Lemur - Knowledge

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calls of their own species, but also alarm calls of other species and those of non-predatory birds. The ring-tailed lemur and a few other species have different calls and reactions to specific types of predators. With mating calls, it has been shown that mouse lemurs that cannot be discerned visually respond more strongly to the calls of their own species, particularly when exposed to the calls of other mouse lemurs that they would encounter normally within their home range. Lemur calls can also be very loud and carry long distances. Ruffed lemurs use several loud calls that can be heard up to 1 km (0.62 mi) away on a clear, calm day. The loudest lemur is the indri, whose calls can be heard up to 2 km (1.2 mi) or more and thus communicate more effectively the territorial boundaries over its 34 to 40 hectares (0.13 to 0.15 sq mi) home range. Both ruffed lemurs and the indri exhibit contagious calling, where one individual or group starts a loud call and others within the area join in. The song of the indri can last 45 seconds to more than 3 minutes and tends to coordinate to form a stable duet comparable to that of

3050: 3134: 1914: 3271: 4409:, with some being highly adaptable while others specialize on foods such as plant exudates (tree gum) and bamboo. In some cases, lemur feeding patterns directly benefit the native plant life. When lemurs exploit nectar, they may act as pollinators as long as the functional parts of the flower are not damaged. In fact, several unrelated Malagasy flowering plants demonstrate lemur-specific pollination traits, and studies indicate that some diurnal species, such as the red-bellied lemur and the ruffed lemurs, act as major pollinators. Two examples of plant species that rely on lemurs for pollination include traveller's palm ( 3570:. It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity, the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose. Consequently, the female, with higher resource needs for pregnancy, lactation, and maternal care, was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males. This, however, assumed monomorphism between sexes. The following year, a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism, stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year, males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding: 2813: 5012: 5182: 1026: 5046: 3581:(or aggression) tend to correlate with relative canine height. The ring-tailed lemur has long, sharp upper canine teeth in both sexes, and it also exhibits high levels of agonism. The Indri, on the other hand, has smaller canines and exhibits lower levels of aggression. When neighboring groups of the same species defend their territories, the conflict can take the form of ritualized defense. In sifakas, these ritualized combats involve staring, growling, scent-marking, and leaping to occupy certain sections of the tree. The indri defends its home range with ritualized "singing" battles. 4315: 4736: 2075: 3801: 3675: 3840:

been shown to be a submissive behavior, done by younger or submissive animals towards older and more dominant members of the troop. Allogrooming, however, appears to occur more frequently between higher ranking individuals, a shared trait with other primate species. Unlike anthropoid primates, lemur grooming seems to be more intimate and mutual, often directly reciprocated. Anthropoids, on the other hand, use allogrooming to manage agonistic interactions. The ring-tailed lemur is known to be very tactile, spending between 5 and 11% of its time grooming.

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17 extinct lemurs were larger than the extant (living) forms, some weighing as much as 200 kg (440 lb), and are thought to have been active during the day. Not only were they unlike the living lemurs in both size and appearance, they also filled ecological niches that either no longer exist or are now left unoccupied. Large parts of Madagascar, which are now devoid of forests and lemurs, once hosted diverse primate communities that included more than 20 lemur species covering the full range of lemur sizes.

4747: 4370:. In nocturnal lemurs from the more seasonal forests in the west, up to five species can coexist during the wet season due to high food abundance. However, to endure the extreme dry season, three of the five species utilize different dietary patterns and their underlying physiological traits to allow them to coexist: fork-marked lemurs feed on tree gum, sportive lemurs feed on leaves, and giant mouse lemurs sometimes feed on insect secretions. The other two species, the gray mouse lemur and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur ( 13578: 3999: 3924: 3856: 4304: 4542: 206: 3658:, which have to awaken regularly for a few days, dwarf lemurs experience five months of continuous deep hibernation (May through September). Before and after this deep hibernation, there are two months (April and October) of transition, where they will forage on a limited basis to reduce demands on their fat reserves. Unlike any other hibernating mammal, the body temperature of hibernating dwarf lemurs will fluctuate with the ambient temperature rather than remaining low and stable. 3588:) to ease tensions and solidify relationships. They groom in greeting, when waking up, when settling in for sleep, between mother and infant, in juvenile relations, and for sexual advances. Unlike anthropoid primates, who part the fur with the hands and pick out particles with the fingers or mouth, lemurs groom with their tongue and scraping with their toothcomb. Despite the differences in technique, lemurs groom with the same frequency and for the same reasons as anthropoids. 3566:

advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available. Indeed, female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment. However, when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates, other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs. In 2008, a new hypothesis revised this model using simple

379: 2712: 4235:). This helps them to recover rapidly from a population crash. In captivity, lemurs can live twice as long as they do in the wild, benefiting from consistent nutrition that meets their dietary requirements, medical advancements, and improved understanding of their housing requirements. In 1960, it was thought that lemurs could live between 23 and 25 years. It is now known that the larger species can live for more than 30 years without showing signs of aging ( 12209: 5239:. According to the account, a man brought a lemur home in a trap, but alive. His children wanted to keep the lemur as a pet, but when the father told them it was not a domestic animal, the children asked to kill it. After the children tortured the lemur, it eventually died and was eaten. A short time later, all the children died of illness. As a result, the father declared that anyone who tortures lemurs for fun shall "be destroyed and have no descendants." 4374:), avoid competition through reduced activity. The gray mouse lemur uses bouts of torpor, while the fat-tailed dwarf lemur hibernates completely. Similarly, on the east coast entire genera focus on specific food to avoid too much niche overlap. True lemurs and ruffed lemurs are frugivorous, indriids are folivorous, and bamboo lemurs specialize in bamboo and other grasses. Once again, seasonal dietary differences as well as subtle differences in 4201:, and dwarf lemurs, usually give birth to more than one infant, whereas the larger, nocturnal lemurs, such as fork-marked lemurs, sportive lemurs, and the aye-aye usually have one offspring. Dwarf and mouse lemurs have up to four offspring, but both average only two. Ruffed lemurs are the only large, diurnal lemurs to consistently give birth to two or three offspring. All other lemurs have single births. Multiple births in lemurs are normally 13000: 3107:), for instance, reportedly has one of the lowest metabolic rates among mammals. Its low metabolic rate may be linked to its generally folivorous diet and relatively small body mass. Lemurs exhibit behavioral adaptations to complement this trait, including sunning behaviors, hunched sitting, group huddling, and nest sharing, in order to reduce heat loss and conserve energy. Dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs exhibit seasonal cycles of 4493:), previously also preyed on lemurs, perhaps including the giant subfossil lemurs or their subadult offspring. The existence of these extinct giants suggests that predator-prey interactions involving lemurs were more complex than they are today. Today, predator size restricts owls to the smaller lemurs, usually 100 g (3.5 oz) or less, while the larger lemurs fall victim to the larger diurnal birds of prey, such as the 3072:, and the resulting optical scattering is what limits visual acuity. Although the tapetum is considered to be ubiquitous in lemurs, there appear to be exceptions among true lemurs, such as the black lemur and the common brown lemur, as well as the ruffed lemurs. Since the riboflavins in the tapetum have a tendency to dissolve and vanish when processed for histological investigation, however, the exceptions are still debatable. 3302:) also primarily eat leaves, making them the smallest primates that do so. The smallest of the lemurs generally do not eat much leaf matter. Collectively, lemurs have been documented consuming leaves from at least 82 native plant families and 15 alien plant families. Lemurs tend to be selective in their consumption of the part of the leaf or shoot as well as its age. Often, young leaves are preferred over mature leaves. 3328:, since vitamin C increases iron absorption. Although lemurs in captivity have been shown to be prone to hemosiderosis, the frequency of the disease varies across institutions and may depend on the diet, husbandry protocols, and genetic stock. Assumptions about the problem need to be tested separately for each species. The ring-tailed lemur, for instance, seems to be less prone to the disorder than other lemur species. 3523:), and the Verreaux's sifaka. Their ancestors may have been more solitary, with females that lived in mother-daughter pairs (or dyads). Over time, these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother-daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range. If this is true, then multi-male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those in 3504:, one or two females may share a home range, possibly with a male. In addition to sharing nests, they will also interact vocally or physically with their range-mate while they forage at night. Diurnal lemurs exhibit many of the social systems seen in monkeys and apes, living in relatively permanent and cohesive social groups. Multi-male groups are the most common, just as they are in most anthropoid primates. 4990:, about hunting and eating lemurs, but this does not prevent hunting in many regions. Even though hunting has been a threat to lemur populations in the past, it has recently become a more serious threat as socioeconomic conditions deteriorate. Economic hardships have caused people to move around the country in search of employment, leading local traditions to break down. Drought and famine can also relax the 4076:. Nocturnal lemurs are difficult to see and track at night and decrease their visibility by foraging alone. They also try to avoid predators by using concealing sleeping locations, such as nests, tree holes, or dense vegetation, Some may also avoid areas frequented by predators by detecting the smell of their feces and alternating between multiple sleeping locations. Even torpor and hibernation states among 2240:) has a feathery brush-shaped tongue, also uniquely adapted to feed on nectar and pollen. The aye-aye has evolved some traits that are unique among primates, making it stand out among the lemurs. Such traits include continuously growing, rodent-like front teeth for gnawing through wood and hard seeds; a highly mobile, filiform (filament-shaped) middle finger for extracting food from tiny holes; large, 1592:, and others, there are nearly 100 recognized species or subspecies of extant (or living) lemur, divided into five families and 15 genera. Because genetic data indicates that the recently extinct subfossil lemurs were closely related to living lemurs, an additional three families, eight genera, and 17 species can be included in the total. In contrast, other experts have labeled this as 137: 4995:

lemurs in one trip. Organized hunting parties and lemur traps can be found in both non-protected areas and remote corners of protected areas. National parks and other protected areas are not adequately protected by law enforcement agencies. Often, there are too few park rangers to cover a large area, and sometimes terrain within the park is too rugged to check regularly.

3492:". Nocturnal lemurs are mostly solitary but social, foraging alone at night but often nesting in groups during the day. The degree of socialization varies by species, gender, location, and season. In many nocturnal species, for instance, the females, along with their young, will share nests with other females and possibly one male, whose larger 2704:, and the largest of the extinct giant sloth lemurs lack a functional strepsirrhine toothcomb. In the case of the aye-aye, the morphology of the deciduous incisors, which are lost shortly after birth, indicates that its ancestors had a toothcomb. These milk teeth are lost shortly after birth and are replaced by open-rooted, continually growing ( 2801:, is highly important to lemurs and is frequently used in communication. Lemurs have long snouts (compared to the short snouts of haplorrhines) that are traditionally thought to position the nose for better sifting of smells, although long snouts do not necessarily translate into high olfactory acuity since it is not the relative size of the 2906:(or bony closure behind the eye) in haplorrhine primates is thought to stabilize the eye slightly, allowing for the evolution of the fovea. With only a postorbital bar, lemurs have been unable to develop a fovea. Therefore, regardless of their activity pattern (nocturnal, cathemeral, or diurnal), lemurs exhibit low visual acuity and high 2169:, among primates. Lemurs also rely heavily on their sense of smell, a trait shared with most other mammals and early primates, but not with the visually oriented higher primates. This sense of smell is important in terms of marking territory as well as provide an indication of whether or not another lemur is a viable breeding partner. 4525:, action plans, field guides, and classic works in ethology. However, few species have been thoroughly studied to date, and most research has been preliminary and restricted to a single locality. Only recently have numerous scientific papers been published to explain the basic aspects of behavior and ecology of poorly known species. 3768:. When distances between trees are too great, sifakas will descend to the ground and cross distances more than 100 m (330 ft) by standing upright and hopping sideways with the arms held to the side and waving up and down from chest to head height, presumably for balance. This is sometimes described as a "dance-hop". 3792:. Given their poor vision, whole-body postures are probably more noticeable. However, the ring-tailed lemur has demonstrated distinct facial expressions including a threat stare, pulled back lips for submission, and pulled back ears along with flared nostrils during scent-marking. This species has also been observed using 3604:, where an animal is active sporadically both day and night, occurs among some of the larger lemurs. Few if any other primates exhibit this sort of activity cycle, either regularly or irregularly under changing environmental conditions. The most heavily studied cathemeral lemurs are the true lemurs. Although the 2887:. Male ring-tailed lemurs also have scent glands on the inside of their forearms, adjacent to a thorn-like spur, which they use to gouge, and simultaneously, scent-mark tree branches. They will also wipe their tails between their forearms and then engage in "stink fights" by waving their tail at their opponents. 5152:

Captive lemur populations are maintained locally and outside of Madagascar in varied zoological conservatories and research centers, although the diversity of species is limited. Sikafas, for instance, do not survive well in captivity, so few facilities have them. The largest captive lemur population

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and weather-related natural disasters also threaten lemur survival. For the last 1000 years, western and highland regions have been growing significantly drier, but in the past few decades, severe drought has become much more frequent. There are indications that deforestation and forest fragmentation

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and had a comparably sized brain, giving it the largest brain size relative to body size among all prosimians. The aye-aye also has a large brain-to-body ratio, which may indicate a higher level of intelligence. However, despite having a built-in tool in the form of its thin, elongated middle finger,

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periods, rapid maturation, and low basal metabolic rates, as well as the high energy costs of reproduction for females. This may also relate to the relatively high mortality rate among adult females and the higher proportion of adult males in some lemur populations—both unusual traits among primates.

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Olfaction is particularly important to lemurs, except for the indri, which lacks most common lemur scent glands and has a greatly reduced olfactory region in the brain. Olfaction can communicate information about age, sex, reproductive status, as well as demarcate the boundaries of a territory. It is

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located at the base of the tail and hind legs, doubling their weight. At the end of the dry season, their body mass may fall to half of what it was prior to the dry season. Lemurs that do not experience states of dormancy are also able to shut down aspects of their metabolism for energy conservation.

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for two months during the dry season. Infant survival in some species, such as Milne-Edwards' sifaka, has been shown to be directly impacted by both environmental conditions and the rank, age, and health of the mother. The breeding season is also affected by geographical location. For example, mouse

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for foreign markets. After centuries of unsustainable use, as well as rapidly escalating forest destruction since 1950, less than 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) or 10% of Madagascar's land area remains forested. Only 17,000 km (6,600 sq mi) or 3% of the island's land area is protected

4181:), although the mongoose lemur has been observed mating outside of its pair bond. Monogamy is most common among nocturnal species, although some exhibit scramble competition, sexual suppression of subordinates, or competitions between males that avoid direct fighting. In mouse lemurs, males utilize 3224:

diversity, these plants are rarely eaten by lemurs. One possible reason for this is that ferns lack flowers, fruits, and seeds—common food items in lemur diets. They also occur close to the ground, while lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Lastly, ferns have an unpleasant taste due to the

1976:, have been classified as lemurs. However, scientific consensus does not accept these assignments based on genetic evidence, and therefore it is generally accepted that the Malagasy primates are monophyletic. Another area of contention is the relationship between the sportive lemurs and the extinct 5268:

The aye-aye is almost universally viewed unfavorably across Madagascar, though the tales vary from village to village and region to region. If people see an aye-aye, they may kill it and hang the corpse on a pole near a road outside of town (so others can carry the bad fortunes away) or burn their

4815:, undiscovered species could go extinct before being identified. Since the arrival of humans on the island approximately 2000 years ago, all endemic Malagasy vertebrates over 10 kg (22 lb) have disappeared, including 17 species, 8 genera, and 3 families of lemurs. The 4212:

After the offspring are born, lemurs either carry them around or stash them while foraging. When transported, the infants either cling to the mother's fur or are carried in the mouth by the scruff. In some species, such as bamboo lemurs, infants are carried by mouth until they are able to cling to

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communication (touch) is mostly used by lemurs in the form of grooming, although the ring-tailed lemur also clumps together to sleep (in an order determined by rank), reaches out and touches adjacent members, and cuffs other members. Reaching out and touching another individual in this species has

2979:-to-cone cell ratio in many diurnal species studied thus far, whereas diurnal anthropoids have no rod cells in their fovea. Once again, this suggests lower visual acuity in lemurs than in anthropoids. Furthermore, the rod-to-cone cell ratio can be variable even among diurnal species. For instance, 1129:

of the east coast. Despite their adaptations for weathering extreme adversity, habitat destruction and hunting have resulted in lemur populations declining sharply, and their diversity has diminished, with the recent extinction of at least 17 species in eight genera, known collectively as the

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that protect lemurs. Larger species, such as sifakas and ruffed lemurs, are common targets, but smaller species are also hunted or accidentally caught in snares intended for larger prey. Experienced, organized hunting parties using firearms, slings and blowguns can kill as many as eight to twenty

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Compared to other mammals, primates in general are very vocal, and lemurs are no exception. Some lemur species have extensive vocal repertoires, including the ring-tailed lemur and ruffed lemurs. Some of the most common calls among lemurs are predator alarm calls. Lemurs not only respond to alarm

3612:) is the best-documented example, every species in the genus studied has shown some degree of cathemeral behavior, although night activity is often restricted by light availability and moon periodicity. This type of behavior was first documented in the 1960s in true lemur species as well as other 3565:

There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not, but no consensus has been reached after decades of research. The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an

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The toothcomb in lemurs normally consists of six teeth (four incisors and two canines), although indriids, monkey lemurs, and some sloth lemurs only have a four-tooth toothcomb due to the loss of either a pair of canines or incisors. Because the lower canine is either included in the toothcomb or

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has declared all lemurs as "protected" by establishing protected areas that are now classified under three categories: National Parks (Parcs Nationaux), Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales), and Special Reserves (Réserves Spéciales). There are currently 18 national parks,

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Some species may be in risk of extinction even without complete deforestation, such as ruffed lemurs, which are very sensitive to habitat disturbance. If large fruit trees are removed, the forest may sustain fewer individuals of a species and their reproductive success may be affected for years.

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Similarities that lemurs share with anthropoid primates, such as diet and social organization, along with their own unique traits, have made lemurs the most heavily studied of all mammal groups on Madagascar. Research often focuses on the link between ecology and social organization, but also on

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drifted northward, the currents gradually changed, and by 20 mya the window for oceanic dispersal had closed, effectively isolating the lemurs and the rest of the terrestrial Malagasy fauna from mainland Africa. Isolated on Madagascar with only a limited number of mammalian competitors, the

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Lemurs are hunted for food by the local Malagasy, either for local subsistence or to supply a luxury meat market in the larger cities. Most rural Malagasy do not understand what "endangered" means, nor do they know that hunting lemurs is illegal or that lemurs are found only in Madagascar. Many

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suffer increased mortality, failure to fruit, and decreased production of new leaves, which folivorous lemurs prefer. Cyclones can defoliate an area, knock down canopy trees, and create landslides and flooding. This can leave lemur populations without fruit or leaves until the following spring,

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rate of 2.5% per year and nearly 70% of the population living in poverty. The country is also burdened with high levels of debt and limited resources. These socioeconomic issues have complicated conservation efforts, even though the island of Madagascar has been recognized by IUCN/SSC as a

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Yet another trait that sets most lemurs apart from anthropoid primates is their long lifespan together with their high infant mortality. Many lemurs, including the ring-tailed lemur, have adapted to a highly seasonal environment, which has affected their birthrate, maturation, and twinning rate

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periods are synchronized to match the time of highest food availability. Weaning occurs either before or shortly after the eruption of the first permanent molars in lemurs. Mouse lemurs are able to fit their entire breeding cycle into the wet season, whereas larger lemurs, such as sifakas, must

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Diurnal lemurs are visible during the day, so many live in groups, where the increased number of eyes and ears helps aid in predator detection. Diurnal lemurs use and respond to alarm calls, even those of other lemur species and non-predatory birds. The ring-tailed lemur has different calls and

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visiting Madagascar. Using their long, powerful back legs, they catapult themselves into the air and land in an upright posture on a nearby tree, with both hands and feet tightly gripping the trunk. Indriids can leap up to 10 m (33 ft) rapidly from tree trunk to tree trunk, an ability

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studies. The later split between lemurs and lorises is thought to have occurred approximately 62 to 65 mya according to molecular studies, although other genetic tests and the fossil record in Africa suggest more conservative estimates of 50 to 55 mya for this divergence. However, the

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Lemur research during the 18th and 19th centuries focused on taxonomy and specimen collection. Modern studies of lemur ecology and behavior did not begin in earnest until the 1950s and 1960s. Initially hindered by political issues on Madagascar during the mid-1970s, field studies resumed in the

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of most genera and many species. Long-term research focused on identified individuals is in its infancy and has only been started for a few populations. However, learning opportunities are dwindling as habitat destruction and other factors threaten the existence of lemur populations across the

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and apes often described as having more cunning, guile, and deceptiveness. Many lemur species, such as sifakas and the ring-tailed lemur, have scored lower on tests designed for monkeys while performing as well as monkeys on other tests. These comparisons may not be fair since lemurs prefer to

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Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats (such as tree holes), sharing nests, and reducing exposed body surfaces, such as by hunched sitting and group huddling. Also, the ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemurs, and sifakas are commonly seen

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to all strepsirrhines, and as an indeterminate taxon within the order Primates. Molecular tests have now shown Daubentoniidae is basal to all Lemuriformes, and in 2008, Russell Mittermeier, Colin Groves, and others ignored addressing higher-level taxonomy by defining lemurs as monophyletic and

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Lemur behaviour is as variable as lemur morphology. Differences in diet, social systems, activity patterns, locomotion, communication, predator avoidance tactics, breeding systems, and intelligence levels help define lemur taxa and set individual species apart from the rest. Although trends

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of the gray mouse lemur will help researchers understand which genetic traits set primates apart from other mammals and will ultimately help understand what genomic traits set humans apart from other primates. One of the foremost lemur research facilities is the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) in

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and other protected areas, and promotes field research, breeding programs, conservation planning, and education in zoos. One of their major projects involved the release of captive black-and-white ruffed lemurs, designed to help restock the dwindling population within Betampona Reserve.

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Although it is generally agreed that the aye-aye is the most basal member of the lemur clade, the relationship between the other four families is less clear since they diverged during a narrow 10 to 12 million-year window between the Late Eocene (42 mya) and into the Oligocene

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Until recently, giant lemurs existed on Madagascar. Now represented only by recent or subfossil remains, they were modern forms that were once part of the rich lemur diversity that has evolved in isolation. Some of their adaptations were unlike those seen in their living relatives. All

4871:, making lemurs the most endangered group of mammals. The IUCN reiterated its concern in 2013, noting that 90% of all lemur species could be extinct within 20 to 25 years unless a US$ 7 million 3-year conservation plan aimed at helping local communities can be implemented. 4097:

Except for the aye-aye and the Lac Alaotra gentle lemur, lemurs are seasonal breeders with very short mating and birth seasons influenced by the highly seasonal availability of resources in their environment. Mating season usually last less than three weeks each year, and the female

3068:, a reflective layer of tissue in the eye, which is found in many vertebrates. This trait is absent in haplorrhine primates, and its presence further limits the visual acuity in lemurs. The strepsirrhine choroidal tapetum is unique among mammals because it is made up of crystalline 1065:

Lemurs lack any shared traits that make them stand out from all other primates. Different types of lemurs have evolved unique combinations of unusual traits to cope with Madagascar's harsh, seasonal climate. These traits can include seasonal fat storage, hypometabolism (including

3515:, where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity, and in other species both sexes will migrate. In some cases, female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female-bonded multi-male groups, such as those of the ring-tailed lemur, 3642:

where the metabolic rate and body temperature are lowered. They are the only primates known to do so. They accumulate fat reserves in their hind legs and the base of their tail before the dry winter season, when food and water are scarce, and can exhibit daily and prolonged

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manipulate objects with their mouths (rather than their hands) and only take interest in objects when in captivity. Recent studies have shown that lemurs exhibit levels of technical intelligence on par with many other primates, although they manipulate objects less often.

994:, producing currents that ran counter to what they are today. The ocean currents were shown to be even stronger than today, which would have pushed a raft along faster, shortening the trip to 30 days or less—short enough for a small mammal to survive easily. As the 2020:

such as mouse lemurs, the number of recognized lemur species is likely to keep growing. However, the rapid increase in the number of recognized species has had its critics among taxonomists and lemur researchers. Since classifications ultimately depend on the

4394:). Each utilizes either different species of bamboo, different parts of the plant, or different layers in the forest. Nutrient and toxin content (such as cyanide) help regulate food selection, though seasonal food preferences are also known to play a role. 5273:

include beliefs that they kill and eat chickens or people, that they kill people in their sleep by cutting their aortic vein, that they embody ancestral spirits, or that they warn of illness, death, or bad luck in the family. As of 1970, the people of the

3817:, while the larger, diurnal species use scent glands located on various parts of their anatomy. The ring-tailed lemur engages in "stink fights" by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists and then flicking it at other male opponents. Some lemurs 1929:

Lemur taxonomy has changed significantly since the first taxonomic classification of lemurs by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. One of the greatest challenges has been the classification of the aye-aye, which has been a topic of debate up until very recently. Until

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by Malagasy people. Bamboo lemurs are also kept as pets, although they only survive for up to two months. Live capture for the exotic pet trade in wealthier countries is not normally considered a threat due to strict regulations controlling their export.

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their behavior and morphophysiology (the study of anatomy in relation to function). Studies of their life-history traits, behavior and ecology help understanding of primate evolution, since they are thought to share similarities with ancestral primates.

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as threats. Their ringed tails also communicate distance, warn off neighboring troops, and help locate troop members. Sifakas are known to exhibit an open-mouth play face as well as a submissive teeth-baring grimace used in agonistic interactions.

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and the mothers build nests for them, much like the smaller, nocturnal lemur species. Woolly lemurs are unusual for nocturnal lemurs because they live in cohesive family groups and carry their single offspring with them rather than parking them.

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More taxonomic changes have occurred at the genus level, although these revisions have proven more conclusive, often supported by genetic and molecular analysis. The most noticeable revisions included the gradual split of a broadly defined genus

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is also known to occur in several lemur groups. Even males have been observed caring for infants in species such as the red-bellied lemur, mongoose lemur, eastern lesser bamboo lemur, silky sifaka, fat-tailed dwarf lemur, and ruffed lemurs.

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In indriids, either a pair of deciduous lower incisors or lower canines are not replaced in permanent dentition. Differing interpretations of this yield different dental formulae. Therefore an alternative dental formula for this family is

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during the mating season, and develop size dimorphism (likely due to the enlarged testes). These indicate a mating system known as scramble competition polygyny, where males cannot defend females or the resources that might attract them.

3099:(BMR), which helps them to conserve energy during the dry season, when water and food are scarce. They can optimize their energy use by lowering their metabolic rate to 20% below the values predicted for mammals of similar body mass. The 4019: 3305:

Many lemurs that eat leaves tend to do so during times of fruit scarcity, sometimes suffering weight loss as a result. Most lemur species, including most of the smallest lemurs and excluding some of the indriids, predominantly eat fruit

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coined the term "sweepstakes hypothesis" for such random events. Rafting has since been the most accepted explanation for the lemur colonization of Madagascar, but until recently, this trip was thought to be very unlikely because strong

692:(IUCN) considers lemurs to be the world's most endangered mammals, noting that as of 2013 up to 90% of all lemur species confront the threat of extinction in the wild within the next 20 to 25 years. Ring-tailed lemurs are an iconic 2828:, is a trait shared with other strepsirrhines and many other mammals, but not with haplorrhine primates. Although it is claimed to enhance the sense of smell, it is actually a touch-based sense organ that connects with a well-developed 3310:) when available. Collectively, lemurs have been documented consuming fruit from at least 86 native plant families and 15 alien plant families. As with most tropical fruit eaters, the lemur diet is dominated by fruit from 4936:, most of the protected areas are ineffectively managed and defended. Some protected areas were set aside because they were naturally protected by their remote, isolated location, often on steep cliffs. Other areas, such as the 3183:

Plant material makes up the majority of most lemur diets. Members of at least 109 of all known plant families in Madagascar (55%) are exploited by lemurs. Since lemurs are primarily arboreal, most of these exploited species are

3367:(clusters of flowers) of at least 60 plant families are eaten by lemurs ranging in size from the tiny mouse lemurs to the relatively large ruffed lemurs. If the flowers are not exploited, sometimes the nectar is consumed ( 8416:

Nakajima, Y.; Shantha, T. R.; Bourne, G. H. (1969). "Histochemical detection of l-gulonolactone: phenazine methosulfate oxidoreductase activity in several mammals with special reference to synthesis of vitamin C in primates".

2153:. Because their thumbs are only pseudo-opposable, making their movement less independent of the other fingers, their hands are less than perfect at grasping and manipulating objects. On their feet, they have a widely abducted 4080:

may be partly due to high levels of predation. Infants are protected while foraging by either leaving them in the nest or by stashing them in a hidden location, where the infant remains immobile in the absence of the parent.

5219:

of the clan. They may also believe that a lemur's spirit may get revenge. Alternatively, the animal may appear as a benefactor. Lemurs are also thought to impart their qualities, good or bad, onto human babies. In general,

4686:, and many others. Following the political turmoil of the mid-1970s and Madagascar's revolution, field studies resumed in the 1980s, thanks in part to the renewed involvement of the Duke Lemur Center under the direction of 3962: 3152:, consuming mostly plant material. As with all primates, hungry lemurs might eat anything that is edible, whether or not the item is one of their preferred foods. For instance, the ring-tailed lemur eats insects and small 1051:

since making their way to Madagascar. Their diversity in both behavior and morphology (outward appearance) rivals that of the monkeys and apes found elsewhere in the world. Ranging in size from the 30 g (1.1 oz)

925:

gene and the presence of the strepsirrhine toothcomb in both groups. Instead of being the direct ancestors of lemurs, the adapiforms may have given rise to both the lemurs and lorisoids, a split that would be supported by

3175:

is that small mammals cannot subsist entirely on plant material and must have a high-calorie diet in order to survive. As a result, it was thought that the diet of tiny primates must be high in protein-containing insects

4948:

Small populations may be able to persist in isolated forest fragments for 20 to 40 years due to long generation times, but in the long term, such populations may not be viable. Small, isolated populations also risk

2003:

Due to several taxonomic revisions by Russell Mittermeier, Colin Groves, and others, the number of recognized lemur species has grown from 33 species and subspecies in 1994 to approximately 100 in 2008. With continuing

4213:

their mother's fur. Species that park their offspring include nocturnal species (e.g. mouse lemurs, sportive lemurs, and dwarf lemurs), bamboo lemurs, and ruffed lemurs. In the case of the ruffed lemurs, the young are

3706:; fast arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, seen in true lemurs and ruffed lemurs; partially terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, seen in the ring-tailed lemur; highly terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by 3651:. Mouse lemurs have been observed experiencing torpor that lasts for several consecutive days, but dwarf lemurs are known to hibernate for six to eight months every year, particularly on the west coast of Madagascar. 9995:; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Long, Y.; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009). 10121: 4040: 3335:(granivores), but this may be under-reported since most observations only report fruit consumption and do not investigate whether the seeds are consumed as well. These lemurs include some indriids, such as the 3941: 3554:) does not exhibit female dominance. When females are dominant within a group, the way they maintain dominance varies. Ring-tailed lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression. Male 632:

Lemurs are generally the most social of the strepsirrhine primates, living in groups known as troops. They communicate more with scents and vocalizations than with visual signals. Lemurs have a relatively low

8460:

Williams, C. V.; Campbell, J.; Glenn, K. M. (2006). "Comparison of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation in nine species of apparently healthy captive lemurs".

5297:("Ancestor of Man"), the indri is sometimes seen as the progenitor of the family or clan. There are also stories of an indri that helped a human down from a tree, so they are seen as benefactors. Other lemur 4433:

faster. Latrine behavior exhibited by some lemurs may help improve soil quality and facilitate seed dispersal. Because of their importance in maintaining a healthy forest, frugivorous lemurs may qualify as

5148:

With the political crisis in 2009, illegal logging has proliferated and now threatens rainforests in the northeast, including its lemur inhabitants and the ecotourism that the local communities rely upon.

5038:, which especially helps local communities living in the vicinity of the national parks, since it offers employment opportunities and the community receives half of the park entrance fees. In the case of 2746:

Lemurs are unusual among primates for their rapid dental development, particularly among the largest species. For example, indriids have relatively slow body growth but extremely fast tooth formation and

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toured Madagascar in 1956 and 1957, surveying many of its lemur species and making important observations about their social groupings and reproduction. In 1960, the year of Madagascar's independence,

4018: 3893: 3874: 2037:

Lemurs vary greatly in size. They include the smallest primates in the world and, until recently, also included some of the largest. They currently range in size from about 30 g (1.1 oz) for

5253:

does not protect all lemurs equally. For example, although the hunting and eating of certain species may be taboo, other species may not share that same protection and are therefore targeted instead.

2321:

were traditionally defined based on slight morphological differences, but new genetic evidence has supported giving full species status to these regional populations. In the case of mouse lemurs, the

4714:

of bipedalism, the effects of social complexity transitive reasoning, and cognition studies involving a lemur's ability to organize and retrieve sequences from memory. Other facilities, such as the

4891:, with lemur conservation being a high priority. Despite the added emphasis for conservation, there is no indication that the extinctions that began with the arrival of humans have come to an end. 424: 3574:, which block the female reproductive tract, preventing other males from successfully mating with her, and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism. 2995:) have only a few large cones scattered along their predominantly rod-dominated retina. The eyes of the ring-tailed lemur contain one cone to five rods. Nocturnal lemurs such as mouse lemurs and 10694: 3237:

appear to be rarely exploited by lemurs due to their high tannin content. Some lemurs appear to have evolved responses against common plant defenses, however, such as tannins and alkaloids. The

3320:, but unlike anthropoid primates, lemurs (and all strepsirrhines) can synthesize their own vitamin C. Historically, captive lemur diets high in vitamin C-rich fruits have been thought to cause 3961: 3125:

frequently distinguish the smaller, nocturnal lemurs from the larger, diurnal lemurs, there are often exceptions that help exemplify the unique and diverse nature of these Malagasy primates.

2029:

often favor definitions that result in the splitting of genetically distinct populations into separate species to gain added environmental protection. Others favor a more thorough analysis.

7381:

Marivaux, L.; Welcomme, J. -L.; Antoine, P. -O.; Métais, G.; Baloch, I. M.; Benammi, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Ducrocq, S.; Jaeger, J. -J. (2001). "A Fossil Lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan".

4441:

All lemurs, particularly the smaller species, are affected by predation and they are important prey items for predators. Humans are the most significant predator of diurnal lemurs, despite

2890:

Lemurs (and strepsirrhines in general) are considered to be less visually oriented than the higher primates, since they rely so heavily on their sense of smell and pheromone detection. The

4599:

During the 19th century, there was an explosion of new lemur descriptions and names, which later took decades to sort out. During this time, professional collectors gathered specimens for

4382:

used, activity cycle, and social organization enable lemur species to coexist, although this time the species are more closely related and have similar niches. A classic example involves

4039: 3255:. This lemur can consume twelve times the typically lethal dose for most mammals on a daily basis; the physiological mechanisms that protect it from cyanide poisoning are unknown. At the 1950:. However, the placement of the aye-aye within the order Primates remained problematic until very recently. Based on its anatomy, researchers have found support for classifying the genus 3895: 10152: 5289:

about indri and sifakas. They are often protected from hunting and consumption because of their resemblance to humans and their ancestors, mostly due to their large size and upright or

4197:

varies within lemurs, ranging from 9 weeks in mouse lemurs and 9–10 weeks in dwarf lemurs to 18–24 weeks in other lemurs. The smaller, nocturnal lemurs, such as mouse lemurs,

4020: 3940: 3390:) and Coquerel's giant mouse lemur regularly consume tree sap. Bark has never been reported as an important food item in lemur diets, but at least four species eat it: the aye-aye, the 4998:

Although not as significant as deforestation and hunting, some lemurs, such as crowned lemurs and other species that have successfully been kept in captivity, are occasionally kept as

3542:

sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals; in most primate societies, males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them. However, many

4351:) have driven the evolution of lemurs' immense morphological and behavioral diversity. Their survival has required the ability to endure the persistent extremes, not yearly averages. 3872: 2102:, on the second toe and use it for scratching and grooming. In addition to the toilet-claw, lemurs share a variety of other traits with other strepsirrhine primates, which include a 8504:

Glenn, K. M.; Campbell, J. L.; Rotstein, D.; Williams, C. V. (2006). "Retrospective evaluation of the incidence and severity of hemosiderosis in a large captive lemur population".

4256:

has not been witnessed by lemurs in the wild, although in captivity the common brown lemur and the ring-tailed lemur have been demonstrated to be able to understand and use tools.

3742:. Sometimes these locomotor types are lumped together into two main groups of lemurs, the vertical clingers and leapers and the arboreal (and occasionally terrestrial) quadrupeds. 1607:

and galagos). Alternatively, the lorisoids are sometimes placed in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes, separate from the lemurs. In another taxonomy published by Colin Groves, the

3963: 3382:

are consumed by a few lemur species. The exploitation of exudates has been reported in 18 plant species and only in the dry regions in the south and west of Madagascar. Only the

6730:

Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Tombomiadana-Raveloson, S.; Randrianantenaina, H.; Kerloc'h, P. (2009). "A new species of giant subfossil lemur from the North-West of Madagascar (

990:, a report demonstrated that around 60 mya both Madagascar and Africa were 1,650 km (1,030 mi) south of their present-day positions, placing them in a different 11316:

Ratsimbazafy, J. (2006). "Chapter 19: Diet Composition, Foraging, and Feeding Behavior in Relation to Habitat Disturbance: Implications for the Adaptability of Ruffed Lemurs (

4102:

opens up only during a few hours or days of her most receptive time of estrus. These narrow windows for reproduction and resource availability appear to relate to their short

1117:), restricting lemurs to approximately 10% of the island's area, ~60,000 km (23,000 sq mi). Today, the diversity and complexity of lemur communities increases with 5063: 4041: 2693:

or "under-tongue", a specialized structure that acts like a toothbrush to remove hair and other debris. The sublingua extends below the tip of the tongue and is tipped with

3144:

Lemur diets are highly variable and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity, although general trends suggest that the smallest species primarily consume fruit and insects (

10113: 3942: 2774:(front) teeth due to heavy use in grooming, feeding, and fighting. Little other dental health information is available for lemurs, except that wild ring-tailed lemurs at 11212:

Fietz, J.; Dausmann, K.H. (2006). "Chapter 5: Big Is Beautiful: Fat Storage and Hibernation as a Strategy to Cope with Marked Seasonality in the Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemur (

4971:

are accelerating this gradual desiccation. The effects of drought are even felt in the rainforests. As annual rainfall decreases, the larger trees that make up the high

4807:. Over the next five years, at least 28 species were newly identified, none of which have had their conservation status assessed. Many are likely to be considered 4089:

to camouflage themselves. They are often heard but difficult to see in the trees due to the dappled light, earning them the reputation of being "ghosts of the forest".

3825:. Although many animals exhibit this behavior, it is a rare trait among primates. Latrine behavior can represent territorial marking and aid in interspecies signaling. 10177: 4697:

Ex situ research (or off-site research) is also popular among researchers looking to answer questions that are difficult to test in the field. For example, efforts to

4651: 3873: 5205:) which can get revenge if mocked while alive or if killed in a cruel fashion. Because of this, lemurs, like many other elements of daily life, have been a source of 3562:), on the other hand, will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them. Female aggression is often associated with, but not limited to, feeding. 2832:(VNO). Since pheromones are usually large, non-volatile molecules, the rhinarium is used to touch a scent-marked object and transfer the pheromone molecules down the 2728:

lost, the lower dentition can be difficult to read, especially since the first premolar (P2) is often shaped like a canine (caniniform) to fill the canine's role. In

11802:

Godfrey, L.R.; Petto, A.J.; Sutherland, M.R. (2001). "Chapter 4: Dental ontogeny and life history strategies: The case of the giant extinct indroids of Madagascar".

4639:, most of the diurnal lemurs were illustrated at this time. However, lemur taxonomic nomenclature took its modern form in the 1920s and 1930s, being standardized by 661:

1980s. Lemurs are important for research because their mix of ancestral characteristics and traits shared with anthropoid primates can yield insights on primate and

4756:

of Madagascar are threatened by deforestation for the creation of farmland and pasture (above) as well as firewood and charcoal production (below) for cooking fuel.

2910:. Lemurs can see a wider visual field, however, than anthropoid primates due to a slight difference in the angle between the eyes, as shown in the following table: 1603:. In one taxonomy, the infraorder Lemuriformes contains all living strepsirrhines in two superfamilies, Lemuroidea for all lemurs and Lorisoidea for the lorisoids ( 1134:. Most of the approximately 100 species and subspecies of lemur are either threatened or endangered. Unless trends change, extinctions are likely to continue. 1101:

Before the arrival of humans roughly 1500 to 2000 years ago, lemurs were found all across the island. However, early settlers quickly converted the forests to

4366:. With the diversity of adaptations for specific ecological niches, habitat selection among lemur families and some genera is often very specific, thus minimizing 1980:(Megaladapidae). Formerly grouped in the same family due to similarities in dentition, they are no longer considered to be closely related due to genetic studies. 3508:

utilize this social system, often living in groups of ten or less. Ruffed lemurs have been shown to live in fission-fusion societies, and Indri forms pair bonds.

4646:

Although lemur taxonomy had developed, it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that the in-situ (or on-site) study of lemur behavior and ecology began to blossom.

4556:

Lemurs are mentioned in sailors' voyage logs as far back as 1608 and in 1658 that at least seven lemur species were described in detail by the French merchant,

11203:

Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. (2006). "Chapter 4: Impact of Ecology on the Teeth of Extant Lemurs: A Review of Dental Adaptations, Function, and Life History".

10502: 9899: 2301:, or the inability of humans to visually distinguish between two or more distinct species, has recently been discovered among lemurs, particularly within the 814:, and ghostly cries of Madagascar's lemurs when he selected the name. Up until then, it had also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some 5249:, but they can also lead to discrimination and persecution if a lemur is known to bring bad fortune, for instance, if it walks through town. In other ways, 3010:. The most studied lemur, the ring-tailed lemur, has been shown to have blue-yellow vision, but lacks the ability to distinguish red and green hues. Due to 1011:, which evolved later. The intelligence, aggression, and deceptiveness of monkeys gave them an advantage over other primates in exploiting the environment. 889:) traits with early primates. In this regard, lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates; however, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes ( 12411: 4879:

critical primate region for over 20 years. Due to its relatively small land area—587,045 km (226,659 sq mi)—compared to other high-priority

2903: 2119: 2837: 1966:

Relationships among lemur families have also proven to be problematic and have yet to be definitively resolved. To further complicate the issue, several

657:. Most eat a wide variety of fruits and leaves, while some are specialists. Two species of lemurs may coexist in the same forest due to different diets. 9832: 3180:). Research has shown, however, that mouse lemurs, the smallest living primates, consume more fruit than insects, contradicting the popular hypothesis. 10731: 5034:, the most notable of which is the ring-tailed lemur, which is considered an icon of the country. The presence of lemurs in national parks helps drive 4386:

between three species of bamboo lemur that live in close proximity in small forested areas: the golden bamboo lemur, the greater bamboo lemur, and the

4072:, mostly among diurnal lemurs. The leaping abilities of lemurs may have evolved for predator avoidance rather than for travel, according to a study in 700:. In addition, conservation organizations increasingly seek to implement community-based approaches to save lemur species and promote sustainability. 4899:

The greatest concern facing lemur populations is habitat destruction and degradation. Deforestation takes the form of local subsistence use, such as

973:, where very small populations rafted from nearby Africa on tangled mats of vegetation, which get flushed out to sea from major rivers. This form of 3647:

during the dry season. Daily torpor constitutes less than 24 hours of dormancy, whereas prolonged torpor averages two weeks in duration and signals

1580:

Lemur taxonomy is controversial, and not all experts agree, particularly with the recent increase in the number of recognized species. According to

10027: 3688:

in lemurs, both living and extinct, is highly varied and its diversity exceeds that of anthropoids. Locomotor postures and behaviors have included

688:, economic privation and political instability conspire to thwart conservation efforts. Because of these threats and their declining numbers, the 13231: 9223:

Sündermann, D.; Scheumann, M.; Zimmermann, E. (2008). "Olfactory predator recognition in predator-naïve gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus)".

7189: 10090: 6123: 3638:

In order to conserve energy and water in their highly seasonal environment, mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs exhibit seasonal behavioral cycles of

13146: 13058: 12691: 12434: 9156:"Mutualism, reciprocity, or kin selection? Cooperative rescue of a conspecific from a boa in a nocturnal solitary forager the gray mouse lemur" 6284:

Horvath, J. E.; Weisrock, D. W.; Embry, S. L.; Fiorentino, I.; Balhoff, J. P.; Kappeler, P.; Wray, G. A.; Willard, H. F.; Yoder, A. D. (2008).

5813: 5618: 4860: 4788: 4722:, have also hosted research projects, such as one that looked at lemurs' ability to preferentially select tools based on functional qualities. 3635:

stimulated additional research and coined the new term "cathemeral", although many non-anthropologists prefer the terms "circadian" or "diel".

689: 10144: 6326: 1611:

was placed in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes, while the rest of the lemurs were placed in Lemuriformes and the lorisoids in Lorisiformes.

13791: 12656: 2705: 10005: 7884: 6763: 6689: 6418: 5132:

promised to triple the size of the island's protected areas in five years. This became known as the "Durban Vision". In June 2007, the

4856: 10215: 9464: 6617: 6249: 4011: 3886: 13201: 13164: 13136: 12877: 11967: 10768: 10642: 4674:. The Petters and Jolly spawned a new era of interest in lemur ecology and behavior and were shortly followed by anthropologists such as 11760: 11665: 5215:, which can be based around stories with four basic principles. A village or region may believe that a certain type of lemur may be the 5090:(WWF). Most lemur species are covered by this network of protected areas, and a few species can be found in multiple parks or reserves. 4710:. Many important research projects have been carried out there, including studies of lemur vocalizations, basic locomotor research, the 4631:

continued to contribute new names for new lemur species. However, the most notable contributions from this century includes the work of

1086:. Extreme resource limitations and seasonal breeding are also thought to have given rise to three other relatively common lemur traits: 958:(~80–90 mya). Since ancestral lemurs are thought to have originated in Africa around 62 to 65 mya, they must have crossed the 12513: 5339:

and was seen by an estimated 100 million people in theaters and 200–300 million people on DVD worldwide. Prior to this film,

4828: 5070:. All protected areas, excluding the private reserves, comprise approximately 3% of the land surface of Madagascar and are managed by 3600:

can vary from nocturnal in smaller lemurs to diurnal in most larger lemurs. Diurnality is not seen in any other living strepsirrhine.

12029:

A site created by the Wildlife Conservation Society that provides lemur videos, photos and educational tools for teachers and parents

11329:

Junge, R.E.; Sauther, M. (2006). "Chapter 20: Overview on the Health and Disease Ecology of Wild Lemurs: Conservation Implications".

2732:(leaf-eating) lemurs, except for indriids, the upper incisors are greatly reduced or absent. Used together with the toothcomb on the 11491: 10060: 5723: 5282:

feared the aye-aye because they believed it had supernatural powers. Because of this, no one was allowed to mock, kill, or eat one.

3813:

most useful for communication between animals that rarely encounter each other. Small, nocturnal lemurs mark their territories with

7073:; Rylands, A. B.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M. I.; Louis, E. E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. M. (2008). 4811:

since the new lemur species that have been described recently are typically confined to small regions. Given the rate of continued

4560:, who may also have been the only westerner to see and chronicle the existence of a giant (now extinct) lemur, which he called the 2771: 810:

It was noted in 2012 that many sources had commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance,

13702: 12245: 1599:

The classification of lemurs within the suborder Strepsirrhini is equally controversial, although most experts agree on the same

9728: 4635:, a naturalist and explorer who devoted himself to the study of Madagascar's natural history and local people. With the help of 1062:, lemurs evolved diverse forms of locomotion, varying levels of social complexity, and unique adaptations to the local climate. 8910: 4581: 10282: 4085:

reactions to different classes of predators, such as predatory birds, mammals, or snakes. Some lemurs, such as the indri, use

2755:

primates exhibit slower dental development with increased size and slower morphological development. Lemurs are also dentally

2667:

or feeding. For instance, indri use their toothcomb not only for grooming, but also to pry out the large seeds from the tough

13720: 11991: 11953: 11928: 11892: 11843: 11824: 11788: 11729: 11693: 11659: 11630: 11513: 11474: 11423: 11404: 11372: 11142: 11104: 10811: 10792: 10762: 10717: 10666: 10636: 10615: 10021: 4343:-generated floods. These climatic and geographical challenges, along with poor soils, low plant productivity, wide ranges of 3007: 13707: 11148: 10184: 8053: 4706:. It maintains the largest captive lemur population outside of Madagascar, which it maintains for non-invasive research and 13781: 12060: 11194:

Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Schwartz, G.T. (2006). "Chapter 3: Ecology and Extinction of Madagascar's Subfossil Lemurs".

10009: 9322:

Fietz, J.; Dausmann, K. H. (2003). "Costs and Potential Benefits of Parental Care in the Nocturnal Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemur (

4820: 3954: 3762:

of southern Madagascar. It is unknown how it avoids impaling its palms on the thorn-covered trunks of large plants such as

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I call them lemurs, because they go around mainly by night, in a certain way similar to humans, and roam with a slow pace.

8663:

Young, A. L.; Richard, A. F.; Aiello, L. C. (1990). "Female Dominance and Maternal Investment in Strepsirhine Primates".

7018: 6644:

Dunham, A. E.; Rudolf, V. H. W. (2009). "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding".

5098: 2279:(sexual differences in fur coloration), but the difference between the genders varies from strikingly obvious, as in the 4694:. In the decades that followed, huge strides have been made in lemur studies and many new species have been discovered. 4429:

is another service lemurs provide. After passing through the lemur gut, tree and vine seeds exhibit lower mortality and

4670:

traveled to Madagascar in 1962 to study the diet and social behavior of the ring-tailed lemur and Verreaux's sifaka at

3361:

are known to break open. At least 36 genera from 23 families of plants are targeted by lemur seed predators.

12034:

Lemurs: from the planet's smallest primate, the mouse lemur, to ring-tailed lemurs and indris. News, sounds and video.

5058:

5 strict nature reserves, and 22 special reserves, as well as several other small private reserves, such as

11754: 11590: 11550: 10425: 5653: 5332: 4165:

for both males and females, and mating can include individuals from outside the group. Monogamous lemurs include the

524: 430: 11346: 10512: 897:. All modern strepsirrhines including lemurs are traditionally thought to have evolved from early primates known as 9850: 7074: 4937: 4816: 3788:. Visual signals are probably the least used by lemurs, since they lack many of the muscles used in common primate 3351:), the indri, and the aye-aye. The aye-aye, which specializes in structurally defended resources, can chew through 3247: 2403:, but young indriids, aye-ayes, koala lemurs, sloth lemurs, and probably monkey lemurs have fewer deciduous teeth. 10836:

Late Cretaceous Vertebrates of Madagascar: A Window into Gondwanan Biogeography at the End of the Age of Dinosaurs

9155: 6286:"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs" 4570:, an apothecary in London, described and illustrated the mongoose lemur. Starting in 1751, the London illustrator 3654:

Dwarf lemurs are the only primates known to hibernate for extended periods. Unlike other hibernating mammals from

2251:

in size and canine tooth morphology. However, some species tend towards having larger females, and two species of

4691: 4032: 3785: 3157: 962:, a deep channel between Africa and Madagascar with a minimum width of about 560 km (350 mi). In 1915, 720: 13786: 12172: 11364: 10345: 6215: 5415:. Developmental patterns are inferred from the developmental patterns of their closest relatives, the indriids. 5293:. The resemblance is even stronger for indri, which lack the long tail of most living lemurs. Known locally as 4933: 4616: 4588:

began describing the anatomy of several lemur species. The first traveling naturalist to comment on lemurs was

2038: 1053: 921:

is that lemurs descended from lorisoids (loris-like) primates. This is supported by comparative studies of the

13577: 5153:

can be found at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC), whose mission includes non-invasive research, conservation (e.g.

4222:(multiple or group parenting) has been reported in all lemur families except the sportive lemurs and aye-aye. 3375:). At least 24 native species from 17 plant families are targeted for nectar or pollen consumption. 2098:(in most cases) on their hands and feet. Most lemurs possess a laterally compressed, elongated nail, called a 11185:

Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W. (2006). "Chapter 2: Notes on the History of Ecological Studies of Malagasy Lemurs".

6682:"New Theory On Why Male, Female Lemurs Same Size: 'Passive' Mate Guarding Influenced Evolution Of Lemur Size" 6077:"Divergence dates for Malagasy lemurs estimated from multiple gene loci: geological and evolutionary context" 5158: 5097:(MFG), an association of nearly 40 zoos and related organizations, including the Duke Lemur Center, the 5083: 5075: 5019: 4924: 4715: 3933: 3689: 1934:

published a definitive anatomical study in 1866, early naturalists were uncertain whether the aye-aye (genus

807:

Seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, he adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates.

685: 6943:"Species delimitation in lemurs: multiple genetic loci reveal low levels of species diversity in the genus 4967: 4776: 3209: 3133: 969:

noted that the mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar (including lemurs) can only be accounted for by random

836:

Lemures dixi hos, quod noctu imprimis obambulant, hominibus quodanmodo similes, & lento passu vagantur.

7138: 5257:

can vary from village to village within the same region. If people move to a new village or region, their

5074:, formerly known as l'Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées (ANGAP), as well as other 4574:

began describing and illustrating some lemur species, of which a few were included in various editions of

2345:) were considered the same species until recently, when genetic tests identified them as cryptic species. 2244:-like ears for detecting hollow spaces within trees; and use of self-generated acoustical cues to forage. 696:. Collectively, lemurs exemplify the biodiverse fauna of Madagascar and have facilitated the emergence of 13776: 13715: 12238: 12187: 11617: 11577: 11537: 6076: 5622: 5346: 5102: 5030:

Lemurs have drawn much attention to Madagascar and its endangered species. In this capacity, they act as

4619:. From these collections, as well as increasing observations of lemurs in their natural habitats, museum 4571: 4445:

that occasionally forbid the hunting and eating of certain lemur species. Other predators include native

4387: 2213: 1122: 676:

Many lemur species remain endangered due to habitat loss and hunting. Although local traditions, such as

38: 10330: 9996: 4339:, the rainforests of the east and the dry regions of the west, but also swings from extended drought to 3681:

are specially adapted to vertical clinging and leaping, so they must hop sideways to move on the ground.

12026: 11622: 11582: 11542: 10013: 6285: 5349:(PBS) children's television series from 1999 to 2001, helped to popularize sifakas by featuring a live 5087: 5079: 4824: 4585: 4562: 4205:, and are known to occur in every five to six births in species such as the ring-tailed lemur and some 2172:

Lemurs are a diverse group of primates in terms of morphology and physiology. Some lemurs, such as the

2157:(first toe) which facilitates the grasping of tree limbs. A common misconception is that lemurs have a 1585: 665:. Most species have been discovered or promoted to full species status since the 1990s; however, lemur 205: 9057:

Hosey, G. R.; Thompson, R. J. (1985). "Grooming and touching behaviour in captive ring-tailed lemurs (

5157:), and public education. Another large lemur colony includes the Myakka City Lemur Reserve run by the 4268:

which it uses to fish for insect grubs, the aye-aye has tested poorly in the use of extraneous tools.

11866:

Kirk, C.E.; Kay, R.F. (2004). "Chapter 22: The Evolution of High Visual Acuity in the Anthropoidea".

10082: 5756: 5071: 4941: 4753: 4640: 4411: 3865: 3759: 3414:). Most bark feeding is directly linked to exudate feeding, except for the aye-aye's bark feeding on 3391: 3383: 3100: 2891: 2651:, for instance, have teeth that are perfectly adapted for shearing leaves and crushing seeds. In the 2067: 1918: 1058: 11252:

Irwin, M.T. (2006). "Chapter 14: Ecologically Enigmatic Lemurs: The Sifakas of the Eastern Forests (

9878: 5790: 5261:

may not apply to the lemur species that are locally present, making them available for consumption.

4064:

All lemurs experience some predation pressure. Common defenses against predation include the use of

3441:, provides minerals and salts, and helps absorb toxins. Sifakas have been observed eating soil from 12053: 6365:

Ali, J. R.; Huber, M. (2010). "Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents".

5133: 5049:

Rice paddies have gradually replaced lemur habitat, particularly in the central part of the island.

5039: 4956:). Two diseases that are lethal to lemurs and could severely impact isolated lemur populations are 4612: 4142:

are nocturnal and typically give birth to one offspring, which they carry with them while foraging.

3731: 3516: 3472:

Lemurs are social and live in groups that usually include fewer than 15 individuals. Observed

2338: 2330: 2247:

Lemurs are unusual since they have great variability in their social structure, yet generally lack

2131: 614: 17: 10216:"Monumental debt-for-nature swap provides $ 20 million to protect biodiversity in Madagascar" 2852: 591:. Since the arrival of humans on the island around 2,000 years ago, over a dozen species of " 13371: 10223: 9472: 8615:

Dunham, A. E. (2008). "Battle of the sexes: cost asymmetry explains female dominance in lemurs".

7876: 6755: 6681: 6410: 5059: 4848: 4671: 4545: 4494: 4325: 4247:

Lemurs have traditionally been regarded as being less intelligent than anthropoid primates, with

3780:). The ring-tailed lemur, for instance, uses complex though highly stereotyped behaviors such as 2775: 2663:

are procumbent (face forward rather than up) and finely spaced, thus providing a tool for either

2298: 2217: 751: 13733: 9649:

Tilden, C. D. (1990). "A study of locomotor behavior in a captive colony of red-bellied lemurs (

6576: 6265: 4379: 2647:

There are also noticeable differences in dental morphology and tooth topography between lemurs.

13616: 13078: 12231: 11243:

Johnson, S.E. (2006). "Chapter 9: Evolutionary Divergence in the Brown Lemur Species Complex".

11053:

The conservation value of long-term research: a case study from the Parc National de Ranomafana

9873: 6941:

Groeneveld, L. F.; Weisrock, D. W.; Rasoloarison, R. M.; Yoder, A. D.; Kappeler, P. M. (2009).

5323: 5305:, or that if a pregnant woman eats a dwarf lemur, her baby will get its beautiful, round eyes. 5094: 5054: 5023: 4944:

of the west and south, receive little protection and are in serious danger of being destroyed.

4787:, which prohibits trade of specimens or parts, except for scientific purposes. As of 2005, the 4703: 4698: 4636: 4608: 4480: 3481: 3011: 978: 966: 927: 822:. However, both claims were discredited since according to Linnaeus' own explanation, the term 144:

A sample of lemur diversity; 8 of 15 biological genera are depicted (from top, left to right):

31: 11939: 11281:

Powzyk, J.A.; Mowry, C.B. (2006). "Chapter 16: The Feeding Ecology and Related Adaptations of

10827:

Mesozoic Terrestrial Vertebrate Faunas: The Early History of Madagascar's Vertebrate Diversity

10750: 10695:"A consideration of leaping locomotion as a means of predator avoidance in prosimian primates" 10626: 10145:"Lemurs face extinction in 20 years, risk of losing species for 'first time in two centuries'" 4863:(IUCN) concluded that 90% of the then 103 described species of lemur should be listed as 4589: 4557: 3259:(DLC) in the United States, lemurs that roam the outdoor enclosures have been observed eating 913:(66 to 56 mya). Adapiforms, however, lack a specialized arrangement of teeth, known as a 13771: 13743: 13728: 11744: 11649: 10751:"Chapter 19: Human universals and primate symplesiomorphies: Establishing the lemur baseline" 7435:

Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C. J.; Godfrey, L. R.; Hänni, C. (2008).

5236: 4840: 4792: 4659: 4383: 4367: 3344: 2280: 2026: 712: 474: 370: 5120:

are needed for linking these protected areas so that small populations are not isolated. In

5042:, job opportunities and other revenue from long-term research can rival that of ecotourism. 4772: 13663: 13654: 13126: 13092: 11612: 11572: 11442: 11358: 11234:

Sterling, E.J.; McCreless, E.E. (2006). "Chapter 8: Adaptations in the Aye-aye: A Review".

10657:

Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K. C.; Bearder, S. K.; Stumpf, R. M, eds. (2011).

10486: 9425: 8778: 7877:"It Started With A Squeak: Moonlight Serenade Helps Lemurs Pick Mates Of The Right Species" 7448: 7390: 7153: 6958: 6374: 6191: 6091: 5372: 5350: 5318: 4961: 4888: 4719: 4534: 4232: 3836: 3751: 3547: 3539: 3407: 3275: 3112: 3096: 3076: 3049: 3023: 2980: 2876: 1087: 974: 654: 634: 12999: 10052: 7358: 7337: 7137:

Karanth, K. P.; Delefosse, T.; Rakotosamimanana, B.; Parsons, T. J.; Yoder, A. D. (2005).

4735: 2074: 1056:, the world's smallest primate, to the recently extinct 160–200 kg (350–440 lb) 549:. Most existing lemurs are small, have a pointed snout, large eyes, and a long tail. They 8: 12046: 11608: 11568: 11528: 11485: 10553: 10536: 9992: 7342:

in strepsirrhine primates: The phylogenetic significance of third-position transversions"

7062: 6729: 5738: 5140: 4812: 4647: 4530: 4489: 4375: 4253: 4158: 4129: 4125: 3578: 3477: 3473: 3238: 2580: 2276: 1593: 1581: 1091: 1000: 860: 573: 353: 11446: 11307:

Wright, P.C. (2006). "Chapter 18: Considering Climate Change Effects in Lemur Ecology".

9429: 8782: 7452: 7394: 7157: 6962: 6378: 6195: 6095: 4566:. Around 1703 merchants and sailors began bringing lemurs back to Europe, at which time 12182: 11881: 11682: 11463: 10723: 10587: 10440: 9819: 9756: 9678: 9398: 9351: 9186: 9113: 9078: 9019: 8972: 8902: 8802: 8739: 8680: 8642: 8590: 8529: 8486: 8442: 7942:

Lamberton, C. (1938). "Dentition de lait de quelques lémuriens subfossiles malgaches".

7859: 7828: 7471: 7436: 7414: 7105: 7037: 6981: 6942: 6669: 6609: 6398: 6313: 6207: 6203: 6115: 5889: 5492: 5290: 5279: 5232: 4864: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4655: 4522: 4502: 4202: 4162: 3781: 3739: 3399: 2806: 2288: 2009: 1553: 959: 819: 792: 666: 200: 9002:

Grieser, B. (1992). "Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas".

7607: 7605: 7603: 7176: 5169:

that exhibits lemurs for the public while also rehabilitating captive-born lemurs for

3270: 2126:(bony sockets that enclose the eye) that are not fully facing forward; left and right 13676: 13558: 13433: 13399: 13392: 12194: 12020: 11987: 11959: 11949: 11924: 11907: 11888: 11839: 11820: 11784: 11750: 11725: 11708: 11689: 11655: 11636: 11626: 11596: 11586: 11556: 11546: 11470: 11419: 11400: 11391: 11378: 11368: 11138: 11100: 10807: 10788: 10758: 10713: 10662: 10632: 10611: 10017: 9891: 9824: 9769: 9761: 9713: 9670: 9631: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9538: 9437: 9390: 9343: 9304: 9240: 9178: 8794: 8731: 8710:

Digby, L. J.; Kahlenberg, S. M. (2002). "Female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs (

8582: 8521: 8478: 8434: 8080: 8072: 7864: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7476: 7406: 7363: 7181: 6986: 6661: 6657: 6613: 6601: 6390: 6318: 6107: 6103: 5893: 5881: 5805: 5649: 5484: 5411: 5336: 5129: 5110: 4875: 4832: 4663: 4632: 4198: 4166: 4149:

factors heavily into lemur reproduction. Scent-marking activity escalates during the

3805: 3789: 3726: 3685: 3501: 3256: 3056:

exhibit eyeshine because they have a reflective layer of tissue in the eye, called a

2907: 2829: 2720: 2678: 2668: 2664: 2260: 2248: 2233: 2107: 1989: 1600: 1570: 1559: 1095: 827: 743: 731: 577: 146: 10727: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9682: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9402: 9355: 9117: 9082: 9023: 8879: 8806: 8743: 8684: 8646: 8594: 8533: 8490: 8446: 7954: 7829:"Acoustic divergence in the communication of cryptic species of nocturnal primates ( 7418: 7109: 7041: 6673: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6211: 6119: 5496: 5224:

extend beyond a sense of the forbidden, but can include events that bring bad luck.

4624: 4548:

in southern Madagascar is both a popular tourist destination and research location.

2388:

have reduced dentitions, having lost incisors, canines, or premolars. The ancestral

886: 595:" larger than living lemur species have become extinct, including the gorilla-sized 13681: 13668: 13245: 10705: 10290: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9883: 9814: 9806: 9751: 9743: 9709: 9662: 9623: 9528: 9433: 9382: 9335: 9232: 9170: 9105: 9070: 9011: 8976: 8964: 8932: 8906: 8894: 8786: 8723: 8672: 8632: 8624: 8574: 8513: 8470: 8426: 8207: 7854: 7844: 7570: 7568: 7466: 7456: 7398: 7353: 7171: 7161: 7139:"Ancient DNA from giant extinct lemurs confirms single origin of Malagasy primates" 7097: 7089: 7027: 6976: 6966: 6743: 6653: 6591: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6402: 6382: 6308: 6300: 6257: 6199: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6099: 5873: 5476: 5368: 5154: 5117: 5031: 4972: 4949: 4707: 4628: 4435: 4355: 4194: 4069: 3822: 3489: 3358: 3156:

when necessary and as a result it is commonly viewed as an opportunistic omnivore.

3031: 2841: 2770:

compared to anthropoid primates. This may result in extra wear and breakage to the

2504: 2322: 2193: 2162: 1090:, sexual monomorphism, and male–male competition for mates involving low levels of 1083: 1048: 936: 906: 815: 693: 650: 534: 483: 398: 312: 292: 11857:

Ross, C.F.; Kay, R.F. (2004). "Chapter 1: Evolving Perspectives on Anthropoidea".

11507: 11176:

Tattersall, I. (2006). "Chapter 1: Origin of the Malagasy Strepsirhine Primates".

9747: 9190: 8628: 7580: 7531: 6893: 5791:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1" 5375:

to tell the story of two groups of ring-tailed lemurs at Berenty Private Reserve.

3745:

The jumping prowess of the indriids has been well documented and is popular among

1615:(30 mya). The two main competing hypotheses are shown in the adjacent image. 13766: 13599: 13551: 13154: 13085: 12798: 12441: 12427: 12212: 12177: 11132: 9916: 9566: 9549: 8790: 6476: 5877: 5393: 5314: 5162: 5045: 5011: 4746: 4687: 4593: 4576: 3702: 3585: 3336: 3065: 3057: 2412: 2408: 2389: 2362: 2158: 2123: 2115: 2091: 2054: 2017: 1543: 1131: 1075: 1020: 995: 977:

can occur randomly over millions of years. In the 1940s, American paleontologist

811: 670: 662: 602: 10709: 9960: 9887: 9810: 9236: 8565:(1998). "Pair-Bonding, Female Aggression and the Evolution of Lemur Societies". 7565: 6881: 6501: 6152: 4153:. Pheromones may coordinate reproductive timing for females coming into estrus. 13639: 13362: 13340: 13320: 13256: 13119: 13102: 12929: 12908: 12870: 12629: 12329: 12146: 12126: 11945: 11532: 7066: 7009: 6747: 5353:

from the Duke Lemur Center as well as a puppet. A twenty-episode series called

5246: 5170: 4900: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4475: 4450: 4426: 4321: 4174: 4124:

lemurs give birth between September and October in their native habitat in the

4077: 3632: 3629: 3605: 3497: 3416: 3332: 3287: 3006:

possible, the high prevalence of rod cells in lemur eyes suggest they have not

2972: 2812: 2748: 2613: 2431: 2302: 2201: 2173: 2095: 1703: 1679: 1565:

From a taxonomic standpoint, the term "lemur" originally referred to the genus

1251: 1236: 1110: 963: 606: 337: 317: 179: 9386: 7093: 6596: 5409:

remains have been found, and little is known about the deciduous dentition of

5301:

include the belief that a wife will have ugly children if her husband kills a

946:, the island of Madagascar has been isolated since it broke away from eastern 770:

Malagasy primates, which have been known as collectively "lemurs" ever since.

13760: 13537: 13480: 13221: 12828: 12743: 12702: 12643: 12534: 12506: 12462: 12448: 12312: 12299: 12254: 12105: 11963: 11712: 11707:. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. 11640: 11600: 11354: 9851:"How Prosimian Primates Represent Tools: Experiments with Two Lemur Species ( 9542: 9308: 9256: 9254: 8076: 5809: 5612: 5405: 5364: 5106: 4957: 4868: 4804: 4764: 4567: 4219: 4150: 3712: 3655: 3597: 3555: 3364: 3325: 3321: 2899: 2786: 2701: 2682: 2673: 2540: 2468: 1913: 1644: 1574: 983: 970: 866: 763: 715:, gave lemurs their name as early as 1758. With his declaration of the genus 708: 622: 597: 470: 345: 267: 167: 87: 11560: 11437:

Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2002). "Chapter 7: Quaternary fossil lemurs".

11382: 11294:

Tan, C.L. (2006). "Chapter 17: Behavior and Ecology of Gentle Lemurs (Genus

8212: 8195: 7461: 7402: 7166: 4658:

introduced lemurs to the West with a commercial film. Under the guidance of

2022: 13500: 13473: 13464: 13450: 13426: 13017: 12971: 12670: 12663: 12499: 12376: 12353: 12121: 11982:

Tattersall, I. (1982). "Chapter: The Living Species of Malagasy Primates".

11458: 11393:

Lemurs of Madagascar and the Comoros: The IUCN Red Data Book – Introduction

11342: 10398: 10238: 9895: 9828: 9765: 9674: 9666: 9533: 9516: 9394: 9347: 9244: 9182: 8766: 8735: 8562: 8525: 8482: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 7868: 7849: 7480: 7410: 7185: 7070: 6990: 6971: 6665: 6605: 6394: 6322: 6111: 5488: 5467:

Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record".

5359: 5302: 5211: 5166: 4986: 4880: 4667: 4549: 4466: 4421: 4139: 3707: 3621: 3617: 3427: 3295: 3201: 3039: 3003: 2868: 2802: 2767: 2660: 2381: 2361:(having multiple tooth morphologies) and derives from an ancestral primate 2150: 2079: 2005: 1993: 1931: 1673: 1659: 1589: 1468: 955: 922: 679: 618: 592: 363: 277: 191: 12033: 10863:

Physiological Adaptations of Malagasy Mammals: Lemurs and Tenrecs Compared

10417: 9635: 9416:

Ehrlich, A.; Fobes, J.; King, J. (1976). "Prosimian learning capacities".

9251: 8798: 8586: 8438: 7367: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 5885: 5431: 5428: 5265:

restrictions on lemur meat can be relaxed in times of famine and drought.

4259:

A few lemurs have been noted to have relatively large brains. The extinct

3800: 3674: 2636: 2633: 2623: 2620: 2603: 2600: 2590: 2587: 2563: 2560: 2550: 2547: 2527: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2491: 2488: 2478: 2475: 2458: 2455: 2445: 2442: 2398: 2395: 2371: 2368: 13689: 13648: 13594: 13528: 13385: 13378: 13330: 13279: 13191: 12842: 12780: 12766: 12711: 12684: 12613: 12599: 12592: 12571: 12541: 12527: 12397: 12339: 12156: 12151: 10570: 7981: 6261: 5328: 4620: 4526: 4430: 4223: 4182: 4135: 4108: 3721: 3648: 3625: 3571: 3567: 3465: 3368: 3316:(fig) species. In many anthropoid primates, fruit is a primary source of 3185: 3177: 3137: 3019: 2996: 2860: 2845: 2385: 2377: 2310: 2099: 2083: 2013: 1977: 1739: 1721: 1712: 1653: 1450: 1403: 1102: 1071: 1036: 898: 642: 584: 322: 173: 62: 10388: 10386: 10371: 9610:

Macedonia, J. M. (1993). "The Vocal Repertoire of the Ringtailed Lemur (

8951:

Sauther, M. L. (1989). "Antipredator behavior in troops of free-ranging

8347: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7437:"DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids" 7113: 6386: 5136:

included a sizable portion of Madagascar's eastern rainforests as a new

5067: 4911:

for cattle through burning, and legal and illegal gathering of wood for

4784: 4314: 3776:

Lemur communication can be transmitted through sound, sight, and smell (

2711: 13443: 13419: 13265: 13238: 13030: 12960: 12938: 12863: 12821: 12773: 12752: 12585: 12578: 12478: 12420: 12383: 11911: 11746:

Primate neuroethology - Chapter 2: Primate Classification and Diversity

9729:"Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in prosimian primates" 9194: 9109: 9074: 9015: 8968: 8898: 8727: 8430: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7136: 7032: 7013: 6520: 6304: 5341: 5035: 4999: 4711: 4446: 4359: 4236: 4073: 4065: 4056: 3978: 3910: 3818: 3746: 3663: 3601: 3524: 3512: 3505: 3493: 3372: 3260: 3153: 3069: 3043: 2964: 2883:) and the ring-tailed lemur have glands inside the upper arms near the 2863:

located on the wrists, inside elbow, genital regions, or the neck. The

2740: 2358: 2318: 2252: 1997: 1972: 1959: 1729: 1126: 1079: 1044: 991: 951: 918: 894: 697: 546: 378: 185: 107: 72: 13694: 9696:

Wunderlich, R. E.; Schaum, J. C. (2007). "Kinematics of bipedalism in

9627: 9339: 9174: 8637: 8578: 8517: 8474: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7101: 6871: 6869: 5480: 1025: 13544: 13491: 13410: 13175: 13047: 12945: 12899: 12884: 12856: 12849: 12835: 12814: 12807: 12759: 12725: 12622: 12390: 12369: 12141: 12136: 10507: 10383: 10289:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Archived from 9291:

Patel, E.R. (2007). "Non-maternal infant care in wild Silky Sifakas (

9271: 9269: 9096:

Barton, R. A. (1987). "Allogrooming as mutualism in diurnal lemurs".

8286: 7796: 7720: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5399: 5275: 4953: 4874:

Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a high

4763:

Lemurs are threatened by a host of environmental problems, including

4604: 4470: 4454: 4402: 4344: 4303: 4214: 4120: 4103: 3793: 3777: 3764: 3613: 3485: 3468:

are solitary but social, foraging alone but often sleeping in groups.

3450: 3446: 3438: 3317: 3307: 3172: 3165: 3149: 2968: 2875:) and male sifakas have a gland at the base of their neck, while the 2825: 2817: 2798: 2756: 2716: 2690: 2686: 2652: 2573: 2435: 2354: 2268: 2181: 2177: 2138: 2111: 2103: 1967: 1955: 1947: 1697: 1691: 1604: 1214: 1192: 1106: 1031: 932: 914: 910: 626: 554: 332: 327: 217: 112: 13610: 11779:

Plavcan, J.M.; Kay, R.; Jungers, W.L.; van Schaik, C., eds. (2001).

9998:

Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010

7971: 7969: 7251: 6179: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5864:

Kay, R. F.; Ross, C.; Williams, B. A. (1997). "Anthropoid Origins".

4596:

who recorded a greater variety of lemur species during his travels.

4473:. Extinct giant eagles, including one or two species from the genus 3662:

sunning, thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of

13633: 13351: 13112: 12953: 12732: 12555: 12520: 12485: 12471: 12272: 12087: 11607: 11527: 10446: 9204: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8676: 7960: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7617: 6940: 6866: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5216: 5015: 4977: 4928: 4916: 4912: 4884: 4768: 4406: 4398: 4363: 4186: 3639: 3434: 3379: 3353: 3286:), particularly the indriids. However, some smaller lemurs such as 3283: 3234: 3145: 3111:

to conserve energy. Before dry season, they will accumulate fat in

3108: 2976: 2833: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2197: 2185: 2166: 2127: 1004: 943: 788: 638: 601:. Lemurs share many common basal primate traits, such as divergent 550: 237: 102: 97: 82: 77: 67: 9788:"A comparative analysis of serial ordering in ring-tailed lemurs ( 9369:

Vasey, N. (2007). "The breeding system of wild red ruffed lemurs (

9266: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8130: 8128: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7061: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5181: 3530: 13313: 12915: 12718: 12677: 12492: 12362: 12284: 12131: 12099: 11360:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

10585:

Walmark, H. (February 8, 2008). "Critic's choice: Lemur Street".

9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7966: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 5970: 4908: 4340: 4336: 4115: 4086: 3693: 3461: 3442: 3422: 3252: 3053: 2999:, on the other hand, have retinas made up entirely of rod cells. 2864: 2851:

To communicate with smell, which is useful at night, lemurs will

2782: 2779: 2760: 2694: 2656: 2205: 2189: 2142: 2062: 1939: 1842: 1685: 1638: 1608: 1170: 870: 783: 767: 561: 542: 257: 158: 117: 92: 12223: 10262: 10250: 9991: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 8840: 7901: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7710: 7708: 7434: 7014:"Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?" 6899: 5900: 5245:

can not only help protect lemurs and their forests under stable

917:, which nearly all living strepsirrhines possess. A more recent 13514: 13069: 12564: 12278: 12266: 12093: 12081: 12014: 11567: 10656: 9933: 9786:

Merritt, D.; MacLean, E. L.; Jaffe, S.; Brannon, E. M. (2007).

9597: 9560: 9444: 8938: 8274: 8140: 8125: 8113: 8028: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7644: 7574: 7542: 7487: 6706: 6514: 6495: 6165: 5917: 5137: 5125: 4920: 4600: 4416: 4264: 4248: 4154: 4099: 3830: 3678: 3644: 3226: 3140:

primarily eat fruit, although their diet also includes insects.

3084: 2895: 2884: 2752: 2229: 2225: 2209: 2154: 2146: 1943: 1067: 1008: 947: 902: 890: 882: 796: 646: 565: 538: 247: 227: 152: 9487: 9037: 9035: 9033: 7993: 7272: 6887: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6283: 5607: 4887:, the country is considered one of the world's most important 4541: 2275:), exhibit size differences in canine teeth. True lemurs show 507: 413: 407: 13507: 13272: 13212: 12023:

Info about lemurs and the national parks they can be found in

10851: 10484:

Barnes, D. (October 21, 2001). "Fun in the sun with lemurs".

10312: 10310: 10308: 9222: 9124: 8818: 8816: 8503: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 7775: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7611: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7521: 7519: 7380: 7316: 7314: 7312: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5206: 5186: 4827:(CI) have included as many as five lemurs in their biennial " 4780: 4580:

by Carl Linnaeus. In the 1760s and 1770s, French naturalists

4462: 4442: 4348: 4146: 3814: 3717: 3697: 3312: 3230: 3197: 3193: 3015: 2988: 2856: 2648: 2046: 1118: 878: 874: 778: 588: 583:

Living lemurs range in weight from the 30-gram (1.1 oz)

136: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8196:"Observations and thoughts on the evolution of facial mimic" 7758: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 4347:

complexity, and a lack of regularly fruiting trees (such as

3168:, but will consume insect secretions during the dry season. 3022:

may rarely occur in females of a few lemur species, such as

11778: 11651:

Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet

11225:

Curtis, D.J. (2006). "Chapter 7: Cathemerality in Lemurs".

10890:

Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Small Mammals and Lemurs

10283:"Madagascar's political chaos threatens conservation gains" 9030: 8828: 8769:(1966a). "Lemur Social Behavior and Primate Intelligence". 8545: 8543: 8103: 8101: 7226: 7224: 5198: 4128:, but from May through June in the captive settings in the 3720:-like suspensory locomotion, once exhibited by many of the 3221: 3217: 3189: 2912: 1963:

containing five living families, including Daubentoniidae.

800: 610: 516: 513: 489: 11078:

Britt, A.; Iambana, B.R.; Welch, C.R.; Katz, A.S. (2003).

11059: 10852:

Goodman, S.M.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Rakotondravony, D. (2003).

10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10305: 9979: 9785: 9465:"Piecing together an extinct lemur, large as a big baboon" 8859: 8813: 8330: 8239: 8220: 8172: 8170: 7686: 7548: 7516: 7309: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6435: 6140: 6042: 6015: 5767: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5197:

In Malagasy culture, lemurs, and animals in general, have

5146:

Debt relief may help Madagascar protect its biodiversity.

3700:-like) arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by 2809:. Instead, the long snouts may facilitate better chewing. 2376:. Indriids, sportive lemurs, the aye-aye, and the extinct 1619:

Competing taxonomic nomenclature for lemurs and their kin

1530:

There are two competing lemur phylogenies, one by Horvath

498: 12038: 12008: 11060:

Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Rylands, A.B. (2003).

9939: 8378: 8320: 8318: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7211: 7209: 5503: 4831:". The 2008–2010 list includes the greater bamboo lemur, 4458: 4107:

In both the aye-aye and Lac Alaotra gentle lemur, birth (

3496:

happens to overlap one or more female nesting groups. In

2241: 1141: 795:

of ancient Rome. Linnaeus was familiar with the works of

569: 495: 37:"Lemurs of Madagascar" redirects here. For the book, see 11705:

Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini

10209: 10207: 10205: 8540: 8262: 8098: 8016: 7221: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 6229: 5662: 3901:

High-frequency, fast-paced squeaks emitted when startled

3534:

Social grooming serves many functions for social lemurs.

2681:

use their relatively long toothcomb to cut through tree

2130:(lower jaw) bones that are not fully fused; and a small 11118:

Simons, E.L. (1997). "Chapter 6: Lemurs: Old and New".

10452: 10172: 10170: 9727:

MacLean, E. L.; Merritt, D. J.; Brannon, E. M. (2008).

8920: 8691: 8167: 7826: 6780: 6343: 5686: 5161:(LCF), which also hosts lemur research. In Madagascar, 4114:

Lemurs time their mating and birth seasons so that all

3804:

Lemurs use scent-marking to communicate. Pictured is a

2789:, possibly due to the consumption of non-native foods. 893:). Instead, they evolved independently in isolation on 11801: 11512:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. 11193: 8315: 7987: 7741: 7206: 6545: 3079:, whereas most other primates have a lesser developed 830:

activity and slow movements of the red slender loris:

11615:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). 11077: 10887: 10755:

Mind the Gap: Tracing the Origins of Human Universals

10404: 10244: 10202: 9726: 9456: 8983: 8459: 8415: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7241: 7239: 7048: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 5842: 4335:

Madagascar not only contains two radically different

3696:

behavior), seen in indriids and bamboo lemurs; slow (

2820:, as well as a longer snout than anthropoid primates. 2759:

at birth, and have their full permanent dentition at

2697:, serrated points that rake between the front teeth. 525: 431: 27:

Clade of primates endemic to the island of Madagascar

13525: 13461: 13439: 13347: 13336: 13326: 13227: 13197: 13187: 13160: 13142: 13132: 13108: 13098: 13054: 13043: 12926: 12896: 12795: 12640: 12610: 12552: 12459: 12408: 12350: 12335: 12325: 11804:

Reconstructing behavior in the primate fossil record

11781:

Reconstructing behavior in the primate fossil record

10927: 10888:

Ganzhorn, J. U.; Goodman, S. M.; Dehgan, A. (2003).

10693:

Crompton, Robin Huw; Sellers, William Irvin (2007).

10680:

Hartwig, W. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution".

10477: 10167: 10075: 9260: 8887:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

7331: 7329: 7019:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

6756:"New Extinct Lemur Species Discovered In Madagascar" 5788: 5363:(in the United Kingdom and Canada) aired in 2008 on 4354:

Lemurs have either presently or formerly filled the

2577: 2537: 2501: 1888: 1881: 1865: 1834: 1803: 1796: 1774: 1757: 1718: 1709: 1670: 1650: 1465: 1447: 1400: 1039:

that became extinct less than two thousand years ago

1007:. They were also spared from having to compete with 834: 510: 504: 486: 404: 350: 342: 309: 163: 11535:; Konstant, W.R.; Meyers, D.M.; Mast, R.B. (1994). 10869: 10568:"Madagascar: Country's unknown creatures on DSTV". 10544: 10359: 10213: 10114:"Furry lemurs 'could be wiped out within 20 years'" 9848: 8372: 7335: 5830: 5789:Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2012). 5784: 5782: 5269:village and move. The superstitions behind aye-aye 4976:requiring them to subsist on crisis foods, such as 4855:), and silky sifaka. In 2012, an assessment by the 4242: 1596:, instead preferring a total closer to 50 species. 999:lemurs did not have to compete with other evolving 684:, generally help protect lemurs and their forests, 501: 492: 410: 401: 11880: 11681: 11462: 11050: 10377: 10183:. eStandardsForum. 1 December 2009. Archived from 10105: 9849:Santos, L. R.; Mahajan, N.; Barnes, J. L. (2005). 9409: 8662: 7667: 7236: 6905: 6241: 2065:in size, at 160–200 kg (350–440 lb) for 11233: 7326: 7266: 7065:; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Konstant, W. R.; Glander, K.; 7004: 7002: 7000: 3282:Many of the larger lemur species consume leaves ( 1970:fossil primates from outside Madagascar, such as 13758: 12017:A research, conservation, and education facility 12011:A research, conservation, and education facility 11688:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 11094: 10990: 10942: 10860: 10527: 9985: 9695: 9415: 8309: 7937: 7935: 7827:Braune, P.; Schmidt, S.; Zimmermann, E. (2008). 7811: 7735: 6070: 6068: 5779: 2785:canines (seen as open wounds on the muzzle) and 931:oldest lemur fossils on Madagascar are actually 11202: 11084:in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Betampona 11068: 10801: 10748: 10692: 10561: 10392: 9689: 9450: 9216: 9210: 8955:at Beza Mahafaly special reserve, Madagascar". 8877: 8709: 7926: 7338:"Molecular evolutionary dynamics of cytochrome 7336:Yoder, A. D.; Vilgalys, R.; Ruvolo, M. (1996). 7146:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6411:"Animals populated Madagascar by rafting there" 6360: 6358: 5863: 5165:is a free-range, private facility southwest of 5105:. This international NGO supports Madagascar's 4026:Mammalian predator alert by a ring-tailed lemur 3808:rubbing its rump against some smaller branches. 3437:) has also been reported and likely helps with 2805:that correlates with smell, but the density of 2736:(lower jaw), this complex is reminiscent of an 1925:) was identified as a distinct species in 2006. 787:, which refers to specters or ghosts that were 572:. Due to Madagascar's highly seasonal climate, 11904:Taboo: A Study of Malagasy Customs and Beliefs 11814: 11719: 11436: 11014: 10905: 10322: 10083:"Lemurs named world's most endangered mammals" 9603: 9153: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 7975: 7638: 7430: 7428: 6997: 6934: 6875: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6712: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6009: 5619:International Union for Conservation of Nature 5128:, South Africa, Madagascar's former president 4861:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4789:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2836:(the nasal mid-line cleft) to the VNO via the 2287:), to nearly imperceptible in the case of the 2090:Like all primates, lemurs have five divergent 865:Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder 690:International Union for Conservation of Nature 677: 12239: 12054: 11211: 11120:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar 11097:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar 11095:Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D., eds. (1997). 10494: 9508: 9321: 9286: 9284: 9056: 9052: 9050: 8853: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8658: 8656: 8453: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8047: 8045: 8043: 7932: 7822: 7820: 6639: 6637: 6065: 5462: 5460: 5458: 2086:on the second toe and nails on all other toes 1577:sense in reference to all Malagasy primates. 1014: 12310: 11937: 11328: 11315: 11184: 11167:Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (2006). "Preface". 11166: 10954: 10802:Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P., eds. (2003). 10605: 10268: 10256: 10136: 10044: 9779: 9720: 9502: 9275: 8995: 8944: 8871: 8409: 8280: 8161: 8134: 8119: 8051: 8034: 7661: 7510: 7374: 7303: 6643: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6355: 5964: 5911: 4952:by natural disasters and disease outbreaks ( 4328:(below) are predators of many lemur species. 3948:A defensive but confrontational vocalization 3584:Like other primates, lemurs groom socially ( 3357:seeds, which are harder than the seeds that 3331:Only eight species of lemur are known to be 3087:moist and clean by sweeping across the eye. 2061:). One recently extinct species rivaled the 2045:) up to 7–9 kg (15–20 lb) for the 2000:due to a host of morphological differences. 11749:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30. 11621:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). 11581:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). 11541:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (1st ed.). 11280: 10928:Kappeler, P.M.; Rasoloarison, R.M. (2003). 10700:. In Gursky, K.A.I.; Nekaris, S.L. (eds.). 10624: 10410: 10274: 9842: 9642: 9147: 9089: 8601: 8010: 7612:Goodman, Ganzhorn & Rakotondravony 2003 7425: 7130: 6718: 6272: 6171: 5773: 4012:Three types of clicks followed by loud yaps 3075:Lemurs also have a third eyelid known as a 444: 439: 12246: 12232: 12061: 12047: 11981: 11883:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates 11702: 11175: 10870:Birkinshaw, C.R.; Colquhoun, I.C. (2003). 10753:. In Kappeler, P. M.; Silk, J. B. (eds.). 9517:"Lemurs – ambassadors for Madagascar" 9462: 9362: 9315: 9281: 9047: 8750: 8703: 8653: 8555: 8497: 8268: 8182: 8040: 8022: 7817: 7008: 6634: 6184:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6036: 5859: 5857: 5680: 5455: 4803:, 28% as "data deficient", and only 8% as 4791:(IUCN) listed 16% of all lemur species as 4047:Mammalian predator alert by a ruffed lemur 1082:(activity both day and night), and strict 580:rivaling that of any other primate group. 377: 135: 11390:Harcourt, C. (1990). Thornback, J (ed.). 10824: 10661:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 10578: 10328: 9877: 9818: 9755: 9609: 9532: 9521:Madagascar Conservation & Development 8636: 8211: 8054:"Folklore and beliefs about the Aye aye ( 7941: 7858: 7848: 7470: 7460: 7357: 7175: 7165: 7031: 6980: 6970: 6595: 6551: 6312: 6146: 6074: 4960:, which is spread by feral cats, and the 4358:normally occupied by monkeys, squirrels, 3018:genes, which code for color receptivity, 2715:A six-tooth version of the strepsirrhine 2032: 1617: 11742: 11505: 11483: 11469:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11389: 11038: 11002: 10534:Huff, R. (February 8, 2008). "Tonight". 10500: 9980:Mittermeier, Konstant & Rylands 2003 9954: 9514: 8880:"The extinct sloth lemurs of Madagascar" 8878:Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L. (2003a). 7790: 7714: 7215: 6364: 6247: 5848: 5748: 5668: 5193:, which translates to "Ancestor of Man". 5180: 5093:Conservation is also facilitated by the 5044: 5010: 4932:and due to dire economic conditions and 4540: 4239:) and still be capable of reproduction. 4134: 3799: 3673: 3529: 3460: 3269: 3132: 3048: 2811: 2710: 2073: 1912: 1024: 11918: 11906:(2nd ed.). Oslo University Press. 11865: 11856: 11720:Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A., eds. (2010). 11413: 11242: 11131:Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L., eds. (2006). 11051:Wright, P.C.; Andriamihaja, B. (2003). 11026: 10878: 10785:Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide 10782: 10679: 10584: 9141: 9001: 8950: 8865: 8834: 8549: 8233: 8176: 7769: 7699: 7559: 7525: 7320: 7230: 6860: 6470: 6235: 6177: 5854: 5709: 5594: 5466: 5006: 3527:primates (Old World monkeys and apes). 854: 14: 13759: 11341: 11306: 11224: 11117: 10842: 10833: 10483: 10316: 10280: 10111: 9648: 9095: 8822: 8765: 8614: 8403: 8193: 7245: 6791: 6349: 5715: 5176: 4894: 4582:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 4287: 3821:in specific areas, otherwise known as 3738:) has even been reported to be a good 3038:). Most lemurs, therefore, are either 2929:Combined field(binocular + periphery) 2867:of most male lemurs has scent glands. 2723:, with canine-like premolars behind it 2122:(a wall of thin bone behind the eye); 1142:Taxonomic classification and phylogeny 669:is controversial and depends on which 13615: 13614: 13015: 12297: 12227: 12042: 11679: 11647: 11457: 11251: 10991:Thalmann, U.; Ganzhorn, J.U. (2003). 10978: 10966: 10943:Overdorff, D.J.; Johnson, S. (2003). 10914: 10906:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2003). 10896: 10861:Schmid, J.; Stephenson, P.J. (2003). 10749:Fichtel, C.; Kappeler, P. M. (2010). 10142: 10050: 9368: 9290: 9041: 8989: 8926: 8561: 8341: 8324: 8256: 8107: 7752: 7359:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025580 6574: 6059: 5836: 5308: 3990: 3750:referred to as "ricochetal leaping". 3148:), while the larger species are more 3083:. The nictitating membrane keeps the 2816:Lemurs generally have a wet nose, or 2689:. The toothcomb is kept clean by the 2141:primates (strepsirrhine primates and 13792:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 11941:Evolutionary History of the Primates 11921:Primate Ecology and Social Structure 11901: 11878: 11834:Ross, C.F.; Kay, R.F., eds. (2004). 11069:Sargent, E.L.; Anderson, D. (2003). 10533: 10471: 10365: 10214:World Wildlife Fund (14 June 2008). 10063:from the original on 25 October 2013 10010:International Primatological Society 9154:Eberle, M.; Kappeler, P. M. (2008). 8957:International Journal of Primatology 7988:Godfrey, Petto & Sutherland 2001 7680: 7082:International Journal of Primatology 6928: 6546:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006 5613:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 4821:International Primatological Society 4611:. Some of the major collectors were 3591: 3245:), for instance, eats giant bamboo ( 2145:) include a bicornuate (two-horned) 2137:Additional traits shared with other 2106:(or "wet nose"); a fully functional 1569:, which currently contains only the 560:Lemurs share resemblance with other 545:. They are endemic to the island of 11293: 10921:, Dwarf Lemurs or Fat-tailed Lemurs 10845:Madagascar's Prehistoric Ecosystems 10245:Ganzhorn, Goodman & Dehgan 2003 10155:from the original on 26 August 2013 10124:from the original on 19 August 2013 10053:"Lemurs sliding towards extinction" 8697: 8052:Simons, E.L.; Meyers, D.M. (2001). 7887:from the original on 27 August 2018 6766:from the original on 27 August 2018 6692:from the original on 27 August 2018 6421:from the original on 27 August 2018 5754: 5721: 5600: 5313:Lemurs have also become popular in 5099:Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust 3445:mounds, possibly adding beneficial 2192:. Indriids also have a specialized 1558:For a more comprehensive list, see 24: 12157:Palaeopropithecidae (sloth lemurs) 11320:) in Manombo Forest, Madagascar". 10501:Jacobson, Louis (March 30, 2004). 8916:from the original on 17 July 2011. 6417:(Press release). 21 January 2010. 6204:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1914.tb55346.x 4397:Dietary regimes of lemurs include 4111:) occurs over a six-month period. 4055:Problems playing these files? See 3997: 3977:Problems playing these files? See 3922: 3909:Problems playing these files? See 3854: 3267:), yet have shown no ill effects. 3200:. Only the ring-tailed lemur, the 625:primates, they have a "wet nose" ( 613:(in most species). However, their 25: 13803: 12298: 12253: 12002: 11938:Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. (1980). 11099:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 11015:Thalmann, U.; Powzyk, J. (2003). 10955:Mutschler, T.; Tan, C.L. (2003). 10804:The Natural History of Madagascar 10628:Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist 10006:IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group 9866:Journal of Comparative Psychology 9799:Journal of Comparative Psychology 9225:Journal of Comparative Psychology 5625:from the original on 27 June 2014 5367:. It combined the typical animal 3456: 3251:), which contains high levels of 2975:. This area centralis has a high 2963:Although they lack a fovea, some 564:, but evolved independently from 13576: 13016: 12998: 12208: 12207: 12122:Archaeolemuridae (monkey lemurs) 11490:. Stockholm: Typographia Regia. 10825:Flynn, J.J.; Wyss, A.R. (2003). 10702:Primate Anti-Predator Strategies 10625:Blunt, W.; Stearn, W.T. (2002). 10610:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 10557:. February 8, 2008. p. C04. 10281:Butler, Rhett (4 January 2010). 10093:from the original on 2 July 2013 9714:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00253.x 9261:Kappeler & Rasoloarison 2003 6688:(Press release). 1 August 2009. 6658:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01768.x 6248:Brumfiel, G. (20 January 2010). 6104:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02106.x 5648:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. 4817:IUCN Species Survival Commission 4745: 4734: 4690:and the conservation efforts of 4552:began her research here in 1962. 4313: 4302: 4243:Cognitive abilities and tool use 4037: 4016: 3959: 3938: 3891: 3870: 3771: 3378:Bark and plant exudates such as 3248:Cathariostachys madagascariensis 2971:-rich, although less clustered, 2915:Optical angles and visual fields 942:Once part of the supercontinent 482: 397: 204: 60: 12147:Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs) 11970:from the original on 2023-01-19 11868:Anthropoid Origins: New Visions 11859:Anthropoid Origins: New Visions 11836:Anthropoid Origins: New Visions 11763:from the original on 2023-04-13 11668:from the original on 2023-04-13 11571:; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; 11516:from the original on 2017-12-01 11494:from the original on 2017-08-14 11151:from the original on 2023-04-13 10806:. University of Chicago Press. 10771:from the original on 2023-04-13 10645:from the original on 2023-04-13 10428:from the original on 4 May 2013 10348:from the original on 2019-04-17 10331:"Illegal logging in Madagascar" 10033:from the original on 2014-02-01 9905:from the original on 2013-05-15 9655:American Journal of Primatology 9163:American Journal of Primatology 8506:American Journal of Primatology 8463:American Journal of Primatology 8419:Histochemistry and Cell Biology 8373:Birkinshaw & Colquhoun 2003 7346:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7195:from the original on 2013-08-23 7075:"Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" 6646:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6623:from the original on 2010-06-19 6332:from the original on 2013-08-24 6218:from the original on 2021-07-09 6129:from the original on 2013-08-23 6075:Yoder, A. D.; Yang, Z. (2004). 5819:from the original on 2022-07-05 5418: 5385: 4883:regions and its high levels of 4829:Top 25 Most Endangered Primates 4725: 4487:), as well as the giant fossa ( 4291: 4283: 4092: 3955:Ruffed lemur roar/shriek chorus 3880:The wailing "song" of the indri 3546:species are exceptions and the 587:to the 9-kilogram (20 lb) 11487:Museum Adolphi Friderici Regis 11418:. Cambridge University Press. 11365:Johns Hopkins University Press 11331:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11322:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11309:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11300:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11287:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11274:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11245:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11236:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11227:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11218:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11205:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11196:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11187:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11178:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11169:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 11134:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 10704:. Springer. pp. 127–145. 10631:. Princeton University Press. 10598: 10378:Wright & Andriamihaja 2003 10329:Schuurman, Derek (June 2009). 9515:Thalmann, U. (December 2006). 7883:(Press release). 14 May 2008. 6762:(Press release). 27 May 2009. 5637: 5076:non-governmental organizations 4907:in Malagasy), the creation of 4617:Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major 4521:Lemurs have been the focus of 4033:High-amplitude, pulsed squawks 3220:. While Madagascar is rich in 3064:Most lemurs have retained the 2700:Only the aye-aye, the extinct 1573:. The term is now used in the 1113:agriculture (known locally as 986:flow away from the island. In 848:Museum Adolphi Friderici Regis 818:believed that lemurs were the 637:, and as a result may exhibit 13: 1: 12027:Bronx Zoo Presents Lemur Life 12015:Lemur Conservation Foundation 11986:. Columbia University Press. 11923:. Pearson Custom Publishing. 11817:Madagascar: A Natural History 11684:Walker's Mammals of the World 10422:Lemur Conservation Foundation 10112:Samuel, H. (19 August 2013). 9748:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.025 8629:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.06.018 7267:Sterling & McCreless 2006 5444: 5159:Lemur Conservation Foundation 5084:Wildlife Conservation Society 5022:from national parks, such as 4716:Lemur Conservation Foundation 4263:was as large as a large male 3690:vertical clinging and leaping 3669: 3628:" (active at dawn and dusk), 3090: 2902:, is not well-developed. The 2224:) reportedly has a very long 2212:(lower gut) that facilitates 2151:epitheliochorial placentation 2012:research, as well as ongoing 1988:into separate genera for the 1542:did not attempt to place the 766:, it was soon limited to the 726:, he included three species: 605:on their hands and feet, and 12152:Megaladapidae (koala lemurs) 11654:. Harvard University Press. 11399:. World Conservation Union. 11357:; Reeder, D. M (eds.). 11042:Daubentonia madagascariensis 10787:. A&C Black Publishers. 10149:International Business Times 10143:Mintz, Z. (21 August 2013). 10004:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. 9438:10.1016/0047-2484(76)90005-1 8791:10.1126/science.153.3735.501 8310:Schmid & Stephenson 2003 8056:Daubentonia madagascariensis 7812:Overdorff & Johnson 2003 7736:Thalmann & Ganzhorn 2003 5878:10.1126/science.275.5301.797 5449: 5231:told around 1970 comes from 4903:agriculture (referred to as 4779:. All species are listed by 3758:) manages to do this in the 3453:from their folivorous diet. 3210:black-and-white ruffed lemur 3158:Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 3119: 2630: 2617: 2597: 2584: 2557: 2544: 2521: 2508: 2485: 2472: 2452: 2439: 2348: 1853:Superfamily Cheirogaleoidea 1538:(bottom). Note that Horvath 1149:Competing lemur phylogenies 826:was selected because of the 703: 7: 13782:Endemic fauna of Madagascar 11815:Preston-Mafham, K. (1991). 11724:. Oxford University Press. 11414:Hartwig, W.C., ed. (2002). 11318:Varecia variegata editorium 11082:Varecia variegata variegata 10854:Introduction to the Mammals 10710:10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_6 10418:"Myakka City Lemur Reserve" 10393:Sargent & Anderson 2003 10178:"Country brief: Madagascar" 9888:10.1037/0735-7036.119.4.394 9811:10.1037/0735-7036.121.4.363 9463:Penn State (29 July 2008). 9451:Fichtel & Kappeler 2010 9237:10.1037/0735-7036.122.2.146 9211:Crompton & Sellers 2007 7927:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006 6250:"Lemurs' wet and wild past" 5347:Public Broadcasting Service 5103:Saint Louis Zoological Park 5064:Sainte Luce Private Reserve 4512: 4388:eastern lesser bamboo lemur 3887:Gray mouse lemur alarm call 3846:Sample lemur vocalizations 3511:Some lemurs exhibit female 3278:'s diet consists of bamboo. 2766:Lemurs generally have thin 2655:of most lemurs, the bottom 2039:Madame Berthe's mouse lemur 1054:Madame Berthe's mouse lemur 885:, they share ancestral (or 869:. Like other strepsirrhine 386:Range of all lemur species 10: 13808: 12068: 11984:The Primates of Madagascar 11838:(2nd ed.). Springer. 11623:Conservation International 11583:Conservation International 11543:Conservation International 11071:The Madagascar Fauna Group 10051:Black, R. (13 July 2012). 10014:Conservation International 9418:Journal of Human Evolution 9373:): a preliminary report". 7976:Godfrey & Jungers 2002 7639:Thalmann & Powzyk 2003 6876:Godfrey & Jungers 2003 6748:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.02.001 5755:Ley, Willy (August 1966). 5357:(in the United States) or 5285:There are also widespread 5088:World Wide Fund for Nature 5080:Conservation International 4825:Conservation International 4586:Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton 4271: 3969:An intergroup spacing call 3624:. Initially described as " 1586:Conservation International 1557: 1551: 1074:), small group sizes, low 1018: 1015:Distribution and diversity 1003:mammalian groups, such as 858: 36: 29: 13623: 13589: 13574: 13524: 13490: 13460: 13409: 13361: 13308: 13297: 13255: 13211: 13183: 13174: 13068: 13039: 13028: 13024: 13011: 12996: 12970: 12925: 12895: 12794: 12742: 12701: 12651: 12639: 12609: 12551: 12458: 12407: 12349: 12321: 12306: 12293: 12261: 12203: 12165: 12132:Daubentoniidae (aye-ayes) 12114: 12076: 11703:Osman Hill, W.C. (1953). 11439:The primate fossil record 11416:The primate fossil record 10606:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). 9387:10.1007/s10329-006-0010-5 8854:Fietz & Dausmann 2006 8712:Eulemur macaco flavifrons 7094:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y 6597:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.050 5737:(1): 7–14. Archived from 5072:Madagascar National Parks 4853:Lepilemur septentrionalis 4592:in 1771, although it was 4412:Ravenala madagascariensis 4279: 3845: 3392:red-tailed sportive lemur 3384:Masoala fork-marked lemur 3371:) along with the pollen ( 3101:red-tailed sportive lemur 2792: 2426:Permanent dental formula 2317:). With sportive lemurs, 2228:, allowing it to feed on 2068:Archaeoindris fontoynonti 1919:Sahamalaza sportive lemur 1534:(top) and one by Orlando 1463: 1445: 1432: 1425: 1398: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1358: 1351: 1338: 1331: 1318: 1311: 1249: 1234: 1227: 1212: 1205: 1190: 1183: 1168: 1161: 1059:Archaeoindris fontoynonti 803:, both of whom mentioned 385: 376: 369: 362: 305: 300: 201:Scientific classification 199: 143: 134: 51: 10960:, Bamboo or Gentle Lemur 10257:Junge & Sauther 2006 9503:Jolly & Sussman 2006 9276:Mutschler & Tan 2003 7441:BMC Evolutionary Biology 6951:BMC Evolutionary Biology 6732:Palaeopropithecus kelyus 5912:Gould & Sauther 2006 5759:. For Your Information. 5378: 5327:features the characters 5247:socioeconomic situations 5134:World Heritage Committee 5040:Ranomafana National Park 4984:Malagasy have taboo, or 4857:Primate Specialist Group 4652:Arlette Petter-Rousseaux 4613:Johann Maria Hildebrandt 3934:Ring-tailed lemur cackle 3732:Lac Alaotra gentle lemur 3449:to aid the digestion of 2840:that travel through the 2423:Deciduous dental formula 2331:golden-brown mouse lemur 2188:, making them excellent 2161:, a trait found only in 2132:brain-to-body mass ratio 1923:Lepilemur sahamalazensis 954:(~80–130 mya), and 820:souls of their ancestors 711:, the founder of modern 667:taxonomic classification 617:is smaller than that of 615:brain-to-body size ratio 576:has produced a level of 541:and around 100 existing 371:About 100 living species 10899:Phylogeny of the Lemurs 10682:Primates in Perspective 10659:Primates in Perspective 10447:Mittermeier et al. 2010 9934:Mittermeier et al. 2006 9598:Mittermeier et al. 2006 9561:Mittermeier et al. 2006 8939:Mittermeier et al. 2006 8665:The American Naturalist 8213:10.4102/koedoe.v2i1.854 8011:Powzyk & Mowry 2006 7961:Mittermeier et al. 1994 7575:Mittermeier et al. 2006 7543:Mittermeier et al. 2006 7462:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121 7403:10.1126/science.1065257 7167:10.1073/pnas.0408354102 6577:"Lemurs: a quick guide" 6515:Mittermeier et al. 2006 6496:Mittermeier et al. 2006 6180:"Climate and Evolution" 6178:Matthew, W. D. (1915). 6166:Mittermeier et al. 2006 5774:Blunt & Stearn 2002 5646:The Chambers Dictionary 4919:production; commercial 4849:northern sportive lemur 4771:, live capture for the 4672:Berenty Private Reserve 4546:Berenty Private Reserve 4529:have given insights on 4495:Madagascar harrier-hawk 4422:Strongylodon cravieniae 4326:Madagascar harrier-hawk 3538:The presence of female 3349:Propithecus tattersalli 3216:) are known to consume 3171:A common assumption in 3128: 2797:The sense of smell, or 2776:Berenty Private Reserve 2218:hairy-eared dwarf lemur 1898:Infraorder Lorisiformes 1861:Superfamily Lemuroidea 1849:Infraorder Lemuriformes 1830:Suborder Strepsirrhini 1813:Infraorder Lorisiformes 1764:Infraorder Lemuriformes 1753:Suborder Strepsirrhini 1088:female social dominance 1078:(relative brain size), 762:was first intended for 655:female social dominance 11919:Sussman, R.W. (2003). 11575:; et al. (2006). 10879:Goodman, S.M. (2003). 9667:10.1002/ajp.1350220203 9534:10.4314/mcd.v1i1.44043 7850:10.1186/1741-7007-6-19 6972:10.1186/1471-2148-9-30 6736:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5761:Galaxy Science Fiction 5317:in recent years. The 5194: 5095:Madagascar Fauna Group 5053:Starting in 1927, the 5050: 5027: 4704:Durham, North Carolina 4637:Alphonse Milne-Edwards 4553: 4481:Malagasy crowned eagle 4143: 4002: 3927: 3859: 3809: 3682: 3577:In general, levels of 3535: 3469: 3396:Lepilemur ruficaudatus 3326:iron overload disorder 3279: 3265:Taxicodendron radicans 3141: 3105:Lepilemur ruficaudatus 3061: 3002:Since cone cells make 2898:, which yields higher 2821: 2724: 2685:to induce the flow of 2200:, exhibiting enlarged 2087: 2033:Anatomy and physiology 1926: 1769:Superfamily Lemuroidea 1665:Superfamily Lemuroidea 1125:and is highest in the 1040: 1029:A life restoration of 979:George Gaylord Simpson 967:William Diller Matthew 928:molecular phylogenetic 852: 835: 678: 621:primates. As with all 440: 32:Lemur (disambiguation) 13787:Mammals of Madagascar 13729:Paleobiology Database 11743:Cartmill, M. (2010). 11722:Primate Neuroethology 11506:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 11484:Linnaeus, C. (1754). 11086:. pp. 1545–1551. 11073:. pp. 1543–1545. 11064:. pp. 1538–1543. 11055:. pp. 1485–1488. 11046:. pp. 1348–1351. 11039:Sterling, E. (2003). 11034:. pp. 1345–1348. 11022:. pp. 1342–1345. 11010:. pp. 1340–1342. 11003:Thalmann, U. (2003). 10998:. pp. 1336–1340. 10986:. pp. 1332–1336. 10974:. pp. 1329–1331. 10962:. pp. 1324–1329. 10950:. pp. 1320–1324. 10938:. pp. 1310–1315. 10923:. pp. 1307–1309. 10910:. pp. 1247–1252. 10901:. pp. 1242–1247. 10892:. pp. 1228–1234. 10883:. pp. 1221–1228. 10874:. pp. 1207–1220. 10865:. pp. 1198–1203. 10856:. pp. 1159–1186. 10843:Burney, D.A. (2003). 10834:Krause, D.W. (2003). 10407:, pp. 1545–1551. 10395:, pp. 1543–1545. 10380:, pp. 1485–1488. 10247:, pp. 1228–1234. 9982:, pp. 1538–1543. 9698:Propithecus verreauxi 9278:, pp. 1324–1329. 9263:, pp. 1310–1315. 9144:, pp. 1221–1228. 9044:, pp. 1332–1336. 8375:, pp. 1207–1220. 8344:, pp. 1307–1309. 8312:, pp. 1198–1203. 8259:, pp. 1329–1331. 7814:, pp. 1320–1324. 7793:, pp. 1348–1351. 7772:, pp. 1345–1348. 7738:, pp. 1336–1340. 7717:, pp. 1340–1342. 7641:, pp. 1342–1345. 7614:, pp. 1159–1186. 6878:, pp. 1247–1252. 6147:Flynn & Wyss 2003 6062:, pp. 1242–1247. 5757:"Scherazade's Island" 5237:Fianarantsoa Province 5227:One example of lemur 5184: 5048: 5014: 4934:political instability 4889:biodiversity hotspots 4841:blue-eyed black lemur 4793:critically endangered 4660:John Buettner-Janusch 4544: 4499:Polyboroides radiatus 4384:resource partitioning 4185:, developed enlarged 4138: 4001: 3926: 3858: 3803: 3756:Propithecus verreauxi 3736:Hapalemur alaotrensis 3677: 3533: 3517:Milne-Edwards' sifaka 3464: 3412:Propithecus verreauxi 3345:golden-crowned sifaka 3273: 3136: 3097:basal metabolic rates 3052: 3028:Propithecus coquereli 2985:Propithecus verreauxi 2815: 2778:occasionally exhibit 2714: 2339:Goodman's mouse lemur 2281:blue-eyed black lemur 2082:'s foot, showing the 2077: 1916: 1856:Family Cheirogaleidae 1783:Family Daubentoniidae 1780:Family Cheirogaleidae 1028: 832: 758:). Although the term 713:binomial nomenclature 551:chiefly live in trees 537:and consisting of 15 12189:Lemurs of Madagascar 12173:Evolutionary history 12021:Lemurs of Madagascar 11680:Nowak, R.M. (1999). 11618:Lemurs of Madagascar 11578:Lemurs of Madagascar 11538:Lemurs of Madagascar 11367:. pp. 111–184. 11254:Propithecus candidus 11171:. pp. vii–xiii. 11027:Richard, A. (2003). 10897:Yoder, A.D. (2003). 10783:Garbutt, N. (2007). 10574:. December 28, 2007. 10503:"Looking for lemurs" 10487:The Washington Times 10287:Yale Environment 360 9293:Propithecus candidus 6575:Yoder, A.D. (2007). 6262:10.1038/news.2010.23 5914:, pp. vii–xiii. 5319:DreamWorks Animation 5189:is known locally as 5007:Conservation efforts 4962:herpes simplex virus 4720:Myakka City, Florida 4535:evolutionary ecology 4485:Stephanoaetus mahery 3548:greater bamboo lemur 3521:Propithecus edwardsi 3276:greater bamboo lemur 3113:white adipose tissue 3077:nictitating membrane 3008:evolved color vision 2948:Anthropoid primates 2877:greater bamboo lemur 2016:, particularly with 1877:Family Lepilemuridae 1792:Family Lepilemuridae 975:biological dispersal 855:Evolutionary history 777:is derived from the 635:basal metabolic rate 40:Lemurs of Madagascar 30:For other uses, see 13529:Palaeopropithecidae 11870:. pp. 539–602. 11806:. pp. 113–157. 11447:2002prfr.book.....H 11441:. pp. 97–121. 11333:. pp. 423–440. 11324:. pp. 403–422. 11311:. pp. 385–402. 11302:. pp. 369–382. 11289:. pp. 353–368. 11276:. pp. 305–326. 11247:. pp. 187–210. 11238:. pp. 159–184. 11229:. pp. 133–158. 11214:Cheirogaleus medius 11122:. pp. 142–166. 10972:, Ring-tailed Lemur 10881:Predation on Lemurs 10554:The Washington Post 10537:New York Daily News 10449:, pp. 671–672. 10319:, pp. 142–166. 10271:, pp. 403–422. 10259:, pp. 423–440. 9651:Eulemur rubriventer 9616:Folia Primatologica 9430:1976JHumE...5..599E 9328:Folia Primatologica 9324:Cheirogaleus medius 9213:, pp. 127–145. 8941:, pp. 324–403. 8837:, pp. 187–210. 8825:, pp. 133–158. 8783:1966Sci...153..501J 8700:, pp. 369–382. 8567:Folia Primatologica 8406:, pp. 385–402. 8283:, pp. 470–471. 8236:, pp. 539–602. 8234:Kirk & Kay 2004 8194:Bolwig, N. (1959). 8177:Ross & Kay 2004 8164:, pp. 521–532. 8137:, pp. 162–205. 8122:, pp. 206–223. 8110:, pp. 305–326. 8037:, pp. 421–423. 8013:, pp. 353–368. 7990:, pp. 113–157. 7978:, pp. 108–110. 7702:, pp. 176–204. 7664:, pp. 284–391. 7562:, pp. 137–175. 7545:, pp. 209–323. 7528:, pp. 115–136. 7513:, pp. 224–283. 7453:2008BMCEE...8..121O 7395:2001Sci...294..587M 7323:, pp. 205–207. 7269:, pp. 159–184. 7158:2005PNAS..102.5090K 6963:2009BMCEE...9...30G 6900:Orlando et al. 2008 6888:Horvath et al. 2008 6863:, pp. 257–269. 6713:Preston-Mafham 1991 6473:, pp. 107–148. 6387:10.1038/nature08706 6379:2010Natur.463..653A 6196:1914NYASA..24..171M 6096:2004MolEc..13..757Y 6012:, pp. 141–188. 6010:Preston-Mafham 1991 5967:, pp. 392–514. 5724:"What are lemures?" 5597:, pp. 149–229. 5469:Folia Primatologica 5209:, known locally as 5177:In Malagasy culture 5141:World Heritage Site 5055:Malagasy government 4964:carried by humans. 4895:Threats in the wild 4837:Eulemur cinereiceps 4813:habitat destruction 4699:sequence the genome 4648:Jean-Jacques Petter 4590:Philibert Commerçon 4558:Étienne de Flacourt 4531:population dynamics 4490:Cryptoprocta spelea 4436:keystone mutualists 4415:) and a species of 4372:Cheirogaleus medius 4171:Eulemur rubriventer 4130:Northern Hemisphere 4126:Southern Hemisphere 3478:solitary but social 3474:social organization 3341:Propithecus diadema 3239:golden bamboo lemur 3020:trichromatic vision 2923:Angle between eyes 2917: 2807:olfactory receptors 2581:Palaeopropithecidae 2416: 2390:deciduous dentition 2363:permanent dentition 2277:sexual dichromatism 2238:Eulemur rubriventer 2222:Allocebus trichotis 2208:, and an elongated 2120:postorbital closure 2059:Propithecus diadema 1903:Suborder Haplorhini 1891:Palaeopropithecidae 1818:Suborder Haplorhini 1806:Palaeopropithecidae 1722:Palaeopropithecidae 1620: 1594:taxonomic inflation 1584:, the president of 1582:Russell Mittermeier 1451:Palaeopropithecidae 1032:Babakotia radofilai 861:Evolution of lemurs 756:Cynocephalus volans 555:are active at night 354:Palaeopropithecidae 58:Pleistocene–Present 13777:Primates of Africa 12412:Ekgmowechashalidae 11887:. Pogonias Press. 11648:Nield, T. (2007). 11355:Wilson, D. E. 11343:Groves, C. P. 11220:. pp. 97–110. 11062:Lemur Conservation 10979:Vasey, N. (2003). 10967:Jolly, A. (2003). 10915:Fietz, J. (2003). 10588:The Globe and Mail 10474:, pp. 97–101. 9702:Journal of Zoology 9110:10.1007/BF02380868 9075:10.1007/BF02389051 9016:10.1007/BF02381192 8969:10.1007/BF02739366 8899:10.1002/evan.10123 8868:, pp. 86–114. 8856:, pp. 97–110. 8728:10.1007/BF02629647 8431:10.1007/BF00279880 7306:, pp. 48–161. 7063:Mittermeier, R. A. 7033:10.1002/evan.20126 6498:, pp. 89–182. 6305:10.1101/gr.7265208 5373:dramatic narration 5309:In popular culture 5291:orthograde posture 5280:Toamasina Province 5233:Ambatofinandrahana 5195: 5078:(NGOs), including 5051: 5028: 4845:Eulemur flavifrons 4662:, who founded the 4656:David Attenborough 4554: 4523:monographic series 4507:Buteo brachypterus 4503:Madagascar buzzard 4199:giant mouse lemurs 4144: 4003: 3991:Predator avoidance 3928: 3860: 3810: 3790:facial expressions 3686:Locomotor behavior 3683: 3536: 3502:fork-marked lemurs 3476:patterns include " 3470: 3433:Soil consumption ( 3430:in the northeast. 3400:common brown lemur 3280: 3142: 3062: 2913: 2904:postorbital septum 2838:nasopalatine ducts 2822: 2725: 2679:fork-marked lemurs 2406: 2289:common brown lemur 2088: 2043:Microcebus berthae 1927: 1618: 1554:Taxonomy of lemurs 1047:to fill many open 1041: 996:continental plates 960:Mozambique Channel 533:), divided into 8 471:wet-nosed primates 13754: 13753: 13617:Taxon identifiers 13608: 13607: 13585: 13584: 13572: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13559:Palaeopropithecus 13293: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13007: 13006: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12790: 12789: 12221: 12220: 12009:Duke Lemur Center 11993:978-0-231-04704-3 11955:978-0-12-680150-7 11930:978-0-536-74363-3 11902:Ruud, J. (1970). 11894:978-0-9648825-1-5 11879:Rowe, N. (1996). 11845:978-0-306-48120-8 11826:978-0-8160-2403-2 11819:. Facts on File. 11790:978-0-306-46604-5 11731:978-0-19-532659-8 11695:978-0-8018-5789-8 11661:978-0-674-02659-9 11632:978-1-934151-23-5 11609:Mittermeier, R.A. 11569:Mittermeier, R.A. 11529:Mittermeier, R.A. 11476:978-0-226-40552-0 11425:978-0-521-66315-1 11406:978-2-88032-957-0 11374:978-0-8018-8221-0 11207:. pp. 67–96. 11198:. pp. 41–64. 11189:. pp. 19–40. 11144:978-0-387-34585-7 11106:978-1-56098-682-9 10872:Lemur Food Plants 10847:. pp. 47–51. 10838:. pp. 40–47. 10829:. pp. 34–40. 10813:978-0-226-30306-2 10794:978-0-300-12550-4 10764:978-3-642-02724-6 10719:978-1-4419-4190-9 10684:. pp. 19–31. 10668:978-0-19-539043-8 10638:978-0-691-09636-0 10617:978-0-12-372576-9 10515:on 16 August 2010 10405:Britt et al. 2003 10269:Ratsimbazafy 2006 10023:978-1-934151-34-1 10016:. pp. 1–92. 9993:Mittermeier, R.A. 9936:, pp. 15–17. 9628:10.1159/000156749 9600:, pp. 52–84. 9563:, pp. 27–36. 9505:, pp. 19–40. 9340:10.1159/000073312 9175:10.1002/ajp.20496 8929:, pp. 71–81. 8777:(3735): 501–506. 8579:10.1159/000052693 8518:10.1002/ajp.20231 8475:10.1002/ajp.20237 8327:, pp. 65–71. 8281:Ankel-Simons 2007 8162:Ankel-Simons 2007 8135:Ankel-Simons 2007 8120:Ankel-Simons 2007 8035:Ankel-Simons 2007 7963:, pp. 33–48. 7929:, pp. 67–96. 7755:, pp. 84–89. 7662:Ankel-Simons 2007 7577:, pp. 85–88. 7511:Ankel-Simons 2007 7389:(5542): 587–591. 7352:(10): 1339–1350. 7304:Ankel-Simons 2007 7233:, pp. 20–21. 7152:(14): 5090–5095. 6794:, pp. 47–51. 6715:, pp. 10–21. 6548:, pp. 41–64. 6517:, pp. 37–51. 6373:(7281): 653–656. 6352:, pp. 40–47. 6268:on 16 March 2011. 6238:, pp. 14–15. 6168:, pp. 23–26. 6149:, pp. 34–40. 6084:Molecular Ecology 5965:Ankel-Simons 2007 5872:(5301): 797–804. 5763:. pp. 45–55. 5712:, pp. 85–86. 5683:, pp. 43–44. 5671:, pp. 29–30. 5481:10.1159/000095391 5412:Palaeopropithecus 5351:Coquerel's sifaka 5130:Marc Ravalomanana 5118:Habitat corridors 5111:Betampona Reserve 4876:population growth 4833:gray-headed lemur 4664:Duke Lemur Center 4633:Alfred Grandidier 4392:Hapalemur griseus 4356:ecological niches 4288:Activity patterns 4167:red-bellied lemur 4042: 4021: 4007:Lemur alarm calls 3988: 3987: 3964: 3943: 3896: 3875: 3806:red-bellied lemur 3752:Verreaux's sifaka 3727:Palaeopropithecus 3656:temperate regions 3616:species, such as 3598:biological rhythm 3592:Activity patterns 3560:Eulemur coronatus 3408:Verreaux's sifaka 3359:New World monkeys 3274:Up to 95% of the 3257:Duke Lemur Center 3214:Varecia variegata 3081:plica semilunaris 3024:Coquerel's sifaka 2981:Verreaux's sifaka 2961: 2960: 2908:retinal summation 2830:vomeronasal organ 2824:The wet nose, or 2721:ring-tailed lemur 2645: 2644: 2261:gray-headed lemur 2249:sexual dimorphism 2234:red-bellied lemur 2163:New World monkeys 2108:vomeronasal organ 2010:molecular genetic 1990:ring-tailed lemur 1954:as a specialized 1911: 1910: 1601:phylogenetic tree 1588:(CI), taxonomist 1571:ring-tailed lemur 1560:List of lemuroids 1550: 1549: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1414: 1413: 1309:Lemuroidea 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1159:Lemuroidea 1096:sperm competition 1049:ecological niches 950:(~160 mya), 923:cytochrome b 752:Philippine colugo 744:ring-tailed lemur 736:Loris tardigradus 732:red slender loris 728:Lemur tardigradus 651:seasonal breeding 649:. They also have 578:species diversity 390: 389: 296: 16:(Redirected from 13799: 13747: 13746: 13737: 13736: 13724: 13723: 13711: 13710: 13698: 13697: 13685: 13684: 13672: 13671: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13644: 13643: 13642: 13612: 13611: 13580: 13527: 13465:Archaeolemuridae 13463: 13441: 13349: 13338: 13328: 13306: 13305: 13246:Xanthonycticebus 13229: 13199: 13189: 13181: 13180: 13162: 13144: 13134: 13110: 13100: 13056: 13045: 13037: 13036: 13026: 13025: 13013: 13012: 13002: 12928: 12898: 12797: 12649: 12648: 12642: 12612: 12554: 12461: 12410: 12352: 12337: 12327: 12319: 12318: 12308: 12307: 12295: 12294: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12225: 12224: 12211: 12210: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12040: 12039: 11997: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11934: 11915: 11898: 11886: 11871: 11862: 11861:. pp. 3–41. 11849: 11830: 11807: 11794: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11735: 11716: 11699: 11687: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11644: 11604: 11564: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11480: 11468: 11450: 11429: 11410: 11398: 11386: 11363:(3rd ed.). 11334: 11325: 11312: 11303: 11290: 11277: 11248: 11239: 11230: 11221: 11208: 11199: 11190: 11181: 11180:. pp. 3–18. 11172: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11123: 11110: 11087: 11074: 11065: 11056: 11047: 11035: 11023: 11011: 10999: 10996:, Sportive Lemur 10987: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10939: 10933:, Mouse Lemurs, 10924: 10911: 10908:Subfossil Lemurs 10902: 10893: 10884: 10875: 10866: 10857: 10848: 10839: 10830: 10817: 10798: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10730:. Archived from 10699: 10685: 10672: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10621: 10593: 10592: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10511:. Archived from 10498: 10492: 10491: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10338:Traffic Bulletin 10335: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10222:. Archived from 10211: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10189: 10182: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10089:. 13 July 2012. 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10038: 10032: 10003: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9958: 9957:, pp. 7–13. 9952: 9937: 9931: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9904: 9881: 9863: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9831:. Archived from 9822: 9796: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9768:. Archived from 9759: 9736:Animal Behaviour 9733: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9564: 9558: 9547: 9546: 9536: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9475:on 18 March 2012 9471:. Archived from 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9334:(5–6): 246–258. 9319: 9313: 9312: 9288: 9279: 9273: 9264: 9258: 9249: 9248: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9193:. Archived from 9160: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9122: 9121: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9054: 9045: 9039: 9028: 9027: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8884: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8763: 8748: 8747: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8640: 8623:(4): 1435–1439. 8617:Animal Behaviour 8612: 8599: 8598: 8559: 8553: 8552:, pp. 3–37. 8547: 8538: 8537: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8376: 8370: 8345: 8339: 8328: 8322: 8313: 8307: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8237: 8231: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8191: 8180: 8179:, pp. 3–41. 8174: 8165: 8159: 8138: 8132: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8086:on 13 March 2016 8085: 8079:. Archived from 8062: 8049: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7939: 7930: 7924: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7872: 7862: 7852: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7794: 7788: 7773: 7767: 7756: 7750: 7739: 7733: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7697: 7684: 7678: 7665: 7659: 7642: 7636: 7615: 7609: 7578: 7572: 7563: 7557: 7546: 7540: 7529: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7464: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7333: 7324: 7318: 7307: 7301: 7270: 7264: 7249: 7243: 7234: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7169: 7143: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7118: 7112:. Archived from 7088:(6): 1607–1656. 7079: 7059: 7046: 7045: 7035: 7006: 6995: 6994: 6984: 6974: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6864: 6858: 6795: 6789: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6751: 6727: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6677: 6652:(7): 1376–1386. 6641: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6599: 6581: 6572: 6549: 6543: 6518: 6512: 6499: 6493: 6474: 6468: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6406: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6316: 6290: 6281: 6270: 6269: 6264:. Archived from 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6040: 6039:, pp. 3–18. 6034: 6013: 6007: 5968: 5962: 5915: 5909: 5898: 5897: 5861: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5722:Lux, J. (2008). 5719: 5713: 5707: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5501: 5500: 5464: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5422: 5416: 5389: 5278:District in the 5155:captive breeding 5149: 5123: 5109:, helps protect 5032:flagship species 5020:logged illegally 4819:(IUCN/SSC), the 4773:exotic pet trade 4749: 4738: 4708:captive breeding 4629:John Edward Gray 4324:(above) and the 4317: 4306: 4195:gestation period 4070:predator mobbing 4044: 4043: 4023: 4022: 4000: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3944: 3925: 3898: 3897: 3877: 3876: 3857: 3843: 3842: 3823:latrine behavior 3572:copulatory plugs 3540:social dominance 3490:multi-male group 3447:intestinal flora 3243:Hapalemur aureus 3225:high content of 3095:Lemurs have low 3032:red ruffed lemur 2926:Binocular field 2918: 2842:incisive foramen 2641: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2579: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2505:Archaeolemuridae 2503: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2417: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2343:M. lehilahytsara 2323:gray mouse lemur 2232:. Likewise, the 2194:digestive system 2118:and the lack of 2110:, which detects 2027:conservationists 1890: 1883: 1874:Family Lemuridae 1871:Family Indriidae 1868:Archaeolemuridae 1867: 1836: 1805: 1798: 1789:Family Lemuridae 1786:Family Indriidae 1777:Archaeolemuridae 1776: 1759: 1720: 1711: 1674:Archaeolemuridae 1672: 1652: 1621: 1544:subfossil lemurs 1469:Archaeolemuridae 1467: 1449: 1428: 1427: 1402: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1354: 1353: 1334: 1333: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1230: 1229: 1208: 1207: 1186: 1185: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1132:subfossil lemurs 1084:breeding seasons 989: 937:Late Pleistocene 850: 838: 793:Lemuria festival 721:10th edition of 694:flagship species 683: 529: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 468: 465: 462: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 434: 429: 428: 427: 426: 419: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 381: 352: 344: 313:Archaeolemuridae 311: 291: 209: 208: 165: 139: 129: 59: 55:Temporal range: 49: 48: 21: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13750: 13742: 13740: 13732: 13727: 13719: 13714: 13706: 13701: 13693: 13688: 13680: 13675: 13667: 13662: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13619: 13609: 13604: 13600:Subfossil lemur 13581: 13564: 13552:Mesopropithecus 13520: 13486: 13456: 13405: 13357: 13302: 13285: 13251: 13207: 13170: 13064: 13033: 13020: 13003: 12986: 12966: 12921: 12891: 12799:Caenopithecidae 12786: 12738: 12697: 12635: 12605: 12547: 12454: 12442:Muangthanhinius 12428:Ekgmowechashala 12403: 12345: 12315: 12302: 12289: 12257: 12252: 12222: 12217: 12199: 12195:List of species 12178:Subfossil lemur 12161: 12110: 12072: 12067: 12005: 12000: 11994: 11973: 11971: 11956: 11931: 11895: 11846: 11833: 11827: 11791: 11766: 11764: 11757: 11732: 11696: 11671: 11669: 11662: 11633: 11593: 11553: 11519: 11517: 11509:Systema Naturae 11497: 11495: 11477: 11426: 11407: 11396: 11375: 11154: 11152: 11145: 11130: 11107: 11008:, Woolly Lemurs 10984:, Ruffed Lemurs 10814: 10795: 10774: 10772: 10765: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10720: 10697: 10669: 10648: 10646: 10639: 10618: 10608:Primate Anatomy 10601: 10596: 10583: 10579: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10499: 10495: 10482: 10478: 10470: 10453: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10351: 10349: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10315: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10293:on 5 April 2011 10279: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10229: 10227: 10226:on 3 March 2011 10212: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10190:on 26 July 2011 10187: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10141: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10110: 10106: 10096: 10094: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10049: 10045: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10001: 9990: 9986: 9978: 9961: 9953: 9940: 9932: 9917: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9879:10.1.1.504.2097 9861: 9847: 9843: 9835: 9794: 9784: 9780: 9772: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9694: 9690: 9647: 9643: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9567: 9559: 9550: 9513: 9509: 9501: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9414: 9410: 9367: 9363: 9320: 9316: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9252: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9197: 9158: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9125: 9094: 9090: 9055: 9048: 9040: 9031: 9000: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8852: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8814: 8764: 8751: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8661: 8654: 8613: 8602: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8541: 8502: 8498: 8458: 8454: 8414: 8410: 8402: 8379: 8371: 8348: 8340: 8331: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8269:Osman Hill 1953 8267: 8263: 8255: 8240: 8232: 8221: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8141: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8060: 8050: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8023:Osman Hill 1953 8021: 8017: 8009: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7902: 7890: 7888: 7875: 7831:Microcebus ssp. 7825: 7818: 7810: 7797: 7789: 7776: 7768: 7759: 7751: 7742: 7734: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7687: 7679: 7668: 7660: 7645: 7637: 7618: 7610: 7581: 7573: 7566: 7558: 7549: 7541: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7488: 7433: 7426: 7379: 7375: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7310: 7302: 7273: 7265: 7252: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7207: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7077: 7060: 7049: 7007: 6998: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6798: 6790: 6781: 6769: 6767: 6754: 6728: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6695: 6693: 6680: 6642: 6635: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6590:(20): 866–868. 6584:Current Biology 6579: 6573: 6552: 6544: 6521: 6513: 6502: 6494: 6477: 6469: 6436: 6424: 6422: 6409: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6293:Genome Research 6288: 6282: 6273: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6221: 6219: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6079: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6043: 6037:Tattersall 2006 6035: 6016: 6008: 5971: 5963: 5918: 5910: 5901: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5744:on 6 June 2010. 5741: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5687: 5681:Tattersall 1982 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5504: 5465: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5394:Mesopropithecus 5390: 5386: 5381: 5315:Western culture 5311: 5179: 5173:into the wild. 5147: 5121: 5086:(WCS), and the 5060:Berenty Reserve 5009: 4925:illegal logging 4897: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4718:, located near 4692:Patricia Wright 4688:Elwyn L. Simons 4594:Pierre Sonnerat 4577:Systema Naturae 4515: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4274: 4245: 4095: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3774: 3703:Mesopropithecus 3672: 3594: 3498:sportive lemurs 3459: 3388:Phaner furcifer 3337:diademed sifaka 3288:sportive lemurs 3162:Mirza coquereli 3131: 3122: 3093: 3066:tapetum lucidum 3058:tapetum lucidum 2795: 2751:. By contrast, 2632: 2631: 2619: 2618: 2599: 2598: 2586: 2585: 2559: 2558: 2546: 2545: 2523: 2522: 2510: 2509: 2487: 2486: 2474: 2473: 2454: 2453: 2441: 2440: 2394: 2393: 2367: 2366: 2351: 2335:M. ravelobensis 2303:sportive lemurs 2265:E. albocollaris 2202:salivary glands 2174:sportive lemurs 2165:, particularly 2159:prehensile tail 2116:postorbital bar 2055:diademed sifaka 2035: 2023:species concept 2018:cryptic species 1827:Order Primates 1750:Order Primates 1563: 1556: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1415: 1360:Cheirogaleidae 1320:Daubentoniidae 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1144: 1076:encephalization 1023: 1021:Subfossil lemur 1017: 987: 905:(56 to 34 863: 857: 851: 846:Carl Linnaeus, 845: 816:Malagasy people 812:reflective eyes 764:slender lorises 754:, now known as 734:, now known as 723:Systema Naturae 706: 686:illegal logging 671:species concept 663:human evolution 574:lemur evolution 527: 485: 481: 466: 463: 460: 456: 453: 450: 447: 432: 422: 421: 400: 396: 358: 290: 203: 130: 128: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 57: 56: 53: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13805: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13738: 13725: 13712: 13699: 13686: 13673: 13660: 13645: 13629: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13597: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13555: 13548: 13541: 13533: 13531: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13496: 13494: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13477: 13469: 13467: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13447: 13437: 13430: 13423: 13415: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13375: 13367: 13365: 13363:Cheirogaleidae 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13345: 13341:Plesiopithecus 13334: 13324: 13317: 13309: 13303: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13261: 13259: 13257:Perodicticinae 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13225: 13217: 13215: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13205: 13195: 13184: 13178: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13158: 13151: 13140: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13106: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13074: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13052: 13040: 13034: 13029: 13022: 13021: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13004: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12976: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12942: 12934: 12932: 12930:Djebelemuridae 12923: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12912: 12909:Algeripithecus 12904: 12902: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12881: 12874: 12871:Mescalerolemur 12867: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12803: 12801: 12792: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12748: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12715: 12707: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12674: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12646: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12630:Marcgodinotius 12626: 12618: 12616: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12560: 12558: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12467: 12465: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12445: 12438: 12431: 12424: 12416: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12394: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12366: 12358: 12356: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12333: 12330:Plesiopithecus 12322: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12303: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12251: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12228: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12127:Cheirogaleidae 12124: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12066: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12004: 12003:External links 12001: 11999: 11998: 11992: 11979: 11954: 11946:Academic Press 11935: 11929: 11916: 11899: 11893: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11863: 11851: 11850: 11844: 11831: 11825: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11796: 11795: 11789: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11755: 11737: 11736: 11730: 11717: 11700: 11694: 11677: 11660: 11645: 11631: 11605: 11591: 11565: 11551: 11533:Tattersall, I. 11525: 11503: 11481: 11475: 11465:Lemur Behavior 11454: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11431: 11430: 11424: 11411: 11405: 11387: 11373: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11326: 11313: 11304: 11291: 11278: 11270:P. tattersalli 11249: 11240: 11231: 11222: 11209: 11200: 11191: 11182: 11173: 11161: 11160: 11143: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11112: 11111: 11105: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11080:Restocking of 11075: 11066: 11057: 11048: 11036: 11024: 11012: 11000: 10988: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10925: 10912: 10903: 10894: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10858: 10849: 10840: 10831: 10819: 10818: 10812: 10799: 10793: 10780: 10763: 10746: 10718: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10674: 10673: 10667: 10654: 10637: 10622: 10616: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10591:. p. R37. 10577: 10560: 10551:"Highlights". 10543: 10540:. p. 122. 10526: 10493: 10476: 10451: 10439: 10409: 10397: 10382: 10370: 10358: 10321: 10304: 10273: 10261: 10249: 10237: 10201: 10166: 10135: 10104: 10074: 10043: 10022: 9984: 9959: 9938: 9915: 9872:(4): 394–403. 9853:Eulemur fulvus 9841: 9838:on 2010-04-20. 9805:(4): 363–371. 9778: 9775:on 2010-06-20. 9742:(2): 479–486. 9719: 9708:(2): 165–175. 9688: 9641: 9622:(4): 186–217. 9602: 9565: 9548: 9507: 9486: 9455: 9453:, p. 413. 9443: 9424:(6): 599–617. 9408: 9361: 9314: 9280: 9265: 9250: 9231:(2): 146–155. 9215: 9203: 9200:on 2011-07-19. 9169:(4): 410–414. 9146: 9123: 9104:(4): 539–542. 9088: 9046: 9029: 9010:(3): 305–314. 8994: 8992:, p. 135. 8982: 8963:(6): 595–606. 8943: 8931: 8919: 8893:(6): 252–263. 8870: 8858: 8839: 8827: 8812: 8749: 8722:(3): 191–199. 8702: 8690: 8677:10.1086/285057 8671:(4): 473–488. 8652: 8600: 8554: 8539: 8496: 8452: 8425:(4): 293–301. 8408: 8377: 8346: 8329: 8314: 8285: 8273: 8261: 8238: 8219: 8181: 8166: 8139: 8124: 8112: 8097: 8039: 8027: 8015: 7992: 7980: 7965: 7953: 7931: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7816: 7795: 7774: 7757: 7740: 7719: 7704: 7685: 7666: 7643: 7616: 7579: 7564: 7547: 7530: 7515: 7486: 7424: 7373: 7325: 7308: 7271: 7250: 7235: 7220: 7205: 7129: 7067:Tattersall, I. 7047: 7010:Tattersall, I. 6996: 6933: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6865: 6796: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6742:(5): 471–480. 6734:, Primates)". 6717: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6633: 6550: 6519: 6500: 6475: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6354: 6342: 6299:(3): 489–499. 6271: 6240: 6228: 6190:(1): 171–318. 6170: 6151: 6139: 6090:(4): 757–773. 6064: 6041: 6014: 5969: 5916: 5899: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5778: 5776:, p. 252. 5766: 5747: 5714: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5654: 5636: 5615:Version 2014.3 5599: 5502: 5475:(6): 446–464. 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5417: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5310: 5307: 5178: 5175: 5171:reintroduction 5122:September 2003 5008: 5005: 4968:Climate change 4901:slash and burn 4896: 4893: 4777:climate change 4767:, hunting for 4752:Lemurs in the 4751: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4684:Ian Tattersall 4680:Robert Sussman 4676:Alison Richard 4625:Albert Günther 4572:George Edwards 4514: 4511: 4479:and the giant 4449:, such as the 4427:Seed dispersal 4362:, and grazing 4337:climatic zones 4319: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4273: 4270: 4244: 4241: 4175:mongoose lemur 4157:can be either 4094: 4091: 4052: 4046: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3773: 3770: 3671: 3668: 3664:metabolic heat 3633:Ian Tattersall 3630:anthropologist 3606:mongoose lemur 3593: 3590: 3556:crowned lemurs 3552:Prolemur simus 3482:fission-fusion 3458: 3457:Social systems 3455: 3417:Afzelia bijuga 3404:Eulemur fulvus 3365:Inflorescences 3333:seed predators 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3092: 3089: 2973:area centralis 2967:lemurs have a 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2881:Prolemur simus 2794: 2791: 2677:fruits, while 2643: 2642: 2629: 2616: 2614:Daubentoniidae 2610: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2556: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2484: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2451: 2438: 2432:Cheirogaleidae 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2350: 2347: 2180:, have longer 2078:Close-up of a 2034: 2031: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1846: 1843:Chiromyiformes 1838: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1761: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1686:Daubentoniidae 1682: 1680:Cheirogaleidae 1676: 1656: 1632: 1631: 1630:4 infraorders 1628: 1627:3 infraorders 1625: 1624:2 infraorders 1552:Main article: 1548: 1547: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340:Lepilemuridae 1337: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252:Cheirogaleidae 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1171:Daubentoniidae 1167: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1121:diversity and 1111:slash-and-burn 1016: 1013: 984:ocean currents 971:rafting events 964:paleontologist 935:dating to the 859:Main article: 856: 853: 843: 705: 702: 388: 387: 383: 382: 374: 373: 367: 366: 360: 359: 357: 356: 348: 340: 335: 330: 325: 323:Daubentoniidae 320: 318:Cheirogaleidae 315: 306: 303: 302: 298: 297: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 197: 196: 141: 140: 132: 131: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13804: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13745: 13739: 13735: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13665: 13661: 13656: 13650: 13646: 13641: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13613: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13579: 13561: 13560: 13556: 13554: 13553: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13542: 13540: 13539: 13538:Archaeoindris 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13523: 13517: 13516: 13512: 13510: 13509: 13505: 13503: 13502: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13482: 13481:Hadropithecus 13478: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13438: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13424: 13422: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13390: 13388: 13387: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13353: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13296: 13282: 13281: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13232:Nycticeboides 13226: 13224: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13203: 13196: 13194: 13193: 13186: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13159: 13157: 13156: 13155:Sciurocheirus 13152: 13149: 13148: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13131: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13097: 13095: 13094: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13042: 13041: 13038: 13035: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13014: 13010: 13001: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12956: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12854: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12840: 12838: 12837: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12829:Caenopithecus 12826: 12824: 12823: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12793: 12783: 12782: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12757: 12755: 12754: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12744:Sivaladapinae 12741: 12735: 12734: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12716: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12703:Hoanghoniinae 12700: 12694: 12693: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12644:Sivaladapidae 12638: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12562: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12535:Pronycticebus 12532: 12530: 12529: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12507:Mazateronodon 12504: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12474: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12463:Cercamoniidae 12457: 12451: 12450: 12449:Palaeohodites 12446: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12324: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12313:Strepsirrhini 12309: 12305: 12301: 12300:Strepsirrhini 12296: 12292: 12286: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12260: 12256: 12255:Strepsirrhini 12249: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12235: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12214: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12113: 12107: 12106:Strepsirrhini 12103: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12059: 12057: 12052: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12041: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12006: 11995: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11942: 11936: 11932: 11926: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11876: 11869: 11864: 11860: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11828: 11822: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11805: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11762: 11758: 11756:9780199716845 11752: 11748: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11686: 11685: 11678: 11667: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11652: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11592:1-881173-88-7 11588: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11552:1-881173-08-9 11548: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11504: 11493: 11489: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11421: 11417: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11395: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11350: 11349:Strepsirrhini 11344: 11340: 11339: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11206: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11174: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11121: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11093: 11092: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10948:, True Lemurs 10945: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10895: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10737:on 2011-09-04 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10609: 10604: 10603: 10590: 10589: 10581: 10573: 10572: 10564: 10556: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10538: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10497: 10489: 10488: 10480: 10473: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10448: 10443: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10387: 10379: 10374: 10368:, p. 46. 10367: 10362: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10318: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10265: 10258: 10253: 10246: 10241: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10123: 10119: 10118:The Telegraph 10115: 10108: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9988: 9981: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9956: 9955:Harcourt 1990 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9935: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9845: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9791: 9782: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9661:(2): 87–100. 9660: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9371:Varecia rubra 9365: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9285: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9262: 9257: 9255: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9051: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8986: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8657: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8512:(4): 369–81. 8511: 8507: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8469:(5): 477–89. 8468: 8464: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8405: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8343: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8326: 8321: 8319: 8311: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8271:, p. 13. 8270: 8265: 8258: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8102: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8036: 8031: 8025:, p. 73. 8024: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7970: 7962: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7936: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7832: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7791:Sterling 2003 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7737: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7715:Thalmann 2003 7711: 7709: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7683:, p. 13. 7682: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7232: 7227: 7225: 7218:, p. 15. 7217: 7216:Cartmill 2010 7212: 7210: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7119:on 2018-08-27 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7071:Groves, C. P. 7068: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6931:, p. 27. 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6709: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6346: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6143: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849:Linnaeus 1754 5845: 5839:, p. 41. 5838: 5833: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5669:Linnaeus 1758 5665: 5657: 5655:0-550-10105-5 5651: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406:Archaeoindris 5402: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5365:Animal Planet 5362: 5361: 5356: 5355:Lemur Kingdom 5352: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5107:Parc Ivoloina 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958:toxoplasmosis 4955: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4942:spiny forests 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4869:IUCN Red List 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805:least concern 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4765:deforestation 4755: 4754:spiny forests 4748: 4737: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4641:Ernst Schwarz 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4568:James Petiver 4565: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527:Field studies 4524: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4467:birds of prey 4464: 4460: 4459:domestic dogs 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4419:-like liana, 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380:forest strata 4378:preferences, 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4305: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4261:Hadropithecus 4257: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220:Alloparenting 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:mating season 4148: 4141: 4140:Woolly lemurs 4137: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4078:cheirogaleids 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4034: 4013: 3982: 3980: 3956: 3935: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3888: 3867: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786:vocalizations 3783: 3782:scent-marking 3779: 3772:Communication 3769: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3760:spiny forests 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3713:Hadropithecus 3709: 3708:monkey lemurs 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622:bamboo lemurs 3619: 3618:ruffed lemurs 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602:Cathemerality 3599: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322:hemosiderosis 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3296:woolly lemurs 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:bamboo lemurs 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036:Varecia rubra 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900:visual acuity 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Ruffed lemurs 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2702:giant aye-aye 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2674:Beilschmiedia 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2542: 2541:Megaladapidae 2536: 2535: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2470: 2469:Lepilemuridae 2467: 2466: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:monkey lemurs 2379: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204:, a spacious 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2014:field studies 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1994:ruffed lemurs 1991: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1902: 1897: 1886: 1884:Megaladapidae 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1801: 1799:Megaladapidae 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1713:Megaladapidae 1707: 1705: 1704:Lepilemuridae 1701: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645:Strepsirrhini 1642: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404:Megaladapidae 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237:Lepilemuridae 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1123:precipitation 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:cathemerality 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:plesiomorphic 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Strepsirrhini 862: 849: 842: 839: 837: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 718: 714: 710: 709:Carl Linnaeus 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 681: 674: 672: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 630: 628: 624: 623:strepsirrhine 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 598:Archaeoindris 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 521: 479: 476: 472: 442: 438:; from Latin 437: 436: 425: 418: 394: 384: 380: 375: 372: 368: 365: 361: 355: 349: 347: 346:Megaladapidae 341: 339: 338:Lepilemuridae 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 308: 307: 304: 299: 294: 289: 286: 284:Superfamily: 283: 282: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268:Strepsirrhini 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 198: 194: 193: 188: 187: 182: 181: 176: 175: 170: 169: 168:Archaeoindris 161: 160: 155: 154: 149: 148: 142: 138: 133: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 50: 47: 43: 41: 33: 19: 13772:Lemuriformes 13624: 13557: 13550: 13543: 13536: 13513: 13506: 13499: 13479: 13474:Archaeolemur 13472: 13449: 13442: 13432: 13425: 13418: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13379:Cheirogaleus 13377: 13370: 13350: 13339: 13329: 13319: 13312: 13299: 13278: 13273:Perodicticus 13271: 13264: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13220: 13200: 13190: 13163: 13153: 13147:Saharagalago 13145: 13135: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13101: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13059:Saharagalago 13057: 13046: 13018:Lemuriformes 12972:Lemuriformes 12959: 12952: 12944: 12937: 12914: 12907: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12779: 12772: 12765: 12758: 12751: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12692:Yunnanadapis 12690: 12683: 12676: 12671:Kyitchaungia 12669: 12664:Guangxilemur 12662: 12655: 12628: 12621: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12577: 12570: 12563: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12500:Donrussellia 12498: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12447: 12440: 12435:Gatanthropus 12433: 12426: 12419: 12396: 12389: 12382: 12377:Hesperolemur 12375: 12368: 12361: 12354:Notharctidae 12338: 12328: 12188: 12069: 11983: 11972:. Retrieved 11940: 11920: 11903: 11882: 11867: 11858: 11835: 11816: 11803: 11783:. Springer. 11780: 11765:. Retrieved 11745: 11721: 11704: 11683: 11670:. Retrieved 11650: 11616: 11576: 11536: 11518:. Retrieved 11508: 11496:. Retrieved 11486: 11464: 11438: 11415: 11392: 11359: 11348: 11330: 11321: 11317: 11308: 11299: 11295: 11286: 11282: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11244: 11235: 11226: 11217: 11213: 11204: 11195: 11186: 11177: 11168: 11153:. Retrieved 11137:. Springer. 11133: 11119: 11096: 11083: 11079: 11070: 11061: 11052: 11043: 11040: 11031: 11028: 11019: 11016: 11007: 11004: 10995: 10992: 10983: 10980: 10971: 10968: 10959: 10956: 10947: 10944: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10920: 10919:Cheirogaleus 10916: 10907: 10898: 10889: 10880: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10844: 10835: 10826: 10803: 10784: 10773:. Retrieved 10757:. Springer. 10754: 10739:. Retrieved 10732:the original 10701: 10681: 10658: 10647:. 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Retrieved 9473:the original 9469:ScienceDaily 9468: 9458: 9446: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9381:(1): 41–54. 9378: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9206: 9195:the original 9166: 9162: 9149: 9142:Goodman 2003 9101: 9097: 9091: 9069:(1): 95–98. 9066: 9062: 9058: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8985: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8890: 8886: 8873: 8866:Garbutt 2007 8861: 8835:Johnson 2006 8830: 8774: 8770: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8693: 8668: 8664: 8620: 8616: 8570: 8566: 8557: 8550:Sussman 2003 8509: 8505: 8499: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8276: 8264: 8206:(1): 60–69. 8203: 8199: 8115: 8088:. Retrieved 8081:the original 8068: 8064: 8055: 8030: 8018: 7983: 7956: 7947: 7943: 7889:. Retrieved 7881:ScienceDaily 7880: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7770:Richard 2003 7700:Garbutt 2007 7560:Garbutt 2007 7526:Garbutt 2007 7447:(121): 121. 7444: 7440: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7321:Garbutt 2007 7231:Hartwig 2011 7197:. Retrieved 7149: 7145: 7132: 7121:. Retrieved 7114:the original 7085: 7081: 7026:(1): 12–23. 7023: 7017: 6954: 6950: 6945:Cheirogaleus 6944: 6936: 6895: 6883: 6861:Sussman 2003 6768:. Retrieved 6760:ScienceDaily 6759: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6708: 6694:. Retrieved 6686:ScienceDaily 6685: 6649: 6645: 6625:. Retrieved 6587: 6583: 6471:Sussman 2003 6423:. Retrieved 6415:ScienceDaily 6414: 6370: 6366: 6345: 6334:. Retrieved 6296: 6292: 6266:the original 6253: 6243: 6236:Garbutt 2007 6231: 6220:. Retrieved 6187: 6183: 6173: 6142: 6131:. Retrieved 6087: 6083: 5869: 5865: 5851:, p. 4. 5844: 5832: 5821:. Retrieved 5801: 5797: 5769: 5760: 5750: 5739:the original 5734: 5730: 5717: 5710:Garbutt 2007 5676: 5664: 5645: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5611: 5602: 5595:Sussman 2003 5472: 5468: 5420: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5387: 5360:Lemur Street 5358: 5354: 5340: 5322: 5312: 5303:woolly lemur 5298: 5294: 5286: 5284: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5167:Antananarivo 5163:Lemurs' Park 5151: 5145: 5116: 5092: 5068:Fort Dauphin 5066:, both near 5052: 5029: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4966: 4946: 4927:of precious 4904: 4898: 4881:biodiversity 4873: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4762: 4726:Conservation 4696: 4668:Alison Jolly 4645: 4621:systematists 4598: 4575: 4563:tretretretre 4561: 4555: 4550:Alison Jolly 4520: 4516: 4506: 4498: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4440: 4420: 4410: 4396: 4391: 4371: 4353: 4334: 4277: 4260: 4258: 4246: 4229: 4211: 4206: 4192: 4178: 4170: 4145: 4113: 4096: 4093:Reproduction 4083: 4063: 4054: 3976: 3908: 3835: 3827: 3811: 3775: 3763: 3755: 3744: 3735: 3725: 3722:sloth lemurs 3711: 3701: 3684: 3660: 3653: 3637: 3609: 3595: 3583: 3576: 3564: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3520: 3510: 3471: 3466:Dwarf lemurs 3432: 3428:Nosy Mangabe 3421: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3377: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3330: 3324:, a type of 3311: 3304: 3299: 3291: 3281: 3264: 3246: 3242: 3233:. Likewise, 3213: 3205: 3188:, including 3186:woody plants 3182: 3170: 3164:) is mostly 3161: 3143: 3138:Mouse lemurs 3123: 3104: 3094: 3074: 3063: 3040:monochromats 3035: 3027: 3012:polymorphism 3004:color vision 3001: 2997:dwarf lemurs 2992: 2984: 2962: 2914: 2889: 2880: 2872: 2865:scrotal skin 2861:scent glands 2850: 2823: 2803:nasal cavity 2796: 2768:tooth enamel 2765: 2745: 2741:browsing pad 2726: 2708:) incisors. 2699: 2672: 2661:canine teeth 2646: 2386:koala lemurs 2378:sloth lemurs 2352: 2342: 2334: 2326: 2314: 2311:mouse lemurs 2306: 2297: 2292: 2284: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2237: 2221: 2214:fermentation 2171: 2136: 2089: 2080:ruffed lemur 2066: 2058: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2002: 1998:brown lemurs 1985: 1982: 1978:koala lemurs 1971: 1965: 1960:sister group 1951: 1935: 1932:Richard Owen 1928: 1922: 1848: 1840: 1768: 1763: 1728:Superfamily 1664: 1660:Lemuriformes 1613: 1598: 1590:Colin Groves 1579: 1566: 1564: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1464: 1446: 1433: 1399: 1386: 1359: 1339: 1319: 1250: 1235: 1213: 1191: 1169: 1136: 1114: 1103:rice paddies 1100: 1064: 1057: 1043:Lemurs have 1042: 1030: 988:January 2010 941: 864: 847: 840: 833: 823: 809: 804: 782: 774: 772: 759: 755: 748:Lemur volans 747: 739: 735: 727: 722: 716: 707: 675: 659: 631: 596: 593:giant lemurs 582: 559: 477: 392: 391: 287: 278:Lemuriformes 274:Infraorder: 190: 184: 178: 172: 166: 157: 151: 145: 46: 39: 13690:iNaturalist 13649:Wikispecies 13595:Adapiformes 13515:Propithecus 13331:Megaladapis 13314:Daubentonia 13280:Pseudopotto 13192:Mioeuoticus 12843:Europolemur 12781:Sivaladapis 12767:Siamoadapis 12712:Hoanghonius 12685:Paukkaungia 12657:Anthradapis 12614:Asiadapidae 12600:Palaeolemur 12593:Microadapis 12572:Cryptadapis 12542:Protoadapis 12528:Periconodon 12398:Smilodectes 12340:Sulaimanius 12032:BBC Nature 11613:Louis, E.E. 11573:Louis, E.E. 11283:Indri indri 11266:P. perrieri 11262:P. edwardsi 11030:Propithecus 11018:Indri indri 10970:Lemur catta 10599:Books cited 10571:Africa News 10317:Simons 1997 10230:2 September 10087:LiveScience 9857:Lemur catta 9790:Lemur catta 9612:Lemur catta 9479:2 September 9059:Lemur catta 8953:Lemur catta 8823:Curtis 2006 8573:(7): 1–13. 8404:Wright 2006 8090:19 December 7891:28 February 7837:BMC Biology 7246:Groves 2005 6792:Burney 2003 6770:28 February 6696:28 February 6425:28 February 6350:Krause 2003 5608:"IUCN 2014" 5369:documentary 5329:King Julien 5000:exotic pets 4950:extirpation 4938:dry forests 4823:(IPS), and 4368:competition 4360:woodpeckers 4278:See above: 4233:r-selection 4224:Allonursing 4183:sperm plugs 4163:promiscuous 4109:parturition 4066:alarm calls 3747:ecotourists 3692:(including 3649:hibernation 3626:crepuscular 3568:game theory 3506:True lemurs 3369:nectarivory 3208:), and the 3178:insectivory 3166:frugivorous 3154:vertebrates 3150:herbivorous 2993:Indri indri 2859:as well as 2846:hard palate 2787:tooth decay 2706:hypselodont 2695:keratinized 2415:dentitions 2100:toilet-claw 2084:toilet-claw 2051:Indri indri 2006:cytogenetic 1952:Daubentonia 1936:Daubentonia 1841:Infraorder 1837:Adapiformes 1833:Infraorder 1760:Adapiformes 1756:Infraorder 1658:Infraorder 1654:Adapiformes 1649:Infraorder 1540:et al. 1536:et al. 1532:et al. 1127:rainforests 1072:hibernation 1037:sloth lemur 901:during the 791:during the 740:Lemur catta 698:eco-tourism 643:hibernation 609:instead of 585:mouse lemur 475:superfamily 159:Daubentonia 153:Propithecus 13761:Categories 13669:Lemuroidea 13655:Lemuroidea 13625:Lemuroidea 13593:See also: 13444:Pachylemur 13386:Microcebus 13300:Lemuroidea 13266:Arctocebus 13239:Nycticebus 13127:Paragalago 13093:Galagoides 13031:Lorisoidea 12981:see below↓ 12961:Shizarodon 12939:Djebelemur 12864:Masradapis 12822:Aframonius 12774:Sinoadapis 12753:Indraloris 12586:Magnadapis 12579:Leptadapis 12479:Anchomomys 12421:Bugtilemur 12384:Notharctus 12104:Suborder: 11974:2014-12-26 11912:B0006FE92Y 11767:2020-07-04 11672:2020-07-04 11520:2018-02-20 11498:2013-11-02 11258:P. diadema 11155:2020-07-04 10931:Microcebus 10917:Primates: 10775:2016-07-13 10741:2010-05-20 10649:2020-07-04 10352:2010-03-29 10297:31 January 10194:29 January 10037:2014-12-31 9909:2015-08-28 9297:Lemur News 9042:Vasey 2003 8990:Jolly 1966 8927:Nowak 1999 8638:1911/21694 8342:Fietz 2003 8325:Nowak 1999 8257:Jolly 2003 8108:Irwin 2006 8065:Lemur News 7843:(19): 19. 7753:Nowak 1999 7199:2015-08-28 7123:2015-08-28 7102:10161/6237 6627:2010-03-29 6336:2015-08-28 6222:2019-07-03 6133:2015-09-04 6060:Yoder 2003 5837:Nield 2007 5823:2022-07-05 5798:Lemur News 5445:References 5391:No infant 5342:Zoboomafoo 5324:Madagascar 5321:franchise 5101:, and the 5082:(CI), the 5036:ecotourism 4954:epizootics 4923:; and the 4865:threatened 4809:threatened 4801:vulnerable 4797:endangered 4785:Appendix I 4712:kinematics 4623:including 4605:menageries 4501:) and the 4471:crocodiles 4465:, diurnal 4455:feral cats 4292:Locomotion 4284:Metabolism 4237:senescence 4173:) and the 4159:monogamous 4074:kinematics 4057:media help 3979:media help 3911:media help 3866:Indri duet 3724:, such as 3670:Locomotion 3525:catarrhine 3513:philopatry 3494:home range 3486:pair bonds 3373:palynivory 3261:poison ivy 3091:Metabolism 3070:riboflavin 3044:dichromats 3030:) and the 2987:) and the 2853:scent mark 2757:precocious 2753:anthropoid 2730:folivorous 2359:heterodont 2353:The lemur 2327:M. murinus 2319:subspecies 2315:Microcebus 2267:) and the 2253:true lemur 2182:hind limbs 2112:pheromones 1973:Bugtilemur 1740:Haplorhini 1730:Lorisoidea 1575:colloquial 1434:Indriidae 1387:Lemuridae 1094:, such as 1019:See also: 992:ocean gyre 952:Antarctica 933:subfossils 919:hypothesis 899:adapiforms 895:Madagascar 873:, such as 673:is used. 619:anthropoid 547:Madagascar 526:lem-yuurr- 478:Lemuroidea 288:Lemuroidea 264:Suborder: 174:Microcebus 13545:Babakotia 13492:Indriidae 13427:Hapalemur 13411:Lemuridae 13372:Allocebus 13321:Lepilemur 13213:Lorisinae 13202:Namaloris 13176:Lorisidae 13165:Wadilemur 13137:Progalago 13070:Galagidae 13048:Karanisia 12946:Notnamaia 12900:Azibiidae 12885:Notnamaia 12878:Namadapis 12857:Mahgarita 12850:Godinotia 12836:Darwinius 12815:Afradapis 12808:Adapoides 12760:Ramadapis 12726:Rencunius 12623:Asiadapis 12391:Pelycodus 12370:Copelemur 12265:Kingdom: 12142:Lemuridae 12137:Indriidae 12080:Kingdom: 11964:893740473 11713:500576914 11641:670545286 11601:883321520 11459:Jolly, A. 11296:Hapalemur 11044:, Aye-aye 11032:, Sifakas 10994:Lepilemur 10958:Hapalemur 10508:USA Today 10472:Ruud 1970 10366:Rowe 1996 10344:(2): 49. 10159:24 August 10128:24 August 10097:23 August 10067:23 August 9874:CiteSeerX 9543:1662-2510 9309:1608-1439 9303:: 39–42. 8767:Jolly, A. 8563:Jolly, A. 8077:0343-3528 8071:: 11–16. 7681:Rowe 1996 6957:(1): 30. 6929:Rowe 1996 6902:, fig. 1. 6890:, fig. 1. 6614:235311897 5894:220087294 5810:1608-1439 5804:: 64–70. 5731:Humanitas 5644:"lemur". 5450:Citations 5400:Babakotia 5276:Marolambo 4978:epiphytes 4929:hardwoods 4799:, 25% as 4795:, 23% as 4666:in 1966, 4643:in 1931. 4447:euplerids 4431:germinate 4403:frugivory 4376:substrate 4364:ungulates 4349:fig trees 4345:ecosystem 4215:altricial 4203:fraternal 4179:E. mongoz 4104:gestation 3778:olfaction 3765:Alluaudia 3694:saltatory 3614:Lemuridae 3610:E. mongoz 3586:allogroom 3451:cellulose 3439:digestion 3318:vitamin C 3308:frugivory 3292:Lepilemur 3235:mangroves 3229:in their 3206:Hapalemur 3173:mammalogy 3120:Behaviour 2957:180–190° 2954:140–160° 2943:250–280° 2940:114–130° 2826:rhinarium 2818:rhinarium 2799:olfaction 2783:maxillary 2780:abscessed 2717:toothcomb 2691:sublingua 2653:toothcomb 2574:Indriidae 2436:Lemuridae 2413:permanent 2409:deciduous 2355:dentition 2349:Dentition 2307:Lepilemur 2293:E. fulvus 2285:E. macaco 2269:red lemur 2186:forelimbs 2139:prosimian 2104:rhinarium 1968:Paleogene 1948:marsupial 1738:Suborder 1698:Lemuridae 1692:Indriidae 1643:Suborder 1215:Indriidae 1193:Lemuridae 1107:grassland 1005:squirrels 915:toothcomb 911:Paleocene 828:nocturnal 789:exorcised 773:The name 704:Etymology 627:rhinarium 459: or 364:Diversity 333:Lemuridae 328:Indriidae 301:Families 224:Kingdom: 218:Eukaryota 180:Lepilemur 13721:12100032 13640:Q1192405 13634:Wikidata 13352:Propotto 13120:Otolemur 13113:Laetolia 13079:Euoticus 12954:Omanodon 12733:Wailekia 12556:Adapidae 12521:Panobius 12514:Nievesia 12486:Barnesia 12472:Agerinia 12285:Primates 12279:Mammalia 12273:Chordata 12271:Phylum: 12267:Animalia 12213:Category 12183:Taxonomy 12115:Families 12100:Primates 12094:Mammalia 12088:Chordata 12086:Phylum: 12082:Animalia 11968:Archived 11761:Archived 11666:Archived 11561:32480729 11514:Archived 11492:Archived 11461:(1966). 11383:62265494 11345:(2005). 11149:Archived 10769:Archived 10728:81109633 10643:Archived 10519:April 5, 10432:18 April 10426:Archived 10346:Archived 10153:Archived 10122:Archived 10091:Archived 10061:Archived 10057:BBC News 10028:Archived 9900:Archived 9896:16366773 9829:18085919 9766:19649139 9683:86156628 9675:31963961 9403:10063588 9395:17024514 9375:Primates 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