Lebanese Forces - Knowledge

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capabilities and was able to reverse the result of the battle of 1981. This victory was due to the bravery of the inhabitants and 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut. The Syrian occupying forces used all kind of weapons (heavy artillery, tanks, war planes...) against a peaceful town, and they cut all kind of backup that may come from the Mountain. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather, they were found later holding each other... till they died. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and the victory was both military and diplomatic. It made the Leadership of President Bashir Gemayel much stronger because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started on 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces heroes returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.

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capabilities and was able to reverse the result of the battle of 1981. This victory was due to the bravery of the inhabitants and 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut. The Syrian occupying forces used all kind of weapons (heavy artillery, tanks, war planes...) against a peaceful town, and they cut all kind of backup that may come from the Mountain. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather and were found later holding each other. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and the victory was both military and diplomatic. It made the Leadership of President Bashir Gemayel much stronger because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started on 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces heroes returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.

1643:, who was investigating the 2020 Beirut port explosion. The protest turned deadly when unidentified gunmen fired on the demonstrators, leading to armed confrontations that resulted in at least seven deaths and over 30 injuries. Geagea was summoned by military intelligence to testify about the events, as both Hezbollah and the Amal Movement accused his party of instigating the violence. Geagea denied these allegations, asserting that his supporters acted in self-defense against an attack by Hezbollah loyalists who had vandalized property in the area. On the day he was scheduled to appear, Geagea did not show up, and his supporters protested the summons, blocking roads in support. 1336:. Aoun's main objection to the Taif Agreement was its vagueness as to Syrian withdrawal from the country. He rejected it vowing that he "would not sign over the country". Fierce fighting in East Beirut broke out between the Lebanese Forces and the Lebanese Army under Michel Aoun after the Lebanese Army, under orders of Michel Aoun, began stopping and arresting members of the Lebanese Forces. These events led to the "Elimination War" on 31 January 1990. The war continued until the defeat and exile of Aoun to France in August 1990. During the war, the Lebanese Forces made major strides and victories including the capture of many of the army's encampments, barracks, and units. 1147: 383: 978:(most notably the BG Squad that was led by Bachir) and their allied Christian militias as they besieged the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and brought them down. The first was on 18 January 1976 when the heavily fortified Karantina camp, located near the strategic Beirut Harbor, was invaded: About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed. The Palestinian PLO and al-Saiqa forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of Damour about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the 372: 963: 397: 365: 390: 422: 415: 408: 4629: 358: 2953: 1485: 629: 284: 2934: 2904: 2874: 66: 1512:. In addition, the Lebanese Forces have also been able to attain a great deal of popularity amongst the younger generation, as evidenced by the annual student elections in Lebanese colleges. The Lebanese Forces, along with their other 14 March allies, made additional gains in the elections geared towards the professional bodies of engineers, doctors, lawyers, and even teachers. 2847: 1011:

such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the Lebanese Forces fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia.

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781:. After the assassination of its leader, Bachir Gemayel, in 1982, political friction within the Lebanese Front resulted in growing distance between the Kataeb militants and the rest of the Lebanese Forces. In the end, the Lebanese Forces and Kataeb became two separate forces within the Lebanese Front. A few uprisings led to Lebanese Forces 1092:

few days earlier, "Please tell your people to be patient. I am committed to make peace with Israel, and I shall do it. But I need time – nine months, maximum one year. I need to mend my fences with the Arab countries, especially with Saudi Arabia, so that Lebanon can once again play its central role in the economy of the Middle East."

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condemnation of the kidnapping. Lebanese intelligence arrested multiple Syrians to reveal Suleiman’s whereabouts. The next day he was reported dead by the Lebanese Army and that his body was taken to Syria by Syrian gangs. The party blamed Hezbollah for his killing and said that it was a political murder until proven otherwise.

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150 scholarships for Beirut schools' students. Ground-0 Relief Committee launched a petition for an international investigation. The petition was signed by the relatives of the victims and the missing, by the injured as well as by those whose homes, businesses or establishments have been damaged. The document was sent to the

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Following the party's new political gains, Samir Geagea was freed on 18 July 2005, after parliament decided to amend all the charges he formerly faced. Since Geagea's release from prison, the Lebanese Forces have been rebuilding much of their former image. Some of these works include reorganizing its

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This failed attempt by Hobeika was the last episode of internal struggles in East Beirut during Amine Gemayel's mandate. As a result, the Lebanese Forces led by Geagea were the only major force on ground. During two years of frail peace, Geagea launched a drive to re-equip and reorganize the Lebanese

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Bashir led his troops in the infamous "Hundred Days War" in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings

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Bachir led his troops in the infamous "Hundred Days War" in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings

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The Lebanese Forces and its main political representatives strive to re-establish the many Christian rights, which were significantly lessened during Syria's occupation of Lebanon, specifically from 1990 to 2005. Some of the Lebanese Force's other main objectives include formulating a just electoral

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led by General Michel Aoun who had returned to Lebanon. The Lebanese Forces were able to win 6 out of the 8 MPs that were nominated throughout the various regions of the country. Nevertheless, the elections proved to be very significant because for the first time, supporters of the party were freely

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After Aoun surrendered on 13 October 1990 to the rival Syrian-backed President Hrawi, Geagea was offered ministerial posts in the new government. He refused several times, because he was opposed to Syrian interference in Lebanese affairs, and his relationship with the new government deteriorated. On

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The death penalty should be eliminated in all instances within Lebanese legislation, particularly in the Penal Code and the Military Penal Code. Instead, it should be substituted with the punishment of life imprisonment with hard labor or life imprisonment, depending on the nature and circumstances

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to support in rebuilding Beirut. In December 2020, the committee achieved repairing 709 houses, assisted 5300 individuals and 2300 families, distributed 14000 food rations, made 2540 medical consultations, and provided 2030 individuals with medicine. In addition, the committee distributed more than

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In 1998, a group of ex-military persons in the Lebanese Forces, was alleged to have conducted military operation against the Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon. The group was mainly formed of elites Lebanese Forces called SADEM, On 19 June 1998, a failed operation revealed the identity of some

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Begin was reportedly angry at Bachir for his public denial of Israel's support. Bachir refused the immediate peace arguing that time is needed to reach consensus with Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. Bachir was quoted telling David Kimche, the director general of the Israeli Foreign Ministry,

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in which 1,000 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off. The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the largest and strongest Palestinian refugee camp, Tel al-Zaatar that same year. Bachir, with his KRF militia units, also fought

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Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut became besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel. This unbearable situation was remedied by the

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Two rival governments contended for recognition following Amine Gemayel's departure from the Presidency in September 1988, one a mainly Christian government and the other a government of Muslims and Lebanese Leftists. The Lebanese Forces initially supported the military Christian government led by

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In an attempt to fix the relations between Bachir and Begin, Ariel Sharon met secretly with Bachir in Bikfaya. In this meeting, they both agreed that, after 48 hours, the IDF will cooperate with the Lebanese Army to force the Syrian Army out of Lebanon. After that is done, the IDF would peacefully

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On 3 September 1982, during the meeting, Begin demanded that Bachir sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces and he also told Bachir that the IDF will stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty was not directly signed. Bachir

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militias at the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut. The most important battle won by the Phalange for the control of the hotel district was the fighting over the possession of the Holiday Inn, due to its important strategic location. Before that battle, the Holiday Inn had been occupied by the

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about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the Damour massacre in which an estimated 150 to 500 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off. The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the largest and strongest Palestinian

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was kidnapped by armed assailants while traveling in the area of Byblos. Party supporters blocked roads in the area in protest of the kidnapped and many politicians called for investigations and harsh punishments for the assailants. The party called for people to close their shops in the area in

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In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the Lebanese Forces and the Syrian occupying forces. The Lebanese Forces was able to confront them even though there was a big mismatch in military

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was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut became besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel. This unbearable situation was remedied by the Kataeb Regulatory

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The couple is free to choose any municipality for their marriage ceremony, as long as the municipality has at least 15 members. Their marriage will be legally recognized and governed by the court within the same jurisdiction. Non-Lebanese have the right to contract a civil marriage on Lebanese

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criticized the conduct of the trials and demanded Geagea's release, and Geagea's supporters argued that the Syrian-controlled Lebanese government had used the alleged crimes as a pretext for jailing Geagea and banning an anti-Syrian party. Many members of the Lebanese Forces were arrested and

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leave the Lebanese territory. Concerning the Peace Negotiation, Sharon agreed to give Bachir time to fix the internal conflicts before signing the negotiation. The next day, Begin's office issued a statement saying that the issues agreed upon between Bachir and Sharon were accepted.

1193:. The outcome was also a Progressive Socialist Party victory and a contiguous Druze Chouf district with access to Lebanese sea ports. Later in 1984, the PSP won decisive battles against the Lebanese Army in the Chahar region in the Aley District. The PSP then attacked further into 1497:. In addition to rebuilding their image, the Lebanese Forces have also been attempting to reclaim former privately funded facilities, which were seized by the Syrian backed government. Currently, the Lebanese Forces have also been striving to reclaim their rights to the 1241:, against the wishes of Geagea and most of the other leading Christian figures. Claiming that the Tripartite Accord gave Syria unlimited power in Lebanon, Geagea mobilized factions inside the Lebanese Forces and on 15 January 1986, attacked Hobeika's headquarters in 1236:

rebelled against Abou Nader's command, ostensibly to take the Lebanese Forces back to its original path. The relationship between Geagea and Hobeika soon broke down, however, and Hobeika began secret negotiations with the Syrians. On 28 December 1985, he signed the

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Forces (most notably the BG Squad that was led by Bachir) and their allied Christian militias as they besieged the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and brought them down. The first was on 18 January 1976 when the heavily fortified

1662:, one of the few Christian villages in Hezbollah-controlled Bint Jbeil, are largely supportive of Hezbollah's largest political rival, the Lebanese Forces, and the murder of Hasrouni deepened sectarian tensions. In April 2024 Lebanese Forces coordinator in the 1650:, was found in an apparent crash sight on 6 August 2023, but an autopsy later revealed that he was killed and many believed the murder was politically motivated. Samir Geagea declared Hasrouni's death an assassination, pointing the finger at the Iran-backed 1373:

On 19 March, the offices of the Lebanese Forces (LF) were raided and six people arrested, including Fouad Malik, LF secretary general, and three members of the LF intelligence apparatus, including a woman. Also detained were a man and a woman from the

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law, which would enable the Christian population to be represented fairly in local and parliamentary elections. The party has also stressed the idea of reaffirming the powers formerly endowed to the Lebanese president before being lessened in the

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candidates. LF formed an electoral alliance with Qassem Daoud (brother of Amal Martyr Daoud Daoud) in Tyre/Zahrani-East Saida (South II). Lebanese Forces secured 19 seats, making the LF the largest Christian-based party in parliament and the

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and laid siege to the city, aiming to reshape the Lebanese political landscape and force the PLO out of Lebanon. By 1982, Israel had been the main supplier to the Lebanese Forces, giving them assistance in weapons, clothing, and training.

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In 1982, Bachir met with Hani Al-Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. Bachir told him to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hani left and no reply was given to Bachir.

902:, located near the strategic Beirut Harbor, was invaded: About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed. The Palestinian PLO and al-Saiqa forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of 1390:

during the Lebanese Civil War. Although he was acquitted of the first charge, Geagea was subsequently arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment on several different counts, including the assassination of former

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for the control of the hotel district was the fighting over the possession of the Holiday Inn, due to its important strategic location. Before that battle, the Holiday Inn had been occupied by the PLO.

3370:"Lebanese Ex-Warlord Sentenced in Rival's Slaying : Mideast: Christian is the first militia chief convicted of civil war crimes. Many received amnesty. Eleven associates are also sentenced." 1189:", resulting in a large PSP victory. At the same time, the Lebanese Forces troops also fought battles against the Palestinian and Druze militias and the Syrian troop east of the southern city of 1022:, the Phalangists launched an operation in an attempt to stop the clashes within the Christian areas, and to unite all the Christian militias under Gemayel's command. This operation resulted in 938:, the Phalangists launched an operation in an attempt to stop the clashes within the Christian areas, and to unite all the Christian militias under Gemayel's command. This operation resulted in 1169:

from party militias, the Lebanese Forces returned to the villages which had been occupied by the PSP for seven years. However, soon after, clashes broke out between the Lebanese Forces and the

1683:, during the elections with a large anti-Hezbollah sentiment. The Lebanese Forces saw some withdrawal of candidates specifically in Shia dominated areas which was blamed at Hezbollah and the 875:(GoC) parties and their respective military wings. The main reason behind the formation of the Lebanese Front was to strengthen the Christian side against the challenge presented by the 3504: 799:, the party was banned, Geagea imprisoned and the activities of its militants repressed by the Lebanese services in Lebanon. The Lebanese Forces returned as a political force after the 4159: 911:

that same year. Bachir, with his KRF militia units, also fought against the PLO and LNM militias at the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut. The most important battle won by the

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Introducing a law to abolish Article 522 of the Lebanese Penal Code, which allows the perpetrator of crimes of assault on honor to escape prosecution if he marries the victim.

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in early 2005, which resulted in a withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon. Soon after, Geagea was subsequently released from prison and continues to lead the party today.

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had the largest share on the council. Despite its original creation from party militias, the Lebanese Forces accepted new recruits without any specific party allegiance.

1521: 4069: 996:. Eventually the PLO ended up occupying the Holliday Inn once again, while the Kataeb forces retreated to the facing Hilton Hotel in what was known as the "Hotel War". 1604:

The Lebanese Forces Party MPs called for an international investigation into the causes of the double explosion at the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020. They asked the

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Harris (p. 162) notes "the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damur"

950:. Camille Chamoun's silence was interpreted as acceptance of Gemayel's controls, because he felt that the Tigers led by his son were getting out of his control. 3956: 4082: 2160:

Lebanese Forces internal elections to elect the party President, Vice President and members of the Executive Committee take place every 6 years since 2023.

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Nine days before he was to take office, on 14 September 1982, Bachir was killed along with 25 others in a bomb explosion in the Kataeb headquarters in

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After the PLO had been expelled from the country to Tunisia, in a negotiated agreement, Bachir Gemayel became the youngest man to ever be elected as

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was soon after established with an agreement that the direct military commander would be a Kataeb member and the vice-commander an Ahrar member.

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Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux

3933: 5021: 4930: 3348: 3275: 1727: 1468:. The tactical alliance with Hizbollah and Amal would soon end; these majority parties and movements would subsequently form the anti-Syrian 1261:

with tens of his fighters where he prepared for an attack against East Beirut. On 27 September 1986, Hobeika's forces tried to take over the

4031:"What we know about kidnapping in Lebanon of senior Lebanese Forces official – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 4794: 4696: 3402: 530: 5036: 4948: 3919: 2067: 1680: 1321:, the Lebanese Forces handed the national ports which it controlled to Aoun's government under pressure from the Lebanese National army. 3871: 1407:

persons of this group, one of which was a Lebanese Army Captain, Camille Yared. Some other names published in the newspapers then were:

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program in areas controlled by Geagea's party. The Lebanese Forces also cut its relations with Israel and emphasized relations with the

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in Beirut on October 14. These clashes erupted during a protest organized by Hezbollah and its ally, the Amal Movement, against Judge

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as commander of the Lebanese Forces. The two had a frosty relationship, and in 1984, pressure from Amine led to Frem's replacement by

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Naamtallah Moussallem (SADEM unit, managed to escape Lebanon, condemned to death, allegedly one of the resistance network organizers)

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Sleiman, Pascal; official, a Lebanese Forces; April 7, kidnapped in Lebanon on; website, 2024-Lebanese Forces (8 April 2024).

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The Lebanese Forces presented 18 direct members along with many other allies in every electoral district, with the exception

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members and their families, reopening political facilities, and reestablishing their main presence among the Christians of

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Abdo Sawaya (SADEM unit, managed to escape Lebanon, condemned to death, allegedly one of the resistance network organizers)

317: 5051: 4603: 3297: 3134:"Leaks reveal Geagea pleaded with Saudi Arabia for money to finance bankrupt party – News, Lebanon News – THE DAILY STAR" 2592: 2209:

The first internal elections took place on October 29, 2023. 31,000 were eligible to vote but only 18,321 voted (58.9%).

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brutally tortured in the period of 1993–1994. At least one died in Syrian custody and many others were severely injured.

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Special to the New York Times (4 September 1982). "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect".

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in 1987. He was incarcerated in solitary confinement, with his access to the outside world severely restricted.

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The Commission of Inquiry into events at the refugee camps in Beirut 1983 FINAL REPORT (Authorized translation)

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In October 2021, Samir Geagea, the leader of the Lebanese Forces party, was embroiled in controversy following

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of 2005, when popular protests and international pressure following the assassination of former Prime Minister

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The Lebanese Forces was soon after established with an agreement that the direct military commander would be a

4580: 4122: 2755: 2701: 2684: 2665: 2653: 2636: 2585: 558: 4211: 3852:"Les FL présentent une pétition pour la création d'une commission internationale d'établissement des faits" 2765: 2750: 2733: 2718: 2648: 2631: 796: 156: 1632:, presented a petition to this effect to the United Nations Special Coordinator in Lebanon, Najat Rochdi. 1209:. The attackers were fiercely pushed back as the American helped Aoun by bombing the PSP from their navy. 4965: 4728: 3369: 1332:, which was signed by the Lebanese deputies on 24 October 1989 in Saudi Arabia and demanded an immediate 1317:

under the control of Michel Aoun on 14 February 1989. These clashes were stopped, and after a meeting in

1238: 1174: 766: 5056: 3763: 3703: 1127: 1074: 988: 876: 750: 211: 4585: 4678: 3172:"Lebanon's Saudi Cables – Part II: The Diplomatic Proof That Saudi Arabia Funded The Lebanese Forces" 1794: 1717: 1693: 1392: 1146: 920: 817: 700: 242: 21: 1084:. He was elected by the parliament in August; most Muslim members of parliament boycotted the vote. 5071: 4912: 4160:"Geagea claims victory over FPM and Hezbollah, pledges not to vote for Berri as Parliament speaker" 1445: 1313:, the commander of the Lebanese Army. However, clashes erupted between the Lebanese Forces and the 1268:

In May 1985, during the period of Hobeika's leadership, the Lebanese Forces closed their office in

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followed, in which Phalangists killed between 762 and 3,500 (number is disputed) civilians, mostly

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and launched from there a relief committee, Ground-0, under the leadership of the former minister

730:. It was initially an umbrella organization coordinating all the right-wing party militias of the 5041: 4977: 4883: 4776: 4672: 3624: 3585: 3228:(1983) ‘'The Tragedy of Lebanon. Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers'’ 2976: 1477: 1375: 872: 848: 692: 616: 578: 4109:"كنعان لموقعنا: هدفهم شرذمة الأصوات المعارضة ونعم لحصرية السلاح – جيلبير متري | نداء الوطن" 3715: 1077:

estimated that when fully mobilized the Phalange had 5000 fighters of whom 2000 were full-time.

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was furious at Begin. The meeting ended in rage and both sides were not happy with each other.

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In July 1980, following months of intra-Christian clashes between the Tigers, the militia of

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In July 1980, following months of intra-Christian clashes between the Tigers, the militia of

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During the civil war, the Lebanese Forces fought different opponents at different times: the

708: 249: 28: 3678: 1616:, which would be responsible for carrying out the investigations. The Members of Parliament 4239: 3920:"Samir Geagea: Our companion Elias Hasrouni was assassinated, not killed in a car accident" 1944: 1701: 1123: 1081: 1058: 382: 322: 169: 165: 1601:, in order to take the necessary steps to appoint an international commission of inquiry. 682: 8: 4995: 4344: 4261: 3856: 3820: 1636: 1525: 1460:

party, and other anti-Syrian political groups, as well as a brief tactical alliance with

839:. It began as a simple coordination or joint command between the predominantly Christian 312: 237: 181: 161: 3505:"The 'Impossible' Relationship and History of Disputes between Lebanon's Aoun, Jumblatt" 3326: 3204: 1609: 1594: 1185:

and Palestinian militants. For months, the two fought what would later be known as the "

4906: 3483: 3229: 2966: 2770: 1508:, the party has gained new popularity among the Christian population throughout all of 1173:

militias who had now taken over the districts. The main Druze militiamen came from the

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neighborhood of Beirut but the Lebanese Forces of Geagea's command held them back.

1233: 1226: 1118:. The next day, Israel moved to occupy the city, allowing Phalangist members under 1111:(SSNP), believed by many to have acted on instructions of the Syrian government of 1054: 800: 831:

was informally organized in January 1976 under the leadership of Bashir's father,

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Going All the Way: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and the War in Lebanon

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also hinted that Hezbollah might have been behind the killing. The residents of

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which killed eleven people, of instigating acts of violence, and of committing

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from the southern part of the country. Israeli forces eventually moved towards

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Local official from anti-Hezbollah Lebanese Forces found dead in Syria: Army

4865: 4365:, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in 3398: 2840: 2643: 2234: 1723: 1655: 1577: 1505: 1457: 1351: 1289: 1186: 1119: 1015: 1000: 962: 931: 912: 840: 785: 563: 442: 371: 94: 3978: 389: 283: 52: 4390: 2998:"Right-wing leader refuses Lebanese court summons over sectarian clashes" 2745: 1730: 1697: 1640: 1585: 1383: 1310: 1206: 894: 778: 758: 487: 421: 4108: 3957:"'This was the safest place in Lebanon': A tense Christian town empties" 1018:, and the Phalangists, who by now were under the complete leadership of 934:, and the Phalangists, who by now were under the complete leadership of 879:(LNM), an umbrella alliance of leftist parties/militias allied with the 414: 3779: 1855: 1654:

as the crime occurred deep within areas controlled by them. Politician

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Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present

4083:"Lebanese Forces candidate announces withdrawal from list in Bekaa II" 3734:"Cyber cafe terrorists arrested – News, Lebanon News – THE DAILY STAR" 3669:

Middle East International No 472, 1 April 1994; Godfrey Jansen pp.9–10

3023:"Lebanon: Hezbollah, Lebanese Forces trade blame over deadly protests" 1722:

After securing the most seats in parliament after the 2022 elections,

357: 4806: 4788: 4666: 3679:

UN Commission on Human Rights – Torture – Special Rapporteur's Report

1881: 1841: 1824: 1807: 1651: 1629: 1465: 1333: 1269: 1262: 1242: 1222: 1100: 860: 611: 4519:

Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975–1981

4451:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 1484: 1318: 3491: 1790: 1777: 1764: 1659: 1250: 4410:

La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional

4142:"Hezbollah allies projected to suffer losses in Lebanon elections" 3934:"Gemayel hints Hezbollah behind Ain Ebel and US embassy incidents" 3834:"عريضة من "Ground-0" لكوبيش للمطالبة بتحقيق دولي في انفجار المرفأ" 1576:, on 6 August 2020 the Lebanese Forces Party's executive chairman 1258: 628: 4628: 4212:"الغاء عقوبة الاعدام في لبنان – Lebanese Forces Official Website" 3872:"Lebanese Forces leader summoned to testify about Beirut clashes" 3838: 3153:"Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis' Checkbook Diplomacy" 2050: 2033: 1509: 1494: 788:

taking over and dissolving the Lebanese Front in the late 1980s.

689: 297: 16:

Lebanese Christian nationalist political party and former militia

4313:

By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer

3955:

Jamie Prentis &, Nada Maucourant Atallah (22 October 2023).

3816:"May Chidiac lance une pétition pour une enquête internationale" 3794: 1378:. On 21 April 1994, Geagea was arrested on charges of setting a 4377: 2168: 1581: 1293: 1066: 1031: 947: 739: 132: 3438:. "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect" 4028: 2186: 1986: 1444:

held in May and June, the Lebanese Forces formed part of the

1297: 1254: 1246: 1190: 1170: 1162: 1038:

silence was interpreted as acceptance of Gemayel's controls.

957: 770: 762: 230: 226: 4374:

Ta’rib al-Kata’eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf

3458:"Phalangists Identify Bomber of Gemayel As Lebanese Leftist" 2086: 4484:

Blue Steel IV: M-50 Shermans and M-50 APCs in South Lebanon

4423:, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing, London 1985. 3482:

Middle East International No 258, 13 September, Publishers

1915: 1898: 1285: 1281: 1166: 4437:, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing, London 1988. 3627:

from the original on 17 November 2021 – via YouTube.

3588:

from the original on 17 November 2021 – via YouTube.

3555:"Lebanon's ruling elite are under fire. But who are they?" 2163:

Members of the Executive Committee are divided as follow:

1440:

combined to force Syria out of Lebanon. In the subsequent

1354:

ordered the dissolution of the Lebanese Forces, Ministers

734:

and served as the main resistance force of the front. The

3409:

p.108 has "This report was signed on 7 February 1982." p7

3201:"Historical Fact: The Massacre and Destruction of Damour" 3111: 2846: 1696:

the largest bloc in parliament with an additional 3 from

1026:

of tens of Tigers' members at the Marine beach resort in

942:

of tens of Tigers' members at the Marine beach resort in

222: 1726:

emphasized his pledge not to vote for 30-year incumbent

3600:

All honorable men: the social origins of war in Lebanon

1339: 3254:"Tel El Zaatar 1976 'Tal el zaatar' ' Tel al zaatar '" 3082: 1141: 811: 707:. It currently holds 19 of the 128 seats in Lebanon's 4561:

ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles

3775:"جعجع عن انفجار بيروت: طرف ما خزن تلك المواد القاتلة" 3425:, Natalie Datlof, Alexej Ugrinsky, Hofstra University 3049:"How an investigation led to a gun battle in Lebanon" 1515: 1501:, which was initiated by the party in the mid-1980s. 1432:

The Lebanese Forces was an active participant in the

3621:"Lebanese Army Attacked by Lebanese Forces (AMCHIT)" 3530:"Michel Aoun and the death of Lebanon's Taef accord" 2948: 3954: 1504:Since the emancipation of the party's main leader, 20:For the faction during the Lebanese Civil War, see 4591:Lebanese Forces vehicles in the Lebanese civil war 1544:, formed in July 2008, by the minister of justice 1536:, formed in July 2005, by the minister of tourism 1417:Fadi Chahoud (SADEM unit, deceased in August 2000) 1414:Georges Dib (SADEM unit, deceased on 19 June 1998) 1411:Nehme Ziede (SADEM unit, deceased on 19 June 1998) 1344: 1328:" against the Syrian army, but then agreed to the 1303: 4387:, Vintage Books, New York 1984 (revised edition). 3349:"LEBANON: Beirut's Agony Under the Guns of March" 3276:"LEBANON: Beirut's Agony Under the Guns of March" 1350:23 March 1994, the Lebanese government headed by 1232:On 12 March 1985, Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika and 5008: 4419:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad, 4327:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990 4276:"معراب انتخبت... وهؤلاء أعضاء الهيئة التنفيذيّة" 3317: 3315: 3248: 3246: 3195: 3193: 1324:The Lebanese Forces initially supported Aoun's " 738:provided the largest share of fighters, and the 4477:Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon 3579: 3183: 3181: 1597:, through his special coordinator for Lebanon, 3693: 3691: 2131:abolish Lebanese rape-marriage law Article 522 1150:Lebanese Forces militiamen resting during the 791:After the civil war ended, Geagea created the 4611: 4470:Blue Steel 2: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon 4186:"Nabih Berri's speakership hangs by a thread" 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3376:, 25 June 1995. Retrieved on 22 October 2016. 3323:"Historical Fact: The Battle of Zahle – 1981" 3312: 3243: 3190: 3108:"1978: Israeli troops leave southern Lebanon" 1481:able to participate in the election process. 1427: 650: 4412:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. (in 3792: 3618: 3178: 46: 4795:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) 4697:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) 4054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3688: 3639:"Lebanon Detains Christian in Church Blast" 2145:Legalize optional civil marriage in Lebanon 1711: 1272:. The office was headed by Pierre Yazbeck. 1221:replaced him as president, and his cousin, 1212: 4618: 4604: 3744: 3685:, 12 January 1995. Retrieved 6 March 2008. 3683:United Nations Economic and Social Council 2845: 1122:'s command to enter the centrally located 958:Under President Bashir Gemayel (1976–1982) 711:, being the largest party of the country. 657: 643: 64: 3602:(I. B. Tauris, 23 November 2002), p.148, 2087:List of draft laws proposed in parliament 1674: 1245:. Hobeika surrendered and fled, first to 4563:, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1993. 4549:, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1998. 4535:, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1990. 4505:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 3363: 2553: 2155: 1552:. They are a Christian party within the 1483: 1145: 961: 714:The organization was created in 1976 by 3895: 3150: 2149:territory in accordance with this law. 1606:Secretary-General of the United Nations 1217:After the death of Bachir, his brother 5027:Christian political parties in Lebanon 5009: 3936:. No. 21 September 2023. Naharnet 3385:قصة الموارنة في الحرب – جوزيف أبو خليل 3169: 2995: 2258: 1138:, causing great international uproar. 5062:Political parties established in 1976 4599: 4435:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 4315:, St. Martin's Press, New York 1990. 4003:Staff, All Arab News (8 April 2024). 4002: 3100: 1646:Former LF coordinator in Bint Jbeil, 1532:of 2009, and were represented in the 1370:voted against the dissolution of LF. 726:, and other party leaders during the 597:Lebanese Forces (Lebanese Resistance) 5022:Christian democratic parties in Asia 4139: 3869: 3580:Lebanese Forces (27 February 2012). 1340:Lebanese Forces Party (1990–present) 4491:Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks 4397:, London: Oxford University Press, 4300:, Greenwood Publishing Group 1996. 4068:Al Arabiya English (08 April 2024) 2996:Jansen, Michael (22 October 2021). 2778: 1740: 1142:The Amine Gemayel years (1982–1988) 1045: 812:Lebanese Forces militia (1976–1990) 795:. In 1994, while Lebanon was under 747:Palestinian Liberation Organization 678: 336:This article is part of a series on 47: 13: 5037:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War 4521:, L’Echo des Cedres, Beirut 2011. 4462: 4376:, Beirut: Dar al-Jadid, 1991. (in 4178: 4152: 4075: 1580:was the first politician to visit 1516:2005–2011 political representation 1476:backed by Hizbullah, Amal and the 1124:Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp 755:Lebanese National Resistance Front 14: 5083: 4574: 4311:Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky, 3896:Prentis, Jamie (11 August 2023). 3759:SADEM UNIT, Lebanese Forces Video 3699:SADEM UNIT, Lebanese Forces Video 3619:VcodersMedia (28 December 2007). 3325:. Lebanese Forces. Archived from 3203:. Lebanese Forces. Archived from 3080: 2972:1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping 1567: 1499:Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation 1073:An official Israeli inquiry into 1003:member and the vice-commander an 966:Former Lebanese President-elect, 881:Palestine Liberation Organization 4627: 4531:Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, 4493:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. 4433:Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, 2951: 2933: 2932: 2903: 2902: 2873: 2872: 2116:abolish death penalty in Lebanon 1548:and the minister of environment 1157:After the Israeli invasion, the 1103:. The attack was carried out by 627: 420: 413: 406: 395: 388: 381: 370: 363: 356: 282: 5032:Conservative parties in Lebanon 4691:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 4486:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007. 4479:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007. 4472:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2006. 4395:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 4268: 4250: 4232: 4218: 4204: 4133: 4115: 4101: 4062: 4022: 3996: 3971: 3948: 3926: 3912: 3889: 3863: 3845: 3827: 3809: 3786: 3768: 3726: 3708: 3672: 3663: 3649: 3631: 3612: 3592: 3573: 3547: 3522: 3497: 3476: 3450: 3441: 3428: 3412: 3388: 3379: 3341: 3290: 3268: 3219: 3083:"EPP – European People's Party" 1345:The Second Republic (1990–2005) 1304:The Elimination War (1988–1990) 1203:8th Mechanised Infantry Brigade 1109:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 5017:1976 establishments in Lebanon 4972:Popular Nasserist Organization 4825:Popular Nasserist Organization 3419:President Reagan and the World 3355:. 5 April 1976. Archived from 3282:. 5 April 1976. Archived from 3170:Dagher, Ramez (20 June 2015). 3163: 3144: 3126: 3081:Party, EPP-European People's. 3074: 3041: 3015: 2989: 1061:was necessary to root out PLO 1: 4507:, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. 4349:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92 3151:Hubbard, Ben (20 June 2015). 3087:EPP – European People's Party 2982: 2212: 1687:for placing pressure on Shia 1472:, which stood opposed to the 1276:Forces. He also instituted a 5067:Political parties in Lebanon 5047:Lebanese nationalist parties 4634:Political parties in Lebanon 4586:Bachir Gemayel Squad Website 4351:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. 4129:. 961. 961News. 17 May 2022. 3922:. LBCI News. 20 August 2023. 3842:, Lebanon, 16 September 2020 3582:"2elgha2 War (Samir Geagea)" 2142:Melhem Riachi, Georges Okeis 1524:out of the 128 seats of the 822: 7: 4966:Progressive Socialist Party 4729:Progressive Socialist Party 3860:, Lebanon, 23 February 2021 2944: 1733:, citing corruption in the 1556:, an anti-Syrian movement. 1175:Progressive Socialist Party 767:Progressive Socialist Party 683: 53: 10: 5088: 5052:Liberal parties in Lebanon 4290: 3657:"News | LebanonFiles" 1715: 1488:Lebanese Forces supporters 1448:, which also included the 1428:After the Cedar Revolution 1205:commanded by then Colonel 1057:, arguing that a military 877:Lebanese National Movement 815: 806: 751:Lebanese National Movement 18: 4991: 4958: 4896: 4843: 4766: 4756: 4738: 4706: 4679:Lebanese Democratic Party 4650: 4640: 4421:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84 3824:, Lebanon, 29 August 2020 2844: 2839: 2809: 1718:Strong Republic (Lebanon) 1540:, and then in the second 1520:The Lebanese Forces held 818:Lebanese Forces (militia) 308: 295: 290: 281: 276: 262: 248: 236: 218: 205: 187: 175: 155: 147: 139: 128: 120: 110: 100: 90: 80: 72: 63: 39: 22:Lebanese Forces (militia) 4913:Lebanese Communist Party 3783:, Lebanon, 6 August 2020 3720:U.S. Department of State 2120:of the committed crime. 1712:Parliamentary activities 1446:Rafik Hariri Martyr List 1213:Internal power struggles 1197:, a village held by the 976:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 845:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 736:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 602:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 27:Not to be confused with 4978:National Dialogue Party 4777:Free Patriotic Movement 4673:Free Patriotic Movement 4258:"LF internal elections" 3839:Lebanese Forces Website 2977:2012 Koura by-elections 2204: 1478:Free Patriotic Movement 1454:Popular Socialist Party 1376:Guardians of the Cedars 1181:, in alliance with the 921:Lebanese Forces militia 873:Guardians of the Cedars 849:Tyous Team of Commandos 684:al-Quwwāt al-Libnānīyah 617:Guardians of the Cedars 579:Free Patriotic Movement 212:European People's Party 177:Political position 54:al-Quwwāt al-Lubnānīyah 4878:National Liberal Party 4329:, Fayard, Paris 2005. 2197:1 member representing 1706:National Liberal Party 1675:2022 general elections 1489: 1442:parliamentary election 1161:troops settled in the 1154: 1055:Israel invaded Lebanon 1030:, 25 km north of 970: 946:, 25 km north of 869:Lebanese Renewal Party 4898:17 October Revolution 4872:Independence Movement 4072:english.alarabiya.net 2554:Cabinet participation 2390:Michel Abou Gebrayel 2156:LF internal elections 1574:2020 Beirut explosion 1530:the general elections 1487: 1400:Amnesty International 1149: 965: 793:Lebanese Forces Party 29:Lebanese Armed Forces 4533:Battleground Lebanon 3797:. Ground Zero Beirut 3795:"Ground Zero Beirut" 3447:أسرار الحرب في لبنان 2762:Camille Abousleiman 2730:Richard Kouyoumjian 2013:Saiid Sleiman Asmar 1702:Camille Dory Chamoun 1591:UN Secretary General 1249:and subsequently to 1082:president of Lebanon 890:guerrilla factions. 264:Council of Ministers 207:European affiliation 198:Lebanese Opposition 188:National affiliation 170:Lebanese nationalism 166:Liberal conservatism 4996:Politics of Lebanon 4489:Moustafa El-Assad, 4482:Moustafa El-Assad, 4475:Moustafa El-Assad, 4468:Moustafa El-Assad, 4447:Matthew S. Gordon, 4264:on 20 October 2023. 3230:Chatto & Windus 3055:. 23 October 2021. 2560: 2481:won by acclamation 2470:won by acclamation 2259:Executive Committee 2252:won by acclamation 2239:won by acclamation 2092: 1526:Lebanese Parliament 1257:. He then moved to 559:Constitutional Bloc 313:Politics of Lebanon 162:Christian democracy 4559:Steven J. Zaloga, 4545:Steven J. Zaloga, 4383:Jonathan Randall, 4361:Fawwaz Traboulsi, 4140:Chehayeb, Kareem. 4035:www.al-monitor.com 3983:english.aawsat.com 3870:Chehayeb, Kareem. 3793:جبران خليل جبران. 3643:The New York Times 3462:The New York Times 3436:The New York Times 3359:on 3 January 2010. 3286:on 3 January 2010. 3157:The New York Times 2967:East Beirut canton 2803:overall seats won 2559:List of Ministers 2558: 2091: 1985:Mount Lebanon 4 – 1782:Armenian Orthodox 1542:Siniora government 1534:Siniora government 1490: 1155: 1107:, a member of the 971: 885:Rejectionist Front 783:commander-in-chief 728:Lebanese Civil War 705:Lebanese Civil War 238:Parliamentary bloc 214:(regional partner) 5057:March 14 Alliance 5004: 5003: 4987: 4986: 4845:March 14 Alliance 4758:National Assembly 4752: 4751: 4708:March 14 Alliance 4527:978-1-934293-06-5 4296:Antoine Abraham, 4146:www.aljazeera.com 3598:Michael Johnson, 3561:. 20 October 2019 3488:Dennis Walters MP 3374:Los Angeles Times 3029:. 14 October 2021 2942: 2941: 2776: 2775: 2551: 2550: 2412:Yvonne El Hachem 2256: 2255: 2199:Lebanese diaspora 2153: 2152: 2084: 2083: 1950:Mount Lebanon III 1931:Mount Lebanon III 1774:Jihad Pakradouni 1474:March 8 Coalition 1470:March 14 Alliance 1382:in the church in 1364:Nicholas Fattoush 1239:Tripartite Accord 1036:Camille Chamoun's 797:Syrian occupation 777:loyal to General 667: 666: 468:Suleiman Frangieh 453:Bechara El Khoury 343:Maronite politics 331: 330: 318:Political parties 192:March 14 Alliance 82:Secretary-General 5079: 4819:Dignity Movement 4768:March 8 Alliance 4764: 4763: 4652:March 8 Alliance 4648: 4647: 4632: 4631: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4345:Edgar O'Ballance 4308:, 9780275953898. 4284: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4260:. Archived from 4254: 4248: 4247: 4246:. 2 August 2023. 4236: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3857:L'Orient-Le Jour 3849: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3821:L'Orient-Le Jour 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3790: 3784: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3686: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3645:. 24 March 1994. 3635: 3629: 3628: 3616: 3610: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3501: 3495: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3464:. 3 October 1982 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3423:Eric J. Schmertz 3416: 3410: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3308:on 27 June 2014. 3304:. Archived from 3294: 3288: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3241: 3226:Randal, Jonathan 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2849: 2829: 2783: 2782: 2779:Election summary 2561: 2557: 2500:Elias Abi Tayeh 2478:Michel Tannoury 2335:Charly Kossaify 2263: 2262: 2217: 2216: 2093: 2090: 1912:Mount Lebanon II 1895:Mount Lebanon II 1874:Chawki Daccache 1838:Ghayath Yazbeck 1821:Sethrida Geagea 1745: 1744: 1741:Current deputies 1610:António Guterres 1595:Antonio Guterres 1434:Cedar Revolution 1356:Sleiman Frangieh 1234:Karim Pakradouni 1227:Fouad Abou Nader 1136:Lebanese Shiites 1075:events in Beirut 1046:Israeli invasion 801:Cedar Revolution 686: 680: 679:القوات اللبنانية 659: 652: 645: 631: 569:National Liberal 424: 417: 410: 399: 392: 385: 374: 367: 360: 344: 333: 332: 304: 301: 300:.lebanese-forces 299: 286: 271: 257: 201: 196: 83: 68: 57: 56: 50: 49: 48:القوات اللبنانية 37: 36: 32: 25: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5072:Lebanese Forces 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4983: 4954: 4892: 4889:Independent (3) 4860:Future Movement 4854:Lebanese Forces 4839: 4836:Independent (5) 4801:Marada Movement 4748: 4734: 4723:Lebanese Forces 4717:Future Movement 4702: 4685:Marada Movement 4636: 4626: 4624: 4581:Lebanese Forces 4577: 4465: 4463:Further reading 4405:(3rd ed. 2001). 4372:Hazem Saghieh, 4325:Denise Ammoun, 4298:The Lebanon war 4293: 4288: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4244:Lebanese Forces 4238: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3868: 3864: 3850: 3846: 3832: 3828: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3756: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3534:Middle East Eye 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3509:Asharq AL-awsat 3503: 3502: 3498: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3329:on 26 June 2012 3321: 3320: 3313: 3302:www.youtube.com 3296: 3295: 3291: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3256:. Liberty05.com 3252: 3251: 3244: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3002:The Irish Times 2994: 2990: 2985: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2938: 2928: 2925: 2908: 2898: 2895: 2878: 2868: 2865: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2781: 2714:Ghassan Hasbani 2697:Pierre Bou Assi 2675:Health minister 2661:Ghassan Hasbani 2556: 2533:Pierre El Hage 2522:Antoine Baroud 2261: 2244:Vice President 2215: 2207: 2185:2 members from 2179:3 members from 2173:3 members from 2158: 2089: 2064:Antoine Habchi 2059:Greek Catholic 2042:Greek Orthodox 2030:Elias Estephan 2008:Greek Catholic 1975:Greek Orthodox 1967:Mount Lebanon 4 1945:Camille Chamoun 1926:Pierre Bou Assi 1903:Greek Catholic 1878:Mount Lebanon I 1861:Mount Lebanon I 1816:Greek Orthodox 1769:Greek Orthodox 1760:Ghassan Hasbani 1743: 1720: 1714: 1694:Strong republic 1677: 1668:Pascal Suleiman 1664:Byblos District 1637:violent clashes 1626:Eddy Abillammaa 1586:Dr. May Chidiac 1570: 1518: 1456:, the reformed 1450:Future Movement 1438:Rafik al-Hariri 1430: 1347: 1342: 1306: 1284:states, mainly 1215: 1144: 1105:Habib Shartouni 1048: 980:Damour massacre 960: 837:Camille Chamoun 825: 820: 814: 809: 724:Camille Chamoun 697:political party 671:Lebanese Forces 663: 622: 621: 592: 584: 583: 574:Marada Movement 549:Lebanese Forces 544: 536: 535: 506: 498: 497: 463:Camille Chamoun 458:Alfred Naqqache 438: 430: 429: 428: 427: 426: 425: 418: 411: 402: 401: 400: 393: 386: 377: 376: 375: 368: 361: 342: 327: 296: 272: 269: 258: 255: 243:Strong Republic 199: 197: 194: 168: 164: 86:Emile Moukarzel 81: 59: 58: 51: 45: 43: 42:Lebanese Forces 33: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5085: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Lebanese Front 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4925:Tahalof Watani 4922: 4919:Beirut Tuqawem 4916: 4910: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4771: 4761: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4745:PM's share (5) 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4575:External links 4573: 4572: 4571: 4557: 4543: 4529: 4517:Samer Kassis, 4515: 4503:Samer Kassis, 4501: 4499:978-9953012568 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4445: 4431: 4417: 4408:Samir Kassir, 4406: 4388: 4381: 4370: 4359: 4357:978-0312215934 4342: 4335:978-2213615219 4323: 4309: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4267: 4249: 4231: 4217: 4203: 4190:L'Orient Today 4177: 4164:L'Orient Today 4151: 4132: 4114: 4100: 4087:L'Orient Today 4074: 4061: 4021: 3995: 3970: 3959:. The National 3947: 3925: 3911: 3900:. The National 3888: 3862: 3844: 3826: 3808: 3785: 3767: 3743: 3738:The Daily Star 3725: 3707: 3687: 3671: 3662: 3648: 3630: 3611: 3591: 3572: 3546: 3521: 3496: 3475: 3449: 3440: 3427: 3411: 3395:Kahan, Yitzhak 3387: 3378: 3362: 3340: 3311: 3289: 3267: 3242: 3218: 3207:on 9 June 2012 3189: 3177: 3162: 3143: 3138:The Daily Star 3125: 3114:. 13 June 1978 3099: 3073: 3040: 3027:Deutsche Welle 3014: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2959:Lebanon portal 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2791:overall votes 2787: 2786:Election year 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739:Social Affairs 2736: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707:Social Affairs 2704: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2681:Melhem Riachi 2678: 2677: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2627:Ibrahim Najjar 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2610:Ibrahim Najjar 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544:Joseph Jbeily 2542: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511:Bassam Nachef 2509: 2508:South Lebanon 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497:South Lebanon 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486:South Lebanon 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2456:Youssef Hitti 2454: 2453:North Lebanon 2450: 2449: 2446: 2445:Wehbe Katicha 2443: 2442:North Lebanon 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431:North Lebanon 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2420:North Lebanon 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409:North Lebanon 2406: 2405: 2402: 2401:Antoine Zahra 2399: 2398:North Lebanon 2395: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387:Mount Lebanon 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379:Maya Zaghrini 2377: 2376:Mount Lebanon 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365:Mount Lebanon 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354:Mount Lebanon 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343:Mount Lebanon 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332:Mount Lebanon 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324:Rachid Khalil 2322: 2321:Mount Lebanon 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310:Mount Lebanon 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302:Edy Abi Lamaa 2300: 2299:Mount Lebanon 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2191:1 member from 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2167:1 member from 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2048: 2047:Georges Okais 2044: 2043: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1892: 1891:Melhem Riachi 1888: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 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619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 478:Bachir Gemayel 475: 473:Pierre Gemayel 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 419: 412: 405: 404: 403: 394: 387: 380: 379: 378: 369: 362: 355: 354: 353: 352: 351: 350: 347: 346: 338: 337: 329: 328: 326: 325: 320: 315: 309: 306: 305: 293: 292: 288: 287: 279: 278: 274: 273: 268: 266: 260: 259: 254: 252: 246: 245: 240: 234: 233: 220: 216: 215: 209: 203: 202: 200:(2019–present) 189: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 159: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 112: 111:Vice-president 108: 107: 105:Bachir Gemayel 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 44: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5084: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4884:Islamic group 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4783:Amal Movement 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661:Amal Movement 4659: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4569:962-361-039-4 4566: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4555:962-361-613-9 4552: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4541:962-361-003-3 4538: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4513:9953-0-0705-5 4510: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4457:1-55546-834-9 4454: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4443:0-85045-800-5 4440: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4429:0-85045-602-9 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4322: 4321:0-9717595-0-2 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4192:. 19 May 2022 4191: 4187: 4181: 4166:. 19 May 2022 4165: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4010: 4009:All Arab News 4006: 3999: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3951: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3899: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3608:1-86064-715-4 3605: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:Barak, Aharon 3396: 3391: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3239: 3238:0-7011-2755-4 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:The Economist 3050: 3044: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2918:210,324 (#1) 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2888:168,960 (#4) 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2870: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2797:overall vote 2794: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2593:Antoine Karam 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2576:Joseph Sarkis 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2489:Assaad Saiid 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467:Bachir Matar 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423:Elie Keyrouz 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2368:Fady Zarifeh 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2313:Georges Aoun 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280:Daniel Sbiro 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2251: 2249: 2248:Georges Adwan 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2193:South Lebanon 2190: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2181:North Lebanon 2178: 2176: 2175:Mount Lebanon 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1981:Georges Adwan 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