618:
870:
60:
830:, however, some bacterial species have linear or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell, and if the cells divide faster than the DNA can be replicated, multiple replication of the chromosome is initiated before the division occurs, allowing daughter cells to inherit complete genomes and already partially replicated chromosomes. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in their genomes. However, some
9349:
1123:
386:
227:
9361:
8455:
8064:
341:
583:, meaning that there are two of each chromosome in the nucleus but the 'genome' refers to only one copy of each chromosome. Some eukaryotes have distinctive sex chromosomes, such as the X and Y chromosomes of mammals, so the technical definition of the genome must include both copies of the sex chromosomes. For example, the standard reference genome of humans consists of one copy of each of the 22 autosomes plus one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
1016:, a neurodegenerative disease. Twenty human disorders are known to result from similar tandem repeat expansions in various genes. The mechanism by which proteins with expanded polygulatamine tracts cause death of neurons is not fully understood. One possibility is that the proteins fail to fold properly and avoid degradation, instead accumulating in aggregates that also sequester important transcription factors, thereby altering gene expression.
9325:
8443:
9337:
2678:
program, known as "In-Valids" suffer discrimination and are relegated to menial occupations. The protagonist of the film is an In-Valid who works to defy the supposed genetic odds and achieve his dream of working as a space navigator. The film warns against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and cannot afford genetically engineered children.
1186:
9313:
1052:, but are transcribed into RNA for transposition, then the RNA transcript is copied back to DNA formation with the help of a specific enzyme called reverse transcriptase. A retrotransposon that carries reverse transcriptase in its sequence can trigger its own transposition but retrotransposons that lack a reverse transcriptase must use reverse transcriptase synthesized by another retrotransposon.
1028:
human genome, there are three important classes of TEs that make up more than 45% of the human DNA; these classes are The long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), The interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), and endogenous retroviruses. These elements have a big potential to modify the genetic control in a host organism.
2668:
theorist is asked to give his expert opinion on the safety of engineering an ecosystem with the dinosaurs, and he repeatedly warns that the outcomes of the project will be unpredictable and ultimately uncontrollable. These warnings about the perils of using genomic information are a major theme of the book.
1148:
In humans, the nuclear genome comprises approximately 3.1 billion nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 45 000 000 nucleotides in length and the longest 248 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. There is no clear and consistent correlation between
942:
Unlike prokaryotes where exon-intron organization of protein coding genes exists but is rather exceptional, eukaryotes generally have these features in their genes and their genomes contain variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive
2677:
is set in a futurist society where genomes of children are engineered to contain the most ideal combination of their parents' traits, and metrics such as risk of heart disease and predicted life expectancy are documented for each person based on their genome. People conceived outside of the eugenics
1107:
encode a transposase enzyme between inverted terminal repeats. When expressed, the transposase recognizes the terminal inverted repeats that flank the transposon and catalyzes its excision and reinsertion in a new site. This cut-and-paste mechanism typically reinserts transposons near their original
1193:
There are many enormous differences in size in genomes, specially mentioned before in the multicellular eukaryotic genomes. Much of this is due to the differing abundances of transposable elements, which evolve by creating new copies of themselves in the chromosomes. Eukaryote genomes often contain
1144:
genome. Genome size varies widely across species. Invertebrates have small genomes, this is also correlated to a small number of transposable elements. Fish and
Amphibians have intermediate-size genomes, and birds have relatively small genomes but it has been suggested that birds lost a substantial
1066:
are derived from ancient retroviral infections, so they encode proteins related to retroviral proteins including gag (structural proteins of the virus), pol (reverse transcriptase and integrase), pro (protease), and in some cases env (envelope) genes. These genes are flanked by long repeats at both
1027:
Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences of DNA with a defined structure that are able to change their location in the genome. TEs are categorized as either as a mechanism that replicates by copy-and-paste or as a mechanism that can be excised from the genome and inserted at a new location. In the
2519:
All the cells of an organism originate from a single cell, so they are expected to have identical genomes; however, in some cases, differences arise. Both the process of copying DNA during cell division and exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. In some cases,
960:
DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are referred to as coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing
544:
It's very difficult to come up with a precise definition of "genome." It usually refers to the DNA (or sometimes RNA) molecules that carry the genetic information in an organism but sometimes it is difficult to decide which molecules to include in the definition; for example, bacteria usually have
951:
High-throughput technology makes sequencing to assemble new genomes accessible to everyone. Sequence polymorphisms are typically discovered by comparing resequenced isolates to a reference, whereas analyses of coverage depth and mapping topology can provide details regarding structural variations
907:
that has 720 pairs. It is surprising the amount of DNA that eukaryotic genomes contain compared to other genomes. The amount is even more than what is necessary for DNA protein-coding and noncoding genes due to the fact that eukaryotic genomes show as much as 64,000-fold variation in their sizes.
1160:
Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular
2667:
tell the story of a billionaire who creates a theme park of cloned dinosaurs on a remote island, with disastrous outcomes. A geneticist extracts dinosaur DNA from the blood of ancient mosquitoes and fills in the gaps with DNA from modern species to create several species of dinosaurs. A chaos
818:, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules (segments: monopartit or multipartit genome). DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule.
570:
DNA. Most textbooks make a distinction between the nuclear genome and the organelle (mitochondria and chloroplast) genomes so when they speak of, say, the human genome, they are only referring to the genetic material in the nucleus. This is the most common use of 'genome' in the scientific
4883:
Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (April 1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene".
5764:
Schneiker, Susanne; Perlova, Olena; Kaiser, Olaf; Gerth, Klaus; Alici, Aysel; Altmeyer, Matthias O; Bartels, Daniela; Bekel, Thomas; Beyer, Stefan; Bode, Edna; Bode, Helge B; Bolten, Christoph J; Choudhuri, Jomuna V; Doss, Sabrina; Elnakady, Yasser A (November 2007).
5889:, comments: "The measurement for Amoeba dubia and other protozoa which have been reported to have very large genomes were made in the 1960s using a rough biochemical approach which is now considered to be an unreliable method for accurate genome size determinations."
467:
With advancements in technology that could handle sequencing of the many repetitive sequences found in human DNA that were not fully uncovered by the original Human Genome
Project study, scientists reported the first end-to-end human genome sequence in March 2022.
1031:
The movement of TEs is a driving force of genome evolution in eukaryotes because their insertion can disrupt gene functions, homologous recombination between TEs can produce duplications, and TE can shuffle exons and regulatory sequences to new locations.
2607:
to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and
Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).
5303:
Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG (April 1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome".
3009:
1001:. Microsatellites consisting of 2–5 basepair repeats, while minisatellite repeats are 30–35 bp. Tandem repeats make up about 4% of the human genome and 9% of the fruit fly genome. Tandem repeats can be functional. For example,
6705:
Shao, Changwei; Sun, Shuai; Liu, Kaiqiang; Wang, Jiahao; Li, Shuo; Liu, Qun; Deagle, Bruce E.; Seim, Inge; Biscontin, Alberto; Wang, Qian; Liu, Xin; Kawaguchi, So; Liu, Yalin; Jarman, Simon; Wang, Yue (16 March 2023).
2628:
is invoked to explain how there is often an extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many
1088:
Long interspersed elements (LINEs) encode genes for reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, making them autonomous transposable elements. The human genome has around 500,000 LINEs, taking around 17% of the genome.
2645:
genomes to their nuclear chromosomes. Recent empirical data suggest an important role of viruses and sub-viral RNA-networks to represent a main driving role to generate genetic novelty and natural genome editing.
740:
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The
2531:, diploid cells divide twice to produce haploid germ cells. During this process, recombination results in a reshuffling of the genetic material from homologous chromosomes so each gamete has a unique genome.
5569:
Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM (July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of
Haemophilus influenzae Rd".
1043:
are found mostly in eukaryotes but not found in prokaryotes. Retrotransposons form a large portion of the genomes of many eukaryotes. A retrotransposon is a transposable element that transposes through an
8378:
613:
of an individual or a species. Within a species, the vast majority of nucleotides are identical between individuals, but sequencing multiple individuals is necessary to understand the genetic diversity.
553:
molecules that carry important genetic information. The definition of 'genome' that's commonly used in the scientific literature is usually restricted to the large chromosomal DNA molecules in bacteria.
6437:
Kelley, Joanna L.; Peyton, Justin T.; Fiston-Lavier, Anna-Sophie; Teets, Nicholas M.; Yee, Muh-Ching; Johnston, J. Spencer; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Lee, Richard E.; Denlinger, David L. (12 August 2014).
3540:
3001:
1012:. For example, the human gene huntingtin (Htt) typically contains 6–29 tandem repeats of the nucleotides CAG (encoding a polyglutamine tract). An expansion to over 36 repeats results in
985:, sequences for non-coding RNAs, regulatory regions, and repetitive DNA. Noncoding sequences make up 98% of the human genome. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome:
3032:
5984:
Greilhuber J, Borsch T, Müller K, Worberg A, Porembski S, Barthlott W (November 2006). "Smallest angiosperm genomes found in lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size".
5662:
Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F, Lamerdin J, Predki P, Atlas R (2001). "An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium".
923:, such as ova, sperm, spores, and pollen, are haploid, meaning they carry only one copy of each chromosome. In addition to the chromosomes in the nucleus, organelles such as the
5063:
Thomason L, Court DL, Bubunenko M, Costantino N, Wilson H, Datta S, Oppenheim A (April 2007). "Recombineering: Genetic
Engineering in Bacteria Using Homologous Recombination".
1194:
many thousands of copies of these elements, most of which have acquired mutations that make them defective. Here is a table of some significant or representative genomes. See
8493:
7500:
3364:
5901:"Evolution of genome size and chromosome number in the carnivorous plant genus Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae), with a new estimate of the minimum genome size in angiosperms"
4990:
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA".
1092:
Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are usually less than 500 base pairs and are non-autonomous, so they rely on the proteins encoded by LINEs for transposition. The
672:
The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The
771:
sequences and maps continue to be updated, removing errors and clarifying regions of high allelic complexity. The decreasing cost of genomic mapping has permitted
2520:
such mutations lead to cancer because they cause cells to divide more quickly and invade surrounding tissues. In certain lymphocytes in the human immune system,
5882:
7012:
Roest
Crollius H, Jaillon O, Dasilva C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Fizames C, Fischer C, Bouneau L, Billault A, Quetier F, Saurin W, Bernot A, Weissenbach J (July 2000).
7902:
1681:
1067:
5' and 3' ends. It has been reported that LTRs consist of the largest fraction in most plant genome and might account for the huge variation in genome size.
6783:
1145:
portion of their genomes during the phase of transition to flight. Before this loss, DNA methylation allows the adequate expansion of the genome.
676:
maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for
562:
Eukaryotic genomes are even more difficult to define because almost all eukaryotic species contain nuclear chromosomes plus extra DNA molecules in the
5245:
Philippe N, Legendre M, Doutre G, Couté Y, Poirot O, Lescot M, Arslan D, Seltzer V, Bertaux L, Bruley C, Garin J, Claverie JM, Abergel C (July 2013).
8486:
3075:
421:). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see
7239:
7110:
4680:
3186:
1108:
location (within 100 kb). DNA transposons are found in bacteria and make up 3% of the human genome and 12% of the genome of the roundworm
1096:
is the most common SINE found in primates. It is about 350 base pairs and occupies about 11% of the human genome with around 1,500,000 copies.
8479:
2693:
8373:
7605:
7230:"Scientists Find the Largest Known Genome Inside a Small Plant - A fern from a Pacific island carries 50 times as much DNA as humans do"
7927:
4935:
Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van
Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (May 1978).
780:
372:
617:
5707:"Biological consequences of ancient gene acquisition and duplication in the large genome of Candidatus Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076"
3857:
Land M, Hauser L, Jun SR, Nookaew I, Leuze MR, Ahn TH, Karpinets T, Lund O, Kora G, Wassenaar T, Poudel S, Ussery DW (March 2015).
3491:
3353:
8049:
6503:
Ellis LL, Huang W, Quinn AM, Ahuja A, Alfrejd B, Gomez FE, Hjelmen CE, Moore KL, Mackay TF, Johnston JS, Tarone AM (July 2014).
464:
in April 2003, although the initial "finished" sequence was missing 8% of the genome consisting mostly of repetitive sequences.
5948:
4697:
Gregory TR, Nicol JA, Tamm H, Kullman B, Kullman K, Leitch IJ, Murray BG, Kapraun DF, Greilhuber J, Bennett MD (January 2007).
3744:
1005:
are composed of the tandem repeat TTAGGG in mammals, and they play an important role in protecting the ends of the chromosome.
653:
in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast
8415:
7548:
7529:
7510:
7489:
7466:
6234:
Lang D, Zimmer AD, Rensing SA, Reski R (October 2008). "Exploring plant biodiversity: the
Physcomitrella genome and beyond".
5080:
4867:
4576:
Han JS, Boeke JD (August 2005). "LINE-1 retrotransposons: modulators of quantity and quality of mammalian gene expression?".
4071:
4046:
1056:
can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into
2591:
and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as
7907:
6386:
Sequencing
Consortium (December 1998). "Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology".
2733:
864:
6611:
The
International Silkworm Genome (December 2008). "The genome of a lepidopteran model insect, the silkworm Bombyx mori".
389:
An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male (the mitochondrial chromosomes are not shown).
7751:
7637:
2773:
2728:
5161:
Sanger F, Coulson AR, Hong GF, Hill DF, Petersen GB (December 1982). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage lambda DNA".
4746:
Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Venter JC (January 2006).
8100:
7922:
7716:
3033:"The Human Genome Project pieced together only 92% of the DNA – now scientists have finally filled in the remaining 8%"
2723:
1078:
650:
5899:
Fleischmann A, Michael TP, Rivadavia F, Sousa A, Wang W, Temsch EM, Greilhuber J, Müller KF, Heubl G (December 2014).
3566:
3135:
6036:
5879:
4392:
3728:
3634:
3270:
2897:
2753:
1074:
895:
Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from
2718:
2572:
2568:
908:
However, this special characteristic is caused by the presence of repetitive DNA, and transposable elements (TEs).
673:
4408:
Deininger PL, Moran JV, Batzer MA, Kazazian HH (December 2003). "Mobile elements and mammalian genome evolution".
8447:
8393:
7599:
6773:
2743:
2738:
7014:"Characterization and repeat analysis of the compact genome of the freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis"
2922:
9147:
8742:
365:
5806:
5512:"Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome"
245:
9283:
8421:
6957:"Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution"
2713:
1019:
Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion.
1009:
746:
493:
7229:
7063:"Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype"
6807:
1085:, there is another DIRS-like elements belong to Non-LTRs. Non-LTRs are widely spread in eukaryotic genomes.
8931:
8612:
8008:
6830:
Church DM, Goodstadt L, Hillier LW, Zody MC, Goldstein S, She X, et al. (May 2009). Roberts RJ (ed.).
882:
8617:
6708:"The enormous repetitive Antarctic krill genome reveals environmental adaptations and population insights"
5357:"Small, smaller, smallest: the origins and evolution of ancient dual symbioses in a Phloem-feeding insect"
3079:
2524:
generates different genomic sequences such that each cell produces a unique antibody or T cell receptors.
659:
published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an
9341:
8851:
8607:
8337:
6505:"Intrapopulation genome size variation in D. melanogaster reflects life history variation and plasticity"
3469:
3170:
2748:
815:
726:
722:
497:
3326:
9303:
7756:
7611:
1542:
931:
have their own DNA. Mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "
134:
3708:
9152:
8427:
7912:
7897:
7680:
7114:
5705:
Challacombe JF, Eichorst SA, Hauser L, Land M, Xie G, Kuske CR (15 September 2011). Steinke D (ed.).
5510:
Dufresne A, Salanoubat M, Partensky F, Artiguenave F, Axmann IM, Barbe V, et al. (August 2003).
4623:
3108:
2618:, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even
1450:
939:". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome.
811:
725:
have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by
358:
6035:
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, et al. (September 2006).
840:) have reduced genomes and a high fraction of pseudogenes: only ~40% of their DNA encodes proteins.
549:) that contain all of the essential genetic material but they also contain smaller extrachromosomal
9381:
8999:
8900:
8817:
8383:
8228:
8160:
7917:
7736:
3201:
2625:
2279:
1967:
665:
655:
152:
31:
6368:
5966:
3518:
9026:
8802:
8368:
8240:
7658:
7061:
Jaillon O, Aury JM, Brunet F, Petit JL, Stange-Thomann N, Mauceli E, et al. (October 2004).
5246:
3906:
3601:
3146:
3113:
2803:
2564:
2467:
2095:
1157:. Genome size is largely a function of the expansion and contraction of repetitive DNA elements.
1013:
592:
453:
35:
17:
5247:"Pandoraviruses: amoeba viruses with genomes up to 2.5 Mb reaching that of parasitic eukaryotes"
4092:
Padeken J, Zeller P, Gasser SM (April 2015). "Repeat DNA in genome organization and stability".
9254:
8570:
8409:
8325:
8128:
8093:
7709:
5621:
Blattner FR, Plunkett G, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, et al. (September 1997).
4181:"Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review"
2768:
2441:
2043:
1601:
1109:
784:
646:
7653:
7175:
6152:"Decoding the massive genome of loblolly pine using haploid DNA and novel assembly strategies"
3386:
Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, et al. (January 2014).
843:
Some bacteria have auxiliary genetic material, also part of their genome, which is carried in
9014:
8987:
8602:
8388:
8342:
8044:
7878:
7843:
7261:
Martincorena I, Campbell PJ (September 2015). "Somatic mutation in cancer and normal cells".
6340:
Leroy S, Bouamer S, Morand S, Fargette M (2007). "Genome size of plant-parasitic nematodes".
6293:"Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae"
5453:
Rocap G, Larimer FW, Lamerdin J, Malfatti S, Chain P, Ahlgren NA, et al. (August 2003).
5042:"Virology – Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Aids, Structure: The Genome And Proteins of HIV"
4132:"The biological effects of simple tandem repeats: lessons from the repeat expansion diseases"
3444:
3121:
2783:
2688:
2658:
2254:
1934:
1876:
1162:
1150:
633:(Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (
489:
325:
305:
270:
182:
177:
8590:
6808:
Ecological factors and parity mode correlate with genome size variation in squamate reptiles
6291:
Galagan JE, Calvo SE, Cuomo C, Ma LJ, Wortman JR, Batzoglou S, et al. (December 2005).
3352:
8958:
8953:
8829:
8148:
8133:
7943:
7761:
7382:
7325:
7314:"Genome-wide reprogramming in the mouse germ line entails the base excision repair pathway"
7270:
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6968:
6919:
6659:
6567:
6451:
6395:
6304:
6051:
5993:
5718:
5579:
5523:
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5313:
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4999:
4948:
4936:
4893:
4759:
4638:
4316:
4252:
4192:
3978:
3814:
McCutcheon JP, Moran NA (November 2011). "Extreme genome reduction in symbiotic bacteria".
3399:
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2664:
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2229:
2018:
1993:
1791:
1706:
1399:
1057:
932:
869:
742:
686:
457:
438:
5455:"Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation"
3286:
2084:
Smallest insect genome sequenced thus far, likely an adaptation to an extreme environment
8:
9353:
9194:
9036:
8992:
8948:
8686:
8358:
8332:
8190:
8177:
8138:
8023:
8013:
7973:
7873:
7853:
7746:
7741:
7558:
Werner E (December 2003). "In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes".
7371:"Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
7369:
Hackett JA, Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA (January 2013).
6778:
6440:"Compact genome of the Antarctic midge is likely an adaptation to an extreme environment"
3495:
2778:
2698:
2654:
Works of science fiction illustrate concerns about the availability of genome sequences.
2521:
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1817:
1514:
1008:
In other cases, expansions in the number of tandem repeats in exons or introns can cause
900:
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827:
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129:
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Wurm Y, Wang J, Riba-Grognuz O, Corona M, Nygaard S, Hunt BG, et al. (April 2011).
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4698:
4672:
4659:
4601:
4553:
4528:
4504:
4479:
4340:
4275:
4240:
4218:
4156:
4131:
4009:
3966:
3944:
3883:
3858:
3839:
3791:
3766:
3684:
3659:
3582:
3420:
3387:
3359:
3243:
3218:
Kirchberger PC, Schmidt ML, and Ochman H (2020). "The ingenuity of bacterial genomes".
2958:
2858:
2825:
2793:
2179:
2069:
1668:
1652:
1232:
831:
788:
295:
290:
265:
187:
8471:
7571:
7038:
7013:
5546:
5511:
4456:
4443:
Kidwell MG, Lisch DR (March 2000). "Transposable elements and host genome evolution".
9386:
9239:
8943:
8363:
8172:
8086:
8067:
7998:
7988:
7978:
7812:
7702:
7688:
7575:
7544:
7525:
7506:
7485:
7478:
7462:
7408:
7351:
7286:
7157:
7092:
7043:
6994:
6986:
6937:
6863:
6759:
6747:
6739:
6687:
6628:
6593:
6536:
6485:
6467:
6411:
6322:
6251:
6219:
6202:
6183:
6132:
6075:
6067:
6021:
6009:
5930:
5862:
5788:
5746:
5679:
5644:
5595:
5551:
5484:
5435:
5386:
5329:
5277:
5227:
5178:
5174:
5143:
5086:
5076:
5015:
4964:
4909:
4863:
4836:
4787:
4728:
4676:
4664:
4593:
4558:
4509:
4460:
4425:
4388:
4332:
4280:
4210:
4205:
4180:
4161:
4109:
4067:
4042:
4014:
3996:
3907:"Scientists sequence asexual tiny worm whose lineage stretches back 18 million years"
3888:
3831:
3796:
3760:
3758:
3724:
3689:
3640:
3630:
3586:
3425:
3266:
3247:
3235:
3059:
2950:
2946:
2903:
2893:
2863:
2845:
2552:
1762:
1590:
Smallest known cyanobacterium genome. One of the primary photosynthesizers on Earth.
1481:
1260:
976:
826:
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes. Archaea and most bacteria have a single
634:
434:
394:
345:
230:
109:
7298:
6423:
5607:
5289:
4605:
4222:
3965:
Zhou, Wanding; Liang, Gangning; Molloy, Peter L.; Jones, Peter A. (11 August 2020).
3629:(4th ed.). Galveston, TX: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
3541:"How do your 20,000 genes determine so many wildly different traits? They multitask"
9317:
8975:
8869:
8502:
8287:
8282:
8028:
8003:
7567:
7398:
7390:
7341:
7333:
7278:
7149:
7082:
7033:
7025:
6976:
6927:
6853:
6843:
6796:
6729:
6719:
6677:
6667:
6620:
6583:
6575:
6526:
6516:
6475:
6459:
6403:
6349:
6312:
6243:
6214:
6173:
6163:
6122:
6114:
6087:
6059:
6001:
5920:
5912:
5852:
5844:
5807:"Largest known bacterial genome size - Bacteria Sorangium cellulosum - BNID 104469"
5778:
5736:
5726:
5691:
5671:
5634:
5587:
5541:
5531:
5496:
5474:
5425:
5406:"Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS"
5376:
5368:
5341:
5321:
5269:
5217:
5209:
5170:
5133:
5125:
5068:
5027:
5007:
4976:
4956:
4921:
4901:
4826:
4818:
4777:
4767:
4718:
4710:
4654:
4646:
4585:
4548:
4540:
4499:
4491:
4452:
4417:
4344:
4324:
4270:
4260:
4200:
4151:
4143:
4101:
4004:
3986:
3940:
3878:
3870:
3843:
3823:
3786:
3778:
3716:
3679:
3671:
3574:
3415:
3407:
3227:
2962:
2942:
2853:
2837:
2708:
2611:
2600:
1732:
1626:
1126:
768:
758:
695:
237:
7669:
6954:
6407:
6247:
5639:
5622:
5098:
3755:
3102:
775:
sites to offer it as a service, to the extent that one may submit one's genome to
9232:
8926:
8905:
8834:
8637:
8302:
8292:
8277:
8213:
7888:
6848:
6521:
5886:
5731:
5072:
2887:
2703:
2622:. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.
2614:
play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of
2560:
2204:
1777:
1574:
1053:
1040:
896:
878:
792:
757:. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by
734:
442:
6118:
4358:
3931:
Khandelwal S (March 1990). "Chromosome evolution in the genus Ophioglossum L.".
3709:"Replication of Linear Bacterial Chromosomes: No Longer Going Around in Circles"
2563:(5mC) in primordial germ cells. The erasure of 5mC occurs via its conversion to
385:
9365:
9329:
9222:
9109:
8980:
8839:
8822:
8627:
8557:
8459:
8297:
8200:
8143:
8018:
7958:
7858:
6906:, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, et al. (February 2001).
6724:
6707:
6652:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6624:
6353:
5516:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5041:
4752:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4245:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3971:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3720:
2798:
2416:
2126:
1900:
1568:
1305:
1122:
1104:
998:
986:
970:
916:
707:
642:
596:
422:
285:
210:
6832:"Lineage-specific biology revealed by a finished genome assembly of the mouse"
5675:
4421:
4105:
3874:
3624:
3578:
2976:
9375:
9262:
9227:
9070:
9060:
9031:
8664:
8657:
8272:
8218:
8182:
7161:
6990:
6743:
6556:"Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera"
6471:
6168:
5792:
4000:
2907:
2849:
1427:
776:
715:
645:, of 5386 base pairs. The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of
563:
8379:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer
7677:(The Integrated Microbial Genomes system)—for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI
7426:
7394:
7337:
7312:
Hajkova P, Jeffries SJ, Lee C, Miller N, Jackson SP, Surani MA (July 2010).
7282:
7200:
6932:
6907:
6881:
6672:
6063:
5848:
5591:
5536:
5273:
4772:
4650:
4328:
4265:
3991:
2456:
Smallest vertebrate genome known, estimated to be 340 Mb – 385 Mb
9249:
9092:
9052:
9019:
8791:
8777:
8675:
8262:
8223:
8155:
7968:
7848:
7579:
7412:
7355:
7290:
7153:
7096:
7047:
6998:
6941:
6903:
6867:
6751:
6691:
6632:
6597:
6540:
6489:
6326:
6255:
6187:
6136:
6079:
6013:
5934:
5866:
5750:
5683:
5555:
5488:
5439:
5404:
Shigenobu S, Watanabe H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Ishikawa H (September 2000).
5390:
5281:
5231:
5147:
5090:
4840:
4791:
4732:
4668:
4597:
4562:
4513:
4464:
4429:
4336:
4284:
4214:
4165:
4113:
4018:
3892:
3835:
3800:
3693:
3644:
3429:
3239:
2954:
2867:
2758:
2642:
2548:
2384:
2358:
2333:
1496:
1350:
928:
924:
904:
754:
730:
681:
626:
481:
461:
275:
7137:
6415:
6005:
5766:
5648:
5599:
5333:
5182:
4913:
4495:
4480:"Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes"
4307:
Kazazian HH (March 2004). "Mobile elements: drivers of genome evolution".
4147:
3165:
3150:
2841:
9273:
9139:
9087:
9082:
8595:
8235:
8167:
7948:
7225:
6734:
5916:
5372:
5019:
4968:
4714:
3348:
2638:
2596:
2588:
2544:
2152:
1843:
1137:
1093:
703:
691:
638:
567:
546:
7087:
7062:
7029:
7011:
6981:
6956:
6579:
6317:
6292:
6037:"The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray)"
5479:
5454:
5129:
3827:
3411:
3388:"The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains"
2637:
seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their
9181:
9176:
9129:
9122:
9117:
9102:
9097:
8938:
8873:
8622:
8564:
8320:
8267:
8257:
8252:
7953:
7822:
7802:
7777:
7176:"Genome size and chromosome number database we - Various - BNID 100597"
6463:
4822:
4589:
3061:
Verbreitung und Ursache der Parthenogenesis im Pflanzen- und Tierreiche
2788:
2763:
2619:
2604:
2199:
1863:
1859:
1557:
1467:
1247:
1180:
1154:
750:
610:
606:
508:
406:
205:
119:
99:
76:
9360:
5509:
5213:
3967:"DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion"
3767:"Constraints and plasticity in genome and molecular-phenome evolution"
3675:
997:
Short, non-coding sequences that are repeated head-to-tail are called
669:, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.
9186:
9171:
9158:
8910:
8698:
8529:
8247:
6553:
6071:
5430:
5405:
5325:
5011:
4960:
4905:
2634:
2592:
2540:
2248:
2223:
1949:
1700:
1675:
1645:
1620:
1595:
1564:
1536:
1508:
1475:
1444:
1421:
1418:
1375:
1213:
1173:
888:
881:(the female and male variants shown at bottom right), as well as the
807:
772:
762:
430:
418:
162:
7648:
6955:
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (December 2004).
6381:
5783:
5767:"Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum"
4544:
3782:
803:
621:
Part of DNA sequence – prototypification of complete genome of virus
9324:
9217:
9163:
9065:
9009:
9004:
8895:
8856:
8812:
8714:
8519:
8109:
7993:
7963:
7807:
7797:
7725:
4855:
2836:(3). University Library System, University of Pittsburgh: 442–448.
2567:(5hmC) driven by high levels of the ten-eleven dioxygenase enzymes
2294:
2037:
2012:
1905:
1726:
1002:
936:
935:". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "
912:
874:
711:
460:
was started in October 1990, and then reported the sequence of the
449:
426:
398:
221:
104:
94:
51:
4745:
4387:. New York: Pearson, always learning, and mastering. p. 425.
1129:
of the total number of annotated proteins in genomes submitted to
729:. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the
9199:
9077:
8861:
8846:
8549:
8524:
8208:
7626:
6610:
2673:
2630:
2528:
1500:
1167:
1141:
1130:
844:
660:
550:
528:
7643:
5898:
5873:
5062:
873:
In a typical human cell, the genome is contained in 22 pairs of
9336:
9290:
9268:
8888:
8883:
8648:
8539:
8534:
7817:
5302:
4241:"Transposable elements and the evolution of eukaryotic genomes"
4041:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
3140:
2378:
2352:
2327:
2302:
2273:
2173:
2146:
2120:
2089:
2063:
1987:
1957:
1185:
982:
952:
such as chromosomal translocations and segmental duplications.
920:
580:
485:
114:
6436:
6269:
5403:
4934:
4882:
405:
is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of
8772:
8764:
8582:
8544:
7663:
7632:
7596:– view the genome and annotations for more than 80 organisms.
7368:
6101:
Zimin, Aleksey; Stevens, Kristian; et al. (March 2014).
5983:
5704:
5198:"Genomics of Megavirus and the elusive fourth domain of Life"
5196:
Legendre M, Arslan D, Abergel C, Claverie JM (January 2012).
5195:
4179:
Li YC, Korol AB, Fahima T, Beiles A, Nevo E (December 2002).
3308:
2487:
1961:
1924:
1894:
1870:
1837:
1811:
1785:
1756:
1529:
1393:
1370:
1345:
1323:
1300:
1278:
1255:
1227:
522:
513:
6034:
5568:
5452:
4407:
3217:
9278:
8970:
8511:
8078:
7694:
6103:"Sequencing and Assembly of the 22-Gb Loblolly Pine Genome"
5763:
5244:
2584:
2461:
2435:
2410:
2058:
First multicellular animal genome sequenced, December 1998
1928:
1283:
1140:
is the total number of the DNA base pairs in one copy of a
677:
502:
7674:
6829:
6645:
6339:
5620:
4529:"The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution"
2111:
Size variation based on strain (175–180 Mb; standard
1363:
Often used as a vector for the cloning of recombinant DNA
698:. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire
7787:
7782:
7691:
Service from GeKnome Technologies (archived 3 March 2012)
7621:
7593:
6896:
1328:
1049:
1045:
414:
410:
86:
81:
7311:
3385:
8501:
7616:
5623:"The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12"
4696:
4621:
3859:"Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing"
3516:
1615:
First genome of a living organism sequenced, July 1995
7681:
GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis
7060:
6554:
Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium (October 2006).
6233:
4385:
Genetic Analysis: an integrated approach third edition
4234:
4232:
3187:"'Ome Sweet 'Omics – A Genealogical Treasury of Words"
609:(A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that make up all the
9301:
5967:"Details - Arabidopsis thaliana - Ensembl Genomes 40"
5160:
5114:"A new look at bacteriophage lambda genetic networks"
4989:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
3287:"Ensembl Human Assembly and gene annotation (GRCh38)"
806:
can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of
737:, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.
7484:(Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc.
7260:
6502:
6371:. Gregory, T.R. (2016). Animal Genome Size Database.
5661:
3964:
3856:
3602:"Game of Genomes, Episode 13: Answers and Questions"
2559:
pathway. This pathway is employed in the erasure of
2404:
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
1181:
Genome size differences due to transposable elements
6290:
6201:Pellicer J, Fay MF, Leitch IJ (15 September 2010).
5111:
4477:
4229:
4178:
4091:
3664:
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
3567:"Scientists hope to attract millions to 'DNA.LAND'"
1149:morphological complexity and genome size in either
30:For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see
7477:
6902:
4291:
3101:
2886:Graur, Dan; Sater, Amy K.; Cooper, Tim F. (2016).
911:A typical human cell has two copies of each of 22
6200:
5112:Court DL, Oppenheim AB, Adhya SL (January 2007).
3354:"Toe Fossil Provides Complete Neanderthal Genome"
1060:(LTRs) and non-long terminal repeats (Non-LTRs).
9373:
7447:
5892:
4478:Richard GF, Kerrest A, Dujon B (December 2008).
3100:
2885:
6648:"The genome of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta"
5830:
5562:
3813:
3184:
2583:Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's
2373:Bonobo – estimated genome size 3.29 billion bp
1081:(SINEs), and Penelope-like elements (PLEs). In
1048:intermediate. Retrotransposons are composed of
7683:—next-generation sequencing data analysis for
6704:
516:for a more thorough discussion. A few related
8487:
8094:
7710:
7538:
7362:
7305:
7218:
4804:
4526:
4410:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
4094:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
4064:Computational genomics : current methods
4032:
4030:
4028:
3538:
2243:Largest tetrapod genome sequenced as of 2022
1466:Smallest known non-viral genome. Symbiont of
1246:Smallest viruses replicating autonomously in
714:of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a
456:and various regions have been annotated. The
366:
6604:
6284:
6227:
6203:"The largest eukaryotic genome of them all?"
6100:
5354:
4617:
4615:
4442:
3706:
3599:
3564:
3379:
3341:
2694:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
2534:
1832:First tree genome sequenced, September 2006
1806:First plant genome sequenced, December 2000
8374:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
7670:BBC News – Final genome 'chapter' published
7617:DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science
5953:The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR)
5831:Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Katz LA (April 2008).
5824:
4856:"Molecular Biology of Porcine Circoviruses"
4622:Nurk, Sergey; et al. (31 March 2022).
3076:"definition of Genome in Oxford dictionary"
3002:"First complete sequence of a human genome"
915:, one inherited from each parent, plus two
8494:
8480:
8442:
8101:
8087:
7717:
7703:
7475:
7201:"Animal Genome Size Database:: Statistics"
6496:
6150:Neale, David B; et al. (March 2014).
5977:
5833:"The dynamic nature of eukaryotic genomes"
4983:
4937:"Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA"
4853:
4484:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
4087:
4085:
4083:
4061:
4025:
3930:
3764:
3657:
3622:
2927:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2920:
2830:Journal of the Medical Library Association
2402:genome size estimated at 3.12 Gbp in 2022
1388:Until 2013 the largest known viral genome
452:. The genomes of many organisms have been
373:
359:
7402:
7345:
7086:
7037:
6980:
6931:
6857:
6847:
6819:Evolution of the Largest Mammalian Genome
6733:
6723:
6681:
6671:
6639:
6613:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
6587:
6530:
6520:
6479:
6316:
6218:
6177:
6167:
6126:
5924:
5856:
5782:
5740:
5730:
5638:
5545:
5535:
5478:
5429:
5380:
5221:
5137:
4928:
4876:
4847:
4830:
4781:
4771:
4722:
4658:
4624:"The complete sequence of a human genome"
4612:
4552:
4503:
4274:
4264:
4204:
4155:
4008:
3990:
3882:
3790:
3683:
3419:
2857:
2551:. Reprogramming is facilitated by active
885:(shown to scale as "MT" at bottom left).
641:completed the first DNA-genome sequence:
586:
500:suggest the name is a blend of the words
6207:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
4748:"Essential genes of a minimal bacterium"
4575:
4306:
4125:
4123:
3933:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3593:
3472:. Genomenewsnetwork.org. 15 January 2003
1982:First eukaryotic genome sequenced, 1996
1862:generally have much larger genomes than
1184:
1121:
1022:
868:
616:
384:
8050:List of genetics research organizations
7498:
6874:
6366:
5202:Communicative & Integrative Biology
4382:
4238:
4080:
3626:Structure and Classification of Viruses
3260:
3057:
3030:
2881:
2879:
2877:
425:), and often a substantial fraction of
14:
9374:
7666:—an integrated database of human genes
7557:
7461:. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers.
7224:
7135:
5355:Bennett GM, Moran NA (5 August 2013).
5065:Current Protocols in Molecular Biology
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3558:
3347:
3265:. New York, NY, USA: Garland Science.
2817:
2514:
964:
903:, which each have only one pair, to a
821:
8475:
8416:European Molecular Biology Laboratory
8082:
7698:
7543:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
7524:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
7519:
7456:
6797:A bird-like genome from a frog - PNAS
6149:
6094:
4807:"Towards synthesis of a minimal cell"
4527:Cordaux R, Batzer MA (October 2009).
4129:
4120:
4036:
3863:Functional & Integrative Genomics
3445:"Genome of DNA Pioneer Is Deciphered"
2824:Roth, Stephanie Clare (1 July 2019).
858:
721:New sequencing technologies, such as
566:. In addition, algae and plants have
471:
429:with no evident function. Almost all
6774:"Junk DNA Deforms Salamander Bodies"
3442:
3122:participating institution membership
3031:Hartley, Gabrielle (31 March 2022).
2874:
2823:
2734:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
1071:Non-long terminal repeats (Non-LTRs)
865:Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
710:. The genome was extracted from the
7654:NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
5044:. Pathmicro.med.sc.edu. 1 July 2010
3951:
3367:from the original on 2 January 2022
3232:10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115822
3006:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2774:Molecular pathological epidemiology
2729:List of sequenced bacterial genomes
2578:
2539:Genome-wide reprogramming in mouse
1079:short interspersed nuclear elements
1035:
961:genome size in complex eukaryotes.
955:
851:should not be used as a synonym of
27:All genetic material of an organism
24:
7627:All About The Human Genome Project
7441:
6908:"The sequence of the human genome"
4699:"Eukaryotic genome size databases"
3945:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01876.x
3163:
3012:from the original on 14 April 2023
2724:List of sequenced archaeal genomes
1919:Former largest plant genome known
1099:
1075:long interspersed nuclear elements
651:The Institute for Genomic Research
532:, forming a vocabulary into which
448:The study of the genome is called
25:
9398:
7587:
6882:"Pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzee)"
6786:from the original on 22 May 2023.
4860:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology
4686:from the original on 26 May 2022.
4445:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4066:. Wymondham: Horizon Bioscience.
2754:List of sequenced protist genomes
2555:, a process that entails the DNA
1751:Largest known genome. (Disputed)
992:
946:
557:
9359:
9347:
9335:
9323:
9311:
8454:
8453:
8441:
8063:
8062:
7541:Handbook of Comparative Genomics
7448:Benfey P, Protopapas AD (2004).
7419:
7254:
7242:from the original on 31 May 2024
7193:
7168:
7129:
7103:
7054:
7005:
6948:
6823:
6812:
6801:
6220:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01072.x
5880:ScienceShot: Biggest Genome Ever
4383:Sanders, Mark Frederick (2019).
4206:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01643.x
3765:Koonin EV, Wolf YI (July 2010).
2947:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05004.x
2719:List of sequenced animal genomes
2482:Largest vertebrate genome known
1198:for lists of sequenced genomes.
798:
674:US National Institutes of Health
545:one or two large DNA molecules (
441:. Algae and plants also contain
340:
339:
226:
225:
58:
8394:Chromosome conformation capture
7138:"Genome sizes through the ages"
7111:"Tetraodon Project Information"
6790:
6766:
6698:
6547:
6430:
6375:
6360:
6333:
6270:"Saccharomyces Genome Database"
6262:
6194:
6143:
6028:
5959:
5941:
5837:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5799:
5757:
5698:
5655:
5614:
5503:
5446:
5397:
5348:
5296:
5238:
5189:
5154:
5105:
5056:
5034:
4798:
4739:
4690:
4569:
4520:
4471:
4436:
4401:
4376:
4351:
4172:
4055:
3924:
3899:
3850:
3807:
3737:
3700:
3651:
3616:
3539:Kaplan, Sarah (17 April 2016).
3532:
3510:
3494:. 29 March 2004. Archived from
3484:
3462:
3436:
3319:
3301:
3279:
3254:
3211:
3185:Lederberg J, McCray AT (2001).
3178:
3157:
3128:
2744:List of sequenced plant genomes
2739:List of sequenced fungi genomes
2322:Largest known mammalian genome
1721:Largest known bacterial genome
520:words already existed, such as
9148:Last universal common ancestor
8743:Defective interfering particle
4805:Forster AC, Church GM (2006).
3094:
3068:
3051:
3024:
2994:
2969:
2914:
2889:Molecular and Genome Evolution
2657:Michael Crichton's 1990 novel
1117:
779:scientific endeavours such as
13:
1:
9284:Clonally transmissible cancer
8720:Satellite-like nucleic acids
8422:National Institutes of Health
7612:Some comparative genome sizes
7572:10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0
7522:Analysis of Genes and Genomes
6408:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012
6369:"Animal Genome Size Database"
6248:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.07.002
5640:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453
4457:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01817-0
3660:"Archaeal chromosome biology"
3600:Zimmer, Carl (25 July 2016).
3517:Genome Reference Consortium.
3220:Annual Review of Microbiology
2810:
2714:Genome-wide association study
2649:
2032:Smallest animal genome known
1556:A symbiont in the gut of the
1195:
1189:Comparison among genome sizes
539:
8108:
8009:Missing heritability problem
7724:
7644:GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
7539:Saccone C, Pesole G (2003).
6849:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000112
6522:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004522
5732:10.1371/journal.pone.0024882
5361:Genome Biology and Evolution
5175:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90546-0
5163:Journal of Molecular Biology
5073:10.1002/0471142727.mb0116s78
4239:Wessler SR (November 2006).
3816:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
3707:Chaconas G, Chen CW (2005).
3623:Gelderblom, Hans R. (1996).
3565:Check Hayden, Erika (2015).
2587:and have traits that may be
1413:Largest known viral genome.
1133:as a function of genome size
1064:Long terminal repeats (LTRs)
981:Noncoding sequences include
605:is the complete list of the
7:
8338:Structure-based drug design
7640:(archived 1 September 2005)
7633:Animal genome size database
7502:The Evolution of the Genome
7136:Leitch, I J (August 2007).
6119:10.1534/genetics.113.159715
4709:(Database issue): D332–38.
3658:Samson RY, Bell SD (2014).
3171:Online Etymology Dictionary
2892:. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
2826:"What is genomic medicine?"
2749:List of sequenced plastomes
2681:
2547:imprint erasure leading to
2508:Largest plant genome known
2499:
2473:
2447:
2421:
2389:
2363:
2338:
2313:
2284:
2268:Smallest known frog genome
2259:
2234:
2185:
2158:
2132:
2101:
2075:
2048:
2023:
1998:
1972:
1939:
1910:
1881:
1849:
1822:
1796:
1767:
1742:
1687:
1657:
1631:
1606:
1580:
1547:
1519:
1486:
1456:
1431:
1379:
1354:
1332:
1318:First sequenced DNA-genome
1309:
1287:
1273:First sequenced RNA-genome
1264:
1237:
727:Manteia Predictive Medicine
723:massive parallel sequencing
498:Online Etymology Dictionary
445:with a chloroplast genome.
10:
9403:
8840:Class II or DNA transposon
8835:Class I or retrotransposon
7638:Plant genome size database
7480:A Primer of Genome Science
7476:Gibson G, Muse SV (2004).
7180:bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu
6725:10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.005
6625:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.11.004
6354:10.1163/156854107781352089
5811:bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu
4862:. Caister Academic Press.
4062:Stojanovic N, ed. (2007).
3721:10.1128/9781555817640.ch29
3039:. The Conversation US, Inc
2977:"The Human Genome Project"
1543:Wigglesworthia glossinidia
989:and interspersed repeats.
974:
968:
886:
862:
590:
29:
9210:
9153:Earliest known life forms
9138:
9051:
9027:Repeated sequences in DNA
8919:
8801:
8790:
8763:
8735:
8685:
8674:
8647:
8636:
8581:
8510:
8437:
8428:Wellcome Sanger Institute
8402:
8351:
8311:
8199:
8116:
8058:
8037:
7936:
7887:
7831:
7770:
7732:
4811:Molecular Systems Biology
4422:10.1016/j.gde.2003.10.013
4106:10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.009
3875:10.1007/s10142-015-0433-4
3579:10.1038/nature.2015.18514
3109:Oxford English Dictionary
2535:Genome-wide reprogramming
1451:Nasuia deltocephalinicola
1209:
787:, an example both of the
649:, completed by a team at
574:
9000:Endogenous viral element
8818:Horizontal gene transfer
8384:Microfluidic-based tools
8229:Human Connectome Project
8161:Human Microbiome Project
7602:(archived 9 August 2013)
6169:10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r59
5067:. Chapter 1: Unit 1.16.
4533:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3771:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3713:The Bacterial Chromosome
2626:Horizontal gene transfer
2280:Armadillo girdled lizard
1968:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1952:sequenced, January 2008
1904:(Japanese-native, order
1083:Dictyostelium discoideum
706:, an extinct species of
666:Methanococcus jannaschii
656:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
32:Introduction to genetics
8697:dsDNA satellite virus (
8369:Electrospray ionization
8241:Human Epigenome Project
7649:The Genome News Network
7600:genomecenter.howard.edu
7395:10.1126/science.1229277
7338:10.1126/science.1187945
7283:10.1126/science.aab4082
6933:10.1126/science.1058040
6673:10.1073/pnas.1009690108
6236:Trends in Plant Science
6064:10.1126/science.1128691
5885:11 October 2010 at the
5676:10.1023/A:1013840025518
5664:Photosynthesis Research
5592:10.1126/science.7542800
5537:10.1073/pnas.1733211100
5274:10.1126/science.1239181
5118:Journal of Bacteriology
4773:10.1073/pnas.0510013103
4651:10.1126/science.abj6987
4363:Encyclopedia Britannica
4359:"Transposon | genetics"
4329:10.1126/science.1089670
4266:10.1073/pnas.0607612103
3992:10.1073/pnas.1921719117
3745:"Bacterial Chromosomes"
3519:"Assembling the Genome"
3147:Oxford University Press
3114:Oxford University Press
3064:. Jena: Verlag Fischer.
2804:Whole genome sequencing
2565:5-hydroxymethylcytosine
2468:Protopterus aethiopicus
2168:14,623 predicted genes
2115:strain is 175 Mb)
2096:Drosophila melanogaster
593:Whole genome sequencing
492:, Germany. The website
480:was created in 1920 by
36:Genome (disambiguation)
9255:Helper dependent virus
8571:Biological dark matter
8410:DNA Data Bank of Japan
8326:Human proteome project
8129:Computational genomics
7622:DNA From The Beginning
7608:(archived 9 June 2010)
7450:Essentials of Genomics
7154:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800981
4703:Nucleic Acids Research
3443:Wade N (31 May 2007).
2769:Molecular epidemiology
2445:(type of puffer fish)
2442:Tetraodon nigroviridis
2218:70-92% repetitive DNA
2044:Caenorhabditis elegans
1602:Haemophilus influenzae
1190:
1134:
892:
785:New York Genome Center
647:Haemophilus influenzae
622:
587:Sequencing and mapping
390:
34:. For other uses, see
9015:Endogenous retrovirus
8988:Origin of replication
8704:ssDNA satellite virus
8694:ssRNA satellite virus
8389:Isotope affinity tags
8343:Expression proteomics
8045:List of genetic codes
6444:Nature Communications
6006:10.1055/s-2006-924101
5849:10.1093/molbev/msn032
4496:10.1128/MMBR.00011-08
4148:10.1101/gr.070409.107
4130:Usdin K (July 2008).
3207:on 29 September 2006.
3143:UK English Dictionary
2923:"The Fragmented Gene"
2842:10.5195/jmla.2019.604
2784:Nucleic acid sequence
2689:Bacterial genome size
2595:(chromosome number),
2541:primordial germ cells
2255:Ornate burrowing frog
1935:Physcomitrella patens
1877:Fritillaria assyriaca
1219:Approx. no. of genes
1188:
1163:developmental biology
1125:
1058:long terminal repeats
1023:Transposable elements
919:, making it diploid.
887:Further information:
872:
847:. For this, the word
620:
591:Further information:
536:fits systematically.
490:University of Hamburg
388:
326:Personalized medicine
320:Personalized medicine
183:Quantitative genetics
178:Mendelian inheritance
9342:Evolutionary biology
8959:Secondary chromosome
8954:Extrachromosomal DNA
8830:Transposable element
8149:Human Genome Project
8134:Comparative genomics
7944:Behavioural genetics
7606:Build a DNA Molecule
7560:Drug Discovery Today
7117:on 26 September 2012
6718:(6): 1279–1294.e19.
5771:Nature Biotechnology
3715:. pp. 525–540.
3351:(18 December 2013).
2616:short tandem repeats
2557:base excision repair
2494:Tmesipteris truncata
2230:Neuse River waterdog
2019:Pratylenchus coffeae
1994:Aspergillus nidulans
1792:Arabidopsis thaliana
1707:Sorangium cellulosum
1685:(strain Ellin 6076)
1400:Pandoravirus salinus
1165:). The work is both
1014:Huntington's disease
933:mitochondrial genome
883:mitochondrial genome
761:and his team at the
743:Human Genome Project
687:Arabidopsis thaliana
579:Most eukaryotes are
458:Human Genome Project
439:mitochondrial genome
246:Branches of genetics
9195:Model lipid bilayer
9037:Interspersed repeat
8359:2-D electrophoresis
8333:Call-map proteomics
8191:Structural genomics
8178:Population genomics
8139:Functional genomics
8024:Population genomics
8014:Molecular evolution
7974:Genetic engineering
7594:UCSC Genome Browser
7499:Gregory TR (2005).
7387:2013Sci...339..448H
7330:2010Sci...329...78H
7275:2015Sci...349.1483M
7088:10.1038/nature03025
7079:2004Natur.431..946J
7030:10.1101/gr.10.7.939
6982:10.1038/nature03154
6973:2004Natur.432..695C
6924:2001Sci...291.1304V
6779:Scientific American
6664:2011PNAS..108.5679W
6580:10.1038/nature05260
6572:2006Natur.443..931T
6456:2014NatCo...5.4611K
6400:1998Sci...282.2012.
6367:Gregory TR (2005).
6318:10.1038/nature04341
6309:2005Natur.438.1105G
6056:2006Sci...313.1596T
5998:2006PlBio...8..770G
5723:2011PLoSO...624882C
5584:1995Sci...269..496F
5528:2003PNAS..10010020D
5480:10.1038/nature01947
5471:2003Natur.424.1042R
5422:2000Natur.407...81S
5318:1981Natur.290..457A
5266:2013Sci...341..281P
5130:10.1128/JB.01215-06
5004:1977Natur.265..687S
4953:1978Natur.273..113F
4898:1976Natur.260..500F
4854:Mankertz P (2008).
4764:2006PNAS..103..425G
4643:2022Sci...376...44N
4321:2004Sci...303.1626K
4257:2006PNAS..10317600W
4197:2002MolEc..11.2453L
3983:2020PNAS..11719359Z
3977:(32): 19359–19366.
3828:10.1038/nrmicro2670
3545:The Washington Post
3492:"Mapping Factsheet"
3412:10.1038/nature12886
3404:2014Natur.505...43P
3200:(7). Archived from
3112:(Online ed.).
3058:Winkler HL (1920).
3037:TheConversation.org
2939:2009NYASA1178..186B
2921:Brosius, J (2009).
2779:Molecular pathology
2663:and the subsequent
2522:V(D)J recombination
2515:Genomic alterations
2471:(marbled lungfish)
2309:Plains viscacha rat
1818:Populus trichocarpa
1682:Solibacter usitatus
1669:open reading frames
1578:spp. (1.7 Mb)
1528:An endosymbiont of
1515:Buchnera aphidicola
965:Noncoding sequences
837:Serratia symbiotica
828:circular chromosome
822:Prokaryotic genomes
816:double-stranded RNA
812:single-stranded RNA
694:, and the bacteria
631:University of Ghent
494:Oxford Dictionaries
216:Genetic engineering
173:Population genetics
46:Part of a series on
8505:organic structures
8313:Structural biology
8124:Cognitive genomics
7984:Genetic monitoring
7659:NCBI Genome Primer
7433:. 24 October 1997.
7235:The New York Times
7205:www.genomesize.com
6464:10.1038/ncomms5611
6050:(5793): 1596–604.
5971:plants.ensembl.org
5917:10.1093/aob/mcu189
5373:10.1093/gbe/evt118
4823:10.1038/msb4100090
4715:10.1093/nar/gkl828
4590:10.1002/bies.20257
3749:Microbial Genetics
3470:"What's a Genome?"
3449:The New York Times
3360:The New York Times
3261:Brown, TA (2018).
3153:on 24 August 2022.
2794:Precision medicine
2180:Solenopsis invicta
2073:(Antarctic midge)
2070:Belgica antarctica
1948:First genome of a
1776:Smallest recorded
1653:Nostoc punctiforme
1233:Porcine circovirus
1191:
1135:
1073:are classified as
893:
859:Eukaryotic genomes
832:symbiotic bacteria
789:economies of scale
637:). The next year,
623:
472:Origin of the term
391:
188:Molecular genetics
147:History and topics
9299:
9298:
9240:Non-cellular life
9047:
9046:
8786:
8785:
8759:
8758:
8713:ssRNA satellite (
8469:
8468:
8364:Mass spectrometer
8173:Personal genomics
8076:
8075:
7999:He Jiankui affair
7989:Genetic genealogy
7979:Genetic diversity
7908:the British Isles
7813:Genetic variation
7550:978-0-471-39128-9
7531:978-0-470-84379-6
7520:Reece RJ (2004).
7512:978-0-12-301463-4
7491:978-0-87893-234-4
7468:978-1-85996-029-5
7457:Brown TA (2002).
7427:"Gattaca (movie)"
7269:(6255): 1483–89.
6967:(7018): 695–716.
6918:(5507): 1304–51.
6782:. February 2022.
6394:(5396): 2012–18.
6303:(7071): 1105–15.
6272:. Yeastgenome.org
5949:"Genome Assembly"
5777:(11): 1281–1289.
5633:(5331): 1453–62.
5578:(5223): 496–512.
5465:(6952): 1042–47.
5214:10.4161/cib.18624
5082:978-0-471-14272-0
4869:978-1-904455-22-6
4315:(5664): 1626–32.
4185:Molecular Ecology
4073:978-1-904933-30-4
4048:978-0-13-143981-8
3676:10.1159/000368854
3329:. 8 December 2010
3309:"All about genes"
3164:Harper, Douglas.
3120:(Subscription or
3008:. 11 April 2022.
2553:DNA demethylation
2512:
2511:
1763:Genlisea tuberosa
1648:– cyanobacterium
1482:Carsonella ruddii
1454:(strain NAS-ALF)
1261:Bacteriophage MS2
977:Intergenic region
745:was organized to
635:Bacteriophage MS2
395:molecular biology
393:In the fields of
383:
382:
110:Genetic variation
16:(Redirected from
9394:
9364:
9363:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9340:
9339:
9328:
9327:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9307:
8976:Gene duplication
8799:
8798:
8795:self-replication
8683:
8682:
8645:
8644:
8503:Self-replicating
8496:
8489:
8482:
8473:
8472:
8457:
8456:
8445:
8444:
8288:Pharmacogenomics
8283:Pharmacogenetics
8103:
8096:
8089:
8080:
8079:
8066:
8065:
8029:Reverse genetics
8004:Medical genetics
7719:
7712:
7705:
7696:
7695:
7629:—from Genome.gov
7583:
7554:
7535:
7516:
7495:
7483:
7472:
7453:
7452:. Prentice Hall.
7435:
7434:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7406:
7381:(6118): 448–52.
7366:
7360:
7359:
7349:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7113:. Archived from
7107:
7101:
7100:
7090:
7073:(7011): 946–57.
7058:
7052:
7051:
7041:
7009:
7003:
7002:
6984:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6827:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6737:
6727:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6675:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6591:
6566:(7114): 931–49.
6551:
6545:
6544:
6534:
6524:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6171:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6041:
6032:
6026:
6025:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5905:Annals of Botany
5896:
5890:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5734:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5522:(17): 10020–25.
5507:
5501:
5500:
5482:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5431:10.1038/35024074
5401:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5326:10.1038/290457a0
5312:(5806): 457–65.
5300:
5294:
5293:
5260:(6143): 281–86.
5251:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5012:10.1038/265687a0
4998:(5596): 687–95.
4987:
4981:
4980:
4961:10.1038/273113a0
4947:(5658): 113–20.
4932:
4926:
4925:
4906:10.1038/260500a0
4892:(5551): 500–07.
4880:
4874:
4873:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4775:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4662:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4304:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4251:(47): 17600–01.
4236:
4227:
4226:
4208:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4089:
4078:
4077:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4037:Lewin B (2004).
4034:
4023:
4022:
4012:
3994:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3149:. Archived from
3132:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3078:. Archived from
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2821:
2635:eukaryotic cells
2601:codon usage bias
2579:Genome evolution
2500:160,000,000,000
2474:130,000,000,000
2235:118,000,000,000
1911:150,000,000,000
1882:130,000,000,000
1847:(Loblolly pine)
1743:670,000,000,000
1733:Polychaos dubium
1627:Escherichia coli
1201:
1200:
1054:Retrotransposons
1041:Retrotransposons
1036:Retrotransposons
956:Coding sequences
901:asexual nemotode
897:Jack jumper ants
769:Reference genome
759:Jean Weissenbach
375:
368:
361:
348:
343:
342:
238:Medical genetics
234:
229:
228:
62:
43:
42:
21:
9402:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9382:Genetic mapping
9372:
9371:
9370:
9358:
9348:
9346:
9334:
9322:
9312:
9310:
9302:
9300:
9295:
9245:Synthetic virus
9233:Artificial cell
9206:
9134:
9043:
8932:RNA replication
8927:DNA replication
8915:
8906:Group II intron
8804:
8794:
8782:
8773:Mammalian prion
8755:
8731:
8710:dsRNA satellite
8707:ssDNA satellite
8677:
8670:
8639:
8632:
8577:
8506:
8500:
8470:
8465:
8433:
8398:
8347:
8307:
8303:Transcriptomics
8293:Systems biology
8278:Paleopolyploidy
8214:Cheminformatics
8195:
8112:
8107:
8077:
8072:
8054:
8033:
7932:
7923:the Middle East
7889:Archaeogenetics
7883:
7827:
7766:
7728:
7723:
7590:
7566:(24): 1121–27.
7551:
7532:
7513:
7492:
7469:
7444:
7442:Further reading
7439:
7438:
7431:Rotten Tomatoes
7425:
7424:
7420:
7367:
7363:
7324:(5987): 78–82.
7310:
7306:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7228:(31 May 2024).
7223:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7134:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7059:
7055:
7018:Genome Research
7010:
7006:
6953:
6949:
6901:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6842:(5): e1000112.
6828:
6824:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6791:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6703:
6699:
6658:(14): 5679–84.
6644:
6640:
6619:(12): 1036–45.
6609:
6605:
6552:
6548:
6515:(7): e1004522.
6501:
6497:
6435:
6431:
6380:
6376:
6365:
6361:
6338:
6334:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6232:
6228:
6199:
6195:
6148:
6144:
6099:
6095:
6039:
6033:
6029:
5982:
5978:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5897:
5893:
5887:Wayback Machine
5878:
5874:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5784:10.1038/nbt1354
5762:
5758:
5703:
5699:
5660:
5656:
5619:
5615:
5567:
5563:
5508:
5504:
5451:
5447:
5416:(6800): 81–86.
5402:
5398:
5353:
5349:
5301:
5297:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5194:
5190:
5159:
5155:
5110:
5106:
5083:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5035:
4988:
4984:
4933:
4929:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4852:
4848:
4803:
4799:
4744:
4740:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4637:(6588): 44–53.
4626:
4620:
4613:
4574:
4570:
4545:10.1038/nrg2640
4539:(10): 691–703.
4525:
4521:
4476:
4472:
4441:
4437:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4305:
4292:
4237:
4230:
4191:(12): 2453–65.
4177:
4173:
4136:Genome Research
4128:
4121:
4090:
4081:
4074:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4035:
4026:
3963:
3952:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3855:
3851:
3812:
3808:
3783:10.1038/nrg2810
3763:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3705:
3701:
3670:(5–6): 420–27.
3656:
3652:
3637:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3594:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3498:on 19 July 2010
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3437:
3398:(7481): 43–49.
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3259:
3255:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3162:
3158:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3082:on 1 March 2014
3074:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2919:
2915:
2900:
2884:
2875:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2709:Genome topology
2704:Genome Compiler
2684:
2652:
2581:
2561:CpG methylation
2537:
2517:
2209:48,010,000,000
2205:Antarctic krill
1850:22,180,000,000
1778:flowering plant
1575:Prochlorococcus
1211:
1183:
1161:organisms (see
1120:
1105:DNA transposons
1102:
1100:DNA transposons
1038:
1025:
995:
979:
973:
967:
958:
949:
917:sex chromosomes
891:
879:sex chromosomes
867:
861:
824:
801:
793:citizen science
735:James D. Watson
603:genome sequence
599:
589:
577:
560:
542:
512:. However, see
484:, professor of
474:
379:
338:
331:
330:
321:
313:
312:
311:
310:
259:
251:
250:
242:
220:
201:
193:
192:
148:
140:
139:
126:
125:
124:
70:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9400:
9390:
9389:
9384:
9369:
9368:
9356:
9344:
9332:
9320:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9271:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9242:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9230:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9155:
9150:
9144:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9120:
9112:
9110:Kappa organism
9107:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9057:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8981:Non-coding DNA
8978:
8973:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8901:Group I intron
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8867:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8823:Genomic island
8820:
8809:
8807:
8803:Mobile genetic
8796:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8769:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8739:
8737:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8718:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8695:
8691:
8689:
8680:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8651:
8642:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8628:dsDNA-RT virus
8625:
8623:ssRNA-RT virus
8620:
8618:(−)ssRNA virus
8615:
8613:(+)ssRNA virus
8610:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8587:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8558:Incertae sedis
8554:
8553:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8527:
8522:
8516:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8476:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8451:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8352:Research tools
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8317:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8298:Toxicogenomics
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8201:Bioinformatics
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8144:Genome project
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8106:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:Plant genetics
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7959:Genome editing
7956:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7937:Related topics
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7892:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7859:Immunogenetics
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7771:Key components
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7678:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7630:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7589:
7588:External links
7586:
7585:
7584:
7555:
7549:
7536:
7530:
7517:
7511:
7496:
7490:
7473:
7467:
7454:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7418:
7361:
7304:
7253:
7217:
7192:
7167:
7148:(2): 121–122.
7128:
7102:
7053:
7004:
6947:
6895:
6873:
6822:
6811:
6800:
6789:
6765:
6697:
6638:
6603:
6546:
6495:
6429:
6374:
6359:
6332:
6283:
6261:
6242:(10): 542–49.
6226:
6193:
6156:Genome Biology
6142:
6113:(3): 875–890.
6093:
6027:
5976:
5958:
5940:
5911:(8): 1651–63.
5891:
5872:
5823:
5798:
5756:
5697:
5654:
5613:
5561:
5502:
5445:
5396:
5367:(9): 1675–88.
5347:
5295:
5237:
5188:
5153:
5124:(2): 298–304.
5104:
5081:
5055:
5033:
4982:
4927:
4875:
4868:
4846:
4797:
4738:
4689:
4611:
4568:
4519:
4490:(4): 686–727.
4470:
4435:
4400:
4393:
4375:
4350:
4290:
4228:
4171:
4142:(7): 1011–19.
4119:
4079:
4072:
4054:
4047:
4024:
3950:
3923:
3898:
3849:
3806:
3754:
3736:
3729:
3699:
3650:
3635:
3615:
3592:
3557:
3531:
3509:
3483:
3461:
3435:
3378:
3340:
3318:
3313:beowulf.org.uk
3300:
3278:
3271:
3253:
3210:
3177:
3156:
3127:
3093:
3067:
3050:
3023:
2993:
2968:
2913:
2898:
2873:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:Regulator gene
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Genome Browser
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2671:The 1997 film
2651:
2648:
2620:entire genomes
2599:, gene order,
2580:
2577:
2536:
2533:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:1,043,000,000
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:3,117,000,000
2388:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:3,286,640,000
2362:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:2,700,000,000
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:8,400,000,000
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2293:Largest known
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:3,930,000,000
2283:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:1,060,000,000
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:Apis mellifera
2123:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1901:Paris japonica
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1854:
1853:22.18 GB
1851:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:"Amoeba" dubia
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1569:cyanobacterium
1561:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1204:Organism type
1182:
1179:
1119:
1116:
1101:
1098:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1021:
999:tandem repeats
994:
993:Tandem repeats
991:
987:tandem repeats
971:Non-coding DNA
969:Main article:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
947:DNA sequencing
945:
860:
857:
823:
820:
810:can be either
800:
797:
597:Genome project
588:
585:
576:
573:
559:
558:Nuclear genome
556:
541:
538:
473:
470:
423:non-coding DNA
381:
380:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
333:
332:
329:
328:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
286:Immunogenetics
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
241:
240:
235:
218:
213:
211:DNA sequencing
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
89:
84:
79:
73:
72:
71:
69:Key components
68:
67:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9399:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9355:
9345:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9319:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9263:Nanobacterium
9260:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9228:Cell division
9226:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9071:Hydrogenosome
9069:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9061:Mitochondrion
9059:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9053:Endosymbiosis
9050:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9032:Tandem repeat
9030:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:Other aspects
8918:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8665:Avsunviroidae
8662:
8660:
8659:
8658:Pospiviroidae
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8512:Cellular life
8509:
8504:
8497:
8492:
8490:
8485:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8462:
8461:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8429:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:Organizations
8401:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8273:Nutrigenomics
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8219:Chemogenomics
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8104:
8099:
8097:
8092:
8090:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8069:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7445:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7024:(7): 939–49.
7023:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6883:
6877:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6735:11577/3472081
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6509:PLOS Genetics
6506:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6348:(3): 449–50.
6347:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6271:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5992:(6): 770–77.
5991:
5987:
5986:Plant Biology
5980:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:(4): 787–94.
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5717:(9): e24882.
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5670:(1): 85–106.
5669:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:(1): 102–06.
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:(4): 729–73.
5168:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4758:(2): 425–30.
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:(8): 775–84.
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4416:(6): 651–58.
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4394:9780134605173
4390:
4386:
4379:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3942:
3939:(3): 205–17.
3938:
3934:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:(2): 141–61.
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:(7): 487–98.
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3730:9781555812324
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3636:9780963117212
3632:
3628:
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3603:
3596:
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3568:
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3520:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3465:
3450:
3446:
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3431:
3427:
3422:
3417:
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3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3328:
3327:"Genome Home"
3322:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3282:
3274:
3272:9780815345084
3268:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
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3225:
3221:
3214:
3203:
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3194:The Scientist
3188:
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3123:
3115:
3111:
3110:
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3097:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:(1): 186–93.
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2899:9781605354699
2895:
2891:
2890:
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2750:
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2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
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2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:Jurassic Park
2655:
2647:
2644:
2643:mitochondrial
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
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2566:
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2507:
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2417:Gallus gallus
2414:
2412:
2409:
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2398:
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2321:
2319:
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2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2288:3.93 GB
2287:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2263:1.06 GB
2262:
2257:
2256:
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2250:
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2246:
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2240:
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2036:
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2031:
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2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:12.1 MB
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
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1951:
1947:
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1932:
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1780:genome, 2014
1779:
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1465:
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1459:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1435:16.6 kB
1434:
1429:
1428:mitochondrion
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1408:2.47 MB
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:48.5 kB
1357:
1352:
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1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
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1330:
1327:
1325:
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1199:
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856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
838:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Viral genomes
799:Viral genomes
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
716:Siberian cave
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
667:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
584:
582:
572:
569:
565:
555:
552:
548:
537:
535:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:sequences of
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
376:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
356:
354:
353:
347:
337:
336:
335:
334:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
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279:
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264:
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255:
254:
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244:
243:
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236:
232:
223:
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214:
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209:
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203:
197:
196:
189:
186:
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176:
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168:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
144:
143:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9354:Paleontology
9250:Viral vector
9093:Gerontoplast
9020:Transpoviron
8965:
8792:Nucleic acid
8778:Fungal prion
8676:Helper-virus
8663:
8656:
8563:
8556:
8458:
8446:
8268:Microbiomics
8263:Metabolomics
8224:Connectomics
8183:
8156:Metagenomics
7969:Genetic code
7903:the Americas
7879:Quantitative
7849:Cytogenetics
7844:Conservation
7792:
7737:Introduction
7563:
7559:
7540:
7521:
7505:. Elsevier.
7501:
7479:
7458:
7449:
7430:
7421:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7244:. Retrieved
7233:
7226:Zimmer, Carl
7220:
7208:. Retrieved
7204:
7195:
7183:. Retrieved
7179:
7170:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7119:. Retrieved
7115:the original
7105:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7021:
7017:
7007:
6964:
6960:
6950:
6915:
6911:
6898:
6886:. Retrieved
6876:
6839:
6836:PLOS Biology
6835:
6825:
6814:
6803:
6792:
6777:
6768:
6715:
6711:
6700:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6563:
6559:
6549:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6447:
6443:
6432:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6362:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6274:. Retrieved
6264:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6213:(1): 10–15.
6210:
6206:
6196:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6047:
6043:
6030:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5875:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5810:
5801:
5774:
5770:
5759:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5257:
5253:
5240:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5064:
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5036:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4859:
4849:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4634:
4630:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4451:(3): 95–99.
4448:
4444:
4438:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4384:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4312:
4308:
4248:
4244:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4139:
4135:
4097:
4093:
4063:
4057:
4038:
3974:
3970:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3911:ScienceDaily
3910:
3901:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3822:(1): 13–26.
3819:
3815:
3809:
3774:
3770:
3748:
3739:
3712:
3702:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3625:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3595:
3570:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3448:
3438:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3358:
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3281:
3262:
3256:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3202:the original
3197:
3193:
3180:
3169:
3159:
3151:the original
3139:
3130:
3107:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:the original
3070:
3060:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3036:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3005:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2888:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2759:Metagenomics
2672:
2670:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2624:
2612:Duplications
2610:
2582:
2538:
2526:
2518:
2503:160 GB
2497:(fern ally)
2492:
2477:130 GB
2466:
2451:390 MB
2448:385,000,000
2440:
2425:1.0 GB
2415:
2403:
2400:Homo sapiens
2399:
2393:3.1 GB
2385:Homo sapiens
2383:
2367:3.3 GB
2359:Pan paniscus
2357:
2342:2.7 GB
2334:Mus musculus
2332:
2317:8.4 GB
2307:
2278:
2253:
2238:118 GB
2228:
2189:480 MB
2186:480,000,000
2178:
2162:432 MB
2159:432,000,000
2156:(silk moth)
2151:
2136:236 MB
2133:236,000,000
2130:(honey bee)
2125:
2112:
2105:175 MB
2102:175,000,000
2099:(fruit fly)
2094:
2068:
2052:100 MB
2049:100,300,000
2042:
2017:
1992:
1966:
1943:480 MB
1940:480,000,000
1933:
1914:150 GB
1899:
1885:130 GB
1875:
1842:
1826:480 MB
1823:480,000,000
1816:
1797:135,000,000
1790:
1761:
1746:670 GB
1737:
1731:
1705:
1680:
1651:
1635:4.6 MB
1625:
1610:1.8 MB
1600:
1584:1.7 MB
1573:
1541:
1523:600 kB
1513:
1497:endosymbiont
1490:160 kB
1480:
1460:112 kB
1449:
1398:
1383:1.3 MB
1364:
1336:9.7 kB
1313:5.4 kB
1306:Phage Φ-X174
1291:5.2 kB
1268:3.6 kB
1241:1.8 kB
1210:Genome size
1192:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1136:
1127:Log–log plot
1110:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1007:
996:
980:
959:
950:
941:
929:mitochondria
925:chloroplasts
910:
905:fern species
894:
852:
848:
842:
835:
825:
802:
777:crowdsourced
773:genealogical
767:
755:human genome
739:
720:
699:
685:
684:, the plant
671:
664:
654:
643:Phage Φ-X174
627:Walter Fiers
624:
602:
600:
578:
571:literature.
564:mitochondria
561:
543:
533:
527:
521:
517:
507:
501:
482:Hans Winkler
477:
475:
466:
462:human genome
447:
443:chloroplasts
437:and a small
435:mitochondria
402:
392:
306:Quantitative
276:Cytogenetics
271:Conservation
153:Introduction
40:
9274:Cancer cell
9140:Abiogenesis
9088:Chromoplast
9083:Chloroplast
8866:Degradative
8608:dsRNA virus
8603:ssDNA virus
8596:Giant virus
8591:dsDNA virus
8236:Epigenomics
8168:Pangenomics
7949:Epigenetics
3371:18 December
3226:: 815–834.
2639:chloroplast
2597:genome size
2549:totipotency
2183:(fire ant)
2153:Bombyx mori
2076:99,000,000
2027:20 MB
2024:20,000,000
2002:30 MB
1999:30,000,000
1973:12,100,000
1864:angiosperms
1860:Gymnosperms
1844:Pinus taeda
1771:61 MB
1768:61,000,000
1712:13,033,779
1691:10 MB
1468:leafhoppers
1151:prokaryotes
1138:Genome size
1118:Genome size
1094:Alu element
808:RNA viruses
731:full genome
704:Neanderthal
692:puffer fish
639:Fred Sanger
611:chromosomes
607:nucleotides
568:chloroplast
547:chromosomes
419:RNA viruses
9376:Categories
9182:Proteinoid
9177:Coacervate
9130:Nitroplast
9123:Trophosome
9118:Bacteriome
9103:Apicoplast
9098:Leucoplast
8939:Chromosome
8857:Resistance
8565:Parakaryon
8321:Proteomics
8258:Lipidomics
8253:Immunomics
7954:Geneticist
7928:South Asia
7874:Population
7854:Ecological
7823:Amino acid
7803:Nucleotide
7778:Chromosome
7121:17 October
6712:Cell Glish
6384:C. elegans
6342:Nematology
6276:27 January
6162:(3): R59.
5048:27 January
4368:5 December
4039:Genes VIII
3916:7 November
3502:27 January
3476:27 January
3333:27 January
3124:required.)
2981:Genome.gov
2811:References
2789:Pan-genome
2764:Microbiome
2650:In fiction
2605:GC-content
2545:epigenetic
2200:Crustacean
1688:9,970,000
1661:9 MB
1658:9,000,000
1632:4,600,000
1607:1,830,000
1581:1,700,000
1558:tsetse fly
1419:Eukaryotic
1405:2,470,000
1380:1,259,197
1248:eukaryotic
1214:base pairs
1155:eukaryotes
1111:C. elegans
975:See also:
863:See also:
853:chromosome
765:in Paris.
540:Definition
509:chromosome
431:eukaryotes
407:nucleotide
301:Population
281:Ecological
206:Geneticist
120:Amino acid
100:Nucleotide
77:Chromosome
9318:Astronomy
9191:Research
9172:Protocell
8911:Retrozyme
8870:Virulence
8852:Fertility
8699:Virophage
8687:Satellite
8678:dependent
8530:Eukaryota
8248:Glycomics
7869:Molecular
7864:Microbial
7839:Classical
7664:GeneCards
7459:Genomes 2
7210:17 August
7185:17 August
7162:0018-067X
6991:0028-0836
6904:Venter JC
6884:. nih.gov
6760:257286259
6744:0092-8674
6472:2041-1723
6022:260252929
5793:1087-0156
4817:(1): 45.
4677:235233625
4578:BioEssays
4100:: 12–19.
4001:1091-6490
3608:27 August
3587:211729308
3550:27 August
3524:23 August
3289:. Ensembl
3263:Genomes 4
3248:220699395
2908:951474209
2850:1558-9439
2593:karyotype
2543:involves
2249:Amphibian
2224:Amphibian
1950:bryophyte
1701:Bacterium
1676:Bacterium
1646:Bacterium
1621:Bacterium
1596:Bacterium
1565:Bacterium
1537:Bacterium
1509:Bacterium
1476:Bacterium
1445:Bacterium
1422:organelle
1376:Megavirus
1207:Organism
1196:#See also
1174:in silico
1153:or lower
1077:(LINEs),
1003:telomeres
913:autosomes
889:Karyotype
875:autosomes
763:Genoscope
625:In 1976,
476:The term
454:sequenced
296:Molecular
291:Microbial
266:Classical
167:molecular
163:Evolution
9387:Genomics
9218:Organism
9211:See also
9187:Sulphobe
9164:Ribozyme
9159:RNA life
9066:Mitosome
9010:Prophage
9005:Provirus
8993:Replicon
8949:Circular
8896:Phagemid
8813:Mobilome
8805:elements
8715:Virusoid
8638:Subviral
8550:Protista
8535:Animalia
8520:Bacteria
8460:Category
8186:genomics
8110:Genomics
8068:Category
7994:Heredity
7964:Genomics
7808:Mutation
7798:Heredity
7762:Glossary
7752:Timeline
7726:Genetics
7685:Illumina
7580:14678738
7413:23223451
7356:20595612
7299:13945473
7291:26404825
7240:Archived
7142:Heredity
7097:15496914
7048:10899143
6999:15592404
6942:11181995
6868:19468303
6784:Archived
6752:36868220
6692:21282665
6633:19121390
6598:17073008
6541:25057905
6490:25118180
6450:: 4611.
6424:16873716
6327:16372000
6256:18762443
6188:24647006
6137:24653210
6107:Genetics
6080:16973872
6014:17203433
5935:25274549
5883:Archived
5867:18258610
5751:21949776
5711:PLOS ONE
5684:16228364
5608:10423613
5556:12917486
5489:12917642
5440:10993077
5391:23918810
5290:16877147
5282:23869018
5232:22482024
5148:17085553
5091:18265390
4841:16924266
4792:16407165
4733:17090588
4681:Archived
4669:35357919
4606:26424042
4598:16015595
4563:19763152
4514:19052325
4465:10675923
4430:14638329
4337:15016989
4285:17101965
4223:23606208
4215:12453231
4166:18593815
4114:25917896
4019:32719115
3893:25722247
3836:22064560
3801:20548290
3694:25732343
3645:21413309
3430:24352235
3365:Archived
3349:Zimmer C
3240:32692614
3166:"genome"
3136:"genome"
3103:"genome"
3086:25 March
3016:29 April
3010:Archived
2986:29 April
2955:19845638
2868:31258451
2682:See also
2633:. Also,
2631:microbes
2589:measured
2295:squamate
2038:Nematode
2013:Nematode
1906:Liliales
1727:Amoeboid
1548:700,000
1520:600,000
1503:insects
1487:159,662
1457:112,091
937:plastome
845:plasmids
781:DNA.LAND
751:sequence
712:toe bone
661:archaeon
496:and the
450:genomics
427:junk DNA
399:genetics
346:Category
231:template
222:Genomics
200:Research
105:Mutation
95:Heredity
52:Genetics
9366:Science
9330:Biology
9304:Portals
9200:Jeewanu
9114:Organs
9078:Plastid
8878:Cryptic
8847:Plasmid
8545:Plantae
8525:Archaea
8209:Biochip
7747:History
7742:Outline
7404:3847602
7383:Bibcode
7375:Science
7347:3863715
7326:Bibcode
7318:Science
7271:Bibcode
7263:Science
7075:Bibcode
6969:Bibcode
6920:Bibcode
6912:Science
6888:30 June
6859:2680341
6683:3078418
6660:Bibcode
6589:2048586
6568:Bibcode
6532:4109859
6481:4164542
6452:Bibcode
6416:9851916
6396:Bibcode
6388:Science
6305:Bibcode
6179:4053751
6128:3948813
6088:7717980
6052:Bibcode
6044:Science
5994:Bibcode
5926:4649684
5858:2933061
5742:3174227
5719:Bibcode
5692:8752382
5649:9278503
5627:Science
5600:7542800
5580:Bibcode
5572:Science
5524:Bibcode
5497:4344597
5467:Bibcode
5418:Bibcode
5382:3787670
5342:4355527
5334:7219534
5314:Bibcode
5262:Bibcode
5254:Science
5223:3291303
5183:6221115
5139:1797383
5028:4206886
5000:Bibcode
4977:1634424
4949:Bibcode
4922:4289674
4914:1264203
4894:Bibcode
4832:1681520
4783:1324956
4760:Bibcode
4724:1669731
4660:9186530
4639:Bibcode
4631:Science
4554:2884099
4505:2593564
4345:1956932
4317:Bibcode
4309:Science
4276:1693792
4253:Bibcode
4193:Bibcode
4157:3960014
4010:7431005
3979:Bibcode
3884:4361730
3844:7175976
3792:3273317
3751:. 2002.
3685:5175462
3454:2 April
3421:4031459
3400:Bibcode
3043:4 April
2963:8279434
2935:Bibcode
2859:6579593
2674:Gattaca
2529:meiosis
2527:During
2428:20,000
2396:20,000
2370:20,000
2345:20,210
2297:genome
2215:23,000
2192:16,569
2165:14,623
2139:10,157
2108:13,600
2055:19,000
1856:50,172
1829:73,013
1803:27,655
1800:135 MB
1551:700 kB
1501:psyllid
1432:16,569
1355:48,502
1351:Phage λ
1235:type 1
1168:in vivo
1142:haploid
1131:GenBank
1010:disease
983:introns
921:Gametes
899:and an
791:and of
783:at the
749:and to
696:E. coli
629:at the
581:diploid
551:plasmid
529:rhizome
488:at the
158:History
130:Outline
18:Genomes
9291:Virome
9269:Nanobe
8966:Genome
8944:Linear
8889:Fosmid
8884:Cosmid
8649:Viroid
8640:agents
8117:Fields
7913:Europe
7898:Africa
7832:Fields
7818:Allele
7793:Genome
7578:
7547:
7528:
7509:
7488:
7465:
7411:
7401:
7354:
7344:
7297:
7289:
7246:1 June
7160:
7095:
7067:Nature
7046:
7039:310905
7036:
6997:
6989:
6961:Nature
6940:
6866:
6856:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6690:
6680:
6631:
6596:
6586:
6560:Nature
6539:
6529:
6488:
6478:
6470:
6422:
6414:
6325:
6297:Nature
6254:
6186:
6176:
6135:
6125:
6086:
6078:
6072:901819
6070:
6020:
6012:
5933:
5923:
5865:
5855:
5791:
5749:
5739:
5690:
5682:
5647:
5606:
5598:
5554:
5547:187748
5544:
5495:
5487:
5459:Nature
5438:
5410:Nature
5389:
5379:
5340:
5332:
5306:Nature
5288:
5280:
5230:
5220:
5181:
5146:
5136:
5099:490362
5097:
5089:
5079:
5026:
5020:870828
5018:
4992:Nature
4975:
4969:205802
4967:
4941:Nature
4920:
4912:
4886:Nature
4866:
4839:
4829:
4790:
4780:
4731:
4721:
4675:
4667:
4657:
4604:
4596:
4561:
4551:
4512:
4502:
4463:
4428:
4391:
4343:
4335:
4283:
4273:
4221:
4213:
4164:
4154:
4112:
4070:
4045:
4017:
4007:
3999:
3891:
3881:
3842:
3834:
3799:
3789:
3727:
3692:
3682:
3643:
3633:
3604:. STAT
3585:
3571:Nature
3428:
3418:
3392:Nature
3293:30 May
3269:
3246:
3238:
3141:Lexico
2961:
2953:
2906:
2896:
2866:
2856:
2848:
2603:, and
2379:Mammal
2353:Mammal
2328:Mammal
2303:Mammal
2274:Lizard
2212:48 GB
2174:Insect
2147:Insect
2121:Insect
2090:Insect
2079:99 MB
2064:Insect
2005:9,541
1988:Fungus
1979:6,294
1958:Fungus
1718:9,367
1715:13 MB
1664:7,432
1638:4,288
1587:1,884
1530:aphids
1426:Human
1333:9,749
1310:5,386
1288:5,224
1265:3,569
1250:cells
1238:1,759
877:, two
849:genome
834:(e.g.
708:humans
700:genome
690:, the
575:Ploidy
534:genome
486:botany
478:genome
403:genome
344:
258:Fields
115:Allele
91:Genome
8765:Prion
8736:Other
8583:Virus
8540:Fungi
8424:(USA)
8184:Socio
8038:Lists
7918:Italy
7757:Index
7295:S2CID
6756:S2CID
6420:S2CID
6084:S2CID
6040:(PDF)
6018:S2CID
5816:2 May
5688:S2CID
5604:S2CID
5493:S2CID
5338:S2CID
5286:S2CID
5250:(PDF)
5095:S2CID
5024:S2CID
4973:S2CID
4918:S2CID
4684:(PDF)
4673:S2CID
4627:(PDF)
4602:S2CID
4341:S2CID
4219:S2CID
3840:S2CID
3583:S2CID
3244:S2CID
3205:(PDF)
3190:(PDF)
3118:
2959:S2CID
2585:genes
2488:Plant
1962:yeast
1925:Plant
1895:Plant
1871:Plant
1838:Plant
1812:Plant
1786:Plant
1757:Plant
1667:7432
1394:Virus
1371:Virus
1346:Virus
1324:Virus
1301:Virus
1279:Virus
1256:Virus
1228:Virus
1222:Note
943:DNA.
702:of a
682:mouse
523:biome
514:omics
433:have
135:Index
9279:HeLa
9223:Cell
8971:Gene
8448:List
8430:(UK)
8418:(EU)
8412:(JP)
7687:and
7576:PMID
7545:ISBN
7526:ISBN
7507:ISBN
7486:ISBN
7463:ISBN
7409:PMID
7352:PMID
7287:PMID
7248:2024
7212:2024
7187:2024
7158:ISSN
7123:2012
7093:PMID
7044:PMID
6995:PMID
6987:ISSN
6938:PMID
6890:2016
6864:PMID
6748:PMID
6740:ISSN
6688:PMID
6629:PMID
6594:PMID
6537:PMID
6486:PMID
6468:ISSN
6412:PMID
6382:The
6323:PMID
6278:2011
6252:PMID
6184:PMID
6133:PMID
6076:PMID
6068:OSTI
6010:PMID
5931:PMID
5863:PMID
5818:2024
5789:ISSN
5747:PMID
5680:PMID
5645:PMID
5596:PMID
5552:PMID
5485:PMID
5436:PMID
5387:PMID
5330:PMID
5278:PMID
5228:PMID
5179:PMID
5144:PMID
5087:PMID
5077:ISBN
5050:2011
5016:PMID
4965:PMID
4910:PMID
4864:ISBN
4837:PMID
4788:PMID
4729:PMID
4665:PMID
4594:PMID
4559:PMID
4510:PMID
4461:PMID
4426:PMID
4389:ISBN
4370:2020
4333:PMID
4281:PMID
4211:PMID
4162:PMID
4110:PMID
4068:ISBN
4043:ISBN
4015:PMID
3997:ISSN
3918:2017
3889:PMID
3832:PMID
3797:PMID
3725:ISBN
3690:PMID
3641:PMID
3631:ISBN
3610:2016
3552:2016
3526:2016
3504:2011
3478:2011
3456:2010
3426:PMID
3373:2013
3335:2011
3295:2022
3267:ISBN
3236:PMID
3088:2014
3045:2022
3018:2023
2988:2023
2951:PMID
2931:1178
2904:OCLC
2894:ISBN
2864:PMID
2846:ISSN
2665:film
2641:and
2573:TET2
2571:and
2569:TET1
2462:Fish
2436:Fish
2411:Bird
1929:moss
1463:137
1284:SV40
1171:and
927:and
753:the
680:, a
678:rice
595:and
526:and
518:-ome
506:and
503:gene
413:(or
401:, a
397:and
8862:Col
8750:DNA
8747:RNA
8726:DNA
8723:RNA
7788:RNA
7783:DNA
7689:454
7675:IMG
7568:doi
7399:PMC
7391:doi
7379:339
7342:PMC
7334:doi
7322:329
7279:doi
7267:349
7150:doi
7083:doi
7071:431
7034:PMC
7026:doi
6977:doi
6965:432
6928:doi
6916:291
6854:PMC
6844:doi
6730:hdl
6720:doi
6716:186
6678:PMC
6668:doi
6656:108
6621:doi
6584:PMC
6576:doi
6564:443
6527:PMC
6517:doi
6476:PMC
6460:doi
6404:doi
6392:282
6350:doi
6313:doi
6301:438
6244:doi
6215:doi
6211:164
6174:PMC
6164:doi
6123:PMC
6115:doi
6111:196
6060:doi
6048:313
6002:doi
5921:PMC
5913:doi
5909:114
5853:PMC
5845:doi
5779:doi
5737:PMC
5727:doi
5672:doi
5635:doi
5631:277
5588:doi
5576:269
5542:PMC
5532:doi
5520:100
5475:doi
5463:424
5426:doi
5414:407
5377:PMC
5369:doi
5322:doi
5310:290
5270:doi
5258:341
5218:PMC
5210:doi
5171:doi
5167:162
5134:PMC
5126:doi
5122:189
5069:doi
5008:doi
4996:265
4957:doi
4945:273
4902:doi
4890:260
4827:PMC
4819:doi
4778:PMC
4768:doi
4756:103
4719:PMC
4711:doi
4655:PMC
4647:doi
4635:376
4586:doi
4549:PMC
4541:doi
4500:PMC
4492:doi
4453:doi
4418:doi
4325:doi
4313:303
4271:PMC
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