Leopold Mozart - Knowledge

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In the end she did not marry him, and the reason for this is unknown. One possibility, frequently entertained by biographers, is that the marriage was blocked by Leopold, who liked having Nannerl at home as the lady of the house. However, Halliwell observes that no written evidence on this point survives and insists that we simply do not know why Nannerl married so late. Nannerl finally did marry in August 1784, at age 33. She moved to the home of her new husband, Johann Baptist Franz von Berchtold zu Sonnenburg, in the small rural town of St. Gilgen, roughly six hours journey east of Salzburg.

593: 651: 463: 282: 530:, paid for Wolfgang's music to be copied and arranged for her to receive it; collected musicians together when she had visited him so that she could play it with most of the parts; .. tried to look after her health; and encouraged her to stand up to her husband when he was being unreasonable." Following Leopold's death in 1787, Nannerl had to do without this support, and Halliwell asserts that "there is every reason to believe that Leopold's death was devastating" to her." 171: 2652: 2141: 33: 2662: 274: 585:, "Before God and as an honest man I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by name: He has taste, and, furthermore, the most profound knowledge of composition." The visit was the last time that Leopold saw his son, though they continued to correspond, and Wolfgang sometimes sent copies of his piano concertos and string quartets for Leopold and Nannerl to perform with friends. 490:("Dancing-Master's House"), which had been the home of the recently deceased dancing master Franz Karl Gottlieb Spöckner. As tenants of Spöckner's cousin and heir Maria Anna Raab, the Mozarts had eight rooms, including the quite large room that Spöckner had used for dancing lessons. This the Mozarts used for teaching, for domestic concerts, for storing keyboard instruments sold by Leopold, and for 2700: 2688: 1735: 806:

Other scholars have taken a harsher view. Solomon portrays Mozart as a man who loved his children but was unwilling to grant them their independence when they reached adulthood, resulting in considerable hardship for them. Daniel Steptoe makes a similar assessment, and particularly faults Leopold for

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Wolfgang left home permanently in 1781 (see below), and from this time until 1784, his father lived in Salzburg with just Nannerl (now in her early thirties) and their servants. Nannerl had a number of suitors, of whom the most important was Franz Armand d'Ippold, with whom she was evidently in love.

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praises to your brother, so he found out that the child is with me, which I'd never told him: so this was how the good idea occurred to him or perhaps his wife. that would certainly not be bad, – They could travel in peace, – could die, – – could stay in England, – – then I could run after them with

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Since the instruction took much of his time, and the touring kept him away from Salzburg for long periods, Mozart cut down his activities in other areas. Nannerl later claimed that he "entirely gave up both violin instruction and composition in order to direct that time not claimed in service to the

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Later in 1785, when Leopold Mozart took in Nannerl's child, Wolfgang was not informed. However, in the following year Wolfgang found this out from a mutual acquaintance in Vienna. At this time, Wolfgang wrote to Leopold to ask if he would be willing to take care of his own two children while he and

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he remained in the city to pursue a freelance career. This effort was to a fair degree successful; Wolfgang achieved great fame and was for a time quite prosperous (though poor planning later changed this status). The move almost certainly aided Wolfgang's musical development; the great majority of

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in about 1759, when he began with keyboard lessons for the seven-year-old Nannerl. The toddler Wolfgang immediately began imitating his sister, at first picking out thirds on the keyboard and then making rapid progress under Leopold's instruction. By 1762, the children were ready to work as concert

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Letter from Leopold Mozart to his daughter Maria Anna from February 16, 1785. In the original: "Ich sage ihnen vor gott, als ein ehrlicher Mann, ihr Sohn ist der größte Componist, den ich von Person und den Nahmen nach kenne: er hat geschmack, und über das die größte Compositionswissenschaft." For

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A man of broad cultural achievement ... Leopold Mozart may have been haughty, difficult to please and at times intractable, ... but there is no compelling evidence that Mozart was excessively manipulative, intolerant, autocratic or jealous of his son's talent. On the contrary, a careful reading in

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Scholars differ on whether the tours made substantial profits. To be sure, often the children performed before large audiences and took in large sums, but the expenses of travel were also very high, and no money at all was made during the various times that Mozart and the children suffered serious

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Starting around the time he wrote this letter and continuing through the first part of 1787, his health was failing. He had become seriously ill by April 4. On this day, Wolfgang wrote to him in alarm at the news, though he did not travel to Salzburg to see him. When Leopold Mozart died on 28 May

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During his remaining years, Mozart spent a fair amount of his time trying to help Nannerl at a distance, as her new marriage situation, involving five apparently ill-educated stepchildren, was apparently not easy. According to Halliwell, Nannerl depended on him in many ways: he did "shopping the

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While a student in Augsburg, he appeared in student theater productions as an actor and singer, and became a skilled violinist and organist. He also developed an interest, which he retained, in microscopes and telescopes. Although his parents had planned a career for Leopold as a Catholic priest,

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His oeuvre was extensive, but only recently have scholars begun to assess the scope or the quality of it; much is lost, and it is not known how representative the surviving works are of his overall output. Cliff Eisen, who wrote a doctoral dissertation on Leopold Mozart's symphonies, finds in a

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Little information is available on how Wolfgang took his father's death, but a postscript he included in a letter to his friend Gottfried von Jacquin suggests that, despite the quarrels and partial estrangement, his father's death was a blow to him: "I inform you that on returning home today I

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In July 1785, Nannerl came to Salzburg to give birth to her first child, a son. The infant stayed with his grandfather when she returned home, and with the assistance of his servants, he raised the child. He frequently sent letters to Nannerl (at least one per week) that usually began with the

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Robert Spaethling, who translated Mozart's letters, typically takes a position strongly sympathetic to Wolfgang in his struggles with his father; he describes Wolfgang's resignation of his Salzburg position and marriage to Constanze as a two-act "drama of liberation from Salzburg, specially

376:. This work was published in 1756 (the year of Wolfgang's birth), and went through two further German editions (1769, 1787), as well as being translated into Dutch (1766) and French (1770). Today, the work is consulted by musicians interested in 18th-century performance practice; see 405:

performers, and Leopold began taking the family on extensive concert tours, performing for both aristocracy and public, throughout central and western Europe. This tour included Munich, Vienna, Pressburg (Bratislava), Paris and the Hague together with a lengthy stay in London; see

543:(As a toddler,) was developing a will of his own, had to be cajoled into doing what Leopold wanted – Leopold's strategem for persuading him to go to bed was to pretend to climb into Leopoldl's bed, whereupon Leopoldl would gleefully try to push him away and get in himself. 539:

sentence "Leopoldl is healthy", ("Leopoldl" is "Little Leopold") and offered a full report on the child. Leopoldl stayed until his grandfather's death in May 1787. He apparently found raising his grandson a happy experience. Halliwell relates one repeated episode:

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Mozart is a controversial figure among his biographers, with the largest disagreements arising concerning his role as the parent of adult children. Mozart biographer Maynard Solomon has taken a particularly harsh view of Leopold, treating him as tyrannical,

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Maynard Solomon suggests that in keeping his grandson in his home, Mozart may have hoped to train yet another musical prodigy. Halliwell notes a different possibility: that conditions for child-rearing in the Berchtold household were distinctly suboptimal.

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As indicated by Mozart's return letters (which alone survive), his father was strongly opposed to the Vienna move, wanting Wolfgang to return to Salzburg. A fairly harsh family quarrel resulted. He was also strongly opposed to Wolfgang's marriage to

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Some of his work was erroneously attributed to Wolfgang and some pieces attributed to Leopold were subsequently shown to be the work of Wolfgang. Much of what survives is light music but there is some more substantial work including his

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to the great amount of time that the journeys kept him away from Salzburg (the longest journey was about three-and-a-half years). After the final return from Italy in 1773, Leopold was repeatedly passed over for the Kapellmeister post.

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The touring continued into the early 1770s. The last three trips were to Italy, with only the father accompanying Wolfgang. Leopold Mozart's failure to advance above his Vice-Kapellmeister position at Salzburg is attributed by the

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in 1782, and gave his permission late, reluctantly, and under duress. Biographers differ on the extent that Constanze was later snubbed by Leopold, if at all, during her visit with Wolfgang (July – October 1783) to Salzburg; the

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this apparently was not Leopold's own wish. An old school friend told Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1777, "Ah he was a great fellow. My father thought the world of him. And how he hoodwinked the clerics about becoming a priest!"

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Starting around this time, a major preoccupation was the lengthy and frustrating struggle to find a professional position for his son. His wife died in 1778 in Paris while accompanying Wolfgang on a job-hunting tour.

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Although Mozart is portrayed (notably by Halliwell 1998) as generally quite worried about money, the Mozart family evidently by 1773 felt prosperous enough to upgrade their living quarters. They left the home in the

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Leopold received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1738. However, in September 1739, he was expelled from the university for poor attendance, having "hardly attended Natural Science more than once or twice".

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The discovery of his children's talent is considered to have been a life-transforming event for Mozart. He once referred to his son as the "miracle which God let be born in Salzburg". Of Leopold's attitude, the

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context of the family letters reveals a father who cared deeply for his son but who was frequently frustrated in his greatest ambition: to secure for Wolfgang a worldly position appropriate to his genius.

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He withdrew from the St. Salvator Lyzeum after less than a year. Following a year's delay, he moved to Salzburg to resume his education, enrolling in November 1737 at the Benedictine University (now

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The recognition of this 'miracle' must have struck Leopold with the force of a divine revelation and he felt his responsibility to be not merely a father's and teacher's but a missionary's as well.

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in which solos for various instruments appear. In addition he has brought forth many concertos, in particular for the transverse flute, oboe, bassoon, Waldhorn, trumpet etc.: countless trios and

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In 1785, he visited Wolfgang and Constanze in Vienna, at a time when his son's career success was at its peak. He witnessed first hand his son's success as a performer, and on February 12 heard

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having blamed Wolfgang for his mother's early death – not just immediately following the death in 1778 ("a crushing reply to a young man grieving for his mother"), but even later on in 1780.

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prince to the education of his two children". After 1762, his compositional efforts seem to have been limited to revising his earlier work, and by 1771 he had ceased composing altogether.

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the children etc: as for the payment he's offering me for the children, for servants and the children etc: – Basta! my excuse is forceful and instructive, if he cares to profit from it.

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Constanze went on concert tour. Leopold turned him down, probably with harsh words. His letter to Wolfgang does not survive, but his summary to Nannerl of it does (November 17, 1786):

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Leopold Mozart's music is inevitably overshadowed by the work of his son Wolfgang, and in any case the father willingly sacrificed his own career to promote his son's. But his

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Symphony in G major examples of his "sensitivity to orchestral colour" and a work that "compares favourably with those of virtually any of Mozart's immediate contemporaries".

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included this portrait of the author. Some aspects of violin playing in his day can be seen: the lightweight, concave bow and the absence of any chin rest or shoulder rest.

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and other church items; further a great number of symphonies, some only à 4 but others with all the customary instruments; likewise more than 30 large

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In 1740, Mozart began his career as a professional musician, becoming violinist and valet to one of the university's canons, Johann Baptist, Count of

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of London, that he owned in later life appear in the public announcement of his estate sale, September 15, 1787, published in Deutsch 1965, 296–297.

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engagement of servants. ... He relayed news from Salzburg, Munich, and Vienna to divert her, did his best to organize the maintenance of her

182:(November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787) was a German composer, violinist, and music theorist. He is best known today as the father and teacher of 2755: 2785: 2765: 2111: 1903: 1893: 718:, music with 'steel keyboard' and lastly a musical sleigh ride; not to speak of marches, so-called 'Nachtstücke' and many hundreds of 2795: 2740: 1888: 1883: 1729: 368: 192: 117: 2800: 1711: 355:

says that as of 1756, "Mozart was already well-known. His works circulated widely in German-speaking Europe." However, biographer

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The question of whether Leopold was successful as a composer (either in terms of artistic success or fame) is debated. The

1649:, "(Johann Georg) Leopold Mozart", which is part of the major article "Mozart". The section about Leopold is written by 1835: 1268: 873:, addressing this, says "the title 'Hofkomponist' , used to describe Mozart in a 1757 report on Salzburg published in 2780: 2775: 2770: 2655: 2163: 688: 377: 1498: 714:

and a number of theatrical items, even pantomimes, and especially certain occasional pieces such as martial music …

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The assessment of Leopold Mozart as a person and as a father brings forth serious disagreement among scholars. The

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Wolfgang left home for good in 1781, when instead of returning from a stay in Vienna with his employer

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In 1743, Leopold Mozart was appointed to a position (fourth violinist) in the musical establishment of

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Nachricht von dem gegenwärtigen Zustande der Musik Sr. Hochfürstl. Gnaden des Erzbischoffs zu Salzburg

348:. He rose no further; others were repeatedly promoted over him to the head position of Kapellmeister. 221:, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer. From an early age he sang as a choirboy. He attended a local 2835: 2333: 2283: 2106: 874: 258: 2388: 2338: 638:(see below), Wolfgang was unable to attend the funeral, the travel time to Salzburg being too long. 2483: 2186: 1999: 1795: 613:

into my care, since he would like to make a journey through Germany to England ... The good honest

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states to the contrary that their income generally only covered their travel and living expenses.

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Communal grave no. 84 in the St. Sebastian Cemetery in Salzburg, where Leopold Mozart was buried

261:), now part of Austria. Except for periods of travel, Leopold spent the rest of his life there. 2720: 2704: 2665: 2635: 2592: 2080: 1790: 250: 437:

takes the view that the tours were lucrative and produced long-term profits for Leopold; Ruth

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received the sad news of my most beloved father's death. You can imagine the state I am in."

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This is the ordinary flute, played by blowing across it ("transversely"), as opposed to the

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Leopold is sometimes described as having had the post of "court composer" at Salzburg. The

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Scholars agree, however, that Leopold was successful as a pedagogue. In 1755, he wrote his

8: 2612: 2514: 2363: 2328: 2278: 2261: 2246: 2017: 1952: 1945: 1820: 1564:, "Report on the present state of music his Princely Grace the Archbishop of Salzburg'; 592: 214: 2418: 2403: 2368: 1939: 650: 510: 2413: 2393: 2011: 1923: 1720: 855: 373: 462: 2661: 2617: 2373: 2343: 2308: 1987: 1981: 1810: 749: 674: 317: 301: 254: 131: 64: 2571: 726:

Leopold Mozart was much concerned with a naturalistic feel to his compositions, his

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This would mean: four string parts only; violin I, violin II, viola, cello/bass.

304:, who bore him seven children, although only two of them survived past infancy: 2519: 2493: 2463: 2433: 2313: 2271: 2229: 1289: 2714: 2607: 2468: 2378: 2348: 2121: 2047: 2041: 1967: 1693: 481: 345: 157: 281: 2535: 2428: 2423: 2266: 2219: 2053: 2029: 2023: 1736:

Digitalized exemplar of the French edition at Biblioteca Nacional de España

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The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl. Watercolor by

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From Nannerl's reminiscences, composed 1792 and printed in Deutsch 1965

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A contemporary report described what he had composed prior to 1757:

273: 2155: 741: 711: 703: 630:, p. 528, which takes a viewpoint sympathetic to Leopold, and 210: 82: 60: 1692:

Steptoe, Daniel (1996). "Mozart's personality and creativity". In

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Maria Crescentia Francisca de Paula (May 9, 1754 – June 27, 1754)

32: 1715: 634:, p. 396, which takes a viewpoint sympathetic to Wolfgang. 1542: 1405: 719: 609:, because he made no lesser suggestion than that I should take 187: 314:

Maria Anna Nepomucena Walpurgis (May 13, 1750 – July 29, 1750)

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asserts that he "failed to make his mark as a composer", and

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where the children had been born and moved to rooms in the

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Johann Leopold Joachim (August 18, 1748 – February 2, 1749)

1592:, "About this Recording" Catalogue No.: 8.570499 Naxos.com 1350:. Other biographers who assert similar views are cited in 832:

Records of the high-quality English instruments, made by

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Johann Karl Amadeus (November 4, 1752 – February 2, 1753)

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for four horns and strings) calls for shotguns, and his

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in 1735. He studied then at the St. Salvator Lyzeum.

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Historisch-kritische Beyträge zur Aufnahme der Musik

752:, whoops and whistles (ad. lib.), and pistol shots. 1698:

Wolfgang Amadè Mozart: Essays on his life and music

1269:"Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" 1237: 1235: 1233: 581:'s widely quoted words of praise, upon hearing the 561:his most celebrated works were composed in Vienna. 1055: 1053: 990: 311:Maria Anna Cordula (June 18, 1749 – June 24, 1749) 1721:A French Edition of Leopold Mozart's Violinschule 1664:The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context 849:tells the story of the last days of Jesus, as in 601:Today I had to answer a letter from your brother 2712: 1230: 363:"judged him to be an undistinguished composer". 1050: 504:Relations with his children in their adulthood 320:, "Nannerl" (July 30, 1751 – October 29, 1829) 2171: 1756: 1010: 1008: 400:Mozart discovered that his two children were 1631: 1548: 1536: 1411: 811:Wolfgang's liberation from Leopold Mozart". 1770: 1714:, a biographical sketch at the site of the 2178: 2164: 1763: 1749: 1700:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 21–34. 1682: 1615: 1265: 1125: 1123: 1005: 551: 533: 457: 31: 1730:International Music Score Library Project 1661: 1524: 1485: 1473: 1423: 1399: 1387: 1375: 1363: 1351: 1321: 1309: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 899: 627: 583:string quartets Wolfgang dedicated to him 516: 438: 781:sonatas, all published in his lifetime. 649: 626:For interpretations of this letter, see 591: 461: 382: 280: 277:Anna Maria Pertl Mozart, wife of Leopold 272: 1932: 1691: 1670: 1646:Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 1602: 1499:"St. Sebastian's Church & Cemetery" 1347: 1334: 1297: 1253: 1241: 1224: 1120: 1072: 1059: 1014: 999: 984: 666:Category:Compositions by Leopold Mozart 631: 434: 330:Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Theophilus 146: 1747; died 1778) 2713: 1019: 654:The first edition of Leopold Mozart's 574:calls the visit "not entirely happy". 429:refers to the family's concert tours. 369:Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule 204: 193:Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule 118:Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule 2159: 1744: 1437:"Why Mozart Wanted to Stay In Vienna" 1071:From his expulsion record, quoted in 433:illnesses. Mozart biographer Maynard 332:(January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791) 268: 2185: 1278:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2756:Austrian Classical-period composers 13: 1390:, p. 544; verb tenses changed 912:more details of the occasion, see 396:As teacher of Nannerl and Wolfgang 199: 14: 2857: 2786:German Classical-period composers 2766:Austrian male classical composers 1705: 1643: 1577: 1565: 1461: 1266:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 1044: 722:, opera dances and similar items. 683:), (also variously attributed to 378:Historically informed performance 2796:German male classical violinists 2741:18th-century classical composers 2698: 2686: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2140: 2139: 2000:Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) 691:, and other works also survive. 471:target, Wolfgang and his cousin 295:Sonate sei da chiesa e da camera 259:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 169: 2801:German male classical composers 2196:List of Classical-era composers 2117:Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial 1685:Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life 1608: 1595: 1583: 1570: 1554: 1530: 1517: 1491: 1429: 1381: 1340: 1327: 1282: 1259: 1199: 1180: 1161: 1142: 1098: 1078: 949: 936: 927: 918: 905: 893: 884: 861: 645: 338:Count Leopold Anton von Firmian 143: 2846:18th-century German violinists 1065: 969: 839: 826: 603:which cost me a lot of writing 372:, a comprehensive treatise on 1: 2831:University of Salzburg alumni 2761:Austrian classical violinists 2746:18th-century German composers 1726:Free scores by Leopold Mozart 1639:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 814: 784: 342:Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg 2026:(paternal great-grandfather) 1869:Concert arias, songs, canons 962: 881:, had no official sanction." 777:in D major (1762) and three 710:for various instruments; 12 7: 2791:German classical violinists 2751:18th-century male musicians 2006:Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart 1988:Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) 1683:Spaethling, Robert (2005). 1503:Salzburg–Stage of the World 1095:. (retrieved June 14, 2012) 755:Musikalische Schlittenfahrt 740:(Peasant Wedding) includes 677:in G for Orchestra and Toys 318:Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia 180:Johann Georg Leopold Mozart 47:Johann Georg Leopold Mozart 16:German composer (1719–1787) 10: 2862: 1666:. Oxford University Press. 1625: 1211:February 25, 2014, at the 1192:February 25, 2014, at the 1173:February 25, 2014, at the 1154:February 25, 2014, at the 1135:February 25, 2014, at the 1110:February 25, 2014, at the 291:Thurn-Valsassina and Taxis 37:Leopold Mozart, about 1765 2630: 2585: 2564: 2528: 2507: 2202: 2193: 2135: 2112:Mozart in popular culture 2099: 2063: 1966: 1924:Relationship with G minor 1859: 1778: 1505:. Tourismus Salzburg GmbH 168: 163: 153: 125: 110: 90: 71: 42: 30: 23: 2781:Austrian Roman Catholics 2776:Austrian music theorists 2771:Austrian music educators 1841:Appearance and character 1662:Halliwell, Ruth (1998). 819: 617:maker H Müller had sung 473:Maria Anna Thekla Mozart 407:Mozart family Grand Tour 2841:Composers from Salzburg 2826:Musicians from Salzburg 2736:Musicians from Augsburg 2127:Mozart Monument, Vienna 1772:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1655:Oxford University Press 1206:Mozart Day by Day: 1754 1187:Mozart Day by Day: 1753 1168:Mozart Day by Day: 1752 1149:Mozart Day by Day: 1750 1130:Mozart Day by Day: 1749 1105:Mozart Day by Day: 1748 552:Relations with Wolfgang 534:Raising Nannerl's child 458:Family life in Salzburg 184:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2821:German Roman Catholics 2816:German music theorists 2811:German music educators 2593:Common practice period 2020:(paternal grandfather) 1464:, "Mozart", section 4. 955:German: "night pieces" 804: 724: 659: 624: 597: 545: 517:Relations with Nannerl 476: 423: 392: 286: 278: 251:University of Salzburg 2556:Turkish music (style) 2210:First Viennese School 1633:Braunbehrens, Volkmar 1275:Catholic Encyclopedia 1089:Genealogical database 799: 696: 653: 599: 595: 541: 465: 425:By "missionary", the 419: 386: 284: 276: 2603:Age of Enlightenment 1919:Compositional method 1899:Works for solo piano 1093:Daniel de Rauglaudre 558:Archbishop Colloredo 300:In 1747, he married 285:W. A. Mozart in 1763 2515:Classical orchestra 2018:Johann Georg Mozart 1953:Neue Mozart-Ausgabe 1946:Alte Mozart-Ausgabe 1687:. New York: Norton. 1580:, "Leopold Mozart". 1551:, pp. 291–292. 1414:, pp. 290–291. 1354:, pp. 365–366. 1346:See, for instance, 215:Johann Georg Mozart 205:Childhood and youth 85:, Holy Roman Empire 2012:Karl Thomas Mozart 1527:, pp. 526–527 1337:, pp. 403–404 1085:"Maria Anna Pertl" 856:St Matthew Passion 775:Sacramental Litany 734:Sinfonia da Caccia 660: 598: 477: 393: 287: 279: 269:Early music career 2806:German violinists 2674: 2673: 2153: 2152: 1982:Anna Maria Mozart 1962: 1961: 1678:. Harper Collins. 1549:Braunbehrens 1990 1537:Braunbehrens 1990 1523:Translation from 1412:Braunbehrens 1990 924:Italian: "enough" 255:Holy Roman Empire 177: 176: 65:Holy Roman Empire 57:November 14, 1719 2853: 2836:Violin educators 2703: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2187:Classical period 2180: 2173: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2143: 2142: 2032:(brother-in-law) 1994:Constanze Mozart 1940:Köchel catalogue 1930: 1929: 1914:Violin concertos 1765: 1758: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1701: 1688: 1679: 1672:Solomon, Maynard 1667: 1658: 1640: 1637:Mozart in Vienna 1619: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1443:. 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670: 669: 647: 644: 628:Halliwell 1998 611:his 2 children 553: 550: 535: 532: 518: 515: 505: 502: 493:Bölzlschiessen 475:, October 1777 468:Bölzlschiessen 459: 456: 439:Halliwell 1998 397: 394: 374:violin playing 334: 333: 327: 324: 321: 315: 312: 309: 270: 267: 206: 203: 201: 198: 186:, and for his 175: 174: 166: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 139: 135: 130: 129: 127: 123: 122: 114: 108: 107: 105: 104: 103:music theorist 101: 98: 94: 92: 88: 87: 81: 79:(aged 67) 73: 69: 68: 59: 46: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 25:Leopold Mozart 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2858: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2721:Mozart family 2719: 2718: 2716: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2637: 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P. E. Bach 2282: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2122:Mozart effect 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048:Aloysia Weber 2046: 2043: 2042:Josepha Weber 2040: 2037: 2036:Cäcilia Weber 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1695: 1694:Stanley Sadie 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1617: 1611: 1605:, p. 25. 1604: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1262: 1256:, p. 33. 1255: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1227:, p. 28. 1226: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1001: 996: 994: 987:, p. 21. 986: 981: 972: 968: 952: 945: 939: 930: 921: 915: 908: 901: 896: 887: 880: 876: 875:F. W. Marpurg 872: 871: 864: 858: 857: 852: 848: 842: 835: 829: 825: 812: 808: 803: 798: 796: 792: 782: 780: 776: 770: 766: 764: 761: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730: 723: 721: 717: 716:Turkish music 713: 709: 708:divertimentos 705: 701: 695: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 676: 668: 667: 662: 661: 657: 652: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 623: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 575: 573: 568: 562: 559: 549: 544: 540: 531: 529: 523: 514: 512: 501: 497: 495: 494: 489: 488: 483: 482:Getreidegasse 474: 470: 469: 464: 455: 452: 446: 442: 440: 436: 430: 428: 422: 418: 416: 410: 408: 403: 390: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 370: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 346:Kapellmeister 343: 340:, the ruling 339: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 306: 305: 303: 298: 296: 292: 283: 275: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 247: 243: 241: 240: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 197: 195: 194: 189: 185: 181: 172: 167: 162: 159: 158:Mozart family 156: 152: 133: 128: 124: 120: 119: 115: 109: 102: 99: 96: 95: 93: 89: 84: 74: 70: 66: 62: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 2641: 2634: 2536:Galant music 2398: 2107:Georg Nissen 2054:Sophie Weber 2030:Joseph Lange 2024:Franz Mozart 1975: 1951: 1944: 1846:Pet starling 1697: 1684: 1675: 1663: 1644: 1636: 1610: 1603:Steptoe 1996 1597: 1585: 1576:Quoted from 1572: 1561: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1519: 1507:. 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C. Bach 2272:J. Stamitz 2267:C. Stamitz 2064:Influences 1909:Symphonies 1796:Grand tour 1791:Birthplace 851:J. S. Bach 815:References 785:Assessment 779:fortepiano 619:Leopoldl's 615:silhouette 528:fortepiano 511:mendacious 219:bookbinder 53:1719-11-14 2693:Biography 2613:Economics 2546:Pastorale 2494:Wranitzky 2414:Paisiello 2399:L. Mozart 2304:Cherubini 2247:Cannabich 2215:Beethoven 2203:Composers 2071:Beethoven 1816:Scatology 1811:Residence 1779:Biography 1509:March 29, 1476:, ch. 24. 1441:Interlude 1288:Sources: 1116:Mozarteum 963:Citations 712:oratorios 704:serenades 675:Cassation 213:, son of 190:textbook 164:Signature 100:violinist 2656:Category 2633: ← 2449:Sacchini 2419:Piccinni 2374:Kreutzer 2369:Koželuch 2349:M. Haydn 2344:Gyrowetz 2314:Clementi 2309:Cimarosa 2294:G. Benda 2230:Schubert 2145:Category 1990:(sister) 1984:(mother) 1978:(father) 1933:Editions 1821:Smallpox 1674:(1995). 1635:(1990). 1447:July 16, 1209:Archived 1190:Archived 1171:Archived 1152:Archived 1133:Archived 1108:Archived 944:recorder 750:dulcimer 742:bagpipes 225:school, 211:Augsburg 196:(1756). 97:Composer 83:Salzburg 61:Augsburg 2679:Portals 2646:→ 2618:Physics 2479:Traetta 2459:Salieri 2444:Rosetti 2379:Krommer 2262:Richter 2100:Related 2091:Salieri 1904:Sonatas 1732:(IMSLP) 1728:at the 1696:(ed.). 1626:Sources 1560:Title: 847:Passion 834:Dollond 720:minuets 148: 140: 136: 2666:Portal 2529:Genres 2489:Wanhal 2484:Viotti 2429:Reicha 2424:Pleyel 2409:Neruda 2384:Kuhlau 2359:Hummel 2339:Gossec 2329:Dussek 2319:Czerny 2257:Fränzl 2225:Mozart 1996:(wife) 1968:Family 1889:Operas 1884:Masses 1874:Dances 1836:Prague 1831:Berlin 417:says: 223:Jesuit 188:violin 154:Family 126:Spouse 121:(1756) 2474:Spohr 2469:Soler 2464:Sarti 2394:Méhul 2364:Kraus 2334:Gluck 2220:Haydn 2086:Haydn 2014:(son) 2008:(son) 1861:Music 1851:Death 1826:Italy 1578:Grove 1566:Grove 1462:Grove 1045:Grove 975:Grove 820:Notes 762:] 698:many 257:(the 234:] 142:( 138: 2439:Rode 2434:Ries 2279:Abel 2252:Fils 2242:Beck 1801:Name 1614:See 1601:See 1511:2020 1449:2021 1333:See 1292:and 748:, a 732:(or 664:See 217:, a 72:Died 43:Born 2608:Art 1091:by 877:'s 853:'s 2717:: 1653:. 1501:. 1439:. 1272:. 1232:^ 1122:^ 1114:, 1087:, 1052:^ 1021:^ 1007:^ 992:^ 760:de 744:, 409:. 232:de 144:m. 63:, 2681:: 2179:e 2172:t 2165:v 1764:e 1757:t 1750:v 1657:. 1513:. 1451:. 946:. 679:( 55:) 51:(

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