1945:
2023:
1996:
42:
1984:
1008:
99:
434:
225:
1972:
2008:
873:
836:
in 1866. By investing their earnings from the postal business - later also the settlements for the postal rights - in numerous landed estates, a large number of forests and farms as well as castles were added to the family property, especially from secularized church property, among them
674:
commissioned genealogists to "clarify" their origin, who until then had only been considered a family descending from medieval knights who had become merchants. They now claimed, albeit without documentary evidence, that they descended from the famous
Italian noble family
1721:(The princely House of Thurn und Taxis), publisher Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 1981, p. 35. According to Piendl, since 1957 archivist and librarian of the House of Thurn und Taxis in Regensburg, however, only the descent of the Austrian
857:. The buildings of these monasteries were mostly re-donated to the church in the 20th century, but the lands continue to be cultivated by the princely administration. Besides the St Emmeram's Palace the current prince still owns
827:
of the Holy Roman Empire, between 1806 and 1867. Their postal service was gradually lost over the centuries, with the
Spanish network being bought by the crown in the 18th century and the German post being purchased by
631:. Johann Baptista was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Franz II von Taxis (1514-1543), after whose untimely death the family split into two further branches. The youngest son, Leonhard I von Taxis, succeeded as
703:= Badger). The tower of the Torriani was added to the badger as a coat of arms. They formally adopted the German form of their name in 1650, including the comital Innsbruck line, which also exists to this day.
959:
von Thurn und Taxis, Prince of Buchau and Prince of
Krotoszyn, Duke of WĂśrth and Donaustauf, Princely Count of Friedberg-Scheer, Count of Valle-SĂĄssina, Marchtal, Neresheim etc., Hereditary Postmaster General.
1911:
115:
679:, or Torriani, who had ruled in Milan and Lombardy until 1311. She then applied to the emperor for a name change. With the Germanization, the coat of arms symbol of the Milanese family, the tower
773:, where the parliament was seated, in 1748. The position became hereditary in the family who lived in different houses there, but the company headquarters remained in Frankfurt. When
2121:
635:
and is the ancestor of the princely Thurn and Taxis family. Johann
Baptista's second-eldest son, Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579), took over the office of postmaster-general to the
777:
in
Regensburg was secularized in 1803, the monastery buildings were donated to the princes of Thurn and Taxis, who had them converted into a residence, henceforth known as
1941:
620:
580:
to captain of his post in 1502. Owing to a payment dispute with Philip, Francisco opened his post to public use in 1506. In 1512 the family was ennobled by
Emperor
2147:
570:
2022:
2182:
1154:
2142:
1603:
1106:
711:
2152:
927:. Today Duino Castle belongs to his grandson, Prince Carlo della Torre e Tasso, Duca di Castel Duino (b. 1952). The Duino branch is part of the family's
666:, and in 1642 the Innsbruck line as well (which descends from Gabriel de Tassis, d. 1529). When the Brussels line was raised to the hereditary status of
1933:
1122:
762:
1229:
1162:
1788:
1146:
1138:
1497:
1264:
928:
1196:
1178:
1114:
1649:
1345:
1130:
1063:
789:
1090:
656:
644:
1391:
1204:
968:
1926:
1212:
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159:
1366:
1170:
911:
2086:
1906:
1325:
964:
1395:
1025:
972:
150:
in 1806, and became well known as the owner of breweries and commissioner of several castles. The family has resided in
2177:
1338:
2172:
1919:
1842:
1821:
1186:
943:
739:
85:
63:
56:
581:
813:
758:
240:
224:
1600:
1030:
670:
in 1624, they needed illustrious lineage to legitimize their intended further ascension to the high nobility.
2162:
1083:
1035:
750:
727:
616:
2047:
1436:
24:
1902:
1053:
1520:
1390:
The Thurn and Taxis family came to massive media attention during the late 1970s through mid-1980s when
1468:
858:
2167:
1587:
1297:
1058:
1785:
1739:
1406:" lifestyle and Princess Gloria's over-the-top appearance (characterized by bright hair colours and
174:
2157:
1949:
1795:(also referred to as "Princess TNT, the dynamite socialite") according to the June 2006 edition of
1474:
1076:
877:
774:
575:
190:
128:
50:
2057:
1892:
158:
from 1803. The family is one of the wealthiest in
Germany, and the current head of the House is
1796:
1525:
833:
824:
754:
628:
535:
455:
451:
67:
1976:
1697:
1672:
1630:
671:
1561:
2082:
2037:
2000:
1531:
1514:
1423:
1399:
1329:
820:
597:
560:
372:
20:
715:
554:
around 1480. Upon his success, Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the
Chamber.
8:
2012:
1988:
1448:
707:
652:
566:
532:
272:
2107:
2094:
975:. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to the
888:
829:
513:
427:
376:
186:
155:
1669:
Urban
Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels
2103:
2090:
1953:
1944:
1838:
1817:
1749:
1508:
1502:
1487:
features a character named "The
Baroness von Thurn und Taxis," played by Ilka Urbach.
805:
731:
609:
601:
555:
477:
315:
244:
166:
147:
1441:
1302:
976:
640:
593:
589:
493:
345:
1007:
98:
2099:
2074:
2052:
1898:
1792:
1627:
Prefilatelia de Murcia: Historia Postal del Reino de Murcia desde 1569 hasta 1861
1607:
1536:
952:
846:
797:
723:
393:
133:
1887:
816:
for 20 years, but their main source of income remained the Imperial Reichspost.
801:
2078:
1961:
1483:
1428:
936:
866:
842:
636:
501:
359:
301:
170:
28:
2136:
893:
906:
872:
838:
793:
648:
517:
505:
473:
178:
19:
This article is about the German noble family. For the postal system, see
1459:
1408:
850:
676:
521:
2042:
1463:
919:. Her son Prince Alexander (1881â1937) became an Italian citizen named
881:
770:
497:
318:
254:
182:
151:
769:(Lord Chancellor) of the Imperial Diet in 1743. He therefore moved to
1311:
Prince Karl Ferdinand (born 1952), three sons without dynastic rights
902:
862:
746:
543:
286:
138:
1835:
Das FĂźrstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis, 300 Jahre Geschichte in Bildern
565:
was appointed Chief Master of Postal Services at Innsbruck in 1489.
585:
551:
485:
465:
956:
730:, although at that time no territorial possessions existed in the
659:, a celebrated poet who died in mysterious circumstances in 1622.
121:
1876:
1403:
932:
662:
In 1608 the Brussels line was raised to the status of hereditary
481:
469:
1814:
Thurn und Taxis, Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen
1590:. Utgiver Americana Corporation, 1958. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
1633:". Editora Regional de Murcia, 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
1421:
The mail monopoly of Thurn and Taxis is central to the plot of
980:
916:
547:
539:
461:
1700:, "The Play's the Thing': Clues to a Murder in Villamediana's
949:
Until 1919, the titles of the head of the princely house were
1458:
Thurn und Taxis are also mentioned in several volumes of the
667:
663:
489:
476:
around 1200, before they fled to the more distant village of
1895:â link to the postage stamps Thurn und Taxis issued, 1852â67
1738:, p. 10. Publisher: Habbel Verlag, Regensburg 1898, online:
1584:
The Encyclopedia Americana: The International Reference Work
508:
organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers (
1481:
The credits for Season 3, Episode 4 of the television show
605:
389:
332:
143:
1882:
1863:
Loucen a Thurn Taxisove. Pohledy do doby minule i nedavne.
524:
were so comparatively efficient that they became known as
538:
in 1443. He organized a post system between Bergamo and
146:
in Europe during the 16th century, until the end of the
983:
in 1996, but it still produces beer under the brand of
1155:
Maximilian Anton, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis
600:
to the Spanish court. The normal route passed through
1774:
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fßrstliche Häuser.
655:. The Spanish line of the family became extinct with
1412:
clothes) earned her the nickname of "Princess TNT".
963:
The current head of the house of Thurn and Taxis is
712:
Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis
691:) and was placed in front of the actual family name
472:. The earliest records place them in Almenno in the
853:Abbey, and others. In 1803 they were summarized as
812:. Only then did the Thurn und Taxis rule their own
1828:Quellen zur Geschichte des europäischen Postwesens
1328:(1881â1937), 1st Principe della Torre e Tasso and
897:while visiting Princess Marie of Thurn and Taxis (
763:Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
520:. The recipient of royal and papal patronage, his
1736:Das fĂźrstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis in Regensburg
1332:1923â1937 (some heirs are without dynastic rights
785:. It has remained their family seat to this day.
531:Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of the
2134:
753:; their new family seat built from 1731 was the
2148:1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1764:. BĂźchergilde Gutenberg, Frankfurt am Main 1996
718:(acquired in 1670) as his titular principality
103:
1564:. Pagliarini, 1785. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
1444:and Karen Seyfarth, is inspired by the family.
923:and was raised in 1923 by the Italian king to
876:Small section of the extensive family seat at
706:In 1681 the Brussels line was elevated to the
2183:States and territories disestablished in 1806
1927:
1750:Website Schloss Thurn und Taxis in Regensburg
1652:. (Brabant), 1981. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
1233:(1935â2020), two sons without dynastic rights
1084:
990:
584:. By 1516, Francisco had moved the family to
460:The Tasso family (from the Italian word for "
2143:1608 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1498:Czech branch of the House of Thurn and Taxis
1396:Countess Mariae Gloria of SchĂśnburg-Glauchau
905:, wife of Prince Alexander) at her family's
639:and settled in Spain. Raymond married into
615:At the death of Francisco in 1517, Emperor
2153:States and territories established in 1608
1934:
1920:
1883:Thurn & Taxis post and telecom history
1455:is the head of the Thurn und Taxis family.
1091:
1077:
931:that in the early 19th century settled in
796:county of Friedberg with the lordships of
790:Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
1899:Newspaper clippings about Thurn und Taxis
1762:Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder
1663:
1661:
965:Albert II, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
657:Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1849:Die Anfänge des Postwesens und die Taxis
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
942:Several members of the family have been
909:. Rilke later dedicated his only novel (
871:
97:
49:This article includes a list of general
1893:Old German States Stamps Altdeutschland
1601:Il Borgo di Camerata Cornello dei Tasso
1026:The Dowager Princess of Thurn and Taxis
464:", the family's heraldic animal) was a
2135:
1658:
1621:
1619:
1216:, 12th Prince 1990âpresent (born 1983)
612:was available in times of hostility.
160:Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
27:. For the New York fashion house, see
1915:
1671:(University of Chicago Press, 1996),
1570:
1550:
1290:Prince Johann von Nepomuk (1908â1959)
912:The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge
127:
1719:Das fĂźrstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis.
1261:Prince Maximilian Joseph (1769â1831)
1208:, 11th Prince 1982â1990 (1926â1990)
1200:, 10th Prince 1971â1982 (1898â1982)
687:(an older German spelling, nowadays
592:, where they became instrumental to
35:
1888:Pedigrees of Thurn und Taxis family
1833:Martin Dallmeier and Martha Schad,
1776:Band XV, Limburg/Lahn 1997, S. 474.
1616:
1280:Prince Alexander Johann (1851â1939)
1244:Prince Albert Friedrich (1930â2021)
1182:, 9th Prince 1952â1971 (1893â1971)
1174:, 8th Prince 1885â1952 (1867â1952)
1150:, 6th Prince 1827â1871 (1802â1871)
1142:, 5th Prince 1805â1827 (1770â1827)
1134:, 4th Prince 1773â1805 (1733â1805)
1126:, 3rd Prince 1739â1773 (1704â1773)
1118:, 2nd Prince 1714â1739 (1681â1739)
1110:, 1st Prince 1695â1714 (1652â1714)
808:, which from 1787 was known as the
604:, but a secondary route across the
13:
1725:from the Torriani is beyond doubt.
1415:
1402:noble family. The couple's wild, "
1398:, a member of an impoverished but
1275:Prince Hugo Maximilian (1817â1889)
1166:, 7th Prince 1871â1885 (1862â1885)
720:(PrincipautĂŠ de la Tour et Tassis)
55:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2194:
1869:
1224:Prince Raphael Rainer (1906â1993)
111:Princely House of Thurn and Taxis
2021:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1943:
1285:Prince Erich Lamoral (1876â1952)
1239:Prince Philipp Ernst (1908â1964)
1006:
432:
223:
40:
1779:
1767:
1754:
1743:
1728:
915:) to the princess, who was his
855:Imperial Principality of Buchau
804:and Bussen from the princes of
500:) families. Around 1290, after
1877:Thurn und Taxis family website
1723:Counts of Thurn and Valsassina
1711:
1691:
1678:
1639:
1593:
1270:Prince Karl Anselm (1792â1844)
699:(an older German spelling for
344:⢠Granted princely rank (
154:since 1748 with their seat at
1:
1610:". Retrieved 3 October 2013.
1543:
1317:Prince Maximilian (born 1955)
1020:The Prince of Thurn and Taxis
751:War of the Spanish Succession
722:, and in 1695 to the rank of
619:appointed Francisco's nephew
550:around 1460; and Vienna with
142:. It was a key player in the
1706:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies
921:Principe della Torre e Tasso
129:[ËtuËÉĚŻnĘĘntËtaksÉŞs]
25:Thurn and Taxis (board game)
7:
1903:20th Century Press Archives
1858:, Freiburg im Breisgau 1889
1675:. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
1625:LĂłpez Jurado, Luis Felipe.
1491:
861:and Garatshausen Castle at
745:The Brussels line moved to
736:Imperial Council of Princes
569:elevated Janetto's brother
169:for their former Sovereign
10:
2199:
1806:
1469:1635: The Dreeson Incident
1265:Czech branch of the family
991:Princes of Thurn and Taxis
859:Taxis Castle (Trugenhofen)
814:principality of the empire
810:County of Friedberg-Scheer
480:to escape feuding between
449:
209:Grafschaft Thurn und Taxis
196:
104:Princes of Thurn and Taxis
23:. For the board game, see
18:
2178:Postal history of Germany
2087:Lower RhenishâWestphalian
2071:
2030:
2019:
1960:
1856:Johann Baptista von Taxis
1558:La vita di Torquato Tasso
1453:Elegy for Angels and Dogs
726:at the behest of Emperor
621:Johann Baptista von Taxis
407:
403:
386:
369:
356:
342:
329:
312:
297:
282:
278:
268:
260:
250:
236:
220:
215:
205:County of Thurn and Taxis
203:
2173:Electoral Rhenish Circle
1950:Electoral Rhenish Circle
1521:Order of Parfaite AmitiĂŠ
1475:1636: The Saxon Uprising
1064:The Duke of Castel Duino
819:The family operated the
781:, sometimes also called
512:) and linked Milan with
191:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
2122:Unencircled territories
1816:, MĂźnchen, ZĂźrich 1990
1791:26 October 2007 at the
1031:Princess Maria Theresia
779:Schloss Thurn and Taxis
749:in 1703 because of the
596:rule, linking the rich
504:had conquered Bergamo,
70:more precise citations.
1556:Serassi, Pierantonio.
1526:Palais Thurn und Taxis
885:
834:Free City of Frankfurt
832:after the fall of the
767:Principal Commissioner
755:Palais Thurn und Taxis
710:' rank of prince with
629:Kaiserliche Reichspost
536:Frederick the Peaceful
510:Compagnia dei Corrieri
468:family in the area of
456:Kaiserliche Reichspost
452:Compagnia dei Corrieri
175:Kingdom of WĂźrttemberg
173:, later mediatised to
120:
106:
1698:Frederick A. de Armas
1646:Le Folklore Brabancon
1515:Dukes of Castel Duino
875:
775:Saint Emmeram's Abbey
672:Alexandrine von Taxis
649:Count of Villamediana
643:, and his eldest son
571:Francesco I de Tassis
179:Buchau Princely Abbey
101:
2163:Postal organizations
1812:Wolfgang Behringer,
1684:Wolfgang Behringer:
1599:Turismo Lombardia. "
1532:Thurn-und-Taxis Post
1424:The Crying of Lot 49
1330:Duke of Castel Duino
925:Duke of Castel Duino
821:Thurn-und-Taxis Post
783:Saint Emmeram Palace
742:took place in 1704.
598:Habsburg Netherlands
165:They are one of the
136:that is part of the
102:Coat of arms of the
21:Thurn-und-Taxis Post
2098:Circles est. 1512:
2073:Circles est. 1500:
1952:(1512â1806) of the
1837:, Regensburg 1996,
1702:La Gloria de Niquea
1667:Papadopoulos, A.G.
1517:(an Italian branch)
1449:Walter Jon Williams
1447:The protagonist of
1123:Alexander Ferdinand
878:St Emmeram's Palace
825:Imperial Reichspost
823:, successor to the
734:. Admission to the
708:Spanish Netherlands
528:throughout Italy.
273:Early modern period
16:German noble family
2119:
2115:
1865:Obec Loucen, 1998.
1826:Martin Dallmeier,
1708:78 (2001): 439-54.
1606:2013-10-04 at the
1367:Princess Margarete
1230:Prince Max Emanuel
1036:Princess Elisabeth
889:Rainer Maria Rilke
886:
849:, Ennetach Abbey,
695:, translated with
633:Generalpostmeister
625:Generalpostmeister
567:Philip of Burgundy
428:Kingdom of Bavaria
314:⢠Hereditary
187:Kingdom of Bavaria
156:St. Emmeram Castle
107:
2128:
2127:
2112:Electoral Rhenish
2031:Other territories
1954:Holy Roman Empire
1861:Marecek, Zdenek,
1631:La Familia Tassis
1509:Donaustauf Palace
1503:Donaustauf Castle
1466:and others, e.g.
1359:Prince Alessandro
1263:, founder of the
1205:Johannes Baptista
1101:
1100:
732:Holy Roman Empire
716:Braine-le-Château
556:Janetto von Taxis
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
331:⢠Raised to
299:⢠Raised to
284:⢠Raised to
245:Holy Roman Empire
171:Imperial counties
167:mediatised Houses
148:Holy Roman Empire
132:) is a family of
96:
95:
88:
2190:
2168:Knights of Malta
2120:
2116:
2048:Nassau-Beilstein
2025:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
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1997:
1987:
1986:
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1948:
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1912:
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1800:
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1760:Gerhard KĂśbler:
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1591:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1554:
1537:Tour & Taxis
1442:Andreas Seyfarth
1326:Prince Alexander
1303:heir presumptive
1298:Prince Friedrich
1163:Maximilian Maria
1093:
1086:
1079:
1059:Prince Friedrich
1054:Princess Christa
1010:
995:
994:
944:Knights of Malta
641:Spanish nobility
590:Duchy of Brabant
579:
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302:Reichsfreiherren
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66:this article by
57:inline citations
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2053:Nieder-Isenburg
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2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1942:
1940:
1875:
1872:
1854:Joseph RĂźbsam,
1830:, KallmĂźnz 1977
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1437:Thurn and Taxis
1434:The board game
1418:
1416:Popular culture
1392:Prince Johannes
1388:
1339:Prince Raimundo
1147:Maximilian Karl
1107:Eugen Alexander
1097:
1068:
1045:Extended family
1040:
1000:Thurn und Taxis
993:
985:Thurn und Taxis
953:Serene Highness
847:Neresheim Abbey
792:, acquired the
724:imperial prince
623:(1470-1541) as
573:
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360:Princely county
349:
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144:postal services
134:German nobility
124:Thurn und Taxis
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62:Please help to
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1851:, Leipzig 1909
1847:Fritz Ohmann,
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971:and his wife,
937:Czech Republic
867:Lake Starnberg
843:Marchtal Abbey
645:Juan de Tassis
637:Crown of Spain
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1717:Max Piendl:
1713:
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1635:(in Spanish)
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1612:(in Italian)
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1566:(in Italian)
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1195:
1185:
1179:Franz Joseph
1177:
1169:
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1137:
1129:
1121:
1115:Anselm Franz
1113:
1105:
1018:
999:
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962:
950:
948:
941:
929:Czech branch
924:
920:
910:
907:Duino Castle
901:Princess of
898:
892:
887:
854:
839:Buchau Abbey
818:
809:
802:DĂźrmentingen
787:
782:
778:
766:
744:
735:
719:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
661:
647:was created
632:
624:
614:
582:Maximilian I
530:
525:
509:
506:Omodeo Tasso
474:Val Brembana
459:
415:Succeeded by
414:
394:nationalised
300:
285:
264:Principality
230:Coat of arms
208:
164:
137:
110:
108:
82:
73:
54:
33:
2108:Upper Saxon
1962:Electorates
1797:Vanity Fair
1654:(in French)
1586:, Vol. 25,
1528:(Frankfurt)
1460:163x series
1409:avant-garde
1197:Karl August
1189:(1922â1942)
1157:(1831â1867)
1131:Karl Anselm
759:Charles VII
677:Della Torre
653:Phillip III
651:in 1603 by
574: [
559: [
526:bergamaschi
522:post riders
122:FĂźrstenhaus
68:introducing
2137:Categories
2104:Burgundian
2091:Franconian
2043:Gelnhausen
2001:Palatinate
1799:Magazine).
1544:References
1539:(Brussels)
1464:Eric Flint
1400:mediatized
891:wrote his
882:Regensburg
771:Regensburg
761:appointed
757:. Emperor
498:Ghibelline
450:See also:
373:Mediatised
319:Postmaster
261:Government
255:Regensburg
183:Bad Buchau
152:Regensburg
51:references
1511:(Bavaria)
1505:(Bavaria)
1213:Albert II
998:House of
967:, son of
935:(now the
917:patroness
903:Hohenlohe
884:, Germany
863:Feldafing
788:In 1786,
747:Frankfurt
728:Leopold I
683:, became
617:Charles V
544:Innsbruck
392:monopoly
287:Briefadel
216:1608â1806
139:Briefadel
116:âšSee Tfdâş
76:June 2008
2100:Austrian
2075:Bavarian
2058:Rheineck
1789:Archived
1604:Archived
1562:pp. 4 ff
1492:See also
1394:married
1171:Albert I
969:Johannes
806:Waldburg
594:Habsburg
586:Brussels
552:Brussels
486:Colleoni
478:Cornello
321:General
316:Imperial
119:German:
2079:Swabian
2038:Koblenz
1977:Cologne
1905:of the
1901:in the
1807:Sources
1404:jet set
933:Bohemia
851:Siessen
830:Prussia
738:in the
714:, with
681:(Torre)
627:of the
588:in the
533:Emperor
482:Bergamo
470:Bergamo
466:Lombard
388:â˘
377:Bavaria
371:â˘
358:â˘
251:Capital
243:of the
197:History
64:improve
1841:
1820:
1650:p. 372
1588:p. 476
981:Munich
973:Gloria
798:Scheer
668:counts
664:barons
602:France
548:Styria
540:Vienna
514:Venice
494:Suardi
492:) and
462:badger
390:Postal
333:County
237:Status
181:, now
53:, but
2013:Trier
1989:Mainz
1673:p. 41
1440:, by
957:FĂźrst
701:Dachs
697:Taxis
693:Tasso
685:Thurn
610:Genoa
578:]
563:]
502:Milan
490:Guelf
241:State
1839:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1472:and
955:the
951:His
939:).
689:Turm
606:Alps
518:Rome
516:and
454:and
399:1867
382:1806
365:1695
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338:1624
325:1615
308:1608
293:1512
189:and
109:The
1907:ZBW
1704:,"
1462:by
1451:'s
1427:by
1315:(3)
1309:(2)
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899:nĂŠe
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865:on
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