Li Cunxu - Knowledge

1059:) under siege. Liu, desperate, claimed that if Li Cunxu himself came to You, he would surrender. When Li Cunxu arrived, however, he did not do so, despite Li Cunxu's assurance that his life would be spared if he surrendered. Li Cunxu subsequently intensified the siege, and You fell. Liu fled with his wives and children, but was subsequently captured. Li Cunxu took him and his family, including his father Liu Rengong (whom he had put under house arrest) back to Taiyuan, and then executed them there. He commissioned Zhou as the military governor of Lulong and added Yan territory to his own. In light of his victory, Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi offered the title 845:

lacked resources for military recruitments, he strengthened the training for the soldiers. He ordered that cavalry soldiers walk on marches, and that, without seeing the enemy, they not mount their horses. Once orders and duties were distributed, all soldiers were to follow them and not exceed their bounds, not exchange duties, not linger in places, and not avoid dangers. Whenever the soldiers were to be divided into several prongs of attack, they were to rendezvous at the appointed time, and that if they were late for more than 15 minutes, they would be executed. This was how he was able to eventually conquer the territory east of the

777:), tried to persuade Li Kening to take over the command himself, but Li Kening refused Li Cunhao's overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution. However, Li Cunhao and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade Li Kening's wife Lady Meng. Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged Li Kening to go with the idea, causing Li Kening's resolve to support Li Cunxu to be shaken. Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and Li Cunzhang and argued with them frequently. He thereafter killed an officer, Li Cunzhi ( 1591:) led a mutiny, and Li Cunxu tried to fight the mutineers. He suffered an arrow wound in the battle and shortly after died from it. Li Siyuan shortly thereafter arrived at Luoyang and, after initially claiming only the title of regent, eventually took the throne. Empress Liu fled Luoyang but was tracked down by Li Siyuan's emissaries and ordered to kill herself. Li Jiji tried to head to Luoyang to contest Li Siyuan's succession, but on the way, his soldiers deserted him, and he committed suicide. Li Cunxu's younger sons later became monks and fled to 1199:), just south of the Yellow River. Disregarding Zhou Dewei's advice that he should wear out the Later Liang forces first before engaging them, Li Cunxu ordered a direct attack, which was disastrous for the Jin army, with Zhou killed in battle. During the initial rout, however, Li Cunxu took position on a hill and used it to counterattack, inflicting much losses against Later Liang, fighting the battle to an essential draw. It was said that both Jin and Later Liang lost two thirds of their soldiers that day, and both were weakened for quite some time. 1468:, at this junction, defected to Later Tang, revealing Duan's plan to the Later Tang emperor and pointing out that the plan left the Later Liang capital Daliang defenseless, and pointing out that Wang's and Zhang Hanjie's army was the weakest of the four prongs and could easily be defeated. Li Cunxu decided to take the risky move himself, and advanced to Yun to join forces with Li Siyuan, and then engage Wang and Zhang Hanjie. He defeated them, capturing both Wang and Zhang Hanjie at Zhongdu (中都, in modern 33: 1506:, whom he created empress, were gathering wealth to be stored despite the burden it was creating for the people. He also alienated his army by trusting performers (as he himself had a passion for performing) and eunuchs, such that he made three performers prefectural prefects, while soldiers who had followed him for hundreds of battles were not similarly rewarded. This phenomenon was also observed as such by Wu's emissary to Later Tang, Lu Ping ( 1120:), taking He Delun hostage. When Zhu refused to meet Zhang Yan's demands that the division be cancelled, Zhang Yan forced He Delun to write Li Cunxu, offering to surrender Tianxiong to him. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived at Tianxiong and, after killing Zhang Yan for his violent behavior, assumed the military governorship of Tianxiong himself and incorporated into Jin. Subsequent Later Liang counterattacks commanded by the generals 1005:. He also launched an army to attack Yiwu. When Wang Chuzhi sought aid, Li Cunxu sent Zhou to rendezvous with the Zhao and Yiwu armies, to jointly attack Yan. Zhou was able to advance deep within Yan territory. Li Cunxu himself later also headed to the Yan front. (In his absence, Zhu tried to avenge himself by attacking Jin and Zhao, but his army was tricked into collapsing on itself due to posturing by the Jin generals 1494:. He also notified the other main independent states—Wu and Former Shu—of his victory over Later Liang, causing much fear in both of those states. Also shocked by his victory was Qi's prince Li Maozhen, who, in fear that he might be the next target, submitted as a vassal. Li Cunxu accepted Li Maozhen's submission and created him as the Prince of Qin. After Li Maozhen's death in 924, Li Cunxu allowed his son 1575:

families starved, further causing them to be angry at the emperor and empress. These resentment spawned a number of revolts, the most serious of which were one led by Kang Yanxiao in the Shu lands (as he was one of the generals under Guo in the Former Shu campaign), and one by the soldiers at Yedu (鄴都, i.e., Xingtang). Kang's rebellion was quickly put down by Ren Huan, but the imperial troops under

638:). Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong—whom he had previously rebelled against and thereafter became independent from. Li Keyong, bearing that grudge, initially refused to aid Liu. Li Cunxu pointed out that Zhu had become so strong at that point that nearly all of the other warlords had submitted to him as vassals, and that Hedong and Lulong were two of the few remaining holdouts. 980:(尚父, "imperial father"). Li Cunxu, in order to further encourage Liu into megalomania to be able to defeat him later, thereafter signed a joint petition with Wang Rong, Wang Chuzhi, as well as three other governors under his command—Li Sizhao, Zhou Dewei (whom he had made the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Datong)) and Song Yao ( 805:) to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil Li Cunxu. Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against Li Kening. Zhang summoned Li Cunzhang, Wu Gong, as well as the officers Li Cunjing ( 604:), he pointed out that his father's public display of distress would merely distress the troops and the people as well, and that it was better to lie low and wait for Zhu to make a mistake before trying to react, allowing the troops and the people to rest for the time. He also spoke to Li Keyong about what he saw as the issue of the ethnically 1275:, whom Wang Chuzhi had designated as heir. However, the Yiwu officers did not want to see a Khitan invasion, and Wang Du used this sentiment to lead a coup against Wang Chuzhi. He put Wang Chuzhi and Wang Chuzhi's wife under house arrest, while slaughtering Wang Chuzhi's descendants at Yiwu's capital Ding Prefecture ( 1386:)—south of the Yellow River and deep behind Later Liang lines—was not well-defended and could be taken. Li Cunxu believed that this was an opportunity to change the tide of the war, and put Li Siyuan, who supported the plan, in charge of an army to launch a surprise attack on Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ( 1566:

After the conquest of Former Shu, however, both Li Cunxu and Empress Liu came to suspect Guo Chongtao of wanting to occupy the Shu lands and rebel. Li Cunxu, however, was unwilling to act against Guo without further proof. However, Empress Liu went ahead and issued an order to Li Jiji, ordering him

1243:

Zhang offered to submit as a vassal to Li Cunxu, and Li Cunxu, while greatly saddened by Wang Rong's death, initially commissioned him as the acting military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, i.e., Zhao). However, Zhang himself was apprehensive of how Li Cunxu viewed him, and therefore made overtures

1574:

Guo's and Li Jilin's death sent fear and anger throughout the Later Tang army ranks. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the central Later Tang territory was going through a terrible famine at the time, and, with Empress Liu unwilling to release the funds for famine relief, many soldiers'

957:

was approaching, and more apprehensive that Liu Shouguang (who by this point was making noise about joining forces with him but demanding a leadership role in the army) might create trouble for him, he soon gave up the siege on Wei, ending the confrontation with Later Liang for the time being. From

844:

He ordered the prefectures and counties to recommend people who were good and talented; he also deposed the greedy and the cruel, relaxed the tax burden, comforted the weak and the poor, corrected injustice and excesses, such that the realm became well-governed. As Hedong was a small territory that

1207:

At the same time, a crisis was developing within Jin's ally Zhao. Wang Rong, in his old age, was described to be superstitious and spending much efforts on immortality, not attending to the affairs of his state, and spending much time at his vacation estate. He also greatly trusted the eunuch Shi

1085:

After Yan's destruction, with the fear of a Yan attack no longer in sight, Li Cunxu decided to commence his campaign against archrival Later Liang, in conjunction with Zhao and Yiwu. His initial attack toward Later Liang's Tianxiong Circuit in late 914 was repelled by Yang Shihou (who was then the

904:), of potentially turning against him, and therefore decided to seize the circuits by trick. As Liu Shouguang was threatening Yiwu at that time, he launched an army north, pretending to be helping Yiwu and Wushun in defending against a potential Liu Shouguang attack, but then seized Wushun's Shen ( 857:

Li Cunxu also began to exercise imperial powers, in the name of the Tang emperor (even though there was no Tang emperor at that time any more)—an authority that Emperor Zhaozong had previously granted Li Keyong, but which Li Keyong never exercised. He trusted Zhang Chengye greatly, honoring him as

822:

Meanwhile, the crisis of Lu being under siege continued. However, believing that Lu would fall by itself without aid from the outside in light of Li Keyong's death (particularly because Li Cunxu withdrew Zhou Dewei from the area back to Taiyuan for some time), Zhu Quanzhong left the siege, leaving

425:

Li Cunxu was considered one of the most militarily capable rulers of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. When he succeeded his father Li Keyong as the Prince of Jin, the Former Jin had been weakened in the late years of Li Keyong's rule and not considered capable of posing a military threat

1579:

had difficulty putting down the Yedu rebellion, and it threatened to become even more problematic. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Li Siyuan to take over the operations, Li Siyuan's own soldiers mutinied and forced him to join the Yedu mutineers. Li Siyuan tried to send messengers to Li Cunxu to

1316:

Li Sizhao's death, however, created another crisis for Li Cunxu, who, at this time, was preparing to claim imperial title. After Li Sizhao's death, his sons, against Li Cunxu's orders to have Li Sizhao's casket escorted to Taiyuan for burial, instead took it back to Lu Prefecture. Thereafter, Li

1264:

Meanwhile, a similar crisis was developing at another Jin ally, Yiwu Circuit. Wang Chuzhi feared that if Jin conquered Zhao lands, Yiwu would inevitably also be incorporated into Jin territory, and therefore advocated pardoning Zhang Wenli. When his proposal was rebuffed by Li Cunxu, Wang Chuzhi

766:

After Li Keyong's death, Li Kening initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance. By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) Li Cunxu, and they were constantly commenting about him. Li Cunxu, in fear, offered the

552:

Emperor Zhaozong, upon seeing Li Cunxu's appearance, caressed him and stated, "You, son, will be a pillar for the state. Please be faithful to the imperial house." After Li Keyong defeated the three warlords (killing Wang and forcing Li Maozhen and Han to nominally resubmit to the emperor), Li

1284:

Subsequently, the Khitan emperor invaded, enticed by Wang Yu's description of Chengde and Yiwu as rich lands that he could pillage. Li Cunxu, leaving his generals to siege Zhen Prefecture, personally led an army to confront the Khitan army. He defeated the Khitan army, forcing Emperor Taizu's

1089:

However, Yang's death in 915 would bring a major opportunity for Jin. Zhu Youzhen—who had changed his name to Zhu Zhen by this point—was apprehensive of the power that the Tianxiong army had, and decided to weaken it by dividing in into two circuits, each with three of the six prefectures that

1498:

to inherit Fengxiang Circuit as military governor, but did not bestow Li Jiyan a princely title, and this was thus viewed as the end of Qi as an independent state. The Later Liang military governors all submitted to him, and in effect, he had merged the two states. (That included Li Jitao,

1244:

to both Later Liang's emperor Zhu Zhen (premised on the fact that he spared Wang Zhaozuo's wife, who was a sister to Zhu Zhen and who carried the title of Princess Puning), and Khitan's Emperor Taizu. Zhu, however, was dissuaded from aiding Zhang by his associates, despite his

641:

He advocated aiding Liu to stop Zhu's expansion, while at time helping Li Keyong gain a reputation for magnanimity. Under Li Cunxu's advocacy, Li Keyong agreed, and requested Liu send troops to him to jointly attack Zhu's possession Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern

1130:) were defeated by Li Cunxu and his generals. (Tianxiong subsequently became a major source of human and material resources for Li Cunxu's campaigns.) Tianxiong's fall to Jin left the other Later Liang circuits north of the Yellow River (Baoyi (保義, headquartered in modern 1584:

decided to play both sides, and sent emissaries to both of them, welcoming them. When Li Siyuan reached Bian first, Kong welcomed him in, and rejected Li Cunxu. Hearing this, Li Cunxu dejectedly returned to Luoyang. After he returned to Luoyang, the officer Guo Congqian

823:

his generals to continue the siege against Lu. Li Cunxu decided to lead the army himself to try to lift the siege. With he himself attacking the Later Liang forces from one side and Zhou from the other, the surprised Later Liang forces collapsed, ending the siege on Lu.

1408:), intending to use it to cut off the supply line between Later Tang proper and Yun. However, his subsequent battles against Li Cunxu himself were indecisive; further, Wang's commission caused much apprehension in the hearts of Zhu's close associates—his brother-in-law 1580:

explain he had not intended to rebel, but his messengers were intercepted by Li Shaorong. He decided to attack south and occupy Bian Prefecture (汴州, i.e., formerly Daliang), and Li Cunxu mobilized an army to try to intercept him. Bian Prefecture's defender

924:) and slaughtered Wushun's garrison at those prefectures. Wang Rong, surprised by this turn of events, immediately sought aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu Shouguang refused, but Li Cunxu launched armies commanded by Zhou and later, himself. 1553:

by surprise as he thought that the two states were coexisting peacefully. The Later Tang forces repeatedly defeated the forces Former Shu sent to resist it, and, by the end of 925, the situation had become so desperate that the Former Shu major general

1371:

At that time, though, the outlook for the new Later Tang state was not a positive one—as it was facing the reality of regular Khitan incursions that laid Lulong bare and Anyi's recent rebellion. However, at that time, the Later Liang officer Lu Shunmi

770:

Many of Li Keyong's adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than Li Cunxu, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him. One of those, Li Cunhao

1073:. After initially declining, Li Cunxu accepted the title, and also established a provisional central government, exercising imperial powers in the manner that Emperor Taizong did (while he was still the Prince of Qin under his father, Tang's founder 794:

Despite Li Cunxu's agreement with Li Kening, the conspiracy around Li Kening continued. Li Cunhao specifically planned, with Li Kening's understanding, to seize Li Cunxu when Li Cunxu would visit Li Kening's mansion, deliver Li Cunxu and his mother

1240:. The remaining soldiers feared that they would also be punished, and, in spring 921, they mutinied and slaughtered Wang Rong and his family, supporting Wang Deming (who then changed his name back to his birth name of Zhang Wenli) as their leader. 1313:, which tried to take advantage of the situation. Li Cunxu subsequently commissioned Li Cunshen to attack the Chengde mutineers, and Zhen fell to him. Li Cunxu killed Zhang Chujin and his brothers, and incorporated Chengde into his territory. 1395:

Shocked by Yun's fall, Zhu Zhen relieved Dai Siyuan, who was the military governor of Tianping but who was then commanding the main Later Liang army against Later Tang, of his command, and, at Jing Xiang's recommendation, commissioned

767:

command of the army to Li Kening, but Li Kening declined, pointing out that he was Li Keyong's lawful heir. Under Li Kening's and Zhang Chengye's insistence, Li Cunxu took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong.

583:) Prefectures (both in modern Linfen), but as he did not report to those prefectures, the titles were honorary. He was said to understand music, and often sang or danced before his father. He had a rudimentary understanding of the 1257:), who commanded the Zhao detachment in Li Cunxu's army and who wanted to avenge the Wang family, declared a general campaign against Zhang. Zhang died in shock when the campaign was declared, but under the leadership of his son 725:'s command, while having some minor successes against Later Liang forces, were unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, Li Keyong had fallen seriously ill. He entrusted Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother 1476:), and then headed directly toward the defenseless Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to come to his rescue, Zhu saw the situation as hopeless. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin ( 818:

On March 25, 908, Li Cunxu held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended. At the feast, soldiers that Li Cunxu had previously hidden seized Li Kening and Li Cunhao, and then executed them.

721:, whom Li Keyong had made the military governor of Zhaoyi, under siege at Lu. Kang built walls and trenches around Lu to cut off communications with the outside, and subsequent relief forces that Li Keyong sent under 1232:) felt compelled to mobilize soldiers to force him to return—and the soldiers, in the disturbance, killed Shi. Wang subsequently killed Li Ai and Li Honggui, entrusting the authority of the state to his son and heir 1567:

to kill Guo. Li Jiji did so. With Guo dead, Li Cunxu went ahead and issued an edict condemning him and ordering his sons be killed as well. Subsequently, with the eunuchs and performers accusing the major general

1182:

In winter 917, Li Cunxu, believing that he was in shape to destroy Later Liang once and for all, gathered all of his major generals, preparing to cross the then-frozen Yellow River and attack Later Liang's capital

1046:) to attack Zhu Youqian, Li Cunxu went to Zhu Youqian's aid and repelled Kang's attack, forcing Kang to withdraw. (Zhu Youqian would subsequently return to the Later Liang fold after, in 913, Zhu Yougui's brother 608:

soldiers pillaging the civilian populace—although Li Keyong was unwilling to curb the soldiers' behaviors at that time, pointing out that if he did, the soldiers might scatter and be unable to be gathered again.

453:, Later Tang was a short-lived regime lasting only thirteen years. Li Cunxu himself lived only three years after the founding of the dynasty, having been killed during an officer's rebellion led by Guo Congqian ( 1558:(Wang Yan's adoptive brother) seized Wang Yan and his family and forced Wang Yan to surrender the Former Shu realm to Later Tang, thus ending Former Shu, whose territory was taken over by Later Tang. 1331:

for Li Sizhao) and commissioned Li Jitao as the acting military governor. However, subsequently, fearing that Li Cunxu would act against him, particularly when Li Cunxu recalled the eunuch monitor

445:

in 923 and proclaimed himself emperor of the Later Tang, which he referred to as the "Restored Tang". As a part of "restoring Tang", the capital was moved back to the old Tang eastern capital of

1362:—using the Tang name for his state to claim legitimate succession from Tang—at Wei Prefecture. This Tang is known in historiography as "Later Tang". He renamed Wei to Xingtang Municipality ( 1179:) subsequently repelled the Khitan attack, Lulong's vulnerability to Khitan attacks had been exposed, and in the future, there would be recurrent Khitan incursions against Lulong. 826:

Li Cunxu thereafter instituted policies that, during the next several years, gradually let Jin regain its strength from the nadir late in the Li Keyong years. As described by the

2569: 753:), while repeatedly stating to Li Cunxu that the immediate urgency after his death would be to rescue Li Sizhao. He then died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by Li Cunxu. 3293: 1482:) to kill him; Huangfu did, and then committed suicide himself. This thus ended Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently entered Daliang and claimed all of Later Liang territory. 998:. Zhu Quanzhong, while knowing that Liu was inflating himself, tried to keep him nominally in the fold by naming him the surveyor of the circuits north of the Yellow River. 1001:

All of these honors offered to him, however, did not stop Liu from claiming the title he actually wanted, and in fall 911, he declared himself the emperor of a new state of

1271:), who was then a Jin officer on the Khitan border. Wang Yu agreed, but extracted a promise from Wang Chuzhi that he be made heir, displacing Wang Chuzhi's adoptive son 434:

had seized the Tang throne. Li Cunxu carefully rebuilt the Former Jin state, using a series of conquests and alliances to take over most of the territory north of the

1191:, first, and he spent several months pillaging the Later Liang territory on the Yellow River. Around new year 919, the two armies met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern 1114:) as its military governor. The Tianxiong army was apprehensive and angry about the division, and therefore mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan ( 1214:), who encouraged him in such tendencies. In late 920, when he remained for months at his vacation estate and refused to return to Zhao's capital Zhen Prefecture ( 1281:). He then reported what happened to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu commissioned him as the acting military governor of Yiwu, thus effectively turning Yiwu into a vassal. 865:

by aiding Liu Shouguang, after Liu Shouguang had overthrown Liu Rengong and taken over Lulong Circuit. (Liu Shouguang eventually captured Liu Shouwen at the

592:

Li Cunxu was said to be intelligent, brave, and alert even in his youth. In or around 902, seeing his father's distress at years of losses against archrival

660:, who had secretly resented Zhu for having killed Emperor Zhaozong in 904, surrendered Zhaoyi to Li Keyong, forcing Zhu to abandon his campaign against Liu. 1528:, not the same Jingnan Circuit referred to earlier), who would eventually, after Li Cunxu's death, effectively become independent of Later Tang, as well as 2562: 1416:—as Wang had long despised what he saw as their wickedness. Zhao and the Zhangs thus defamed him before Zhu, who then removed him and replaced him with 1040:), refused to submit to Zhu Yougui, and instead submitted to Jin, seeking Li Cunxu's aid. When Zhu Yougui subsequently sent the general Kang Huaizhen ( 976:

Meanwhile, Liu Shouguang, believing himself to be strong enough to declare himself emperor, tried to persuade Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi to honor him as

861:

For some time thereafter, Li Cunxu did not wage major campaigns, although he did involve himself in the war between Liu Shouwen and his younger brother

869:, uniting Lulong and Yichang under his control.) He also jointly attacked Later Liang with Li Maozhen's Qi state after the major Later Liang general 1169:(Yelü Abaoji) launching a major attack on Lulong in 917, putting You Prefecture under siege. While Li Cunxu and his generals (his adoptive brothers 1144:), and Shunhua (順化, i.e., Yichang, which Later Liang had taken during the Jin campaign against Yan and renamed, and which Jin later renamed Henghai ( 3257: 2555: 1541:

Meanwhile, Li Cunxu planned to conquer Former Shu and, in late 925, put his plans into action. He commissioned his oldest son with Empress Liu,

1339:

to his provisional imperial government, Li Jitao submitted Anyi to Later Liang. Zhu Zhen was very pleased, and renamed the circuit to Kuangyi (

450: 1021:) (pretending that a major Jin army was about to attack the Later Liang army under Zhu), and eventually gave up on the idea of aiding Liu.) 3332: 3289: 958:

this point on, Zhao and Yiwu became effectively independent polities, but in close alliance with Jin, all still using the Tang era name of

3352: 1641: 796: 492: 876:

Li Cunxu's major opportunity to assert himself against Later Liang came in late 910. Zhu Quanzhong had come to suspect his vassals

1187:. However, he then apparently changed his mind, wanting to destroy the main Later Liang army, which was then under the command of 783:), without Li Cunxu's approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern 1499:

although, after he later discovered the Li Jitao was still planning to control his realm independently, he put Li Jitao to death.

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Tianxiong previously possessed, with a smaller Tianxiong Circuit headquartered still at its long-time capital Wei Prefecture (

3273: 1502:

However, despite being a capable general, Li Cunxu was not capable at governance. He, and particularly his favorite consort

939:). In the aftermaths of the victory, Li Cunxu decided to advance further, and he briefly put Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern 3245: 3241: 671:

as its emperor. He claimed to be the proper ruler for all of the former Tang realm, but Li Keyong, as well as Li Maozhen,

1321:

seized power at Zhaoyi, and Li Cunxu, not wanting to create another disturbance, changed the name of the circuit to Anyi (

1288:

Despite the seeming inevitability of success, the Jin forces suffered several major losses against the Chengde mutineers:

3372: 3233: 1069:) to him—a title that no Tang subject had dared to accept because it had been at one point held by Tang's second emperor 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2155: 2104: 2081: 2062: 2039: 2010: 1985: 1964: 1948: 1932: 1902: 1856: 1821: 3362: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 1879: 1874: 1265:

decided to secretly make an overture to Khitan's Emperor Taizu to invite him to invade Jin, through his son Wang Yu (

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Davis, Richard L., Fire and Ice: LI Cunxu and the Rise of Later Tang. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016)

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In spring 911, a joint Jin/Zhao/Yiwu army crushed the Later Liang army, commanded by the major Later Liang general

1050:

the Prince of Jun overthrew Zhu Yougui in a countercoup and became emperor, but would yet later revert to Jin.)

1245: 1028:

the Prince of Ying, who thereafter declared himself the emperor of Later Liang. The major Later Liang general

539: 335: 3367: 3269: 953:), under siege. However, apprehensive that a major Later Liang army under the command of the major general 650:) to open a second front. Liu did so. Subsequent, when Li Keyong attacked Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture ( 3387: 3357: 2644: 2596: 2482: 668: 442: 427: 3148: 2634: 3382: 3377: 2770: 2720: 2674: 2654: 696: 523: 388: 227: 3327: 1378:) defected to Later Tang, revealing that Later Liang's Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern 3342: 3337: 3221: 3108: 3025: 3020: 1666: 1549:, in actual command of the operations as Li Jiji's deputy. The attack caught Former Shu's emperor 1413: 870: 799:

to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit. Li Kening met the officer Shi Jingrong (

585: 476: 1150:) isolated, and by late 916, they had fallen to Jin as well, leaving a single city (黎陽, in modern 3347: 3213: 3081: 2760: 2755: 1248: 1070: 730: 2547: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3217: 3015: 3010: 2883: 2810: 1571:

of having plotted rebellion with Guo, Li Cunxu killed Li Jilin and his family members as well.

1409: 684: 3249: 3225: 3209: 3086: 1166: 1121: 1074: 881: 695:), refused to recognize him as emperor, effectively becoming sovereigns of their own realms ( 1024:

While the Yan campaign was going on, in late 912, Zhu Quanzhong was assassinated by his son

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to replace him. Wang quickly attacked and captured the border fort Desheng (德勝, in modern

1002: 546: 8: 3322: 3317: 2640: 2503: 2444: 1420:. Meanwhile, Zhu also destroyed the Yellow River levee at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern 877: 700: 549:

over Emperor Zhaozong's objections—Li Keyong sent Li Cunxu to pay homage to the emperor.

3096: 1251:'s advocacy for doing so. Eventually, Li Cunxu, encouraged by the Zhao general Fu Xi ( 664: 657: 160: 498:

In 895, when Li Keyong was on a (eventually successful) campaign against the warlords

846: 704: 1428:), causing a flood area, believing that it would impede further Later Tang attacks. 1431:

Duan prepared an ambitious plan for a four-prong counterattack against Later Tang:

404: 392: 347: 284: 253: 127: 1783: 319: 184: 148: 2258: 1927: 1897: 1392:). Li Siyuan was shortly thereafter able to capture Yun in a surprise attack. 1309:

Meanwhile, Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan fought off a Later Liang army commanded by

991: 866: 836: 1295:

Yan Bao was defeated and forced to retreat. (Yan subsequently died in shame.)

487:

the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan,

3306: 3189: 3179: 3154: 3068: 2906: 2630: 2385: 1592: 1397: 862: 734: 431: 67: 3184: 3113: 3053: 3002: 2888: 2815: 2797: 2787: 2746: 2733: 2728: 2528: 2465: 2452: 1610: 1576: 1550: 1546: 1529: 1465: 1328: 1258: 1233: 1162: 1108:) headquartered at Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan) with Zhang Yun ( 928: 885: 850: 827: 480: 435: 419: 315: 291: 32: 1708:

Lady of Honorable Moral, of the Wang clan (懿德王氏), later the Lady of Langye

1545:, as the titular commander of the operations, but put his chief of staff, 3128: 3123: 3118: 3043: 2949: 2939: 2934: 2852: 2782: 2614: 2478: 2418: 1605: 1568: 1555: 1457: 1332: 1237: 1047: 1029: 954: 893: 812: 738: 621: 613: 535: 499: 196: 102: 1675:

Zhaorong, of the Xia clan ( 昭容夏氏), later the Lady of Guo, later wife of

514:

the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern

3138: 3133: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2929: 2911: 2875: 2834: 2820: 2701: 2665: 2650: 2609: 2532: 2499: 2330: 1513: 1495: 1441: 1435: 1359: 1310: 1025: 1006: 831: 722: 708: 542: 511: 396: 375: 324: 232: 153: 42: 1699:

Lady of Honorable Talent, of the Wang clan (懿才王氏), the Lady of Taiyuan

687:

the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern

675:

the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern

624:

the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern

526:

the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern

502:

the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern

2944: 2898: 2847: 2805: 2706: 2696: 2680: 2361: 2346: 1676: 1634: 1417: 1379: 1302: 1285:

withdrawal and leaving the Chengde mutineers without outside allies.

1170: 726: 718: 616:

the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern

596:

the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern

484: 460: 408: 85: 60: 1032:

the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern

3194: 3174: 2977: 1581: 1521: 1473: 1383: 1358:

Shortly after, in spring 923, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of

1336: 1318: 1196: 1033: 917: 896:

the military governor of Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern

676: 643: 625: 503: 415: 1655:, of the Liu clan (神閔敬皇后劉氏, d. 926), personal name Yuniang (劉玉娘) 3076: 3058: 3048: 3035: 2921: 2842: 2604: 2577: 2427: 2401: 2397: 2117: 1658: 1542: 1517: 1491: 1272: 1184: 1131: 932: 897: 711:, respectively). Zhu thereafter sent his general Kang Huaizhen ( 692: 688: 680: 672: 617: 597: 593: 531: 519: 507: 472: 446: 222: 212: 115: 1786: 1158:) north of the Yellow River that was still held by Later Liang. 589:. When he grew older, he became capable at riding and archery. 2967: 2959: 2372: 1469: 1421: 1401: 1188: 1037: 987: 940: 788: 784: 647: 605: 568: 564: 527: 488: 412: 355: 986:) the defender of Tiande Circuit (天德, headquartered in modern 3166: 2511: 2405: 1525: 1425: 1405: 1155: 1135: 947:), the capital of Later Liang's important Tianxiong Circuit ( 944: 936: 921: 901: 889: 884:, who controlled Wushun Circuit (武順, headquartered in modern 629: 601: 515: 1192: 1151: 612:

In 906, Zhu was on campaign against another major warlord,

1053:

By summer 913, Zhou had put Yan's capital You Prefecture (

438:, before starting a lengthy campaign against Later Liang. 1702:

Xianyi, of the Han clan (咸一韩氏), later the Lady of Changli

1696:

Shizhen, of the Wu clan (侍真吳氏), later the Lady of Yanling

1693:

Shizhen, of the Zhou clan (侍眞周氏), later the Lady of Song

1202: 667:

yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new

1080: 563:) and made the prefect of Xi Prefecture (隰州, in modern 1705:

Yaofang, of the Zhang clan (瑤芳张氏), the Lady of Qinghe

1684:

Zhaoyuan, of the Bai clan (昭媛白氏), later the Lady of Yi

1681:

Zhaoyi, of the Hou clan (昭儀侯氏), later the Lady of Qian

1102:) as its military governor, and a new Zhaode Circuit ( 16:

Prince of Jin and then Emperor of Later Tang (885-926)

1687:

Chushi, of the Deng clan (出使鄧氏), later the Lady of Xu

1661:(魏王李繼岌, 909 – 28 May 926), Prince of Wei, third son 663:

In 907, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor

296: 1690:

Yuzheng, of the Zhang clan (御正張氏), the Lady of Liang

1637: (李克用) (24 October 856 – 24 February 908) 1345:), commissioning Li Jitao as its military governor. 1298:

Li Sizhao suffered a mortal injury and died from it.

632:) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture ( 459:) in 926. He was succeeded by his adoptive brother 1711:Xuanyi, of the Ma clan (宣一馬氏), the Lady of Fufeng 761: 3304: 1447:Wang and Consort Zhang's brother Zhang Hanjie ( 179:Tóngguāng (同光): May 13, 923 – June 11, 926 1734:Li Jiyao (川王李繼嶢), Prince of Chuan, seventh son 1728:Li Jisong (光王李繼嵩), Prince of Guang, fifth son 1725:Li Jitong (守王李繼潼), Prince of Shou, fourth son 571:), and later successively the prefect of Fen ( 553:Cunxu was given the honorific title of acting 2563: 2197: 2191: 2185: 1741: 1672:Virtuous Consort, of the Yi clan (伊氏, d. 947) 1586: 1533: 1507: 1477: 1448: 1387: 1373: 1363: 1340: 1322: 1276: 1266: 1252: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1174: 1145: 1139: 1125: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1064: 1054: 1041: 1016: 1010: 1009:(Li Cunxu's adoptive brother), Shi Jiantang ( 981: 968:) to signify opposition against Later Liang. 963: 948: 911: 905: 806: 800: 778: 772: 748: 742: 712: 651: 633: 578: 572: 558: 495:. He was Li Keyong's oldest biological son. 454: 382: 369: 258: 1731:Li Jichan (真王李繼嶦), Prince of Zhen, sixth son 471:Li Cunxu was born in 885, at Jinyang (i.e., 449:. As with all of the other dynasties of the 2196:). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she ( 1412:and four brothers/cousins of his late wife 1348: 391:(r. 908–923) who later became the founding 2570: 2556: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2073: 2071: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1353: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 491:). His mother was Li Keyong's concubine 191:Emperor Guāngshèng Shénmǐn Xiào (光聖神閔孝皇帝) 1595:, who would treat them as his own sons. 1485: 1161:However, Jin was soon challenged by the 534:)—who, earlier, had entered the capital 2140: 2087: 2068: 2045: 2016: 1991: 1970: 1913: 1911: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1648:Consort and their respective issue(s): 387:), was the second ruling prince of the 3305: 2579:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2135:Outlines of the History of the Chinese 1954: 1938: 1920: 1885: 1827: 1792: 401:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2551: 1520:Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern 1512:), and a former Later Liang warlord, 1368:) and made it his temporary capital. 1203:Integration of Zhao and Yiwu into Jin 747:), and the secretary general Lu Zhi ( 2353:Prince of Jin/Emperor of Later Tang 1908: 1862: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1173:and Li Cunshen, as well as Yan Bao ( 1165:to the north as well, with Khitan's 1081:Initial campaign against Later Liang 717:) to put Li Cunxu's adoptive cousin 3333:Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi 1453:) would head toward Yun Prefecture. 756: 270:"Solemn Ancestor of the Later Tang" 13: 3353:Jin (Later Tang precursor) princes 2673: 1787:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter 1669:, of the Han clan (韓淑妃韓氏, d. 947) 1444:would head toward Zhen Prefecture. 1292:Shi Jiantang was killed in battle. 1261:, the Chengde mutineers resisted. 971: 853:—he had well-disciplined soldiers. 849:and occupy the lands south of the 31: 14: 3399: 2247:New History of the Five Dynasties 1766: 1714:Shizheng, of the Guo clan (誓正郭氏) 1464:However, the Later Liang officer 1220:), his military commander Li Ai ( 1138:, which Jin later renamed Anguo ( 1086:military governor of Tianxiong). 43:Emperor of the Later Tang dynasty 1619:Collection of Respecting the Old 620:), and he put Liu Rengong's son 244:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang 2161: 2127: 2124:(中國歷史年表), vol. 2, pp. 846–847 . 2110: 1737:Princess Yining (義寧公主, d. 953) 426:to its archrival to the south, 2539:Ruler of China (Southwestern) 1449: 1216: 1140: 1116: 1110: 916:) Prefectures (both in modern 815:to prepare against Li Kening. 762:Initial consolidation of power 737:, Li Cunxu's adoptive brother 656:), Zhaoyi's military governor 383: 370: 360: 339: 297: 259: 126:Yong Mausoleum (雍陵; in modern 101:Ying County, Yingzhou (modern 77:February 23, 908 – May 13, 923 1: 3313:10th-century Chinese monarchs 3258:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2207:History of the Five Dynasties 2184:Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui ( 1875:History of the Five Dynasties 1754: 466: 1759: 1490:Li Cunxu set his capital at 1301:Li Cunxu's adoptive brother 994:)—offering Liu the title of 931:, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern 7: 2589:(and other northern states) 2122:Timeline of Chinese History 1561: 479:. His father was the late- 22:Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang 10: 3404: 3373:10th-century Chinese poets 2177: 1644:, of the Cao clan (貞簡皇后曹氏) 1609:poems were preserved in a 1460:, would confront Li Cunxu. 1438:would head toward Taiyuan. 1335:and the secretary general 1305:was also killed in battle. 332:Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang 313: 3207: 3165: 3147: 3104: 3095: 3067: 3034: 3001: 2958: 2920: 2897: 2874: 2868:(other than Northern Han) 2865: 2833: 2796: 2778: 2769: 2742: 2719: 2687: 2664: 2623: 2595: 2586: 2537: 2525: 2508: 2496: 2489:Ruler of China (Central) 2487: 2475: 2462: 2441: 2424: 2415: 2394: 2382: 2369: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2324: 2198: 2192: 2186: 1746:) and had issue ( a sons) 1742: 1624: 1598: 1587: 1534: 1516:the military governor of 1508: 1478: 1456:Duan himself, along with 1388: 1374: 1364: 1341: 1323: 1277: 1267: 1253: 1228: 1226:) and eunuch Li Honggui ( 1222: 1210: 1175: 1146: 1126: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1065: 1055: 1042: 1017: 1011: 982: 964: 949: 912: 906: 807: 801: 779: 773: 749: 743: 713: 652: 634: 579: 573: 559: 455: 430:, whose founding emperor 351: 308: 290: 283: 278: 274: 266: 252: 248: 243: 221: 211: 202: 195: 190: 183: 178: 173: 144: 139: 135: 121: 109: 95: 91: 81: 73: 66: 56: 52:May 13, 923 – May 15, 926 48: 41: 30: 21: 3363:Politicians from Taiyuan 2137:(中國人史綱), vol. 2, p. 593. 1349:As Emperor of Later Tang 586:Spring and Autumn Annals 477:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 399:(r. 923–926) during the 2761:Emperor Shizong of Liao 2756:Emperor Taizong of Liao 1354:Conquest of Later Liang 741:, the officer Wu Gong ( 475:), during the reign of 441:Li Cunxu conquered the 174:Era name and dates 1740:married Song Tinghao ( 1642:Empress Zhenjian 855: 36: 1486:Governance at Luoyang 842: 791:). Li Cunxu agreed. 35: 3368:Generals from Shanxi 2133:See, e.g., Bo Yang, 463:(Emperor Mingzong). 407:. He was the son of 3388:Medieval performers 3358:Later Tang emperors 2624:Concurrent warlords 2421:(Prince of Beiping) 1653:Empress Shenminjing 1532:'s emissary He Ci ( 443:Later Liang dynasty 298:Hòu Táng Zhuāngzōng 2364:(Emperor Mingzong) 858:an older brother. 397:Later Tang dynasty 389:Former Jin dynasty 37: 3383:Founding monarchs 3378:Poets from Shanxi 3300: 3299: 3203: 3202: 3161: 3160: 2861: 2860: 2829: 2828: 2715: 2714: 2546: 2545: 2359:Succeeded by 1917:Cihai: Page 1266. 1236:and adoptive son 1096:) with He Delun ( 1015:) and Li Sigong ( 873:submitted to Qi. 847:Taihang Mountains 538:and executed the 352:李存朂 or 李存勗 or 李存勖 342:), personal name 312: 311: 304: 303: 285:Standard Mandarin 239: 238: 207: 206: 3395: 3328:Chengde jiedushi 3102: 3101: 2872: 2871: 2776: 2775: 2671: 2670: 2593: 2592: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2526:Preceded by 2510:Ruler of China ( 2497:Preceded by 2476:Preceded by 2464:Ruler of China ( 2442:Preceded by 2426:Ruler of China ( 2416:Preceded by 2396:Ruler of China ( 2383:Preceded by 2371:Ruler of China ( 2344:Preceded by 2322: 2321: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2098: 2085: 2075: 2066: 2056: 2043: 2033: 2014: 2004: 1989: 1979: 1968: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1936: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1894: 1883: 1871: 1860: 1850: 1825: 1815: 1790: 1781: 1745: 1744: 1667:Pure Consort Han 1590: 1589: 1537: 1536: 1511: 1510: 1481: 1480: 1452: 1451: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1344: 1343: 1326: 1325: 1280: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1256: 1255: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1178: 1177: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1057: 1045: 1044: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 985: 984: 967: 966: 952: 951: 915: 914: 909: 908: 810: 809: 804: 803: 797:Lady Dowager Cao 782: 781: 776: 775: 757:As Prince of Jin 752: 751: 746: 745: 716: 715: 655: 654: 637: 636: 582: 581: 576: 575: 562: 561: 458: 457: 386: 385: 373: 372: 362: 353: 341: 300: 299: 276: 275: 262: 261: 241: 240: 137: 136: 26: 19: 18: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3343:Lulong jiedushi 3338:Hedong jiedushi 3303: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3199: 3157: 3143: 3091: 3063: 3030: 2997: 2954: 2916: 2893: 2867: 2857: 2825: 2792: 2765: 2744: 2738: 2711: 2683: 2660: 2619: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2541: 2535: 2520: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2470: 2460: 2436: 2422: 2410: 2392: 2377: 2365: 2355: 2349: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2088: 2076: 2069: 2057: 2046: 2034: 2017: 2005: 1992: 1980: 1971: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1895: 1886: 1872: 1863: 1851: 1828: 1816: 1793: 1784:Academia Sinica 1782: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1721:Two Unnamed son 1627: 1601: 1564: 1488: 1356: 1351: 1205: 1083: 1071:Emperor Taizong 974: 972:Conquest of Yan 764: 759: 469: 405:Chinese history 329: 267:Literal meaning 231: 203:Zhuāngzōng (莊宗) 185:Posthumous name 169: 166: 157: 131: 114: 100: 99:December 2, 885 24: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3401: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348:Weibo jiedushi 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3298: 3297: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2648: 2638: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2587:Five Dynasties 2584: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2461: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2356:908/923 – 926 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2339:Regnal titles 2336: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2259:Zizhi Tongjian 2255: 2243: 2203: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2160: 2152:Zizhi Tongjian 2139: 2126: 2109: 2101:Zizhi Tongjian 2086: 2078:Zizhi Tongjian 2067: 2059:Zizhi Tongjian 2044: 2036:Zizhi Tongjian 2015: 2007:Zizhi Tongjian 1990: 1982:Zizhi Tongjian 1969: 1961:Zizhi Tongjian 1953: 1945:Zizhi Tongjian 1937: 1928:Zizhi Tongjian 1919: 1907: 1898:Zizhi Tongjian 1884: 1861: 1853:Zizhi Tongjian 1826: 1818:Zizhi Tongjian 1791: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1626: 1623: 1600: 1597: 1563: 1560: 1487: 1484: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1445: 1439: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1327:) (to observe 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1204: 1201: 1124:and Wang Tan ( 1082: 1079: 992:Inner Mongolia 973: 970: 880:the Prince of 867:Battle of Jisu 837:Zizhi Tongjian 763: 760: 758: 755: 483:major warlord 468: 465: 451:Five Dynasties 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 294: 288: 287: 281: 280: 279:Transcriptions 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 256: 250: 249: 246: 245: 237: 236: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 205: 204: 200: 199: 193: 192: 188: 187: 181: 180: 176: 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 164: 158: 152: 145: 142: 141: 133: 132: 125: 123: 119: 118: 111: 107: 106: 97: 93: 92: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 39: 38: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3400: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3190:Qian Hongzong 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:Qian Yuanguan 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3155:Wang Yanzheng 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3069:Southern Tang 3066: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2907:Meng Zhixiang 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631:Liu Shouguang 2629: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2386:Liu Shouguang 2381: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2323: 2316: 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29: 20: 3246:N. Dynasties 3242:S. Dynasties 3185:Qian Hongzuo 3114:Wang Shenzhi 3054:Yang Longyan 3003:Southern Han 2889:Wang Zongyan 2866:Ten Kingdoms 2811:Liu Chengjun 2798:Northern Han 2788:Liu Chengyou 2734:Shi Chonggui 2729:Shi Jingtang 2691: 2538: 2529:Wang Zongyan 2515: 2509: 2488: 2466:Shijiazhuang 2463: 2456: 2453:Zhang Chujin 2448: 2431: 2425: 2395: 2370: 2352: 2329: 2257: 2245: 2205: 2190:). Ci hai ( 2167: 2163: 2151: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2112: 2100: 2077: 2058: 2035: 2006: 1981: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1926: 1922: 1896: 1873: 1852: 1817: 1720: 1647: 1628: 1618: 1614: 1613:book called 1611:Song dynasty 1604: 1602: 1573: 1565: 1551:Wang Zongyan 1547:Guo Chongtao 1540: 1530:Southern Han 1501: 1489: 1466:Kang Yanxiao 1463: 1430: 1394: 1370: 1357: 1329:naming taboo 1315: 1308: 1287: 1283: 1263: 1259:Zhang Chujin 1242: 1234:Wang Zhaozuo 1206: 1181: 1160: 1088: 1084: 1060: 1052: 1023: 1000: 995: 977: 975: 959: 929:Wang Jingren 926: 886:Shijiazhuang 875: 860: 856: 851:Yellow River 843: 835: 828:Song dynasty 825: 821: 817: 793: 769: 765: 662: 640: 611: 591: 584: 554: 551: 497: 481:Tang dynasty 470: 440: 436:Yellow River 424: 420:Tang dynasty 411:, an ethnic 378: 365: 364:), nickname 359: 343: 331: 330: 323: 316:Chinese name 292:Hanyu Pinyin 3238:16 Kingdoms 3129:Wang Jipeng 3124:Wang Yanjun 3119:Wang Yanhan 3044:Yang Xingmi 2950:Gao Jichong 2940:Gao Baorong 2935:Gao Conghui 2853:Guo Zongxun 2783:Liu Zhiyuan 2749:occupation) 2743:Interregnum 2615:Zhu Youzhen 2597:Later Liang 2483:Later Liang 2419:Wang Chuzhi 2116:See, e.g., 1615:Zun Qian Ji 1577:Li Shaorong 1556:Wang Zongbi 1504:Empress Liu 1333:Zhang Juhan 1238:Wang Deming 1048:Zhu Youzhen 1030:Zhu Youqian 955:Yang Shihou 894:Wang Chuzhi 813:Zhu Shouyin 739:Li Cunzhang 669:Later Liang 622:Liu Shouwen 614:Liu Rengong 577:) and Jin ( 540:chancellors 500:Wang Xingyu 428:Later Liang 320:family name 197:Temple name 149:Family name 113:May 15, 926 103:Ying County 82:Predecessor 3323:926 deaths 3318:885 births 3307:Categories 3230:3 Kingdoms 3139:Zhu Wenjin 3134:Wang Yanxi 2993:Ma Xichong 2983:Ma Xiguang 2973:Ma Xisheng 2930:Gao Jixing 2912:Meng Chang 2876:Former Shu 2835:Later Zhou 2821:Liu Jiyuan 2702:Li Conghou 2666:Later Tang 2651:Li Maozhen 2610:Zhu Yougui 2533:Former Shu 2500:Li Maozhen 2404:/Northern 2331:Later Tang 2168:Qing Yi Lu 1755:References 1514:Gao Jixing 1442:Huo Yanwei 1436:Dong Zhang 1311:Dai Siyuan 1249:Jing Xiang 1246:chancellor 1026:Zhu Yougui 1007:Li Cunshen 910:) and Ji ( 871:Liu Zhijun 832:Sima Guang 830:historian 723:Zhou Dewei 709:Former Shu 665:Emperor Ai 543:Wei Zhaodu 512:Li Maozhen 467:Background 379:Li Tianxia 376:stage name 233:Later Tang 228:Former Jin 217:Li (Zhuye) 165:Cúnxù (存勗) 161:Given name 3109:Wang Chao 3026:Liu Chang 3021:Liu Sheng 2945:Gao Baoxu 2899:Later Shu 2884:Wang Jian 2848:Chai Rong 2816:Liu Ji'en 2806:Liu Chong 2771:Later Han 2721:Later Jin 2707:Li Congke 2697:Li Siyuan 2681:Li Keyong 2641:Wang Rong 2514:region) ( 2445:Wang Rong 2430:region) ( 2362:Li Siyuan 2347:Li Keyong 2326:Li Cunxu 1760:Citations 1717:Unknown: 1677:Li Zanhua 1635:Li Keyong 1629:Parents: 1458:Du Yanqiu 1418:Duan Ning 1303:Li Cunjin 1171:Li Siyuan 878:Wang Rong 727:Li Kening 719:Li Sizhao 685:Wang Jian 485:Li Keyong 461:Li Siyuan 409:Li Keyong 235:(923–926) 230:(908–923) 140:Full name 105:, Shanxi) 86:Li Keyong 61:Li Siyuan 57:Successor 3195:Qian Chu 3175:Qian Liu 2978:Ma Xifan 2692:Li Cunxu 2542:925–926 2521:924–926 2492:923–926 2479:Zhu Zhen 2471:922–926 2468:region) 2457:de facto 2437:921–926 2411:913–926 2378:908–926 2262:, vols. 2210:, vols. 2202:), 1979. 2170:, Tao Gu 2156:vol. 274 2105:vol. 273 2082:vol. 270 2063:vol. 269 2040:vol. 271 2011:vol. 268 1986:vol. 267 1965:vol. 265 1949:vol. 263 1933:vol. 260 1903:vol. 275 1857:vol. 266 1822:vol. 272 1640:Mother: 1633:Father: 1582:Kong Xun 1569:Li Jilin 1562:Downfall 1522:Jingzhou 1496:Li Jiyan 1474:Shandong 1410:Zhao Yan 1384:Shandong 1337:Ren Huan 1319:Li Jitao 1208:Ximeng ( 1197:Shandong 1034:Yuncheng 918:Hengshui 733:monitor 705:Hongnong 677:Yangzhou 658:Ding Hui 644:Changzhi 626:Cangzhou 536:Chang'an 524:Han Jian 504:Xianyang 493:Lady Cao 416:Jiedushi 361:Lǐ Cúnxù 344:Li Cunxu 314:In this 130:, Henan) 3082:Li Jing 3077:Li Bian 3059:Yang Pu 3049:Yang Wo 3016:Liu Bin 3011:Liu Yan 2988:Ma Xi'e 2922:Jingnan 2843:Guo Wei 2605:Zhu Wen 2516:de jure 2449:de jure 2432:de jure 2428:Baoding 2402:Tianjin 2398:Beijing 2199:上海辞书出版社 2187:辞海编辑委员会 2178:Sources 2118:Bo Yang 1880:vol. 27 1659:Li Jiji 1543:Li Jiji 1518:Jingnan 1492:Luoyang 1273:Wang Du 1185:Daliang 1132:Xingtai 1122:Liu Xun 996:Shangfu 978:Shangfu 960:Tianyou 933:Xingtai 898:Baoding 892:), and 834:in the 693:Sichuan 689:Chengdu 683:), and 681:Jiangsu 673:Yang Wo 618:Beijing 598:Kaifeng 532:Shaanxi 522:), and 520:Shaanxi 508:Shaanxi 473:Taiyuan 447:Luoyang 418:of the 395:of the 393:emperor 348:Chinese 336:Chinese 254:Chinese 223:Dynasty 116:Luoyang 3270:W. Xia 2968:Ma Yin 2581:rulers 2373:Shanxi 2252:vol. 5 1625:Family 1617:(尊前集; 1599:Poetry 1470:Jining 1422:Anyang 1402:Puyang 1380:Tai'an 1189:He Gui 1038:Shanxi 988:Hohhot 941:Handan 811:) and 789:Shanxi 785:Datong 731:eunuch 729:, the 707:, and 648:Shanxi 606:Shatuo 569:Shanxi 565:Linfen 555:Sikong 528:Weinan 489:Shanxi 413:Shatuo 358:: 356:pinyin 350:: 338:: 318:, the 122:Burial 3214:Shang 3167:Wuyue 3087:Li Yu 2512:Baoji 2406:Hebei 1526:Hubei 1426:Henan 1406:Henan 1156:Henan 1136:Hebei 945:Hebei 937:Hebei 922:Hebei 902:Hebei 890:Hebei 630:Hebei 602:Henan 547:Li Xi 516:Baoji 213:House 74:Reign 49:Reign 3286:Qing 3282:Ming 3278:Yuan 3266:Song 3262:Liao 3254:Tang 3218:Zhou 2747:Liao 2645:Zhao 1360:Tang 1193:Heze 1152:Hebi 882:Zhao 545:and 366:Yazi 260:後唐莊宗 110:Died 96:Born 25:後唐莊宗 3294:PRC 3290:ROC 3274:Jīn 3250:Sui 3234:Jìn 3226:Han 3222:Qin 3210:Xia 3149:Yin 3097:Min 2960:Chu 2675:Jin 2635:Yan 2531:of 2502:of 2481:of 2390:Yan 2388:of 2312:275 2308:274 2304:273 2300:272 2296:271 2292:270 2288:269 2284:268 2280:267 2276:266 2272:265 2268:263 2264:260 1743:宋廷浩 1621:). 1588:郭從謙 1538:). 1479:皇甫麟 1450:張漢傑 1375:盧順密 1229:李弘規 1211:石希蒙 1176:閻寶) 1147:橫海) 1099:賀德倫 1077:). 1066:尚書令 1043:康懷貞 1018:李嗣肱 1012:史建瑭 1003:Yan 808:李存敬 802:史敬鎔 780:李存質 774:李存顥 714:康懷貞 697:Jin 510:), 456:郭從謙 403:of 384:李天下 374:), 340:唐莊宗 322:is 156:(李) 3309:: 3292:/ 3288:→ 3284:→ 3280:→ 3276:→ 3272:/ 3268:/ 3264:/ 3260:→ 3256:→ 3252:→ 3248:→ 3244:/ 3240:→ 3236:/ 3232:→ 3228:→ 3224:→ 3220:→ 3216:→ 3212:→ 3036:Wu 2655:Qi 2518:) 2504:Qi 2451:)/ 2434:) 2408:) 2375:) 2310:, 2306:, 2302:, 2298:, 2294:, 2290:, 2286:, 2282:, 2278:, 2274:, 2270:, 2266:, 2250:, 2240:34 2238:, 2236:33 2234:, 2232:32 2230:, 2228:31 2226:, 2224:30 2222:, 2220:29 2218:, 2216:28 2214:, 2212:27 2193:辞海 2154:, 2142:^ 2120:, 2103:, 2089:^ 2080:, 2070:^ 2061:, 2047:^ 2038:, 2018:^ 2009:, 1993:^ 1984:, 1972:^ 1963:, 1947:, 1931:, 1910:^ 1901:, 1887:^ 1878:, 1864:^ 1855:, 1829:^ 1820:, 1794:^ 1768:^ 1606:ci 1535:何詞 1524:, 1509:盧蘋 1472:, 1424:, 1404:, 1389:鄆州 1382:, 1365:興唐 1342:匡義 1324:安義 1278:定州 1268:王郁 1254:符習 1223:李藹 1217:鎮州 1195:, 1154:, 1141:安國 1134:, 1127:王檀 1117:張彥 1111:張筠 1105:昭德 1093:魏州 1056:幽州 1036:, 990:, 983:宋瑤 965:天佑 950:天雄 943:, 935:, 920:, 913:冀州 907:深州 900:, 888:, 840:: 787:, 750:盧質 744:吳珙 703:, 701:Qi 699:, 691:, 679:, 653:潞州 646:, 635:滄州 628:, 600:, 580:晉州 574:汾州 567:, 560:司空 530:, 518:, 506:, 422:. 371:亞子 354:; 325:Li 163:: 154:Lǐ 151:: 2745:( 2657:) 2653:( 2647:) 2643:( 2637:) 2633:( 2571:e 2564:t 2557:v 2459:) 2455:( 2447:( 2400:/ 2314:. 2254:. 2242:. 2158:. 2107:. 2084:. 2065:. 2042:. 2013:. 1988:. 1967:. 1951:. 1935:. 1905:. 1882:. 1859:. 1824:. 1789:. 1585:( 1372:( 1063:( 962:( 771:( 557:( 381:( 368:( 346:( 334:( 328:.

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