Parrot - Knowledge

114: 2633: 2661:. In most cases, both parents participate in nest excavation. The length of the burrow varies with species, but is usually between 0.5 and 2 m (1.6 and 6.6 ft) in length. The nests of cockatoos are often lined with sticks, wood chips, and other plant material. In the larger species of parrots and cockatoos, the availability of nesting hollows may be limited, leading to intense competition for them both within the species and between species, as well as with other bird families. The intensity of this competition can limit breeding success in some cases. Hollows created artificially by arborists have proven successful in boosting breeding rates in these areas. Some species are 3512:) and raising funds through donations and memberships, often from pet parrot owners. On a smaller scale, local parrot clubs raise money to donate to a conservation cause. Zoo and wildlife centres usually provide public education, to change habits that cause damage to wild populations. Conservation measures to conserve the habitats of some of the high-profile charismatic parrot species has also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the ecosystem. A popular attraction that many zoos employ is a feeding station for lories and lorikeets, where visitors feed them with cups of liquid food. This is usually done in association with educational signs and lectures. 2097:(containing similar touch receptors to those in the bill tip organ), which helps to manipulate seeds or position nuts in the bill so that the mandibles can apply an appropriate cracking force. The head is large, with eyes positioned high and laterally in the skull, so the visual field of parrots is unlike any other birds. Without turning its head, a parrot can see from just below its bill tip, all above its head, and quite far behind its head. Parrots also have quite a wide frontal binocular field for a bird, although this is nowhere near as large as primate binocular visual fields. Unlike humans, the vision of parrots is also sensitive to ultraviolet light. 11811: 2384: 3069:

into intelligent, complex, often demanding adults who can outlive their owners, and can also become aggressive or even dangerous. Due to an increasing number of homeless parrots, they are being euthanised like dogs and cats, and parrot adoption centres and sanctuaries are becoming more common. Parrots do not often do well in captivity, causing some parrots to go insane and develop repetitive behaviours, such as swaying and screaming, or they become riddled with intense fear. Feather destruction and self-mutilation, although not commonly seen in the wild, occur often in captivity.

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birds. Escaped or released pets rarely contribute to establishing feral populations, as they usually result in only a few escapees, and most captive-born birds do not possess the necessary survival skills to find food or avoid predators and often do not survive long without human caretakers. However, in areas where there are existing feral parrot populations, escaped pets may sometimes successfully join these flocks. The most common years that feral parrots were released to non-native environments was from the 1890s to the 1940s, during the wild-caught parrot era. In the "

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injury. For this reason, parrot rescue groups estimate that most parrots are surrendered and rehomed through at least five homes before reaching their permanent destinations or before dying prematurely from unintentional or intentional neglect and abuse. The parrots' ability to mimic human words and their bright colours and beauty prompt impulse buying from unsuspecting consumers. The domesticated budgerigar, a small parrot, is the most popular of all pet bird species. In 1992, the newspaper

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interacting with people from a young age to help ensure they become tame and trusting. However, even when hand fed, parrots revert to biting and aggression during hormonal surges and if mishandled or neglected. Parrots are not low-maintenance pets; they require feeding, grooming, veterinary care, training, and environmental enrichment through the provision of toys, exercise, and social interaction (with other parrots or humans) for good health.

2392: 647: 3482: 2489: 2421: 3078: 3543:(CITES) which came into force in 1975 to regulate the international trade of all endangered, wild-caught animal and plant species. In 1975, 24 parrot species were included in Appendix I, thus prohibiting commercial international trade in these birds. Since that initial listing, continuing threats from international trade led it to add an additional 32 parrot varieties to Appendix I. All other parrot species, aside from the 3442: 10984: 1727: 2168: 10960: 9358: 266: 522: 3579: 8881: 3129:(EU) halted the importation of all wild birds with a permanent ban on their import. Prior to an earlier temporary ban started in late October 2005, the EU was importing about two million live birds a year, about 90% of the international market: hundreds of thousands of these were parrots. No national laws protect feral parrot populations in the U.S. 2804: 489:, has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of wild birds. As of 2021, about 50 million parrots (half of all parrots) live in captivity, with the vast majority of these living as pets in people's homes. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile 2085:

large macaw, for example, has a bite force of 35 kg/cm (500 lb/sq in), close to that of a large dog. The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward-facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat part of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion. Touch receptors occur along the inner edges of the

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loud, and many of the larger parrots can be destructive and require a very large cage, and a regular supply of new toys, branches, or other items to chew up. The intelligence of parrots means they are quick to learn tricks and other behaviours—both good and bad—that get them what they want, such as attention or treats.

7374: 1178:. The Strigopoidea were considered part of the Psittacoidea, but the former is now placed at the base of the parrot tree next to the remaining members of the Psittacoidea, as well as all members of the Cacatuoidea. The Cacatuoidea are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the 3465:

Parrots, being cavity nesters, are vulnerable to the loss of nesting sites and to competition with introduced species for those sites. The loss of old trees is a particular problem in some areas, particularly in Australia, where suitable nesting trees must be centuries old. Many parrots occur only on

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Feral parrot flocks can be formed after mass escapes of newly imported, wild-caught parrots from airports or quarantine facilities. Large groups of escapees have the protection of a flock and possess the skills to survive and breed in the wild. Some feral parakeets may have descended from escaped zoo

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generally become independent of their parents much quicker than partly specialised species who may have to learn skills over long periods as various resources become seasonally available. Play forms a large part of learning in parrots; play can be solitary or social. Species may engage in play fights

540:, centred in Australasia. The scarcity of parrots in the fossil record, however, presents difficulties in confirming the hypothesis. There is currently a higher number of fossil remains from the northern hemisphere in the early Cenozoic. Molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 3098:

The popularity of parrots as pets has led to a thriving—and often illegal—trade in the birds, and some species are now threatened with extinction. A combination of trapping of wild birds and damage to parrot habitats makes survival difficult or even impossible for some species of parrot. Importation

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The popularity, longevity, and intelligence of many of the larger kinds of pet parrots and their wild traits such as screaming, has led to many birds needing to be rehomed during the course of their long lifespans. A common problem is that large parrots that are cuddly and gentle as juveniles mature

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Parrots may not make good pets for most people because of their natural wild instincts such as screaming and chewing. Although parrots can be very affectionate and cute when immature, they often become aggressive when mature (partly due to mishandling and poor training) and may bite, causing serious

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Sayings about parrots colour the modern English language. The verb "parrot" in the dictionary means "to repeat by rote". Also clichés such as the British expression "sick as a parrot" are given; although this refers to extreme disappointment rather than illness, it may originate from the disease of

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A 2011 study stated that some African grey parrots preferred to work alone, while others like to work together. With two parrots, they know the order of tasks or when they should do something together at once, but they have trouble exchanging roles. With three parrots, one parrot usually prefers to

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Some large parrot species, including large cockatoos, amazons, and macaws, have very long lifespans, with 80 years being reported, and record ages of over 100. Small parrots, such as lovebirds, hanging parrots, and budgies, have shorter lifespans up to 15–20 years. Some parrot species can be quite

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Parrots invariably require an enormous amount of attention, care, and intellectual stimulation to thrive, akin to that required by a three-year-old child, which many people find themselves unable to provide in the long term. Parrots that are bred for pets may be hand-fed or otherwise accustomed to

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of the parrots and cockatoos are strong and a pair remains close during the nonbreeding season, even if they join larger flocks. As with many birds, pair bond formation is preceded by courtship displays; these are relatively simple in the case of cockatoos. In Psittacidae parrots' common breeding

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feet (two toes facing forward and two back) with sharp, elongated claws, which are used for climbing and swinging. Most species are capable of using their feet to manipulate food and other objects with a high degree of dexterity, in a similar manner to a human using their hands. A study conducted

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The most obvious physical characteristic is the strong, curved, broad bill. The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure the birds are able to exert. A

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Wirthlin M, Lima NCB, Guedes RLM, Soares AER, Almeida LGP, Cavaleiro NP, Loss de Morais G, Chaves AV, Howard JT, Teixeira MM, Schneider PN, Santos FR, Schatz MC, Felipe MS, Miyaki CY, Aleixo A, Schneider MPC, Jarvis ED, Vasconcelos ATR, Prosdocimi F, Mello CV. Parrot Genomes and the Evolution of

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in the 1950s (with unproven earlier claims dating to the 1920s in Texas and Florida). They have proved surprisingly hardy in adapting to conditions in Europe and North America. They sometimes even multiply to the point of becoming a nuisance or pest, and a threat to local ecosystems, and control

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species. Temperaments and personalities vary even within a species, just as with dog breeds. Grey parrots are thought to be excellent talkers, but not all grey parrots want to talk, though they have the capability to do so. Noise level, talking ability, cuddliness with people, and care needs can

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once changed himself into a parrot to aid in converting people. Another old story tells how after a forest caught fire, the parrot was so concerned, it carried water to try to put out the flames. The ruler of heaven was so moved upon seeing the parrot's act, he sent rain to put out the fire. In

2709: 2465:, employ the same method to obtain the seed from the husk; the seed is held between the mandibles and the lower mandible crushes the husk, whereupon the seed is rotated in the bill and the remaining husk is removed. They may use their foot sometimes to hold large seeds in place. Parrots are 2774:

kept in tiny cages with domesticated chickens from the age of three months; at nine months, these birds still behaved in the same way as 3-month-olds, but had adopted some chicken behaviour. In a similar fashion, captive birds in zoo collections or pets can, if deprived of stimuli, develop

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build nests in trees, and three Australian and New Zealand ground parrots nest on the ground. All other parrots and cockatoos nest in cavities, either tree hollows or cavities dug into cliffs, banks, or the ground. The use of holes in cliffs is more common in the Americas. Many species use

2423: 3142: 2995:; though generally, tame parrots should be allowed out regularly on a stand or gym. Depending on locality, parrots may be either wild-caught or be captive-bred, though in most areas without native parrots, pet parrots are captive-bred. Parrot species that are commonly kept as pets include 2852:

are generally regarded as the next-best imitators and speakers of the parrot world. The question of why birds imitate remains open, but those that do often score very high on tests designed to measure problem-solving ability. Wild grey parrots have been observed imitating other birds.

2081:, at 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) in weight. Among the superfamilies, the three extant Strigopoidea species are all large parrots, and the cockatoos tend to be large birds, as well. The Psittacoidea parrots are far more variable, ranging the full spectrum of sizes shown by the family. 3523:

Several projects aimed specifically at parrot conservation have met with success. Translocation of vulnerable kākāpō, followed by intensive management and supplementary feeding, has increased the population from 50 individuals to 123 in 2010 and 247 in 2024. In New Caledonia, the

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that some importers had parrots drink only coffee while they were shipped by boat, believing that pure water was detrimental and that their actions would increase survival rates during shipping. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the caffeine in coffee is toxic to birds.

3559:(which are not included in the appendices) are protected on Appendix II of CITES. In addition, individual countries may have laws to regulate trade in certain species; for example, the EU has banned parrot trade, whereas Mexico has a licensing system for capturing parrots. 5452:

Martin, Rowan O; Perrin, Michael R; Boyes, Rutledge S; Abebe, Yilma D; Annorbah, Nathaniel D; Asamoah, Augustus; Bizimana, Dieudonné; Bobo, Kadiri S; Bunbury, Nancy; Brouwer, Joost; Diop, Moussa S; Ewnetu, Mihret; Fotso, Roger C; Garteh, Jerry; Hall, Philip (2014-09-02).

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The earliest records of modern parrots date to around 23–20 mya. The fossil record—mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to anatomically modern parrots. The Southern Hemisphere contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than the

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Moorhouse, Ron; Greene, Terry; Dilks, Peter; Powlesland, Ralph; Moran, Les; Taylor, Genevieve; Jones, Alan; Knegtmans, Jaap; Wills, Dave; Pryde, Moira; Fraser, Ian; August, Andrew; August, Claude (2002). "Control of introduced mammalian predators improves kaka

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and consists of two complex syringeal muscles that allow for the production of sound vibrations, and a pair of lateral tympaniform membranes that control sound frequency. The position of the syrinx in birds allows for directed air flow into the interclavicular

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or wing tagging, but parrots chew off such attachments. Parrots also tend to range widely, and consequently many gaps occur in knowledge of their behaviour. Some parrots have a strong, direct flight. Most species spend much of their time perched or climbing in

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Berkunsky, I.; Quillfeldt, P.; Brightsmith, D.J.; Abbud, M.C.; Aguilar, J.M.R.E.; Alemán-Zelaya, U.; Aramburú, R.M.; Arce Arias, A.; Balas McNab, R.; Balsby, T.J.S.; Barredo Barberena, J.M.; Beissinger, S.R.; Rosales, M.; Berg, K.S.; Bianchi, C.A. (2017).

3327:, to obtain the highly prized feathers of a red parrot as gifts for his son and daughter. On the voyage, 100 of his 140 rowers died of hunger on their way, but the survivors reached Aotona and captured enough parrots to fill 140 bags with their feathers. 2809: 2807: 3132:

Mexico has a licensing system for capturing and selling native birds. According to a 2007 report, 65,000 to 78,500 parrots are captured annually, but the mortality rate before reaching a buyer is over 75%, meaning around 50,000 to 60,000 will die.

2810: 2808: 2684:. The female remains in the nest for almost all of the incubation period and is fed both by the male and during short breaks. Incubation varies from 17 to 35 days, with larger species having longer incubation periods. The newly born young are 7329: 113: 3528:

was threatened by trapping for the pet trade and loss of habitat. Community-based conservation, which eliminated the threat of poaching, has allowed the population to increase from around 600 birds in 1993 to over 2000 birds in 2009.

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for cognition. Not only have parrots demonstrated intelligence through scientific testing of their language-using ability, but also some species of parrots, such as the kea, are also highly skilled at using tools and solving puzzles.

2109:", a distinct preference with regards to the foot used to pick up food, with adult parrots being almost exclusively "left-footed" or "right-footed", and with the prevalence of each preference within the population varying by species. 3453:

The principal threats of parrots are habitat loss and degradation, hunting, and, for certain species, the wild-bird trade. Parrots are persecuted because, in some areas, they are (or have been) hunted for food and feathers, and as

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1600 BCE – 1045 BCE), jade artifacts are found crafted in the shape of parrots and were subjected to burning over wood along with other jade objects and livestock, likely as a part of ritual sacrifices known as 'Liao' sacrifices

582:(a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak), as several details of the fossil used to support its identity as a parrot are not actually exclusive to parrots, and it is dissimilar to the earliest-known unequivocal parrot fossils. 2261:. The true parrot superfamily, Psittacoidea, includes a range of species from Australia and New Guinea to South Asia and Africa. The centre of cockatoo biodiversity is Australia and New Guinea, although some species reach the 3478:, which have small populations in restricted habitats, are also vulnerable to natural events, such as hurricanes. Due to deforestation, the Puerto Rican amazon is one of the world's rarest birds despite conservation efforts. 2845:. Different sounds are produced by changing the depth and shape of the trachea. Grey parrots are known for their superior ability to imitate sounds and human speech, which has made them popular pets since ancient times. 2806: 2371:. Most fall somewhere between the two extremes, making poorly understood regional movements, with some adopting an entirely nomadic lifestyle. Only three species are migratory – the orange-bellied, blue-winged and 5380: 1027:) were placed in a separate family Psittrichasidae. The two additional families have not been recognised by taxonomists involved in curating lists of world birds and instead only four families are recognised. 2699:

species, the macaws and other larger parrot species have low reproductive rates. They require several years to reach maturity, produce one or very few young per year, and do not necessarily breed every year.

2253:, form a small genus restricted to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The superfamily Strigopoidea contains three living species of aberrant parrots from New Zealand. The broad-tailed parrots, subfamily 2461:

and other animal prey. The most important of these for most true parrots and cockatoos are seeds; the large and powerful bill has evolved to open and consume tough seeds. All true parrots, except the

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Different nations have different methods of handling internal and international trade. Australia has banned the export of its native birds since 1960. In July 2007, following years of campaigning by

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Escaped parrots of several species have become established in the wild outside their natural ranges and in some cases outside the natural range of parrots. Among the earliest instances were pet

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de Kloet, RS; de Kloet SR (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes".

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Santos, Susana I. C O.; Elward, Brian; Lumeij, Johannes T. (1 March 2006). "Sexual Dichromatism in the Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva) Revealed by Multiple-angle Spectrometry".

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Melody W. Young, Edwin Dickinson, Nicholas D. Flaim and Michael C. Granatosky (2022). Overcoming a ‘forbidden phenotype’: the parrot’s head supports, propels and powers tripedal locomotion,

2983:. As they have been prized for thousands of years for their beauty and ability to talk, they have also often been misunderstood. For example, author Wolfgang de Grahl says in his 1987 book 6581:"Population size, provisioning frequency, flock size and foraging range at the largest known colony of Psittaciformes: the Burrowing Parrots of the north-eastern Patagonian coastal cliffs" 2761:

Learning in early life is apparently important to all parrots, and much of that learning is social learning. Social interactions are often practised with siblings, and in several species,

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Prehistoric antiquities of the Aryan Peoples: A manual of comparative philology and the earliest culture. Being the "Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte" translated by Frank Byron Jevons

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in parrots is green, though most species have some red or another colour in small quantities. Cockatoos, however, are predominately black or white with some red, pink, or yellow. Strong

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nesting in colonies up to 70,000 strong. Coloniality is not as common in parrots as might be expected, possibly because most species adopt old cavities rather than excavate their own.

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that protect them, parrots carefully remove seed coats and other chemically defended fruit parts prior to ingestion. Many species in the Americas, Africa, and Papua New Guinea consume

2617:, where birds other than the breeding pair help raise the young and is common in some bird families, is extremely rare in parrots, and has only unambiguously been demonstrated in the 8146: 3196:

have been used in ceremonies and for decoration. They also have a long history as pets, stretching back thousands of years, and were often kept as a symbol of royalty or wealth.

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Guzman, Juan C. C.; Sanchez, Saldana M. E.; Grosselet, Manuel; Gomez, Jesus S. (2007). The Illegal Parrot Trade in Mexico (Report). Mexico: Defenders of Wildlife. pp. 9–10.

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Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A.; Grande, Lance (2011). "Stem Parrots (Aves, Halcyornithidae) from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes".

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Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A.; Grande, Lance (2011). "Stem Parrots (Aves, Halcyornithidae) from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes".

2749:), parrots are considered the most intelligent of birds. The brain-to-body size ratio of psittacines and corvines is comparable to that of higher primates. Instead of using the 2805: 7768: 4751:

Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E.E.; Wright, T.F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)".

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Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008).

7456: 4006:"Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences" 2834:, another grey parrot, has been shown to have a vocabulary of around a thousand words, and has displayed an ability to invent and use words in context in correct tenses. 2830:. Alex was trained to use words to identify objects, describe them, count them, and even answer complex questions such as "How many red squares?" with over 80% accuracy. 2530:

consumers, and have tongues with brush tips to collect it, as well as some specialised gut adaptations. Many other species also consume nectar when it becomes available.

3288:), generating smoke offerings to the heavens, gods and ancestors. This ritual is believed to have been inherited from previous worship practices and continued into the 6491:

Heinsohn, Robert; Murphy, Stephen; Legge, Sarah (2003). "Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos".

3114:(Europe's largest parrot park) was jailed in the United States for 82 months and fined $ 100,000 for smuggling hyacinth macaws (such birds command a very high price.) 5430: 2856:

Besides imitation, it is possible that parrots could be trained to use simple communication tools, e.g., to request food or a favorite activity by pushing a button.

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Numerous challenges are found in studying wild parrots, as they are difficult to catch and once caught, they are difficult to mark. Most wild bird studies rely on

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Heightened Longevity and Cognition. Curr Biol. 2018 Dec 17;28(24):4001-4008.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.050. Epub 2018 Dec 6. PMID: 30528582; PMCID: PMC6393663

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and dated to 54 mya, was assigned to the Psittaciformes. However, the rather nondescript bone is not unequivocally psittaciform, and it may rather belong to the

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As of 2009, the IUCN recognises 19 species of parrot as extinct since 1500 (the date used to denote modern extinctions). This does not include species like the

5135: 1005:(Old World parrots). In 2012 Leo Joseph and collaborators proposed that the parrots should be divided into six families. The New Zealand parrots in the genus 2127:

of feathers on the top of their heads, which they can raise for display, and retract. No other parrots can do so, but the Pacific lorikeets in the genera

417:. They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length; many are vividly coloured and some, multi-coloured. Most parrots exhibit little or no 7877: 3433:" panic of 1930, a city health commissioner urged everyone who owned a parrot to put them down, but some owners abandoned their parrots on the streets. 8098: 2412:

published findings that showed parrots used their beaks as a “third limb” to propel themselves. On the ground, parrots often walk with a rolling gait.

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The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, nuts, fruit, buds, and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and

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Mellor, Emma L.; McDonald Kinkaid, Heather K.; Mendl, Michael T.; Cuthill, Innes C.; van Zeeland, Yvonne R. A.; Mason, Georgia J. (6 October 2021).

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Trade, export, and import of all wild-caught parrots is regulated and only permitted under special licensed circumstances in countries party to the

2159:. However, it has been shown that some parrot species exhibit sexually dimorphic plumage in the ultraviolet spectrum, normally invisible to humans. 9860: 4814:

Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Fredericks, T.A.; Gerbracht, J.A.; Lepage, D.; Billerman, S.M.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2022).

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Pell, A; Tidemann, C (1997). "The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia".

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The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships between the four families. The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by

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for that reason, resulting in hundreds of thousands of birds being killed, though apparently this did not greatly affect the overall population.

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published that 11 million pet birds were in the United States alone, many of them parrots. Europeans kept birds matching the description of the

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Sanchez-Martinez, Tania; Katherine Renton (2009). "Availability and selection of arboreal termitaria as nest-sites by Orange-fronted Parakeets

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Smith, B.T.; Merwin, J.; Provost, K.L.; Thom, G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Ferreira, M.; Mauck, W.M.I.; Moyle, R.G.; Wright, T.F.; Joseph, L. (2023).

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Tokita, M; Kiyoshi T; Armstrong KN (2007). "Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony".

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Olah, George; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Symes, Andy; Guzmán, Iliana Medina; Cunningham, Ross; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Heinsohn, Robert (2016).

2692:. The young spend three weeks to four months in the nest, depending on species, and may receive parental care for several months thereafter. 7791: 6733:

Iwaniuk, A. N.; Nelson, J. E. (2003). "Developmental differences are correlated with relative brain size in birds: a comparative analysis".

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or wild flights to practice predator evasion. An absence of stimuli can delay the development of young birds, as demonstrated by a group of

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Olah, George; Theuerkauf, Jörn; Legault, Andrew; Gula, Roman; Stein, John; Butchart, Stuart; O’Brien, Mark; Heinsohn, Robert (2018-01-02).

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feathers that—in the Psittacidae—scatter light to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots. Colourful feathers with high levels of

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birds, and did not have the specialised crushing bills of modern species. Genomic analysis provides strong evidence that parrots are the

8507: 7512: 12627: 11661: 3239:. Parrots feature in many media. Magazines are devoted to parrots as pets, and to the conservation of parrots. Fictional media include 575:

period, which makes it about 70 million years old. However, other studies suggest that this fossil is not from a bird, but from a

7964: 12231: 8201: 586: 118: 11513: 121: 12465: 9098: 3320: 504:, using their necks and beaks as limbs with propulsive forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by the forelimbs of 12504: 9855: 8071: 11470: 9214: 7460: 2632: 1039: 4860:"Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance" 829:(book 10, chapter 58) noted that the Indians called the bird as "siptaces"; however, no matching Indian name has been traced. 9340: 8953: 8801: 8664: 8605: 8578: 8551: 8490: 8450: 8055: 7986:

Gardner, Daniel K. (2014). "The individual and self-cultivation in the teachings of Confucius". In Gardner, Daniel K. (ed.).

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Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).

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Munn, Charles A.; Thomsen, Jorgen B.; Yamashita, Carlos (2013). Chandler, William J.; Wille, Chris; Labate, Lillian (eds.).

5754: 2217:. By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America. The lories and lorikeets range from 8263: 5595: 4530:(1889). "Further Notes on the Identification of the Animals and Plants of India, Which Were Known to Early Greek Authors". 2511:

Geographical range and body size predominantly explains the diet composition of Neotropical parrots rather than phylogeny.

2180: 1215:, family Psittaculidae. The two other tribes in the subfamily are the closely related fig parrots (two genera in the tribe 8251:'Lord, Madam, you are as melancholy as a sick Parrot.' 'And can you blame me, Jacinta? have I not many Reasons to be sad?' 7241:

Péron, F.; Rat-Fischer, L.; Lalot, M.; Nagle, L.; Bovet, D. (2011). "Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (

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are formed with several broods. Foraging behaviour is generally learnt from parents, and can be a very protracted affair.

12030: 11022: 6842:"The Relationship between Personality Dimensions and Resiliency to Environmental Stress in Orange-Winged Amazon Parrots ( 3640: 8991:

Christian, C.; Potts, T.; Burnett, G.; Lacher, T. (1999). "Parrot Conservation and Ecotourism in the Windward Islands".

5455:"Research and conservation of the larger parrots of Africa and Madagascar: a review of knowledge gaps and opportunities" 3945:"A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous" 2605:

displays, usually undertaken by the male, include slow, deliberate steps known as a "parade" or "stately walk" and the "

9282: 6349: 5960: 3261: 661:

Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany. These are probably not

12040: 8005: 6325: 3508:, an international organisation. The group gives assistance to worthwhile projects, as well as producing a magazine ( 3178: 2766: 122: 2408:. They often use their bills for climbing by gripping or hooking on branches and other supports. Researchers at the 12589: 12434: 11300: 8124: 3700: 2409: 8149:. The Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Commerce. Archived from 7289: 6580: 5782:

Butler, C (2005). "Feral Parrots in the Continental United States and United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future".

12535: 12447: 12103: 9399: 9362: 7853:"New rules for captive bird imports to protect animal health in the EU and improve the welfare of imported birds" 6014: 2478: 7881: 6647: 6630: 6561: 3153:

Parrots have featured in human writings, story, art, humor, religion, and music for thousands of years, such as

3099:

of wild-caught parrots into the US and Europe is illegal after the Wild Bird Population Act was passed in 1992.

12254: 12098: 11960: 11654: 6415: 5684: 5305: 4474: 3212: 665:

between ancestral and modern parrots, but rather lineages that evolved parallel to true parrots and cockatoos:

7651: 6093:"Diet of Neotropical parrots is independent of phylogeny but correlates with body size and geographical range" 2237:

encompasses all the neotropical parrots, including the amazons, macaws, and conures, and ranges from northern

12517: 12118: 12113: 12035: 7104: 6979:

Patterson, Dianne K.; Pepperberg, Irene M.; Story, Brad H.; Hoffman, Eric A. (1997). Hoffman, Eric A. (ed.).

5708: 5321: 5157: 3118: 117: 8102: 7939: 6905:"Comprehension of "Absence" by an African Grey Parrot: Learning with Respect to Questions of Same/Different" 5357: 12236: 11179: 9144: 3814: 2779:

and harmful behaviours like self-plucking. Aviculturists working with parrots have identified the need for

2558: 2430: 1723:

The order Psittaciformes consists of four families containing roughly 410 species belonging to 101 genera.

154: 6259: 4558: 2626: 12377: 12341: 11972: 11924: 11184: 10988: 9845: 7485: 7352: 6177:"Parallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots, key innovations and the diversification of the Loriinae" 4787: 11519:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct; ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils) 5867: 12176: 12161: 11953: 11810: 11463: 11189: 9627: 9191: 7050: 6348:

Rowley, I. (1997). "Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).

6175:

Schweizer, Manuel; Güntert, Marcel; Seehausen, Ole; Leuenberger, Christoph; Hertwig, Stefan T. (2014).

5287: 4712: 3093: 3085: 1031: 12382: 8778: 7720: 7457:"Foods such as alcohol, chocolate, avocado, uncooked meats and shellfish can be bad for your pet bird" 5959:

Collar, N. (1997). "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).

3088:

in the 1980s. As a result, Brazil now has only a very small number of breeding pairs left in the wild.

12594: 12545: 12359: 12259: 12186: 11647: 11154: 11101: 9542: 9532: 8726: 5520: 5514: 2880:(vocal organ) of parrots, which aids in their ability to produce song, is located at the base of the 5454: 4438:

sister group relationship between Messelasturidae and Halcyornithidae (Aves, ?Pan-Psittaciformes)".

12319: 11871: 11290: 9868: 9850: 9372: 5922: 3204: 2837:

Parrots do not have vocal cords, so sound is accomplished by expelling air across the mouth of the

2754: 2550: 2155:

in plumage is not typical among parrots, with some notable exceptions, the most striking being the

568: 9027: 3536:, which has not been officially seen for 100 years, yet is still listed as critically endangered. 12622: 11883: 11327: 11285: 11280: 11015: 9873: 8336: 7800: 6308: 3762: 3533: 2889:

according to air sac pressure, which in turn creates a higher and louder tone in birds' singing.

2070: 338:, upright stance, and clawed feet. They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 20: 9547: 9097:

Barré, Nicholas; Theuerkauf, Jörn; Verfaille, Ludovic; Primot, Pierre; Saoumoé, Maurice (2010).

2340:. These birds can be quite successful in introduced areas, such as the non-native population of 12571: 12281: 12226: 12166: 11788: 10964: 9840: 9652: 9602: 8928: 8852: 8543:

Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes

8289: 7580: 6818: 5082: 4138:

Waterhouse, D. M. (2006). "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)".

3873:"Nature calls: intelligence and natural foraging style predict poor welfare in captive parrots" 3597: 2534: 2492: 1199: 8685:"Feral Parrots in the Continental United States and United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future" 8652: 8595: 6335: 6232: 6125: 5637: 5409: 4304: 4232:

Suh A, Paus M, Kiefmann M; Paus; Kiefmann; Churakov; Franke; Brosius; Kriegs; Schmitz (2011).

865:(million years ago) and the Psittaciformes diverged from the Passeriformes around 62 Ma. 571:, had been thought to be the oldest parrot fossil and is presumed to have originated from the 12566: 12558: 11456: 11448: 11159: 9677: 8568: 8541: 7997: 7769:"The Truth About the Exotic Bird Trade Will Make You Rethink Buying a Parrot in the Pet Shop" 7674: 7629: 7516: 6953: 6707: 5987: 5694: 5315: 4782: 4501: 4487: 4283: 3602: 3401: 2877: 2842: 2780: 2730: 2681: 2554: 2500: 2496: 2383: 2059: 1997: 1759: 1012: 651: 508:

when climbing vertical surfaces. They can travel with cyclical tripedal gaits when climbing.

490: 12496: 9308: 8943: 8906: 8515: 8440: 7826: 7072:

Cruickshank, A; Gautier, J; Chappuis, C (1993). "Vocal mimicry in wild African Grey Parrots

5331: 4793:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 369–370. 4602:; Berv, J.S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D.J.; Townsend, J.P.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R. (2015). 2657:

nests, possibly to reduce the conspicuousness of the nesting site or to create a favourable

12581: 12403: 12328: 12144: 11930: 11628: 11623: 10305: 8851:

White, Thomas H. Jr.; Collazo, Jaime A.; Vilella, Francisco J.; Guerrero, Simón A. (2005).

7191: 6992: 6857: 6595: 6535: 6388: 6188: 6141: 6049: 5466: 5240: 4911: 4656:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life" 4615: 4447: 4389: 4352: 4245: 4190: 4147: 4104: 4061: 3829: 3774: 3715: 3556: 3304: 3185:

in 1250 "The Merchant and the Parrot". Recent books about parrots in human culture include

3046:

sometimes depend on how the bird is cared for and the attention he/she regularly receives.

2976: 2819: 2637: 2470: 2073:, at under 10 g (0.4 oz) in weight and 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, to the 1965: 1521: 1204: 437: 418: 8205: 2979:(or called the ring-necked parrot), documented particularly in a first-century account by 2316:

to areas with temperate climates, and have established stable populations in parts of the

8: 12181: 12075: 11768: 11670: 11432: 11386: 11364: 11349: 9835: 9727: 9667: 9612: 9392: 9168: 9063: 8402:"A jade parrot from the tomb of Fu Hao at Yinxu and Liao sacrifices of the Shang Dynasty" 8356: 7987: 7140: 7027: 4778: 4604:"A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing" 3544: 3475: 3408:. These introductions were prehistoric and red-shining parrots were recorded in Tonga by 3387: 2614: 2593: 2462: 2297: 2002: 1937: 1906: 1455: 1383: 1038:

and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the

662: 590: 224: 8755: 7697: 7195: 6996: 6981:"How parrots talk: Insights based on CT scans, image processing and mathematical models" 6861: 6599: 6539: 6392: 6192: 6145: 6053: 5470: 5244: 4915: 4619: 4451: 4393: 4356: 4305:"Two new fossil parrots (Psittaciformes) from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark" 4249: 4234:"Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds" 4194: 4151: 4108: 4065: 3833: 3778: 3719: 2898:

cooperate with one of the other two, but all of them are cooperating to solve the task.

2762: 2257:, are restricted to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands as far eastwards as 12457: 12333: 12196: 12139: 11485: 11317: 11269: 11218: 11008: 10618: 9682: 9642: 9607: 9125: 9008: 8704: 8421: 7270: 7223: 7089: 7008: 6929: 6904: 6880: 6841: 6786: 6761: 6660: 6611: 6508: 6442: 6209: 6176: 6157: 6090: 6073: 6019: 5848: 5840: 5799: 5490: 5422: 5361: 5263: 5228: 5204: 5175: 5075: 5017: 4992: 4973: 4682: 4655: 4539: 4463: 4413: 4266: 4233: 4214: 4163: 4120: 4077: 3969: 3944: 3897: 3872: 3853: 3739: 3505: 3244: 3208: 2597: 2546: 2341: 2313: 1876: 1736: 1325: 545: 149: 120: 12346: 8837: 8483:

The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera

6547: 6126:"Morphological Adaptations to Nectarivory of the Alimentary Tract of the Swift Parrot 4574: 4046: 2055: 1207:

were previously regarded as a third family, Loriidae, but are now considered a tribe (

12553: 12390: 12108: 11966: 11893: 11798: 11783: 11710: 11567: 11562: 11427: 11381: 11359: 11295: 10971: 10744: 10691: 10641: 9784: 9774: 9717: 9517: 9512: 9452: 9336: 9240: 9096: 9050: 9004: 8969: 8949: 8684: 8660: 8601: 8574: 8547: 8486: 8446: 8425: 8239: 8075: 8051: 8001: 7903: 7832: 7747: 7435: 7262: 7215: 7207: 7160: 7141:"An Hypothesis concerning the Relationship of Syringeal Structure to Vocal Abilities" 7112: 7012: 6980: 6959: 6934: 6885: 6791: 6713: 6683: 6652: 6477: 6400: 6355: 6214: 6065: 5993: 5966: 5671: 5643: 5575: 5524: 5482: 5414: 5268: 5209: 5151: 5114: 5086: 5050: 5022: 4965: 4961: 4927: 4881: 4794: 4687: 4633: 4507: 4405: 4324: 4271: 4206: 4124: 4081: 4027: 3974: 3902: 3857: 3845: 3731: 3486: 3446: 3348: 3308: 3163: 2865: 2720: 2305: 2152: 1807: 541: 9368: 9221: 9129: 9012: 8853:"Effects of Hurricane Georges on Habitat Used by Captive-Reared Hispaniola Parrots ( 8708: 7227: 6664: 6615: 6512: 6161: 5852: 5803: 5494: 5426: 5365: 4977: 4467: 4417: 4302: 4218: 4167: 3743: 3223:, which can be passed to humans. The first occurrence of a related expression is in 2344:

in the U.S. which may rival that of their native Mexico. The only parrot to inhabit

12617: 12010: 11984: 11898: 11605: 11495: 11480: 11437: 11376: 11305: 11035: 10610: 9752: 9424: 9186: 9117: 9000: 8833: 8773: 8696: 8413: 8231: 7993: 7715: 7274: 7254: 7199: 7152: 7085: 7045: 7000: 6924: 6916: 6875: 6865: 6781: 6773: 6742: 6642: 6603: 6543: 6500: 6473: 6434: 6396: 6204: 6196: 6149: 6104: 6077: 6057: 5830: 5819:"Habitat Selection by the Monk Parakeet during Colonization of a New Area in Spain" 5791: 5474: 5404: 5396: 5353: 5258: 5248: 5199: 5191: 5012: 5004: 4957: 4919: 4871: 4760: 4716: 4677: 4667: 4623: 4455: 4397: 4360: 4319: 4261: 4253: 4198: 4155: 4112: 4069: 4017: 3964: 3956: 3892: 3884: 3837: 3790: 3782: 3723: 3200: 3154: 2948: 2931: 2823: 2814:

Video of an orange-winged amazon saying "hello" having been prompted by some humans

2673: 2666: 2405: 2246: 2226: 2185:

Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents and regions including

2172: 2124: 1369: 1035: 602: 579: 526: 486: 414: 295: 209: 8805: 8045: 6091:

Bendavidez, A.; Palacio, F.X.; Rivera, L.O.; Echevarria, A.L.; Politi, N. (2018).

5642:. Vol. 4. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 296. 4991:

Burtt, E. H.; Schroeder, M. R.; Smith, L. A.; Sroka, J. E.; McGraw, K. J. (2010).

3942: 3841: 3049: 2629:, or group breeding, behaviour with multiple females contributing to the clutch). 2093:", allowing for highly dexterous manipulations. Seed-eating parrots have a strong 815:

after the Indian name for a bird, most likely a parakeet (now placed in the genus

552:, and the three major clades originated about 50 Mya (range 57–41 Mya). 12395: 12080: 11827: 11819: 11354: 11310: 11145: 11000: 10842: 10670: 10140: 9662: 9647: 9585: 9484: 9412: 9330: 8172: 7602: 7428: 6870: 5599: 5478: 4815: 4459: 3786: 3592: 3471: 3455: 3359: 3338:

worshipped birds and often depicted parrots in their art. Parrots are popular in

3331: 3255: 3199:

Parrots are used as symbols of nations and nationalism. A parrot is found on the

2980: 2798: 2750: 2622: 2618: 2577: 2308:—have lived as far north as the southern United States. Many parrots, especially 2262: 2214: 2202: 2156: 2116: 1718: 822: 753: 737: 684: 572: 564: 533: 466: 343: 12522: 8659:(1 ed.). Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 248. 8267: 5896: 5545: 4923: 4836: 12442: 12429: 12047: 11903: 11876: 11748: 11543: 11371: 11338: 11322: 11117: 10952: 10882: 10834: 10768: 10707: 10662: 10649: 10523: 10486: 10337: 10111: 9948: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9672: 9657: 9552: 9527: 9522: 9504: 9385: 8731: 8176: 5567: 5070: 4527: 3525: 3497: 3293: 3126: 3081: 2565: 2515: 2504: 2368: 2345: 2325: 2309: 2301: 2276: 2198: 2140: 2090: 2074: 2009: 1991: 1858: 1585: 1562: 1191: 1007: 712: 622: 470: 424: 375: 11596: 9121: 8342: 8311: 8022: 7557: 7258: 6987:. Medical Imaging 1997: Physiology and Function from Multidimensional Images. 6375:

Oren, David C.; Novaes, Fernando (1986). "Observations on the golden parakeet

4764: 4720: 4159: 4022: 4005: 3727: 3648: 2672:

The eggs of parrots are white. In most species, the female undertakes all the

2078: 1770: 12611: 12264: 12151: 12065: 11941: 11793: 11733: 11406: 11134: 10890: 10874: 10797: 10789: 10623: 10421: 10271: 10158: 10116: 9916: 9908: 9830: 9794: 9712: 9636: 9464: 9212: 9177: 8824:

breeding success: reversing the decline of a threatened New Zealand parrot".

8764: 8537: 7706: 7211: 7179: 7164: 7116: 7036: 6920: 6656: 5486: 5418: 4876: 4859: 4672: 4409: 4231: 4210: 4095:

Dyke, G. J.; Mayr, G. (1999). "Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period?".

3849: 3735: 3622: 3459: 3351:

iconography, a parrot is sometimes depicted hovering on the upper right side

3274: 3232: 3168: 3053: 2915: 2849: 2827: 2677: 2645: 2353: 2321: 2317: 2266: 2254: 2206: 2016: 1924: 1900: 1889: 1882: 1824: 1820: 1433: 1420: 1216: 1124: 1002: 931: 908: 885: 854: 790: 778: 705: 630: 606: 391: 383: 355: 134: 76: 9286: 8657:

Parrots of the Wild: A Natural History of the World's Most Captivating Birds

7531: 7203: 7156: 6040:

Diamond, J (1999). "Evolutionary biology: Dirty eating for healthy living".

5519:(1 ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 5253: 4503:

Parrots of the Wild: A Natural History of the World's Most Captivating Birds

4365: 4340: 3960: 3701:"Ecological and socio-economic factors affecting extinction risk in parrots" 3382: 2112: 493:

have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same

12304: 12211: 12024: 11998: 11935: 11837: 11832: 11723: 11693: 11170: 10976: 10720: 10565: 10381: 10219: 10167: 10039: 10000: 9769: 9757: 9747: 9737: 9434: 9260: 8316: 8072:"Feathers have always been used by humans as decoration and status symbols" 7266: 7219: 6938: 6889: 6795: 6777: 6218: 6069: 5272: 5213: 5195: 5026: 5008: 4969: 4931: 4885: 4691: 4637: 4599: 4275: 4031: 3978: 3906: 3888: 3584: 3513: 3430: 3409: 3395: 3324: 3289: 3249: 3240: 3146: 2958: 2792: 2689: 2658: 2610: 2581: 2519: 2400: 2372: 2357: 2250: 2129: 2062:

showing the parrot's strong bill, clawed feet, and sideways-positioned eyes

2040: 2036: 2029: 1951: 1946: 1300: 1242: 1187: 1183: 1171: 1167: 850: 842: 744: 721: 639: 627: 594: 576: 478: 410: 387: 253: 247: 9077: 8417: 6631:"Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds" 5400: 532:

Psittaciform diversity in South America and Australasia suggests that the

12478: 12313: 12216: 12201: 12191: 12171: 12060: 11753: 11738: 10781: 10628: 10434: 10413: 10402: 10367: 10234: 10224: 10182: 10073: 9940: 9742: 9567: 9562: 9494: 9479: 9447: 8722: 7404: 5735: 3924: 3493: 3220: 3111: 3041: 2869: 2771: 2726: 2696: 2662: 2609:", where the pupil of the eye constricts to reveal the edge of the iris. 2606: 2523: 2477:, they are only eating the fruit to get at the seed. As seeds often have 2293: 2222: 1911: 1869: 1852: 1843: 1766: 1745: 1643: 1399: 1341: 1311: 1280: 1249: 1108: 1062: 1017: 998: 990: 872: 858: 760: 670: 501: 482: 448: 395: 379: 370:(New Zealand parrots). One-third of all parrot species are threatened by 367: 363: 359: 241: 126: 51: 12369: 8378: 8320:. Season 1. Episode 8. United Kingdom. December 1969. 5:33 minutes in. 7297: 6840:

Cussen, Victoria A.; Mench, Joy A. (2015). Wicker-Thomas, Claude (ed.).

4628: 4603: 4543: 4341:"A new psittaciform bird from the London clay (Lower Eocene) of England" 3795: 3343: 585:

It is generally assumed that the Psittaciformes were present during the

12156: 12017: 11773: 11688: 11533: 10898: 10760: 10699: 10678: 10510: 10494: 10429: 10374: 10346: 10278: 10243: 10121: 9969: 9804: 9779: 9537: 8227: 6955:

The Politics of Species: Reshaping our Relationships with Other Animals

6446: 5844: 5758: 5378: 4434:

Mayr, Gerald (2011). "Well-preserved new skeleton of the Middle Eocene

4257: 3548: 3517: 3413: 3236: 3224: 3103: 3016: 2927: 2919: 2776: 2712: 2527: 2230: 2194: 2144: 2106: 2101: 2066: 2022: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1930: 1917: 1814: 1751: 1506: 1484: 1287: 1220: 1085: 1023: 994: 817: 728: 698: 677: 371: 351: 130: 96: 61: 9377: 7004: 6766:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6200: 6109: 6092: 2953: 525:

Fossil dentary specimen UCMP 143274 restored as a parrot (left) or an

12483: 12416: 11991: 11888: 11715: 11698: 11639: 11557: 11096: 10858: 10813: 10602: 10395: 10312: 10296: 10285: 10195: 10131: 10090: 9789: 9590: 9577: 9557: 9457: 4401: 4202: 3552: 3481: 3467: 3404:

from Fiji, which established a population on the islands of southern

3367: 3316: 3122: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2971: 2907: 2831: 2685: 2601: 2533:

Some parrot species prey on animals, especially invertebrate larvae.

2474: 2466: 2458: 2391: 2364: 2289: 2186: 1863: 1830: 1800: 1796: 862: 846: 810: 800: 691: 646: 598: 549: 494: 460: 166: 138: 101: 45: 12470: 12275: 7513:"The National Parrot Sanctuary – Europe's Only Dedicated Parrot Zoo" 6746: 6607: 6504: 6438: 6174: 5835: 5818: 5817:

Sol, Daniel; Santos, David M.; Feria, Elías; Clavell, Jordi (1997).

5044: 3645:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

2485:, which releases minerals and absorbs toxic compounds from the gut. 12421: 12298: 12055: 11728: 11703: 11031: 10826: 10556: 10531: 10477: 10388: 10360: 10250: 10214: 10206: 10188: 10083: 10068: 10052: 9799: 9762: 9595: 9099:"Exponential population increase in the endangered Ouvéa Parakeet ( 6490: 6307:(2). Ornithological Society of New Zealand: 301–310. Archived from 6153: 5291: 5229:"The phylogenetic distribution of ultraviolet sensitivity in birds" 4789:

The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World

4506:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 14. 4303:

Waterhouse, D.M.; Lindow, B.E.K.; Zelenkov, N.; Dyke, G.J. (2008).

3759: 3363: 3352: 3339: 3193: 3107: 3029: 3024: 2873: 2746: 2649: 2573: 2488: 2270: 2218: 1959: 1790: 1781: 1600: 1212: 1195: 1175: 537: 505: 456: 452: 402: 186: 91: 86: 71: 66: 56: 39: 6061: 5712: 4813: 4429: 4427: 4116: 4073: 3870: 3670: 3466:

islands and are vulnerable to introduced species such as rats and

3449:

went extinct in the mid-1800s due to overhunting and habitat loss.

3077: 2708: 833:

is an older term for parrots, first used in English in the 1500s.

12354: 11908: 11852: 11842: 11515: 11258: 11065: 10736: 10589: 10468: 10353: 10319: 10257: 10078: 9932: 9924: 9617: 9489: 9474: 7486:"Pet Birds, Parrots, Cockatiels, Macaws, Conures, Parakeets Care" 3441: 3421: 3319:

is mentioned as having undertaken a long and dangerous voyage to

3173: 3141: 3020: 2996: 2886: 2881: 2838: 2654: 2329: 2242: 2190: 2148: 2086: 1208: 1179: 806: 767: 655: 617: 474: 433: 378:) than any other comparable bird group. Parrots have a generally 347: 339: 106: 81: 8700: 7071: 6985:

Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering

6952:

Dunayer, Joan (2013). Corbey, Raymond; Lanjouw, Annette (eds.).

6578: 6562:"Man-made nesting hollows big hit with endangered swift parrots" 6459: 5795: 1726: 11763: 10866: 10581: 10573: 10502: 10442: 10326: 10264: 10147: 9814: 9809: 9687: 9357: 6978: 5173: 4424: 3182: 3035: 2992: 2911: 2569: 2450: 2446: 2337: 2249:

in the southern tip of South America. The pygmy parrots, tribe

2238: 2234: 2210: 2171:

Most parrot species are tropical, but a few species, like this

2167: 2147:

that it can raise and lower at will. The predominant colour of

2135: 2094: 989:

Most taxonomists now divide Psittaciformes into four families:

613: 444: 441: 265: 176: 125:

Clockwise top to bottom: the Kākāpō and the Kea, both found in

35: 11478: 8945:

Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000–2004

8818: 7489: 6123: 3106:

case of 1996, in which a parrot expert and former director at

2910:

of parrots appears to involve increased expression of several

2848:

Although most parrot species are able to imitate, some of the

555:

A single 15 mm (0.6 in) fragment from a large lower

521: 12408: 11913: 11847: 11504: 11236: 11055: 10752: 10539: 10102: 9213:

A group of 226 non-governmental organisations (19 May 2005).

8570:

God of Desire: Tales of Kāmadeva in Sanskrit Story Literature

5965:. Vol. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. 3815:"Parrots of Oceania – a comparative study of extinction risk" 3540: 3417: 3405: 3371: 3297: 3000: 2738: 2557:

excavate branches and wood to feed on grubs; the bulk of the

2538: 2442: 2333: 794: 11281:

Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)

7790:

Lowther, Jason; Cook, Dee; Roberts, Martin (5 August 2002).

7105:"Can Parrots Converse? Polly Says That's the Wrong Question" 6762:"Cognitive ornithology: the evolution of avian intelligence" 5872:

With Nodule-shaped Bill Lesions in Katehaki, Athens, Greece"

4750: 4653: 2549:, another New Zealand parrot, enters the burrows of nesting 2105:

with Australian parrots has demonstrated that they exhibit "

11674: 10728: 10095: 10058: 10028: 9442: 9408: 8990: 8885: 8850: 8470:. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press. pp. 130–1. 8321: 7927: 6648:

10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0240:CAATEO]2.0.CO;2

6579:

Masello, J; Pagnossin, M; Sommer, C; Quillfeldt, P (2006).

5049:(2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Landsdowne Editions. 4947: 4816:"The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2022" 3541:

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species

3474:

needed to deal with predators. Island species, such as the

3342:

scripture and many writings about them exist. For example,

3335: 3312: 3292:. A jade parrot, among other artifacts, recovered from the 2962: 2734: 2482: 2438: 2258: 2225:

in the north to Australia and across the Pacific as far as

650:

Fossil skull of a presumed parrot relative from the Eocene

634: 560: 556: 335: 331: 316: 310: 196: 8941: 8620: 7240: 5868:"First Account of a Nesting Population of Monk Parakeets, 5176:"Vision, touch and object manipulation in Senegal parrots 612:

The first uncontroversial parrot fossils date to tropical

589:(K-Pg extinction), 66 mya. They were probably generalised 11552: 11407:

Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)

10850: 9707: 9469: 9025: 8942:

Snyder, N.; McGowan, P.; Gilardi, J.; Grajal, A. (2000).

7510: 6846:), as Indicated by the Development of Abnormal Behaviors" 6124:

Gartrell, B; Jones, S; Brereton, R; Astheimer, L (2000).

5755:"Exotic parakeets set hearts, dread aflutter in Brussels" 4003: 3812: 3763:"Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations" 3412:

in the 1770s. Escapees first began breeding in cities in

3159:

The parrot can speak, and yet is nothing more than a bird

2923: 2826:

suggested a high learning ability in a grey parrot named

2742: 2542: 2454: 2349: 2281: 1755: 304: 8804:. The Institute for Biological Invasions. Archived from 4993:"Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation" 4990: 2553:

and kills the incubating adults. Some cockatoos and the

2229:, with the greatest diversity being found in and around 1011:

were placed in a separate family Nestoridae and the two

9035: 8882:"Natural Resources – Endangered and Threatened Species" 7178:

SUTHERS, RODERICK A.; ZOLLINGER, SUE ANNE (June 2004).

5358:

10.1647/1082-6742(2006)20[8:SDITBA]2.0.CO;2

3921:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3877:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3698: 2139:

can ruffle the feathers of the crown and nape, and the

1762:) and several extinct species of the New Zealand region 9166: 9103:) after community-based protection from nest poaching" 8753: 8715: 7695: 7025: 5451: 4857: 4479: 4477: 3567:

Every year on 31 May, World Parrot Day is celebrated.

9156:(Thesis). Australian National University. p. 13. 7880:. Defenders of Wildlife. January 2007. Archived from 5816: 5668:

Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds

4598: 4575:"Popinjay Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster" 3504:

One of the largest parrot conservation groups is the

2864:

Parrots are unusual among birds due to their learned

643:, whose fossil legs were found in the same deposits. 322: 319: 313: 301: 7741: 6958:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 6374: 5516:

The Encyclopedia of Animals: a complete visual guide

5379:

Masello, J. F.; Lubjuhn, T.; Quillfeldt, P. (2009).

5174:

Demery, Zoe P.; Chappell, J.; Martin, G. R. (2011).

4711: 4004:

Tavares ES, Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Miyaki CY (2006).

3574: 2729:

have shown an ability to associate words with their

307: 9999: 9285:. American Federation of Aviculture. Archived from 7855:. European Commission: Press Release Database. 2015 4901: 3425:measures have been used on some feral populations. 857:: The time calibrated phylogeny indicates that the 298: 11030: 9261:"Appendices I, II and III valid from 22 June 2021" 9192:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22684689A156512185.en 8948:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 8573:. State University of New York Press. p. 21. 8341:(Motion picture). 20th Century Fox. Archived from 8050:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7789: 7427: 7051:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724813A129879439.en 5923:"Notes on the Flesh-eating Propensity of the Kea ( 5343: 5074: 4786: 4379: 4180: 3994:Mayr, G. (2009). Paleogene fossil birds. Springer. 3913: 2676:, although incubation is shared in cockatoos, the 2545:can, though uncommonly, hunt adult sheep, and the 9335:. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. 8779:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en 7967:. Fairy Tales and Other Traditional Stories. 2012 7721:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685516A93077457.en 7673:Kelly, Denise; Rae, Joan; Menzel, Krista (2007). 6464:in conserved and modified landscapes in Mexico". 5670:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 342–351. 2213:. Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to 1166:The Psittaciformes comprise three main lineages: 500:Parrots are the only creatures that display true 12609: 8438: 8266:. Parrot Heads of North Carolina. Archived from 8125:"Dominica Flags and Symbols and National Anthem" 7177: 6909:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 5985: 5931:Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5045:Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1978) . 3990: 3988: 3647:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from 3300:provides significant evidence of this practice. 2143:(or hawk-headed parrot) has a prominent feather 8799: 8651:Toft, Catherine A.; Wright, Timothy F. (2015). 8505: 8480: 6678:Forshaw, Joseph (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). 6677: 6525: 6286:"Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet ( 6015:"Parrots Use Their Beaks to Swing Like Monkeys" 5385:) as revealed by spectrometric colour analysis" 4777: 4567: 4500:Toft, Catherine A.; Wright, Timothy F. (2015). 3755: 3753: 3366:. The bird is also associated with the goddess 2688:, either lacking feathers or with sparse white 2613:is used by the pair to help maintain the bond. 2077:, at 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and the 1186:, differences in the skull bones, and lack the 116: 11328:Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo) 8074:. BirdLife International. 2008. Archived from 7672: 5381:"Hidden dichromatism in the Burrowing Parrot ( 4563:. London: Charles Griffin and Co. p. 270. 4296: 3362:, the parrot is the mount of the god of love, 3355:clasping a pearl or prayer beads in its beak. 3330:Parrots have also been considered sacred. The 1833:: four genera of white, pink, and grey species 1111:– African and New World parrots (179 species) 845:studies have shown that Psittaciformes form a 544:(Mya) (range 66–51 Mya) in Gondwana. The 406: 11655: 11464: 11016: 9393: 9146:Ecological Association of the Hooded Parrot ( 7353:"Budgie Vs. Cockatiel – Which Right For You?" 6732: 6682:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 118–124. 6012: 5752: 5077:Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide 3985: 3283: 2786: 382:distribution with several species inhabiting 9907: 8412:(362). Cambridge University Press: 368–382. 8399: 5546:"Parrot Facts: Habits, Habitats and Species" 5138:. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 5040: 5038: 5036: 4556: 4288:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3750: 3458:. For a time, Argentina offered a bounty on 3102:The scale of the problem can be seen in the 2715:demonstrating parrots' puzzle-solving skills 2703: 2636:The vast majority of parrots are, like this 2564:Some extinct parrots had carnivorous diets. 447:and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in 9245:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8508:"The Parrot who Extinguished a Forest Fire" 8096: 7992:. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–32. 7940:"Stopping the Illegal Mexican Parrot Trade" 7799:. World Wildlife Federation. Archived from 6839: 5753:Mayer-Hohdahl, Alexandra (22 August 2015). 5661: 5659: 5226: 4746: 4744: 4742: 3997: 3625:feet: two toes facing forward and two back. 3436: 2937: 2162: 2089:bill, which are collectively known as the " 374:, with a higher aggregate extinction risk ( 11662: 11648: 11471: 11457: 11023: 11009: 9400: 9386: 9215:"The European Union Wild Bird Declaration" 8678: 8676: 8650: 8546:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 33. 7923: 7921: 7878:"EU Permanently Bans Import of Wild Birds" 7831:. Barron's Educational Series. p. 7. 7793:Crime and Punishment in the Wildlife Trade 7184:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6902: 5512: 5169: 5167: 4897: 4895: 4499: 4338: 4137: 3808: 3806: 3694: 3692: 2596:breeders who nest in cavities and hold no 409:birds, and the ability of some species to 264: 12232:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 9220:. birdsareforwatching.org. Archived from 9190: 8777: 8646: 8644: 8481:Katherine, Berrin; Museum, Larco (1997). 8445:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. 7719: 7366: 7049: 6928: 6879: 6869: 6785: 6646: 6354:. Vol. 4. Barcelona: Lynx Editions. 6208: 6108: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5865: 5834: 5777: 5775: 5706: 5620: 5408: 5262: 5252: 5203: 5033: 5016: 4943: 4941: 4875: 4837:"HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7" 4681: 4671: 4627: 4364: 4323: 4265: 4021: 3968: 3896: 3794: 2753:like mammals, birds use the mediorostral 2433:using its strong bill to search for grubs 789:The name 'Psittaciformes' comes from the 8929:"Our publications: PsittaScene Magazine" 7551: 7549: 7529: 7480: 7478: 7425: 6712:(1 ed.). New York: Viking Penguin. 6701: 6699: 6628: 6416:"Evolution of nest-building behavior in 6413: 6284:Greene, Terry (November–December 1999). 5989:Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World 5733: 5665: 5656: 5639:Molecular Panbiogeography of the Tropics 5543: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5285: 5279: 4739: 4094: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3492: 3480: 3440: 3381: 3140: 3076: 3048: 2952: 2802: 2707: 2631: 2487: 2473:, and in many cases where they are seen 2419: 2390: 2382: 2275: 2166: 2111: 2054: 1990: 1823:: one genus with one species, the black 1769:: the flightless, critically endangered 1725: 645: 520: 516: 423: 11587: 11377:Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo) 9407: 9328: 8673: 8593: 8199: 8171: 8043: 7989:Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction 7985: 7918: 7766: 7515:. parrotsanctuary.co.uk. Archived from 7350: 6951: 6331: 6257: 6039: 5979: 5690: 5574:(3 ed.). London: Blandford Press. 5566: 5327: 5311: 5164: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5069: 4892: 4649: 4647: 4483: 4044: 3803: 3689: 3157:"The parrot and the cat", the mention " 1706:Phylogenetic relations between parrots 12610: 11669: 11256: 9253: 9142: 8721: 8682: 8641: 8566: 7998:10.1093/actrade/9780195398915.003.0002 7872: 7870: 7824: 7102: 6808: 6347: 6341: 6283: 5958: 5941: 5920: 5914: 5781: 5772: 5081:. Princeton University Press. p. 4938: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4532:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 4047:"A lower jaw from a Cretaceous parrot" 3925:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0245 2822:or other sounds. A study by scientist 2733:and form simple sentences. Along with 12280: 12279: 11643: 11541: 11452: 11323:White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo) 11004: 9892: 9381: 8857:) Released in the Dominican Republic" 8689:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 8536: 8465: 8400:Wang, R.; Wang, C.; Tang, J. (2018). 8099:"Parrot History: Yesterday and Today" 7546: 7475: 7454: 7180:"Producing Song: The Vocal Apparatus" 7138: 7134: 7132: 6759: 6705: 6696: 5784:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 5711:. BrooklynParrots.com. Archived from 5635: 5501: 5346:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 5220: 4904:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4851: 4727:. International Ornithologists' Union 3929: 3864: 3192:In ancient times and current, parrot 2991:Pet parrots may be kept in a cage or 2914:features including genes employed in 2387:Macaw parrot sitting on a tree branch 587:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 12546:ed395e02-2b7e-4877-b373-47758b8a063f 12448:d9c96c99-ae14-467c-94a7-ff896a8071bb 11503: 11054: 10959: 8935: 8379:"The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill" 8226: 7746:. Academic Press. pp. 405–419. 7372: 7287: 6896: 5709:"about the Wild Parrots of Brooklyn" 5099: 4644: 4526: 4433: 3377: 3056:riding a tricycle at a show in Spain 2600:other than their nesting sites. The 2181:List of Psittaciformes by population 2175:, range deeply into temperate zones. 1015:genera in the family Psittaculidae ( 1001:(African and New World parrots) and 809:(5th century BCE) recorded the name 563:143274), found in deposits from the 273:Range of parrots, all species (red) 129:, the Lesser vasa parrot endemic to 10983: 9178:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 8765:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 8621:Department of Conservation (2008). 7867: 7707:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 7603:"Winston's obscene parrot lives on" 7578: 7037:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6671: 4698: 4440:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3562: 3472:appropriate antipredator behaviours 1040:International Ornithologists' Union 616:Europe around 50 mya. Initially, a 605:, which is the sister group of the 354:regions. The four families are the 13: 9026:Kakapo Recovery Programme (2010). 8623:"DOC's work with rainbow lorikeet" 8442:Dictionary of Polynesian mythology 8020: 7744:Audubon Wildlife Report, 1988–1989 7375:"USA Snapshots: Most Popular Pets" 7139:Gaunt, Abbot S. (1 October 1983). 7129: 7090:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02846.x 6351:Handbook of the Birds of the World 5962:Handbook of the Birds of the World 5598:. BBC Nature. 2014. Archived from 5513:Cooke, Fred; Bruce, Jenni (2004). 5410:20.500.12110/hornero_v024_n01_p047 5288:"Parrots prefer 'left handedness'" 5286:Brennand, Emma (2 February 2011). 5184:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5109:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 3262:The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill 2288:Several parrots inhabit the cool, 1975:: one genus with one species, the 1799:: one genus with one species, the 1127:– Old World parrots (203 species) 1065:– New Zealand parrots (4 species) 112: 14: 12639: 12628:Extant Ypresian first appearances 11237:Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo) 9861:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 9350: 8800:Campbell, T. S. (December 2000). 8335:Gosnell, Raja (Director) (1997). 7904:"Naturalized Parrots in the U.S." 7652:"The Truth About Parrots as Pets" 7630:"The Average Lifespan of Parrots" 7627: 7459:. BirdChannel.com. Archived from 7434:. Tfh Publications Incorporated. 7290:"Parrots choose to work together" 5986:Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (2010). 5133: 5111:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 3675:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3084:were taken from the wild for the 2592:With few exceptions, parrots are 362:(African and New World parrots), 11809: 11301:Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo 10982: 10970: 10958: 10947: 10946: 10837:(New World vultures and condors) 9356: 9322: 9301: 9275: 9206: 9160: 9136: 9090: 9070: 9019: 9005:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00041.x 8984: 8962: 8921: 8899: 8874: 8844: 8812: 8793: 8747: 8614: 8594:Krishna, Nanditha (2014-05-01). 8587: 8567:Benton, Catherine (2006-06-01). 8560: 8530: 8499: 8474: 8459: 8432: 8393: 8371: 8349: 8328: 8304: 8282: 8256: 8220: 8193: 8165: 8139: 8117: 8090: 8064: 8037: 8014: 7979: 7957: 7932: 7896: 7845: 7818: 7783: 7760: 7735: 7689: 7666: 7644: 7621: 7595: 7572: 7555: 7523: 7504: 7448: 7419: 7397: 7344: 7322: 7312: 7281: 6478:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00911.x 5736:"Wild parrots settle in suburbs" 4962:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x 4725:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 4325:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00777.x 3577: 3520:can be beneficial to economies. 3489:, which was hunted to extinction 3273:As early as the ancient Chinese 2437:The diet of parrots consists of 2410:New York Institute of Technology 2356:mountain range on New Zealand's 403:ravens, crows, jays, and magpies 294: 153: 49: 9167:BirdLife International (2019). 8907:"History & Accomplishments" 8754:BirdLife International (2016). 8683:Butler, Christopher J. (2005). 8485:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 8381:. Internet Movie Database. 2005 7696:BirdLife International (2016). 7511:The National Parrot Sanctuary. 7234: 7171: 7096: 7065: 7026:BirdLife International (2018). 7019: 6972: 6945: 6833: 6802: 6753: 6726: 6680:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds 6622: 6572: 6554: 6519: 6484: 6453: 6407: 6368: 6277: 6251: 6225: 6168: 6117: 6084: 6033: 6006: 5992:. A & C Black. p. 21. 5889: 5866:Kalodimos, Nicholas P. (2013). 5859: 5810: 5746: 5727: 5700: 5629: 5614: 5588: 5560: 5537: 5445: 5372: 5337: 5127: 5063: 4984: 4829: 4807: 4771: 4660:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4592: 4550: 4520: 4493: 4373: 4332: 4225: 4174: 4131: 4088: 4038: 3949:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2868:, a trait they share with only 2818:Many parrots can imitate human 2561:'s diet is made up of insects. 2123:Cockatoo species have a mobile 440:are specialised for feeding on 137:blue-and-yellow macaw, and the 11961:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 9893: 7767:Vallery, Anna (January 2015). 7530:Noeth, Gay; Johnson, Sibylle. 7373:Ward, Sam (21 December 1992). 7288:Gill, Victoria (18 May 2011). 5734:Coughlan, Sean (6 July 2004). 5625:(in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum. 5227:Ödeen, A.; Håstad, O. (2013). 3663: 3633: 3615: 3213:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2892: 2265:(and one formerly occurred in 1754:: two genera with two living ( 1712: 1522:Lories and Lorikeets 386:regions as well. The greatest 1: 12237:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 9143:Cooney, Stuart J. N. (2009). 8838:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00173-8 8653:"Parrots as Invasive Species" 8101:. BirdChannel. Archived from 8023:"The Merchant and the Parrot" 7581:"How Long can a Parrot Live?" 7488:. BirdChannel. Archived from 7455:Sweat, Rebecca (March 2015). 7407:. The Medieval Bestiary. 2011 6903:Pepperberg, Irene M. (1988). 6548:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00112-7 6493:Australian Journal of Zoology 6292:C. novaezelandiae hochstetten 4339:Dyke, GJ; Cooper, JH (2000). 3842:10.1080/01584197.2017.1410066 3708:Biodiversity and Conservation 3608: 3278: 2292:regions of South America and 2050: 2001:) skeleton on display at the 1194:resist the feather-degrading 455:in captivity), and lay white 413:enhances their popularity as 11180:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo 7675:"The True Nature of Parrots" 7560:. Avian Web: Beauty of Birds 7558:"Bird Behavior and Training" 7534:. Avian Web: Beauty of Birds 7103:Anthes, Emily (2024-05-12). 6871:10.1371/journal.pone.0126170 6811:"Who's a clever bird, then?" 6401:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90008-X 6013:Carolyn Wilke (2024-01-30). 5479:10.2989/00306525.2014.948943 4460:10.1080/14772019.2010.505252 3787:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016 3268: 3259:; and documentaries include 2901: 2783:to keep parrots stimulated. 2559:yellow-tailed black cockatoo 2431:yellow-tailed black cockatoo 2378: 2119:, male left and female right 836: 811: 805:), whose origin is unclear. 801: 784: 428:salvaged grey African parrot 7: 11973:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 11925:The Conference of the Birds 11064: 10901:(woodpeckers and relatives) 8600:. Penguin UK. p. 250. 8097:Chamberlain, Susan (2013). 7426:de Grahl, Wolfgang (1989). 6809:Beynon, Mike (April 2000). 6735:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6290:) and Reischek's Parakeet ( 4924:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013 3570: 2767:Generalists and specialists 2587: 1933:: ground parrots and allies 511: 10: 12644: 12255:Human–dinosaur coexistence 11954:A History of British Birds 11760:In mythology and religion 10763:(cormorants and relatives) 9856:Extinct species since 1500 7700:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus 6629:Eberhard, Jessica (2002). 3485:A mounted specimen of the 3393: 3136: 3094:International parrot trade 3091: 2946: 2796: 2790: 2787:Sound imitation and speech 2718: 2576:-like insectivores, while 2352:, which is endemic to the 2284:is the only alpine parrot. 2178: 1716: 795: 18: 12288: 12260:Category:Birds and humans 12247: 12187:Henry Constantine Richter 12129: 12091: 11861: 11818: 11807: 11681: 11619: 11580: 11532: 11512: 11494: 11423: 11395: 11336: 11267: 11249: 11227: 11209: 11202: 11168: 11155:Red-tailed black cockatoo 11143: 11125: 11116: 11102:Cockatiel colour genetics 11087: 11080: 11063: 11047: 10942: 10893:(kingfishers and rollers) 10825: 10780: 10747:(albatrosses and petrels) 10719: 10690: 10661: 10640: 10631:(swifts and hummingbirds) 10613:(nightjars and relatives) 10601: 10564: 10555: 10522: 10485: 10476: 10467: 10463: 10437:(pheasants and relatives) 10412: 10336: 10295: 10233: 10205: 10181: 10157: 10130: 10051: 10038: 9995: 9968: 9964: 9903: 9899: 9888: 9884: 9823: 9726: 9626: 9576: 9503: 9433: 9420: 9185:: e.T22684689A156512185. 9122:10.1007/s10336-010-0499-7 9032:Kakapo Recovery Programme 8439:Craig, Robert D. (1989). 8202:"Expressions and Sayings" 7677:. Avian Welfare Coalition 7330:"Choosing a New Pet Bird" 7259:10.1007/s10071-011-0389-2 7044:: e.T22724813A129879439. 6760:Emery, Nathan J. (2006). 6233:"Golden-winged Parakeet ( 5901:American Bird Conservancy 5621:Bonaparte, C. L. (1850). 5156:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5113:(2 ed.). CRC Press. 4950:Evolution and Development 4765:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 4160:10.1080/08912960600641224 4023:10.1080/10635150600697390 3822:Emu - Austral Ornithology 3728:10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z 3307:legend as current in the 3284: 3203:and two parrots on their 2704:Intelligence and learning 2551:grey-backed storm petrels 1640: 1598: 1583: 1576: 1559: 1552: 1519: 1504: 1497: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1456:Broad-tailed parrots 1453: 1446: 1431: 1424: 1397: 1381: 1373: 1363: 1339: 1323: 1315: 1305: 1285: 1273: 1247: 1235: 1122: 1106: 1099: 1088:– Cockatoos (22 species) 1083: 1076: 1060: 1053: 945: 929: 922: 906: 899: 883: 876: 626:, uncovered in Denmark's 272: 263: 237: 232: 150:Scientific classification 148: 133:, the Palm cockatoo, the 30: 11872:Bird-and-flower painting 11291:Sulphur-crested cockatoo 11185:Carnaby's black cockatoo 10792:(seriemas and relatives) 10771:(pelicans and relatives) 9373:Internet Bird Collection 8909:. The World Parrot Trust 8772:: e.T22684834A93049105. 8506:Chung Tai World (2009). 8466:Handy, E. S. C. (1930). 8357:"Rio the Movie Synopsis" 8312:"The Dead Parrot sketch" 8264:"What is a Parrot Head?" 7965:"The Cat and the Parrot" 7714:: e.T22685516A93077457. 7532:"Biting: The Sharp Beak" 6921:10.1901/jeab.1988.50-553 5623:Conspectus Generum Avium 5544:Bradford, Alina (2014). 4839:. Birdlife International 4436:Messelastursubstantiates 3437:Threats and conservation 3211:is the national bird of 3072: 2938:Relationship with humans 2841:in the organ called the 2781:environmental enrichment 2625:(which may also exhibit 2163:Distribution and habitat 1223:(tribe Melopsittacini). 1203:better than white ones. 861:diverged around 65 569:Niobrara County, Wyoming 421:in the visual spectrum. 11286:Citron-crested cockatoo 11190:Baudin's black cockatoo 10885:(hornbills and hoopoes) 10800:(falcons and relatives) 8993:Journal of Biogeography 8972:. Beauty of Birds. 2011 8864:Ornitologia Neotropical 8826:Biological Conservation 8597:Sacred Animals of India 8044:Boehrer, Bruce (2004). 7945:. Defenders of Wildlife 7906:Avian Welfare Coalition 7654:. In Defense of Animals 7351:Grindol, Diane (2013). 7204:10.1196/annals.1298.041 6528:Biological Conservation 6381:Biological Conservation 6260:"Do Keas Attack Sheep?" 6258:Jackson, J. R. (1962). 5636:Heads, Michael (2012). 5254:10.1186/1471-2148-13-36 4382:Journal of Paleontology 4366:10.1111/1475-4983.00126 4183:Journal of Paleontology 3767:Biological Conservation 3534:New Caledonian lorikeet 2942: 2859: 2535:Golden-winged parakeets 2493:Chestnut-fronted macaws 2415: 2363:Few parrots are wholly 2071:buff-faced pygmy parrot 2069:range in size from the 1211:) within the subfamily 993:(New Zealand parrots), 21:Parrot (disambiguation) 12227:BirdLife International 12167:John Gerrard Keulemans 12119:of the Tower of London 11980:In theatre and ballet 11789:Driven grouse shooting 11479:Kea, Kākā and kākāpō ( 10869:(trogons and quetzals) 10681:(cranes and relatives) 9951:(emus and cassowaries) 9841:Glossary of bird terms 9653:Confuciusornithiformes 9329:Cameron, Matt (2007). 9110:Journal of Ornithology 8290:"PsittaScene Magazine" 7825:Soucek, Gayle (2008). 6778:10.1098/rstb.2005.1736 6294:) on Antipodes Island" 6235:Brotogeris chrysoptera 5921:Benham, W. B. (1906). 5196:10.1098/rspb.2011.0374 5009:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716 4877:10.1093/sysbio/syac055 4673:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 3889:10.1098/rspb.2021.1952 3677:. Merriam-Webster, Inc 3598:Parrots of New Zealand 3501: 3490: 3450: 3391: 3215:, a Caribbean nation. 3150: 3089: 3057: 2965: 2815: 2716: 2641: 2508: 2501:dusky-headed parakeets 2497:yellow-crowned amazons 2434: 2396: 2395:A rose-ringed parakeet 2388: 2304:, and the now-extinct 2285: 2176: 2120: 2063: 2006: 1968:: lories and lorikeets 1955:) with several species 1940:: broad-tailed parrots 1861:: two African genera, 1740:: New Zealand parrots 1731: 1200:Bacillus licheniformis 658: 529: 429: 142: 12567:Paleobiology Database 11160:Glossy black cockatoo 10710:(kagu and sunbittern) 10673:(gulls and relatives) 9678:Songlingornithiformes 9643:Omnivoropterygiformes 9101:Eunymphicus uvaeensis 8931:. World Parrot Trust. 8418:10.15184/aqy.2017.220 7157:10.1093/auk/100.4.853 6709:Of Parrots and People 6379:in Northern Brazil". 6288:Cyanoramphus unicolor 6181:Ecology and Evolution 5666:Steadman, D. (2006). 5401:10.56178/eh.v24i1.729 5383:Cyanoliseus patagonus 5178:Poicephalus senegalus 5136:"Powerful Bird Beaks" 4557:Schrader, O. (1890). 4238:Nature Communications 3961:10.1093/molbev/msn160 3603:Parrots of New Guinea 3496: 3484: 3444: 3385: 3149:Collection Lima, Peru 3145:Moche parrot, 200 CE 3144: 3080: 3052: 2956: 2947:Further information: 2813: 2711: 2682:vernal hanging parrot 2635: 2491: 2428: 2394: 2386: 2279: 2273:and the Philippines. 2170: 2115: 2060:Glossy black cockatoo 2058: 1995:Blue and gold macaw ( 1994: 1810:: the black cockatoos 1729: 825:(23/24–79 CE) in his 652:Green River Formation 649: 565:Lance Creek Formation 524: 517:Origins and evolution 469:wild parrots for the 427: 358:(Old World parrots), 334:with a strong curved 256:(New Zealand parrots) 124: 12443:Fauna Europaea (new) 12145:The Birds of America 11931:Ode to a Nightingale 11629:Birds of New Zealand 11624:List of Strigopoidea 10532:Phoenicopteriformes 9365:at Wikimedia Commons 9148:Psephotus dissimilis 8292:. World Parrot Trust 7806:on 10 September 2008 6706:Tweti, Mira (2008). 6462:Aratinga canicularis 6414:Eberhard, J (1998). 6239:. World Parrot Trust 5897:"Red-crowned Parrot" 5572:Parrots of the World 5047:Parrots of the World 4721:"Parrots, cockatoos" 4719:, eds. (July 2023). 4045:Stidham, T. (1998). 3557:rose-ringed parakeet 3388:red-masked parakeets 3323:in what are now the 2977:rose-ringed parakeet 2928:repair of DNA damage 2926:binding/processing, 2648:and five species of 2638:rose-ringed parakeet 2615:Cooperative breeding 2296:. Three species—the 2100:Parrots have strong 1915:(Pesquet's parrot), 1730:Skeleton of a parrot 663:transitional fossils 601:, forming the clade 536:may have evolved in 438:lories and lorikeets 411:imitate human speech 405:—are among the most 19:For other uses, see 12182:Roger Tory Peterson 11599:(supporting pages: 11387:Red-vented cockatoo 11350:Long-billed corella 10503:Mesitornithiformes 10497:(doves and pigeons) 9831:Families and orders 9693:Ichthyornithiformes 9668:Patagopterygiformes 9283:"CITES Information" 8822:Nestor meridionalis 8802:"The Monk Parakeet" 8518:on 22 November 2020 8512:Chung Tai Monastery 8345:on 30 October 2021. 8147:"The National Bird" 7243:Psittacus erithacus 7196:2004NYASA1016..109S 7074:Psittacus erithacus 7030:Psittacus erithacus 6997:1997SPIE.3033...14P 6862:2015PLoSO..1026170C 6821:on 1 September 2007 6600:2006EmuAO.106...69M 6540:1997BCons..79..145P 6393:1986BCons..36..329O 6193:2014EcoEv...4.2867S 6146:2000EmuAO.100..274G 6054:1999Natur.400..120D 5870:Myiopsitta monachus 5715:on 24 February 2013 5602:on 25 December 2017 5471:2014Ostri..85..205M 5245:2013BMCEE..13...36O 5190:(1725): 3687–3693. 4916:2005MolPE..36..706D 4629:10.1038/nature15697 4620:2015Natur.526..569P 4452:2011JSPal...9..159M 4394:2011JPal...85..835K 4357:2000Palgy..43..271D 4250:2011NatCo...2..443S 4195:2011JPal...85..835K 4152:2006HBio...18..227W 4109:1999Natur.399..317D 4066:1998Natur.396...29S 3834:2018EmuAO.118...94O 3779:2017BCons.214..278B 3720:2016BiCon..25..205O 3545:rosy-faced lovebird 3476:Puerto Rican amazon 3470:, as they lack the 3402:red shining-parrots 3370:and the poet-saint 2934:response pathways. 2514:Lories, lorikeets, 2342:red-crowned amazons 2298:thick-billed parrot 2032:: Asian psittacines 2003:Museum of Osteology 1326:Neotropical parrots 546:Neotropical Parrots 491:charismatic species 401:Parrots—along with 376:IUCN Red List Index 12197:Archibald Thorburn 12140:John James Audubon 11318:Blue-eyed cockatoo 11219:Gang-gang cockatoo 10845:(eagles and hawks) 10745:Procellariiformes 10650:Opisthocomiformes 10619:Steatornithiformes 9846:List by population 9683:Hongshanornithidae 9608:Evolution of birds 9309:"World Parrot Day" 9171:Charmosyna diadema 8970:"Rainbow Lorikeet" 8629:on 2 December 2013 8105:on 14 October 2016 7771:. One Green Planet 7109:The New York Times 6568:. 21 October 2016. 6020:The New York Times 5568:Forshaw, Joseph M. 5071:Forshaw, Joseph M. 4864:Systematic Biology 4715:; Donsker, David; 4258:10.1038/ncomms1448 4140:Historical Biology 4010:Systematic Biology 3506:World Parrot Trust 3502: 3491: 3456:agricultural pests 3451: 3392: 3334:people of ancient 3245:Dead Parrot sketch 3209:St. Vincent parrot 3151: 3090: 3058: 3003:, amazon parrots, 2966: 2816: 2717: 2642: 2584:-like carnivores. 2547:Antipodes parakeet 2541:, the New Zealand 2509: 2435: 2397: 2389: 2286: 2177: 2121: 2064: 2007: 1732: 847:monophyletic clade 659: 530: 463:(helpless) young. 430: 346:, found mostly in 143: 12605: 12604: 12554:Open Tree of Life 12282:Taxon identifiers 12273: 12272: 12208:Conservationists 12177:Richard Lewington 11967:The Ugly Duckling 11784:Cormorant fishing 11711:Bird conservation 11637: 11636: 11615: 11614: 11576: 11575: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11446: 11445: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11382:Solomons cockatoo 11296:Eleonora cockatoo 11245: 11244: 11198: 11197: 11112: 11111: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11071: 10998: 10997: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10731:(loons or divers) 10700:Phaethontiformes 10692:Phaethontimorphae 10642:Opisthocomiformes 10611:Caprimulgiformes 10551: 10550: 10540:Podicipediformes 10459: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10177: 10176: 9960: 9959: 9917:Struthioniformes 9785:Waterfowl hunting 9718:Gastornithiformes 9713:Aepyornithiformes 9703:Lithornithiformes 9361:Media related to 9342:978-0-643-09232-7 9078:"Kākāpō Recovery" 8955:978-2-8317-0504-0 8855:Amazona ventralis 8666:978-0-520-96264-4 8607:978-81-8475-182-6 8580:978-0-7914-8261-2 8553:978-0-8248-3215-5 8492:978-0-500-01802-6 8468:Marquesan Legends 8452:978-0-313-25890-9 8240:Project Gutenberg 8153:on 17 August 2016 8057:978-0-8122-3793-1 8021:Gamard, Ibrahim. 7838:978-0-7641-3850-8 7753:978-0-12-041001-9 7463:on 3 January 2017 7441:978-0-86622-094-1 7005:10.1117/12.274039 6965:978-1-107-03260-6 6844:Amazona amazonica 6741:(12): 1913–1928. 6719:978-0-14-311575-5 6689:978-1-85391-186-6 6377:Aratinga guarouba 6361:978-84-87334-22-1 6201:10.1002/ece3.1131 6187:(14): 2867–2883. 6128:Lathamus discolor 6110:10.1111/ibi.12630 6048:(6740): 120–121. 5999:978-1-4081-3575-4 5972:978-84-87334-22-1 5677:978-0-226-77142-7 5649:978-0-520-27196-8 5581:978-0-7137-2134-8 5530:978-0-520-24406-1 5120:978-1-4200-6444-5 5092:978-0-691-09251-5 5056:978-0-7018-0690-3 4800:978-0-9568611-0-8 4717:Rasmussen, Pamela 4614:(7574): 569–573. 4513:978-0-520-23925-8 4103:(6734): 317–318. 3955:(10): 2141–2156. 3651:on 27 August 2007 3487:Carolina parakeet 3378:Feral populations 3309:Marquesas Islands 3164:The Book of Rites 3121:and outbreaks of 2811: 2721:Bird intelligence 2640:, cavity nesters. 2469:rather than seed 2426: 2306:Carolina parakeet 2153:sexual dimorphism 1808:Calyptorhynchinae 1710: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1410: 1409: 1352: 1351: 1261: 1260: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1135: 986: 985: 977: 976: 968: 967: 959: 958: 542:million years ago 459:from which hatch 419:sexual dimorphism 390:of parrots is in 366:(cockatoos), and 288:), also known as 277: 276: 228: 12635: 12598: 12597: 12585: 12584: 12575: 12574: 12562: 12561: 12549: 12548: 12539: 12538: 12526: 12525: 12523:NBNSYS0000160823 12513: 12512: 12500: 12499: 12487: 12486: 12474: 12473: 12461: 12460: 12451: 12450: 12438: 12437: 12425: 12424: 12412: 12411: 12399: 12398: 12386: 12385: 12373: 12372: 12363: 12362: 12360:47B16A4A4FA8A23E 12350: 12349: 12337: 12336: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12277: 12276: 11813: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11641: 11640: 11606:Sirocco (parrot) 11585: 11584: 11558:New Zealand kākā 11539: 11538: 11510: 11509: 11501: 11500: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11450: 11449: 11365:Butler's corella 11306:Mathews cockatoo 11265: 11264: 11254: 11253: 11207: 11206: 11123: 11122: 11085: 11084: 11061: 11060: 11052: 11051: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11002: 11001: 10986: 10985: 10974: 10962: 10961: 10950: 10949: 10902: 10894: 10886: 10878: 10875:Leptosomiformes 10870: 10862: 10854: 10846: 10843:Accipitriformes 10838: 10817: 10816:(perching birds) 10809: 10801: 10793: 10772: 10764: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10737:Sphenisciformes 10732: 10711: 10703: 10682: 10674: 10671:Charadriiformes 10653: 10632: 10614: 10593: 10585: 10582:Musophagiformes 10577: 10562: 10561: 10543: 10535: 10514: 10506: 10498: 10483: 10482: 10474: 10473: 10465: 10464: 10438: 10425: 10203: 10202: 10199: 10192: 10105: 10098: 10062: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10032: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9966: 9965: 9952: 9944: 9936: 9928: 9920: 9905: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9753:Bird collections 9708:Dinornithiformes 9613:Darwin's finches 9603:Origin of flight 9543:Seabird breeding 9533:Sexual selection 9402: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9360: 9346: 9317: 9316: 9315:. 22 April 2017. 9313:Northern Parrots 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9289:on 14 April 2017 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9244: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9227:on 11 April 2016 9226: 9219: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9194: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9107: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9034:. Archived from 9023: 9017: 9016: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8861: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8758:Nestor productus 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8735:. pp. 27–29 8727:"It's Spreading" 8719: 8713: 8712: 8680: 8671: 8670: 8648: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8625:. Archived from 8618: 8612: 8611: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8514:. Archived from 8503: 8497: 8496: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8359:. Fandango. 2011 8353: 8347: 8346: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8204:. Archived from 8200:Swithenbank, G. 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8180:World Wide Words 8175:(10 June 2000). 8173:Quinion, Michael 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8025:. Dar-Al Masnavi 8018: 8012: 8011: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7884:on 13 April 2019 7874: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7828:Gouldian Finches 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7723: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7628:Coila, Bridget. 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7579:Leisure, Susan. 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7519:on 19 June 2008. 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7492:on 22 April 2016 7482: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7433: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7381:. Archived from 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7296:. Archived from 7285: 7279: 7278: 7247:Animal Cognition 7238: 7232: 7231: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7053: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6932: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6883: 6873: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6817:. Archived from 6806: 6800: 6799: 6789: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6650: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6585: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6424: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6345: 6339: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6298: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5956: 5939: 5938: 5925:Nestor notabilis 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5879:Bird Populations 5876: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5838: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5704: 5698: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429:. Archived from 5412: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5325: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5256: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5134:Sweat, Rebecca. 5131: 5125: 5124: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5080: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5042: 5031: 5030: 5020: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4879: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4783:Remsen, J.V. Jr. 4775: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4675: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4402:10.1666/10-108.1 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4279: 4269: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4203:10.1666/10-108.1 4178: 4172: 4171: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3940: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3637: 3626: 3619: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3563:World Parrot Day 3390:in San Francisco 3349:Chinese Buddhist 3287: 3286: 3280: 3201:flag of Dominica 2949:Companion parrot 2932:oxidative stress 2824:Irene Pepperberg 2812: 2667:burrowing parrot 2555:New Zealand kākā 2463:Pesquet's parrot 2457:, and sometimes 2427: 2247:Tierra del Fuego 2233:. The subfamily 2227:French Polynesia 2173:austral parakeet 2117:Eclectus parrots 1760:New Zealand kākā 1579: 1578: 1555: 1554: 1500: 1499: 1485:Fig parrots 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1449: 1448: 1427: 1426: 1376: 1375: 1370:Psittrichasiidae 1366: 1365: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1276: 1275: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1102: 1101: 1079: 1078: 1056: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1036:Pamela Rasmussen 925: 924: 902: 901: 879: 878: 869: 868: 814: 804: 798: 797: 603:Psittacopasserae 487:invasive species 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 268: 223: 210:Psittacopasseres 158: 157: 115: 111: 48: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12593: 12588: 12580: 12578: 12570: 12565: 12557: 12552: 12544: 12542: 12534: 12529: 12521: 12516: 12508: 12503: 12495: 12490: 12482: 12477: 12469: 12464: 12456: 12454: 12446: 12441: 12433: 12428: 12420: 12415: 12407: 12402: 12394: 12389: 12381: 12376: 12368: 12366: 12358: 12353: 12345: 12340: 12332: 12327: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12284: 12274: 12269: 12243: 12125: 12087: 11857: 11814: 11805: 11677: 11668: 11638: 11633: 11611: 11572: 11520: 11490: 11477: 11447: 11442: 11411: 11399: 11391: 11355:Western corella 11342: 11332: 11311:Triton cockatoo 11273: 11241: 11223: 11194: 11164: 11146:Calyptorhynchus 11139: 11108: 11068: 11043: 11029: 10999: 10994: 10906: 10900: 10892: 10884: 10883:Bucerotiformes 10877:(cuckoo-roller) 10876: 10868: 10860: 10852: 10844: 10836: 10835:Cathartiformes 10821: 10815: 10807: 10806:Psittaciformes 10799: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769:Pelecaniformes 10762: 10754: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10715: 10709: 10708:Eurypygiformes 10701: 10686: 10680: 10672: 10657: 10651: 10636: 10630: 10612: 10597: 10591: 10583: 10575: 10547: 10541: 10533: 10518: 10512: 10511:Pterocliformes 10504: 10496: 10447: 10436: 10423: 10408: 10332: 10291: 10229: 10194: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10173: 10153: 10126: 10103: 10096: 10056: 10055: 10043: 10042: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9956: 9950: 9949:Casuariiformes 9942: 9941:Apterygiformes 9934: 9926: 9918: 9895: 9880: 9851:Lists by region 9819: 9729: 9722: 9663:Chaoyangiformes 9648:Jeholornithidae 9622: 9586:Origin of birds 9572: 9553:Brood parasites 9499: 9429: 9416: 9406: 9353: 9343: 9325: 9320: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9165: 9161: 9153: 9141: 9137: 9105: 9095: 9091: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9059: 9057: 9048: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9024: 9020: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8859: 8849: 8845: 8817: 8813: 8808:on 1 July 2007. 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8725:(1 June 2009). 8720: 8716: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8649: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8479: 8475: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8270:on 21 June 2016 8262: 8261: 8257: 8244: 8242: 8234:The False Count 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8208:on 30 June 2018 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7876: 7875: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7528: 7524: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7430:The Grey Parrot 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7385:on 28 July 2013 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7286: 7282: 7239: 7235: 7176: 7172: 7137: 7130: 7121: 7119: 7101: 7097: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7024: 7020: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6901: 6897: 6856:(6): e0126170. 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6807: 6803: 6772:(1465): 23–43. 6758: 6754: 6747:10.1139/z03-190 6731: 6727: 6720: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6676: 6672: 6627: 6623: 6608:10.1071/MU04047 6583: 6577: 6573: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6524: 6520: 6505:10.1071/ZO02003 6489: 6485: 6458: 6454: 6439:10.2307/4089204 6422: 6412: 6408: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6346: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6296: 6282: 6278: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6173: 6169: 6122: 6118: 6089: 6085: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6023: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5942: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5874: 5864: 5860: 5836:10.2307/1370222 5815: 5811: 5780: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5751: 5747: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5707:Steve Baldwin. 5705: 5701: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5596:"Pygmy parrots" 5594: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5511: 5502: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5433:on 20 June 2018 5377: 5373: 5342: 5338: 5326: 5322: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5284: 5280: 5225: 5221: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5139: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5043: 5034: 4997:Biology Letters 4989: 4985: 4946: 4939: 4900: 4893: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4785:, eds. (2013). 4779:Dickinson, E.C. 4776: 4772: 4749: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4710: 4699: 4652: 4645: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4579:Merriam-Webster 4573: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4482: 4475: 4432: 4425: 4378: 4374: 4337: 4333: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4281: 4280: 4230: 4226: 4179: 4175: 4136: 4132: 4093: 4089: 4060:(6706): 29–30. 4049: 4043: 4039: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3941: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3869: 3865: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3758: 3751: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3593:List of parrots 3583: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3565: 3500:in conservatory 3439: 3398: 3380: 3360:Hindu mythology 3271: 3229:The False Count 3139: 3096: 3082:Hyacinth macaws 3075: 2985:The Grey Parrot 2981:Pliny the Elder 2951: 2945: 2940: 2906:The heightened 2904: 2895: 2862: 2803: 2801: 2799:Animal language 2795: 2789: 2751:cerebral cortex 2723: 2706: 2623:golden parakeet 2619:El Oro parakeet 2590: 2516:hanging parrots 2475:consuming fruit 2420: 2418: 2381: 2346:alpine climates 2263:Solomon Islands 2215:endemic species 2203:Central America 2183: 2165: 2157:eclectus parrot 2053: 1907:Psittrichasinae 1892:: seven genera. 1847:: true parrots 1721: 1719:List of parrots 1715: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1586:Hanging parrots 1542: 1533: 1411: 1384:Psittrichadinae 1353: 1262: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1137: 987: 978: 969: 960: 839: 827:Natural History 823:Pliny the Elder 787: 781:around 20 mya. 754:Messelasturidae 738:Quercypsittidae 685:Halcyornithidae 573:Late Cretaceous 519: 514: 297: 293: 259: 222: 152: 144: 123: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 43: 42: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12641: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12623:Psittaciformes 12620: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12586: 12576: 12563: 12550: 12540: 12527: 12514: 12501: 12488: 12475: 12462: 12458:psittaciformes 12452: 12439: 12430:Fauna Europaea 12426: 12413: 12400: 12387: 12374: 12364: 12351: 12347:Psittaciformes 12338: 12334:Psittaciformes 12325: 12320:Psittaciformes 12310: 12294: 12292: 12290:Psittaciformes 12286: 12285: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12251: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12223:Organisations 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12031:Animated films 12028: 12021: 12014: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11969: 11964: 11957: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11904:Gallic rooster 11901: 11896: 11891: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11877:Feather tights 11874: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11824: 11822: 11816: 11815: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11749:Model organism 11743: 11742: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11691: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11667: 11666: 11659: 11652: 11644: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11603: 11601:List of Kākāpō 11593: 11591: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11549: 11547: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11507: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11476: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11453: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11403: 11401: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11372:Little corella 11369: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11360:Muir's corella 11352: 11346: 11344: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11288: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11262: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11215: 11213: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11176: 11174: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11131: 11129: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11093: 11091: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11058: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11005: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10980: 10968: 10956: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10904: 10896: 10891:Coraciiformes 10888: 10880: 10872: 10867:Trogoniformes 10864: 10856: 10848: 10840: 10831: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10814:Passeriformes 10811: 10803: 10798:Falconiformes 10795: 10790:Cariamiformes 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10766: 10758: 10753:Ciconiiformes 10750: 10742: 10734: 10725: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10705: 10696: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10676: 10667: 10665: 10663:Cursorimorphae 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10587: 10579: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10537: 10528: 10526: 10524:Mirandornithes 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10508: 10500: 10495:Columbiformes 10491: 10489: 10487:Columbimorphae 10480: 10471: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10432: 10427: 10422:Meleagridinae 10418: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10399: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10340: 10338:Odontophoridae 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10301: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10211: 10209: 10200: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10163: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10117:Stictonettinae 10114: 10112:Dendrocygninae 10109: 10108: 10107: 10100: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10065: 10063: 10046: 10033: 9990: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9946: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9913: 9911: 9897: 9896: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9865:Notable birds 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9815:Egg collecting 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9734: 9732: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9698:Hesperornithes 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9673:Ambiortiformes 9670: 9665: 9660: 9658:Enantiornithes 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9582: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9450: 9445: 9439: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9366: 9363:Psittaciformes 9352: 9351:External links 9349: 9348: 9347: 9341: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9300: 9274: 9252: 9205: 9159: 9135: 9116:(3): 695–701. 9089: 9069: 9028:"Then and Now" 9018: 8999:(3): 387–393. 8983: 8961: 8954: 8934: 8920: 8898: 8873: 8843: 8811: 8792: 8746: 8732:The New Yorker 8714: 8695:(2): 142–149. 8672: 8665: 8640: 8613: 8606: 8586: 8579: 8559: 8552: 8538:Idema, Wilt L. 8529: 8498: 8491: 8473: 8458: 8451: 8431: 8392: 8370: 8348: 8327: 8303: 8281: 8255: 8219: 8192: 8164: 8138: 8116: 8089: 8063: 8056: 8047:Parrot Culture 8036: 8013: 8006: 7978: 7956: 7931: 7917: 7895: 7866: 7844: 7837: 7817: 7782: 7759: 7752: 7734: 7688: 7665: 7643: 7620: 7594: 7571: 7556:Patt, Jill M. 7545: 7522: 7503: 7474: 7447: 7440: 7418: 7396: 7365: 7343: 7321: 7311: 7300:on 20 May 2011 7280: 7253:(4): 545–553. 7233: 7190:(1): 109–129. 7170: 7151:(4): 853–862. 7128: 7095: 7084:(3): 293–299. 7064: 7018: 6971: 6964: 6944: 6915:(3): 553–564. 6895: 6832: 6801: 6752: 6725: 6718: 6695: 6688: 6670: 6641:(2): 240–247. 6621: 6571: 6553: 6534:(2): 145–153. 6518: 6483: 6472:(2): 311–320. 6452: 6433:(2): 455–464. 6406: 6387:(4): 329–337. 6367: 6360: 6340: 6324: 6276: 6250: 6224: 6167: 6154:10.1071/MU9916 6140:(4): 274–279. 6116: 6103:(4): 742–754. 6083: 6032: 6005: 5998: 5978: 5971: 5940: 5913: 5888: 5858: 5809: 5790:(2): 142–149. 5771: 5745: 5726: 5699: 5683: 5676: 5655: 5648: 5628: 5613: 5587: 5580: 5559: 5536: 5529: 5500: 5465:(3): 205–233. 5444: 5371: 5336: 5320: 5304: 5292:BBC Earth News 5278: 5219: 5163: 5126: 5119: 5098: 5091: 5062: 5055: 5032: 5003:(2): 214–216. 4983: 4956:(6): 590–601. 4937: 4910:(3): 706–721. 4891: 4870:(1): 228–241. 4850: 4828: 4806: 4799: 4770: 4738: 4697: 4666:(1): 108–127. 4643: 4591: 4566: 4549: 4519: 4512: 4492: 4473: 4446:(1): 159–171. 4423: 4388:(5): 835–852. 4372: 4351:(2): 271–285. 4331: 4318:(3): 575–582. 4295: 4224: 4189:(5): 835–852. 4173: 4146:(2): 227–238. 4130: 4087: 4037: 4016:(3): 454–470. 3996: 3984: 3928: 3912: 3863: 3802: 3749: 3714:(2): 205–223. 3688: 3662: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3526:Ouvea parakeet 3498:Senegal parrot 3460:monk parakeets 3438: 3435: 3394:Main article: 3379: 3376: 3294:tomb of Fu Hao 3270: 3267: 3187:Parrot Culture 3138: 3135: 3127:European Union 3092:Main article: 3074: 3071: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2861: 2858: 2850:amazon parrots 2791:Main article: 2788: 2785: 2705: 2702: 2695:As typical of 2589: 2586: 2578:messelasturids 2568:were probably 2537:prey on water 2522:are primarily 2417: 2414: 2380: 2377: 2326:United Kingdom 2310:monk parakeets 2302:green parakeet 2199:Southeast Asia 2164: 2161: 2141:red-fan parrot 2091:bill tip organ 2075:hyacinth macaw 2067:Living species 2052: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2026: 2025:: three genera 2013: 2012:: three genera 2010:Agapornithinae 1988: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1973:Melopsittacini 1969: 1956: 1947:Psittacellinae 1943: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1921: 1909:: two genera, 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1873: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1811: 1804: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773:of New Zealand 1763: 1717:Main article: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563:Bolbopsittacus 1558: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1192:psittacofulvin 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1050:Psittaciformes 1044: 984: 983: 980: 979: 975: 974: 971: 970: 966: 965: 962: 961: 957: 956: 953: 952: 948:Psittaciformes 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 928: 923: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 905: 900: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 882: 877: 875: 867: 838: 835: 786: 783: 774: 773: 772: 771: 764: 750: 749: 748: 734: 733: 732: 718: 717: 716: 713:Pseudasturides 709: 702: 695: 681: 674: 623:Mopsitta tanta 580:oviraptorosaur 527:oviraptorosaur 518: 515: 513: 510: 285:Psittaciformes 275: 274: 270: 269: 261: 260: 258: 257: 251: 250:(true parrots) 245: 238: 235: 234: 233:Superfamilies 230: 229: 220:Psittaciformes 217: 213: 212: 207: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 146: 145: 135:South American 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 33: 16:Order of birds 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12640: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12537: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455:Featherbase: 12453: 12449: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12321: 12315: 12311: 12306: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12278: 12266: 12265:Zoomusicology 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12152:Thomas Bewick 12150: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12136:Illustrators 12135: 12134: 12132: 12128: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12081:Chicken dance 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12066:Feather cloak 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12036:Chicken films 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11943: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11794:Plume hunting 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11734:Pigeon racing 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11660: 11658: 11653: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11642: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11518: 11517: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11474: 11469: 11467: 11462: 11460: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11211:Callocephalon 11208: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11135:Palm cockatoo 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11067: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11003: 10991: 10990: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10903: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10873: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10855: 10851:Strigiformes 10849: 10847: 10841: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10765: 10759: 10757: 10751: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10704: 10702:(tropicbirds) 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10624:Podargiformes 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10574:Cuculiformes 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10272:Macrocephalon 10269: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10159:Anseranatidae 10156: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10099: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10024: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9967: 9963: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9937: 9933:Tinamiformes 9931: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9909:Palaeognathae 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795:Pigeon racing 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9637:Archaeopteryx 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9369:Parrot videos 9367: 9364: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9344: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9323:Cited sources 9314: 9310: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9262: 9256: 9248: 9242: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9172: 9163: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9102: 9093: 9079: 9073: 9065: 9052: 9038:on 2010-06-16 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8957: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8938: 8930: 8924: 8908: 8902: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8858: 8856: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8677: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8645: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8563: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8380: 8374: 8358: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8291: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8252: 8241: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8127:. World Atlas 8126: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8078:on 3 May 2016 8077: 8073: 8067: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8040: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8007:9780195398915 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7982: 7966: 7960: 7941: 7935: 7924: 7922: 7905: 7899: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7854: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7802: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7676: 7669: 7653: 7647: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7552: 7550: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7422: 7406: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7354: 7347: 7331: 7325: 7315: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6314:on 2021-03-03 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062:10.1038/22014 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5871: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5548:. LiveScience 5547: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5233:BMC Evol Biol 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:Palaeontology 4342: 4335: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312:Palaeontology 4306: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4117:10.1038/20583 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074:10.1038/23841 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828:(1): 94–112. 3827: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3276: 3275:Shang dynasty 3266: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235:are known as 3234: 3233:Jimmy Buffett 3230: 3227:'s 1681 play 3226: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3169:Ancient China 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155:Aesop's fable 3148: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3054:Scarlet macaw 3051: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2959:Cuban amazons 2955: 2950: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:cell division 2913: 2909: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:vocalizations 2857: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:blue lorikeet 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2646:monk parakeet 2639: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:Pseudasturids 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:swift parrots 2517: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2406:tree canopies 2402: 2393: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2373:swift parrots 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2354:Southern Alps 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:New York City 2319: 2318:United States 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267:New Caledonia 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:Platycercinae 2252: 2251:Micropsittini 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:South America 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2042: 2041:pygmy parrots 2038: 2037:Micropsittini 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017:Psittaculinae 2014: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1985:: fig parrots 1984: 1983:Cyclopsittini 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949:: one genus ( 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925:Platycercinae 1922: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901:Psittaculidae 1898: 1891: 1890:Androglossini 1887: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1825:palm cockatoo 1822: 1821:Microglossini 1818: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573: 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1093: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003:Psittaculidae 1000: 997:(Cockatoos), 996: 992: 982: 981: 973: 972: 964: 963: 955: 954: 951: 949: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 933: 932:Passeriformes 927: 926: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 910: 909:Falconiformes 904: 903: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 887: 886:Cariamiformes 881: 880: 874: 871: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855:Passeriformes 852: 848: 844: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819: 813: 808: 803: 792: 791:ancient Greek 782: 780: 779:Early Miocene 770: 769: 765: 763: 762: 758: 757: 756: 755: 751: 747: 746: 742: 741: 740: 739: 735: 731: 730: 726: 725: 724: 723: 719: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707: 706:Pulchrapollia 703: 701: 700: 696: 694: 693: 689: 688: 687: 686: 682: 680: 679: 675: 673: 672: 668: 667: 666: 664: 657: 653: 648: 644: 642: 641: 636: 632: 631:Fur Formation 629: 625: 624: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 528: 523: 509: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 473:, as well as 472: 468: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 426: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 392:South America 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:Psittaculidae 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 327: 291: 287: 286: 281: 271: 267: 262: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 231: 226: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 147: 140: 136: 132: 128: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 47: 41: 37: 29: 26: 22: 12289: 12212:Niels Krabbe 12162:Lars Jonsson 12143: 12099:Golden eagle 12041:Horror films 12025:The Big Year 12023: 12016: 12009: 11999:The Firebird 11997: 11990: 11983: 11971: 11959: 11952: 11940: 11936:To a Skylark 11923: 11724:Cockfighting 11694:Birdwatching 11588: 11568:Chatham kākā 11563:Norfolk kākā 11542: 11514: 11484: 11396: 11337: 11268: 11257: 11228: 11210: 11203:Pink or grey 11169: 11144: 11126: 11088: 11039: 10987: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10861:(mousebirds) 10859:Coliiformes 10805: 10729:Gaviiformes 10721:Aequornithes 10629:Apodiformes 10590:Otidiformes 10566:Otidimorphae 10513:(sandgrouse) 10435:Phasianinae 10401: 10394: 10387: 10382:Odontophorus 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10220:Oreophasinae 10166: 10146: 10139: 10044:(waterfowls) 10040:Anseriformes 9790:Cockfighting 9775:Conservation 9770:Bird feeding 9758:Birdwatching 9748:Ornithomancy 9688:Gansuiformes 9635: 9628:Fossil birds 9518:Intelligence 9331: 9312: 9303: 9291:. 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Retrieved 4578: 4569: 4559: 4552: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4502: 4495: 4484:Cameron 2007 4443: 4439: 4435: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4315: 4311: 4298: 4284:cite journal 4244:(8): 443–8. 4241: 4237: 4227: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3952: 3948: 3923:, 20220245, 3920: 3915: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3825: 3821: 3796:11449/170151 3770: 3766: 3711: 3707: 3679:. Retrieved 3674: 3671:"Psittacine" 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3649:the original 3644: 3641:"Psittacine" 3635: 3617: 3585:Birds portal 3566: 3538: 3531: 3522: 3514:Birdwatching 3509: 3503: 3464: 3452: 3447:Norfolk kākā 3431:parrot fever 3427: 3410:Captain Cook 3399: 3396:Feral parrot 3357: 3329: 3325:Cook Islands 3302: 3290:Zhou dynasty 3272: 3260: 3254: 3250:Home Alone 3 3248: 3241:Monty Python 3228: 3217: 3205:coat of arms 3198: 3191: 3186: 3172: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3147:Larco Museum 3131: 3116: 3101: 3097: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3040: 3034: 3028: 2990: 2984: 2970: 2967: 2922:regulation, 2905: 2896: 2870:hummingbirds 2863: 2855: 2847: 2836: 2817: 2793:Talking bird 2772:vasa parrots 2760: 2727:grey parrots 2724: 2694: 2671: 2659:microclimate 2643: 2611:Allopreening 2591: 2563: 2532: 2513: 2510: 2436: 2398: 2362: 2358:South Island 2312:, have been 2287: 2184: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2099: 2083: 2065: 2030:Psittaculini 1998:Ara ararauna 1996: 1950: 1938:Platycercini 1916: 1910: 1868: 1862: 1844:Psittacoidea 1842:Superfamily 1841: 1840: 1785:: cockatoos 1780:Superfamily 1779: 1778: 1737:Strigopoidea 1735:Superfamily 1734: 1733: 1722: 1642: 1641: 1599: 1584: 1561: 1560: 1520: 1505: 1483: 1454: 1432: 1398: 1382: 1340: 1324: 1301:Psittacoidea 1286: 1248: 1243:Strigopoidea 1198: 1188:Dyck texture 1184:gall bladder 1182:arteries, a 1172:Psittacoidea 1168:Strigopoidea 1165: 1123: 1107: 1084: 1061: 1049: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1006: 988: 947: 946: 934:– songbirds 930: 907: 884: 843:phylogenetic 840: 830: 826: 816: 793:for parrot, 788: 775: 766: 759: 752: 745:Quercypsitta 743: 736: 727: 722:Vastanavidae 720: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 660: 640:Rhynchaeites 638: 628:Early Eocene 621: 611: 595:sister group 584: 577:caenagnathid 554: 550:monophyletic 531: 499: 479:habitat loss 465: 449:tree hollows 436:, while the 431: 400: 289: 284: 283: 279: 278: 254:Strigopoidea 248:Psittacoidea 219: 203: 25: 12479:iNaturalist 12314:Wikispecies 12217:Peter Scott 12202:Joseph Wolf 12192:Joseph Smit 12172:Edward Lear 12109:Pigeon/Dove 12076:Cendrawasih 12061:Feather boa 12052:In fashion 11884:In heraldry 11862:In the arts 11799:Wildfowling 11780:In hunting 11769:Sacred ibis 11754:Ornithology 11745:In science 11739:Vinkensport 11581:Strigopidae 11486:Strigopidae 11127:Probosciger 10989:WikiProject 10899:Piciformes 10782:Australaves 10761:Suliformes 10679:Gruiformes 10534:(flamingos) 10443:Tetraoninae 10414:Phasianidae 10403:Rhynchortyx 10368:Dactylortyx 10235:Megapodidae 10225:Penelopinae 10183:Galliformes 9925:Rheiformes 9919:(ostriches) 9869:individuals 9743:Ornithology 9730:interaction 9485:Preen gland 9198:12 November 8785:12 November 8701:10.1647/183 8228:Behn, Aphra 7949:23 December 7810:9 September 7727:12 November 7389:6 September 7057:12 November 6825:9 September 5796:10.1647/183 5719:27 February 5437:8 September 5352:(1): 8–14. 4713:Gill, Frank 3773:: 278–287. 3681:9 September 3655:9 September 3510:PsittaScene 3311:, the hero 3237:parrotheads 3221:psittacosis 3112:Loro Parque 3042:Poicephalus 3017:budgerigars 2893:Cooperation 2777:stereotyped 2665:, with the 2598:territories 2320:(including 2294:New Zealand 2223:Philippines 2087:keratinised 1952:Psittacella 1912:Psittrichas 1885:: 18 genera 1870:Poicephalus 1859:Psittacinae 1853:Psittacidae 1797:Nymphicinae 1782:Cacatuoidea 1767:Strigopinae 1746:Strigopidae 1713:Systematics 1644:Psittacella 1342:Psittacinae 1312:Psittacidae 1281:Cacatuoidea 1250:Strigopidae 1176:Cacatuoidea 1109:Psittacidae 1063:Strigopidae 1018:Psittrichas 999:Psittacidae 991:Strigopidae 888:– seriemas 873:Australaves 859:Australaves 802:'Psittacus' 761:Messelastur 671:Psittacopes 502:tripedalism 483:competition 407:intelligent 396:Australasia 380:pantropical 368:Strigopidae 364:Cacatuoidea 360:Psittacidae 352:subtropical 290:psittacines 244:(cockatoos) 242:Cacatuoidea 127:New Zealand 12612:Categories 12157:John Gould 11920:In poetry 11894:Crow/Raven 11774:Sky burial 11689:Aviculture 11682:Activities 11534:Nestoridae 11400:(subgenus) 11397:Lophochroa 11343:(subgenus) 11274:(subgenus) 11048:Appearance 11040:Cacatuidae 10739:(penguins) 10592:(bustards) 10430:Perdicinae 10375:Dendrortyx 10347:Callipepla 10279:Megapodius 10244:Aepypodius 10122:Tadorninae 10104:true geese 9935:(tinamous) 9894:Neornithes 9805:Pheasantry 9780:Aviculture 9548:Incubation 9538:Lek mating 9083:2024-03-30 9060:|url= 9042:2024-09-08 8870:: 405–417. 8245:13 January 8212:13 October 8185:13 October 7632:. The nest 7583:. The nest 7294:BBC Nature 7122:2024-05-18 6336:p. 114–116 6318:2011-09-29 6026:2024-03-09 5759:Gulf Times 5297:5 February 5239:(36): 36. 4600:Prum, R.O. 3623:zygodactyl 3609:References 3549:budgerigar 3518:ecotourism 3414:California 3305:Polynesian 3231:. Fans of 3225:Aphra Behn 3104:Tony Silva 3013:cockatiels 2920:cell cycle 2797:See also: 2719:See also: 2713:Sun conure 2697:K-selected 2680:, and the 2674:incubation 2627:polygamous 2602:pair bonds 2594:monogamous 2507:in Ecuador 2471:dispersers 2467:granivores 2459:arthropods 2314:introduced 2231:New Guinea 2195:South Asia 2179:See also: 2145:neck frill 2107:handedness 2102:zygodactyl 2051:Morphology 2023:Polytelini 2015:Subfamily 2008:Subfamily 1977:budgerigar 1958:Subfamily 1945:Subfamily 1931:Pezoporini 1923:Subfamily 1918:Coracopsis 1905:Subfamily 1875:Subfamily 1857:Subfamily 1815:Cacatuinae 1813:Subfamily 1806:Subfamily 1795:Subfamily 1791:Cacatuidae 1765:Subfamily 1752:Nestorinae 1507:Budgerigar 1288:Cacatuidae 1221:budgerigar 1086:Cacatuidae 1032:Frank Gill 1024:Coracopsis 995:Cacatuidae 950:– parrots 911:– falcons 841:Molecular 818:Psittacula 729:Vastanavis 699:Halcyornis 678:Serudaptus 599:passerines 495:ecosystems 453:nest boxes 372:extinction 139:Australian 131:Madagascar 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