base of the bill, which it closely resembles — not everyone agreed, and a quarter century later, in 1856, the illustration was given a
420:. The hyacinth macaw can be distinguished by its darker plumage, lack of greenish tinge, and a differently shaped patch of yellow skin adjacent to the base of the bill. The glaucous macaw is paler and has a more greyish head.
877:
Hyacinth Macaw'. The 'Committee for the
Conservation and Management of the Lear's Macaw' advises IBAMA on the conservation of Lear's macaw. The committee includes Brazilian and international organizations and individuals.
823:
bought and created the
Canudos Biological Station in 1991 to protect the sandstone cliffs of Toca Velha used by the macaws to roost and nest. Canudos Biological Station was expanded in 2007, partially with funding by the
1075:
783:
caused by the historical expansion of agricultural development in the region (criterion B1b(iii)). An explanation was also given for reducing the number of mature individuals to 228, a 2014 study published by PacĂfico
1470:
763:
most of the rest of the total population were probably sub-adults, and that the population growth was unknown. The species was assessed as endangered based on criteria B1ab(iii), which state that the
694:
of new mature palms -such stands were found to have very little young licury palms. In response to this, tens of thousands of palms were propagated and planted in fenced-off areas in the early 2000s.
2107:
616:, the species was only known from sporadic occurrences in the bird trade, and the whereabouts of the wild population was unknown. A wild population was eventually discovered in 1978 by
855:
733:
1083:
886:
One of the earliest records (and one of very few at all) of a Lear's macaw in a public zoo was a dramatic display of "the four blues" including Lear's, glaucous, hyacinth, and
844:
273: in) long and weighs around 950 g (2 lb 2 oz). It is coloured almost completely blue, with a yellow patch of skin at the base of the heavy, black bill.
281:
efforts have increased the world population about thirtyfold in the first two decades of the 21st century. It inhabits a dry desert-like shrubby environment known as
321:, who was also an accomplished artist. In his teens in the early 1830s, Lear published a book of drawings and paintings of live parrots in zoos and collections,
368:
323:
638:
cliffs, which were formed by streams cutting through outcrops. It is known from two colonies at locations known as Toca Velha and Serra Branca, south of the
459:
2103:
861:
In 1992 the 'Special
Working Group for the Preservation of the Lear's Macaw' was created. In 1997 the 'Committee for the Preservation of the Lear's Macaw (
840:
776:
848:
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plateau in northeast Bahia. In 1995, a roosting site holding 22 birds was located at Sento SĂ©/Campo
Formoso, 200 km (120 mi) to the west.
2229:
858:. Various independent conservation organizations, under direction of ICMBio, along with local ranchers, are working to help conserve the species.
2912:
2763:
1350:
1296:"Conserving the Diversity of Ecological Interactions: The Role of Two Threatened Macaw Species as Legitimate Dispersers of "Megafaunal" Fruits"
728:
2802:
533:
also appear to be viable after this ordeal. Flocks of Lear's macaws will congregate at cattle corrals and walk around on the bare ground of
2239:
1670:
520:
of most of these animals had rendered large-fruited plants impotent regarding the spread of their seed, at least until humans introduced
1879:
2882:
1565:
PacĂfico, Erica C.; Barbosa, Eduardo A.; Filadelfo, Thiago; Oliveira, Kleber G.; Silveira, LuĂs F.; Tella, JosĂ© L. (February 2014).
1201:
1032:
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in the interior northeast of Brazil. Until this discovery the birds were thought to be simply a variant form of the closely related
2737:
1464:
Jansen, Patrick A.; Hirsch, Ben T.; Emsens, Willem-Jan; Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica; Wikelski, Martin; Kays, Roland (31 July 2012).
1379:
2776:
2048:
513:
351:. The rarely seen bird was not considered a distinct species until 1978, when German-born, Brazilian-naturalised ornithologist
1415:"Megafauna Seed Dispersal in the Neotropics: A Meta-Analysis Shows No Genetic Signal of Loss of Long-Distance Seed Dispersal"
2781:
1180:
553:
had been wiped out around the time the Native
Americans colonised America. Just 11,000 years ago, perhaps these macaws were
564:
species of northeast Brazil which traveled in herds, and the palms depended on this relationship for effective dispersal.
836:
1129:
796:
As well as habitat loss, Lear's macaw may have historically suffered from hunting, and more recently, trapping for the
1566:
517:
2139:
1290:
Tella, JosĂ© L.; Hiraldo, Fernando; PacĂfico, Erica; DĂaz-Luque, JosĂ© A.; DĂ©nes, Francisco V.; Fontoura, Fernanda M.;
1164:
327:. One of his paintings in his book strongly resembles this species, and although at the time he titled the work as '
2907:
2902:
2807:
2517:
2270:
756:
54:
2183:
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are the dispersal agents for such plants, but these are largely absent in South
America today. The prevailing
2627:
1567:"Breeding to non-breeding population ratio and breeding performance of the globally Endangered Lear's Macaw
2820:
91:
2300:(extinctions: †indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
1291:
2654:
2223:
2217:
2077:
825:
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sites. After finding one, the regurgitated nut is often eaten on a high perch elsewhere. Cattle also
30:
2815:
2069:
654:
340:
242:
202:
1155:
Sick, Helmut (1981). "About the Blue Macaws
Especially the Lear's Macaw". In Pasquier, RF (ed.).
477:
344:
674:
2887:
2768:
2662:
2589:
2497:
2399:
1984:
1940:
1901:
1837:
1795:
1751:
1701:
1625:
1238:
933:
724:
2794:
2211:
1674:
596:
241:, a member of a large group of neotropical parrots known as macaws. It was first described by
2459:
2364:
2129:
1887:
1157:
Conservation of New World
Parrots ICBP Parrot Working Group Meeting (Technical Publication 1)
752:
691:
604:
278:
186:
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2641:
2724:
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2636:
2487:
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2263:
2027:
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1413:
Collevatti, Rosane G.; Lima, Jacqueline S.; Ballesteros-Mejia, Liliana (5 September 2019).
764:
558:
8:
2389:
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1988:
1944:
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937:
780:
739:
613:
571:, and a major problem caused by the animals is their habit of raiding the plots of local
332:
39:
1905:
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1307:
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682:
639:
443:
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The primary diet of Lear's macaw are the nuts (as many as 350 per day) of the palm
293:
2680:
835:, designated by the Brazilian government in 2001, conserve portions of the range:
645:
From these roosts, the macaws travel throughout the region (the municipalities of
2892:
2552:
2410:
2344:
2256:
887:
465:
2846:
2567:
2535:
2374:
2321:
2316:
1471:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
906:
832:
628:
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328:
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854:
Current Lear's macaw conservation projects are managed under the authority of
416:
Lear's macaw is similar to the larger hyacinth macaw and the slightly smaller
2876:
2789:
2612:
2556:
2384:
2307:
1997:
1953:
1914:
1850:
1808:
1764:
1714:
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1431:
1251:
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646:
509:
347:. Most authorities, however, were unconvinced of the distinctness of the new
336:
163:
59:
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2051:(in Portuguese). INEMA: Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos HĂdricos (BA)
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and was renamed 'The Committee for the Recovery and Management of the
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by creating open spaces in the environment. It is thus possible that
521:
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288:
103:
2706:
2583:
2606:
865:)' was formed. In 1999 this committee was amalgamated with that of
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409: in) long and weighs around 950 g (2 lb 2 oz).
283:
123:
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734:
Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
423:
2649:
2296:
828:, from 375 acres (152 hectares) to 3,649 acres (1,477 hectares).
686:
650:
546:
302:
2729:
1671:"Lear's Macaw Making a Remarkable Comeback in Protected Reserve"
1564:
1466:"Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds"
1412:
1346:
macaws and palm nuts, and the extinction of the Glaucous Macaw"
797:
238:
235:
143:
113:
1289:
1183:. Digital Library for the Decorative Arts and Material Culture
516:
is that such mammals once performed these functions, but that
2841:
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2279:
1159:. St. Lucia: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 439–44.
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Serra Branca / Raso da Catarina Environmental Protection Area
813:
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348:
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76:
70:
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133:
1673:(Press release). American Bird Conservancy. Archived from
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1123:
1121:
1384:
macaws as followers of extinct megafauna: an hypothesis"
1181:"Illustrations of the family of Psittacidae, or Parrots"
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
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cliffs. It mostly feeds on the nuts of the palm species
1527:"Covid-19 prevents the corn replacement team operating"
1339:
2131:
Spix's Macaw: The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird
2074:
BirdCalls - News and Perspectives on Bird Conservation
1983:
1939:
1900:
1836:
1794:
1750:
1700:
1624:
1237:
932:
847:(67,234 hectares (166,140 acres), administered by the
369:
Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots
324:
Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots
1098:
706:
2104:
Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
777:
Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
839:(104,842 hectares (259,070 acres), administered by
803:
2478:Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw)
2213:Rare Blue Parrot Back from the Brink of Extinction
685:to find much of their sustenance. This palm stand
1340:Yamashita, Carlos; de Paula Valle, Mauro (1993).
2874:
2460:Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw)
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1335:
1333:
504:with very large fruit or seeds is which type of
1874:
1872:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
2365:Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw)
849:Instituto do Meio Ambiente e Recursos HĂdricos
812:Lear's macaw at Canudos Biological Station in
317:Lear's macaw was named after the famous poet,
2264:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1362:
1330:
1008:. American Bird Conservancy. 20 November 2020
2021:
2019:
1869:
1545:
1351:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1194:
2390:Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw)
1979:
1977:
1975:
1832:
1830:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1746:
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1742:
1740:
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1571:: conservation and monitoring implications"
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612:For a century and a half after it had been
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343:, who chose to commemorate the poet in the
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1068:
1066:
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608:Nests in sandstone cliffs in Bahia, Brazil
487:are also eaten, as well as the flowers of
211:
48:
29:
2016:
1501:
1491:
1440:
1430:
1377:
1321:
1311:
1270:
996:
994:
992:
2400:Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw)
2043:
2041:
1972:
1933:
1894:
1827:
1783:
1733:
1689:
1611:
1220:
1134:Parrots - Parrot Conservation - Breeding
1027:
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1023:
807:
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603:
595:
431:
422:
357:
245:in 1856. Lear's macaw is 70–75 cm (
2127:
2070:"Top Nine Birding Destinations in 2019"
1880:"Categories and Criteria (version 3.1)"
1524:
1294:; Blanco, Guillermo (24 January 2020).
1127:
1059:
919:
711:This species is currently listed as an
339:and nephew of Emperor Napoleon, Prince
2913:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
2875:
2455:Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw)
2240:images and movies of the Lear's macaw
2224:Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profiles
2153:
2151:
1668:
989:
366:(1812–88) first published in his book
287:, and roosts and nests in cavities in
2588:
2587:
2380:Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw)
2252:
2184:"AnAge entry for Anodorhynchus leari"
2176:
2049:"APA Serra Branca / Raso da Catarina"
2038:
2025:
1020:
355:finally located the wild population.
2188:Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
2159:"LEAR'S MACAW (Anodorhynchus leari)"
1154:
2148:
2028:"Lear's Macaw: back from the brink"
1998:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1954:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1915:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1851:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1765:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1715:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1378:Yamashita, Carlos (December 1997).
1252:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
947:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
837:Raso da Catarina Ecological Station
13:
2134:. Simon and Schuster. p. 55.
2128:Juniper, Tony (16 November 2004).
1525:Pittman, Tony (23 November 2020).
707:Population and conservation status
500:A mystery regarding plants in the
14:
2924:
2205:
600:Sandstone cliffs in Bahia, Brazil
305:also appears curiously linked to
2883:IUCN Red List endangered species
2518:Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
804:Funding and conservation actions
90:
2121:
2092:
2062:
1578:Bird Conservation International
1518:
1457:
1406:
1208:. BirdLife International (2008)
701:
567:Lear's macaw are somewhat of a
381:Lear's macaw is 70–75 cm (
1669:Holmer, Steve (18 July 2007).
1173:
1148:
1082:. Animal Bytes. Archived from
965:
376:
1:
2026:Hance, Jeremy (9 June 2009).
912:
881:
751:BI assessed the species as '
727:(BI), which has written the
557:to one or some of the giant
549:of Bahia, before the native
518:Late Pleistocene extinctions
7:
900:
890:in 1900 at the Berlin Zoo.
582:
312:
10:
2929:
2278:
875:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
791:
506:animal disperses the seeds
436:
2596:
2544:
2526:
2486:
2468:
2438:
2420:
2353:
2335:
2305:
2286:
2218:American Bird Conservancy
2078:American Bird Conservancy
1590:10.1017/S095927091300049X
826:American Bird Conservancy
510:large herbivorous mammals
210:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1432:10.3389/fgene.2019.00788
1342:"On the linkage between
1043:. Arkive. Archived from
681:), relying on stands of
592:Distribution and habitat
427:Lear's macaw, NE Brazil.
341:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
301:from local farmers. Its
243:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
2908:Birds described in 1856
2903:Endemic birds of Brazil
2100:"Esec Raso da Catarina"
1493:10.1073/pnas.1205184109
1136:. The Parrot Society UK
634:Lear's macaw roosts on
545:simulates the original
478:Schinopsis brasiliensis
2498:Lesser Antillean macaw
1985:BirdLife International
1941:BirdLife International
1902:BirdLife International
1838:BirdLife International
1796:BirdLife International
1752:BirdLife International
1702:BirdLife International
1626:BirdLife International
1239:BirdLife International
1128:Pittman, Tony (2000).
1080:SeaWorld/Busch Gardens
934:BirdLife International
821:Fundação Biodiversitas
817:
748:
725:Birdlife International
609:
601:
428:
373:
234:, is a large all-blue
2898:Birds of the Caatinga
2242:(Anodorhynchus leari)
2230:Parrots International
2226:by World Parrot Trust
1419:Frontiers in Genetics
811:
753:critically endangered
742:
607:
599:
508:. Elsewhere on earth
432:Ecology and behaviour
426:
361:
297:, as well as raiding
230:), also known as the
2488:Hypothetical extinct
1202:"Species factsheet:
973:"Appendices | CITES"
800:trade in the 1990s.
765:extent of occurrence
2860:Anodorhynchus-leari
2642:Anodorhynchus_leari
2628:Anodorhynchus leari
2598:Anodorhynchus leari
2549:Neotropical parrots
2370:Blue-throated macaw
1991:Anodorhynchus leari
1947:Anodorhynchus leari
1908:Anodorhynchus leari
1884:www.iucnredlist.org
1844:Anodorhynchus leari
1802:Anodorhynchus leari
1758:Anodorhynchus leari
1708:Anodorhynchus leari
1632:Anodorhynchus leari
1569:Anodorhynchus leari
1484:2012PNAS..10912610J
1478:(31): 12610–12615.
1245:Anodorhynchus leari
1204:Anodorhynchus leari
1086:on 29 November 2010
1035:Anodorhynchus leari
940:Anodorhynchus leari
871:Anodorhynchus leari
863:Anodorhynchus leari
743:Wild macaws in the
573:subsistence farmers
539:alter the ecosystem
460:Jatropha mollissima
451:, but the seeds of
447:, locally known as
333:species description
227:Anodorhynchus leari
196:Anodorhynchus leari
40:Conservation status
2513:Jamaican red macaw
2163:World Parrot Trust
1130:"The Lear's Macaw"
895:World Parrot Trust
818:
749:
713:endangered species
610:
602:
575:to consume maize (
429:
374:
2870:
2869:
2829:Open Tree of Life
2590:Taxon identifiers
2581:
2580:
2450:Blue-headed macaw
2430:Red-bellied macaw
2395:Red-fronted macaw
2102:(in Portuguese).
2080:. 1 February 2019
1313:10.3390/d12020045
893:According to the
873:Lear's Macaw and
655:Euclides da Cunha
472:Spondias tuberosa
219:
218:
80:
63:
2920:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2655:FF910F6017826DE8
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2585:
2584:
2508:Red-headed macaw
2503:Martinique macaw
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1886:. Archived from
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1575:
1562:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1287:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1235:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1125:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1006:Bird of the Week
998:
987:
986:
984:
983:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
930:
745:Raso da Catarina
640:Raso da Catarina
526:Syagrus coronata
444:Syagrus coronata
408:
407:
403:
400:
394:
393:
389:
386:
362:Illustration by
294:Syagrus coronata
272:
271:
267:
264:
258:
257:
253:
250:
215:
198:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2540:
2522:
2491:
2482:
2464:
2434:
2416:
2411:St. Croix macaw
2349:
2331:
2301:
2282:
2277:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1899:
1895:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1749:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1677:on 17 July 2014
1667:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1623:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1573:
1563:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1462:
1458:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1376:
1363:
1338:
1331:
1288:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1236:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1126:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1074:
1073:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1033:"Lear's macaw (
1031:
1030:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
990:
981:
979:
971:
970:
966:
956:
954:
931:
920:
915:
903:
884:
867:A. hyacinthinus
833:protected areas
806:
794:
709:
704:
594:
585:
543:cattle ranching
439:
434:
405:
401:
398:
396:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
315:
307:cattle ranching
269:
265:
262:
260:
255:
251:
248:
246:
206:
200:
194:
181:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2618:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:List of macaws
2565:
2560:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2536:Catalina macaw
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Military macaw
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:Hyacinth macaw
2319:
2317:Glaucous macaw
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2207:
2206:External links
2204:
2201:
2200:
2175:
2147:
2140:
2120:
2091:
2061:
2037:
2015:
1971:
1932:
1893:
1890:on 2016-03-03.
1868:
1826:
1782:
1732:
1688:
1656:
1610:
1584:(4): 466–476.
1544:
1533:. Tony Pittman
1517:
1456:
1405:
1361:
1329:
1269:
1219:
1193:
1172:
1165:
1147:
1097:
1076:"Lear's macaw"
1058:
1019:
1002:"Lear's Macaw"
988:
964:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
907:List of macaws
902:
899:
883:
880:
805:
802:
793:
790:
708:
705:
703:
700:
629:hyacinth macaw
593:
590:
584:
581:
438:
435:
433:
430:
418:glaucous macaw
378:
375:
335:by the French
329:hyacinth macaw
314:
311:
217:
216:
208:
207:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
144:Psittaciformes
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2925:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Anodorhynchus
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:Hybrid macaws
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:Orthopsittaca
2419:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Scarlet macaw
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:Anodorhynchus
2304:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:, 9 June 2009
2219:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2141:9780743475518
2137:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2110:on 2014-06-10
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:Anodorhynchus
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1344:Anodorhynchus
1336:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Guedes, Neiva
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:9781199061096
1162:
1158:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1047:on 2012-12-27
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
993:
978:
974:
968:
953:
949:
948:
943:
941:
935:
929:
927:
925:
923:
918:
908:
905:
904:
898:
896:
891:
889:
888:Spix's macaws
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
822:
816:state, Brazil
815:
810:
801:
799:
789:
787:
782:
778:
773:
771:
766:
760:
758:
754:
746:
741:
737:
735:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
699:
695:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Santa BrĂgida
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Campo Formoso
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
619:
618:ornithologist
615:
606:
598:
589:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
494:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
425:
421:
419:
414:
410:
371:
370:
365:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:specific name
342:
338:
337:ornithologist
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
274:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
214:
209:
204:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
178:A. leari
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:Anodorhynchus
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Lear's macaw
22:
19:
2597:
2563:Hybrid macaw
2469:
2439:
2421:
2354:
2345:Spix's macaw
2336:
2327:Lear's macaw
2326:
2306:
2295:
2287:
2241:
2212:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2130:
2123:
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1394:(2): 176–182
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785:
781:habitat loss
774:
769:
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721:
710:
702:Conservation
696:
671:Paulo Afonso
667:Novo Triunfo
644:
633:
611:
586:
576:
569:pest species
566:
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282:
279:conservation
275:
232:indigo macaw
231:
226:
225:
222:Lear's macaw
221:
220:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
18:
2816:Neotropical
2751:iNaturalist
2622:Wikispecies
2573:Mini-macaws
2470:Diopsittaca
2405:Cuban macaw
2337:Cyanopsitta
2235:Blue Macaws
1090:27 December
1051:27 December
692:recruitment
683:licury palm
663:Monte Santo
621:Helmut Sick
454:Melanoxylon
377:Description
364:Edward Lear
353:Helmut Sick
319:Edward Lear
154:Psittacidae
2877:Categories
2855:Xeno-canto
2193:15 October
2168:13 October
2114:2016-04-19
2084:11 October
2055:2016-11-03
1537:12 October
1531:BlueMacaws
1398:15 October
1187:2010-04-08
1041:WildScreen
1012:11 October
982:2022-01-14
913:References
882:Aviculture
757:endangered
555:commensals
535:rumination
502:Neotropics
73:Appendix I
55:Endangered
2441:Primolius
2245:at ARKive
2008:8 October
1964:8 October
1925:8 October
1861:8 October
1819:8 October
1775:8 October
1725:8 October
1681:11 August
1649:8 October
1603:9 October
1388:Ararajuba
1306:(2): 45.
1300:Diversity
1140:8 October
977:cites.org
957:9 October
659:Jeremoabo
636:sandstone
614:described
562:herbivore
551:megafauna
522:livestock
289:sandstone
236:Brazilian
203:Bonaparte
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2842:Species+
2795:22685521
2769:10785755
2668:22685521
2663:BirdLife
2607:Wikidata
1987:(2019).
1943:(2017).
1904:(2013).
1840:(2009).
1798:(2004).
1754:(2008).
1704:(2000).
1628:(2016).
1598:87800213
1512:22802644
1451:31543903
1358:: 53–60.
1241:(2012).
936:(2020).
901:See also
775:In 2014
679:Sento SĂ©
583:Breeding
577:Zea mays
559:browsing
484:Zea mays
313:Taxonomy
284:caatinga
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2821:indmac1
2743:2479361
2730:1177959
2707:indmac1
2681:indmac1
2650:Avibase
2613:Q838955
2297:Species
1503:3412018
1480:Bibcode
1442:6739635
1425:: 788.
1212:24 July
843:), and
792:Threats
687:habitat
651:Canudos
547:ecology
466:Dioclea
437:Feeding
404:⁄
390:⁄
372:in 1832
303:ecology
268:⁄
254:⁄
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
2893:Macaws
2834:789645
2808:178882
2782:177656
2714:ECOS:
2490:macaws
2280:Macaws
2138:
1596:
1510:
1500:
1449:
1439:
1262:5 July
1163:
841:ICMBio
798:aviary
524:. The
514:theory
449:licuri
239:parrot
205:, 1856
2764:IRMNG
2756:18937
2702:eBird
2694:675X6
2557:Arini
2553:tribe
2289:Genus
1594:S2CID
1574:(PDF)
856:IBAMA
814:Bahia
786:et al
770:et al
717:CITES
625:Bahia
490:Agave
349:taxon
299:maize
77:CITES
71:CITES
2847:5579
2803:NCBI
2790:IUCN
2777:ITIS
2738:GBIF
2717:1630
2195:2021
2170:2021
2136:ISBN
2086:2021
2010:2021
2003:2019
1966:2021
1959:2017
1927:2021
1920:2013
1863:2021
1856:2009
1821:2021
1814:2004
1777:2021
1770:2008
1727:2021
1720:2000
1683:2015
1651:2021
1644:2016
1605:2021
1539:2021
1508:PMID
1447:PMID
1400:2021
1264:2012
1257:2012
1214:2008
1161:ISBN
1142:2021
1092:2012
1053:2012
1014:2021
959:2021
952:2020
831:Two
747:area
729:IUCN
719:I).
677:and
481:and
134:Aves
2725:EoL
2689:CoL
2676:BOW
2637:ADW
2413:†₴
2356:Ara
1586:doi
1498:PMC
1488:doi
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