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Historically, with metal type, a kern meant having a letter stick out beyond the metal slug to which it was attached, or having part of the body of the slug cut off to allow letters to overlap. A kern could therefore only bring letters closer together (negative spacing). Digital kerning could go in
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Letter spacing may also refer to the insertion of fixed spaces, as was commonly done in hand-set metal type to achieve letter spacing. Fixed spaces vary by size and include hair spaces, thin spaces, word spaces, en-spaces, and em-spaces. An en-space is equal to half the current point size, and an
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Although digital type sets tighter than metal type on average, this results primarily from the availability of kerning. Digital type does allow for negative sidebearings, which were uncommon in metal type because of the difficulty in cutting a
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avoided letter spacing because it was costly in materials and labor. Letter spacing required hand insertion of copper (a half-point), brass (one point), and printer's "lead" (two points) spaces between individual pieces of type or between
267:. Despite the cost, letter spacing was used in print advertising, book publishing, and custom printing (such as high-end stationery, business cards, wedding invitations, and such). It was also used for very short phrases set in
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Zorzi, Marco; Barbiero, Chiara; Facoetti, Andrea; Lonciari, Isabella; Carrozzi, Marco; Montico, Marcella; Bravar, Laura; George, Florence; Pech-Georgel, Catherine; Ziegler, Johannes (4 June 2012). Posner, Michael (ed.).
385:, and Adobe InDesign uses 1/1000 of an em. Therefore, in QuarkXPress, a tracking setting of 3 reduces the visual density of the text noticeably, but in InDesign a tracking setting of 3 is barely noticeable.
381:, letter spacing had to be uniform. In modern digital page-layout software, high-end applications all use relative measurements proportional to the size of the type. QuarkXPress uses units of 1/200 of an
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manuscripts, where alternative emphatics like italic or bold fonts are less available. In German-language contexts, where blackletter typefaces survived longer than elsewhere, the practice (called
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Adjusting the letter spacing of a given text has been shown to affect reading speed and accuracy. A wide body of research suggests that text with wider letter spacing, as well as wider
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either direction. Tracking can similarly go in either direction, but with metal type, one could make groups of letters only farther apart (positive spacing).
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and non-dyslexic children. Contrarily, tighter spacing is thought to decrease comprehension among such population subgroups, and is accompanied by
358:, use differing methods of adjusting letter spacing. Most systems have the default letter spacing at zero and instead use the character widths and
230:, which adjusts the spacing of particular pairs of adjacent characters such as "7." which would appear to be badly spaced if left unadjusted, and
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property (illustrated) offers some control for "kerning perception", as kerning can be simulated with non-uniform spacing between letters. The
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adjusts the space based on character pairs. There is strong kerning between the "V" and the "A" and no kerning between the "S" and the "T".
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620:"Effects of intraword and interword spacing on eye movements during reading: Exploring the optimal use of space in a line of text"
508:, posit that the typeface's wide spacing, rather than the shape of its characters, is the reason for its success among dyslexics.
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required adding horizontal space between letters of words set in metal type in increments of a minimum of a half-point. Some
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796:"Improvements in reading accuracy as a result of increased interletter spacing are not specific to children with dyslexia"
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Even with no kerning control, a visually pleasing result can be achieved with some control of the space between letters.
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stated that "Men who would letterspace blackletter would steal sheep." Goudy's statement inspired the title of the book
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493:. Due to deadlines, news editors do not usually have time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or create
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Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009 — World
Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications
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708:"Greater Understanding of Spacing Needs for Children's Eye Movements during On-Screen Reading is Required"
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Hakvoort, Britt; van den Boer, Madelon; Leenaars, Tineke; Bos, Petra; Tijms, Jurgen (12 August 2017).
669:"The Rhetoric of Typography: Effects on Reading Time, Reading Comprehension, and Perceptions of Ethos"
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to change the visual density of a line or block of text. Letter spacing is distinct from
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Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for
Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students.
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to prevent the phrases from appearing too dark compared to the rest of the page.
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National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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954:. Nakai Theatre Home Grown Festival 2008, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, (2008)6
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adjusts the space between characters evenly, regardless of the characters,
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714:. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education: 807–813.
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Technical
Communication, Volume 51, Number 1, February 2004, pp. 13-24
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Headline with wider letter spacing, sometimes used for broadcast
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In the days of machine-implemented lead typesetting, such as
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745:"Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia"
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Headline with open letter spacing similar to metal type
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Letter spacing adjustments are frequently employed in
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em-space is the same width as the current point size.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
937:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find out how type works.
595:Stop Stealing Sheep & find out how type works
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860:"Does Comic Sans really help dyslexic learners?"
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141:Headline set with no additional letter spacing
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618:Slattery, Timothy J.; Rayner, Keith (2013).
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278:Increased letter-spacing has sometimes been
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627:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
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1955:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
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593:Spiekermann, Erik; Ginger, E. M. (2002).
322:programs for personal computers, such as
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
706:Vanderschantz, Nicholas (22 June 2009).
562:Wardle de Sousa, Tiffany (2 July 2005).
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362:information built into the font itself.
174:Headline with still more letter spacing
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152:Headline with more open letter spacing
16:Physical spacing of characters in text
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806:(published December 2017): 101–116.
454:, mainly to enhance spaced texts of
296:) is not quite extinct. Printer and
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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564:"Famous Quotes from Type Designers"
203:Examples of headline letter spacing
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886:The Elements of Typographic Style.
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307:, an introduction to typography.
185:Headline with wide letter spacing
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222:adjustment to the space between
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1924:History of Western typography
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1024:Canons of page construction
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446:property. In the meantime,
398:Changing kerning perception
218:is an optically consistent
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812:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.010
686:"CSS Fonts Module Level 3"
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1939:Vox-ATypI classification
1069:Intentionally blank page
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192:Docent sights juggernaut
181:Docent sights juggernaut
170:Docent sights juggernaut
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126:Docent sights juggernaut
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450:used the workaround of
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560:(15 October 2005) in
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248:hot metal typesetting
1809:Typographic features
884:Bringhurst, Robert.
533:Typographic ligature
43:improve this article
1934:Technical lettering
1833:Typography in other
1574:Hanging punctuation
939:Adobe Press: 2002.
935:Spiekermann, Erik.
755:(28): 11455–11459.
332:Microsoft Publisher
305:Stop Stealing Sheep
286:typesetting and in
1897:Handwriting script
1824:Desktop publishing
1794:Character encoding
1787:Digital typography
1301:Horizontal aspects
1254:Visual distinction
1112:Widows and orphans
671:, Eva Brumberger.
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324:LibreOffice Writer
320:desktop publishing
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1646:For position only
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930:978-1-56898-448-3
721:978-1-880094-73-0
604:978-0-201-70339-9
574:on 25 August 2013
495:widows or orphans
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352:Adobe Illustrator
280:used for emphasis
212:character spacing
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1919:Type foundry
1756:Metric units
1686:Punchcutting
1671:Movable type
1641:Font catalog
1601:Vertical bar
1338:Word spacing
1308:Figure space
1191:Text figures
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1909:Style guide
1902:Calligraphy
1892:Handwriting
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1611:Typesetting
1551:Punctuation
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1486:Gaelic type
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500:Discussing
491:news design
340:QuarkXPress
336:WordPerfect
284:blackletter
260:typesetters
1999:Whitespace
1994:Typography
1988:Categories
1887:Penmanship
1859:East Asian
1701:Type color
1634:monospaced
1591:Interpunct
1584:minus sign
1508:Specialist
1444:Sans-serif
1437:slab serif
1414:Roman type
1369:Cap height
1333:Thin space
1292:Whitespace
1244:Title case
1239:Snake case
1234:Small caps
1219:Camel case
1151:Diacritics
1059:Pull quote
1054:Pagination
1049:Paper size
1008:Typography
879:References
506:John Stein
502:Comic Sans
466:Legibility
288:typewriter
273:small caps
256:publishers
69:newspapers
1384:Overshoot
1379:Mean line
1374:Descender
1287:Underline
1129:Character
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1087:Alignment
1079:Paragraph
866:1 October
843:1 October
727:1 October
99:June 2021
1973:Category
1852:PT Fonts
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1711:Typeface
1629:computer
1530:fat face
1403:Typeface
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1176:Rotation
1171:Ligature
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