128:
66:
25:
738:
reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by
781:
The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives, but for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in
765:
The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean
Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and
681:
The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within the grand temple.
761:
Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from the final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most
Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants.
793:; "progenitor"): typically used for founders, either of a dynasty or a new line within an existing one. Temple names bearing this character were also accorded to monarchs with great accomplishments. The equivalent in Korean is
750:; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the
597:
Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example,
629:. In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the
2526:
778:
Most temple names consist of two
Chinese characters, unlike the more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three characters.
690:
Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death.
653:. There were also instances of individuals ruling as the sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for
1975:
1643:
1566:
1855:
1387:
1465:
2106:
2677:
2672:
1571:
918:
2682:
2687:
200:
2392:
2239:
613:. Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for
172:
1911:
1813:
237:
219:
109:
52:
157:
91:
2667:
2521:
2397:
2244:
179:
2313:
475:
267:
153:
76:
2531:
1960:
1947:
1528:
283:
186:
2717:
1664:
1291:
1243:
911:
520:
149:
38:
2727:
1769:
969:
836:
571:
168:
2058:
1319:
1040:
516:
2722:
2712:
2692:
2501:
2370:
851:
831:
559:
2702:
2472:
2328:
1865:
1154:
826:
138:
2641:
2211:
904:
531:
in the
Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with
142:
87:
1543:
722:; "resurgent"): honored to sovereigns who revitalized their realm following a period of decline.
2697:
2229:
2138:
1905:
1776:
1633:
1262:
591:
408:
2707:
1980:
1025:
489:
2268:
2000:
1735:
693:
The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives:
8:
2628:
2365:
2355:
2278:
2253:
1576:
1310:
1286:
866:
622:
614:
401:
193:
2491:
2434:
2198:
1878:
1671:
1553:
1233:
1207:
1083:
974:
734:, the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names was abandoned. The
358:
350:
378:
2577:
2343:
1832:
1712:
1106:
1072:
1067:
856:
767:
626:
547:
83:
536:
2462:
2338:
2333:
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44:
896:
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1702:
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1932:
1808:
1790:
1740:
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1415:
1359:
1035:
960:
642:
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587:
654:
546:
Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names:
417:
2656:
2350:
2258:
2177:
2066:
2047:
2032:
1937:
1900:
1783:
1750:
1730:
1653:
1628:
1623:
1610:
1581:
1538:
1475:
1382:
1367:
1338:
1251:
1045:
927:
890:"ChinaKnowledge.de — An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art"
658:
524:
583:
575:
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2604:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2402:
2096:
2042:
2037:
1990:
1924:
1850:
1840:
1819:
1763:
1697:
1648:
1510:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1460:
1435:
1425:
1332:
1113:
931:
727:
670:
634:
555:
551:
368:
315:
2589:
2511:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2081:
1995:
1985:
1845:
1803:
1798:
1615:
1591:
1533:
1500:
1470:
1450:
1445:
1420:
1410:
1377:
1372:
1188:
1123:
1118:
999:
841:
755:
735:
731:
715:; "eternal"): honored to rulers deemed worthy of eternal remembrance; and
666:
2582:
2565:
2506:
2486:
2143:
2071:
2018:
2014:
1942:
1758:
1725:
1658:
1561:
1505:
1327:
1281:
1238:
1193:
1144:
1077:
1057:
1020:
994:
950:
945:
523:. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the
16:
Posthumous titles granted to
Sinosphere monarchs for ancestral worship
2594:
2481:
2457:
2219:
2111:
1871:
1586:
1269:
1203:
1149:
1096:
1091:
964:
329:
127:
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2611:
2599:
2560:
2538:
2429:
2318:
2263:
2086:
1885:
1345:
1298:
1257:
1228:
1216:
1159:
1139:
1101:
1062:
742:
Initially, in deciding whether a monarch should be honored as "祖" (
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2452:
2424:
1892:
1520:
1275:
1181:
1030:
1004:
955:
610:
601:
was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name
598:
528:
375:
1222:
889:
2621:
2496:
1606:
1052:
606:
567:
563:
436:
808:; "ancestor"): used for all other monarchs. It is rendered as
2571:
2300:
2286:
2282:
730:
were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the
452:
383:
770:
from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs.
355:
341:
708:; "high"): honored to monarchs with great achievements;
320:
754:
era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non-
494:
480:
926:
515:are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the
2654:
422:
406:
912:
527:in China and had since been adopted by other
288:
272:
457:
441:
645:, but his temple name was later amended to
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
919:
905:
785:The last character is either "祖" or "宗":
739:Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190.
701:; "grand"): honored to dynastic founders;
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2655:
357:
900:
154:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
13:
882:
14:
2739:
2678:Ancient institutions in East Asia
2673:Confucian royal ancestral shrines
34:This article has multiple issues.
1567:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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42:or discuss these issues on the
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1:
877:
2683:Ancient Chinese institutions
773:
676:
7:
2688:Ancient Korean institutions
837:List of monarchs of Vietnam
820:
661:, who was later honored as
90:the claims made and adding
10:
2744:
2230:Imperial, royal, and noble
685:
637:was originally honored as
594:dynasties as exceptions).
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2445:
2417:
2314:Imperial, royal and noble
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1552:
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1307:
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1132:
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987:
938:
852:List of Chinese era names
832:List of monarchs of Korea
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1155:Maiden and married names
827:List of Chinese monarchs
746:; "progenitor") or "宗" (
726:Chinese monarchs of the
268:Traditional Chinese
2668:Posthumous recognitions
2642:Category:Lists of names
284:Simplified Chinese
1572:Eritrean and Ethiopian
407:
2502:Galton–Watson process
2107:Ancient Tamil country
1529:Australian Aboriginal
782:his posthumous name.
617:, whose temple name,
2269:Post-nominal letters
1388:Indigenous Taiwanese
586:dynasties (with the
566:(until AD 1274) and
476:Revised Romanization
150:improve this article
2718:Vietnamese monarchs
2629:Surnames by country
2254:Pre-nominal letters
1311:Surnames by country
867:Vietnamese era name
812:(종) in Korean, and
627:Eastern Han dynasty
621:, was abolished by
519:for the purpose of
402:Vietnamese alphabet
2728:Culture of Vietnam
2492:Endonym and exonym
2435:Calendar of saints
2418:Related traditions
2192:Manners of address
1554:Sub-Saharan Africa
975:Nobiliary particle
75:possibly contains
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2578:Personal identity
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1786:
1779:
1772:
1674:
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1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1133:By life situation
1086:
857:Japanese era name
572:Vietnamese rulers
510:
509:
502:
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490:McCune–Reischauer
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359:[mǐːuhōu]
309:Standard Mandarin
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77:original research
57:
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2723:Vietnamese names
2713:Culture of Korea
2693:Chinese monarchs
2463:Anthropomorphism
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2156:Buddhist surname
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1966:
1959:
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1912:Hispanic America
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1818:
1789:
1782:
1777:African-American
1775:
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1634:Ashkenazi Jewish
1439:and Western Asia
1404:and Central Asia
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1177:Placeholder name
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1026:Double-barrelled
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847:Chinese era name
752:Sixteen Kingdoms
548:Chinese monarchs
541:posthumous names
529:dynastic regimes
521:ancestor worship
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92:inline citations
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2703:Korean monarchs
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2468:Personification
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2183:Theophoric name
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883:Further reading
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872:Posthumous name
862:Korean era name
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651:Jiajing Emperor
611:Cao Wei dynasty
570:dynasties, and
396:Vietnamese name
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2398:Ecclesiastical
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2180:
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2146:
2141:
2134:Christian name
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2024:Southeast Asia
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
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2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
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1971:
1964:
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1948:Eastern Slavic
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1935:
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1191:
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953:
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928:Personal names
924:
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909:
901:
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864:
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849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:in Vietnamese.
802:
801:in Vietnamese.
775:
772:
724:
723:
716:
709:
702:
687:
684:
678:
675:
643:Hongxi Emperor
631:Yongle Emperor
508:
507:
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503:
500:
499:
492:
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485:
478:
472:
471:
470:Transcriptions
463:
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330:Yue: Cantonese
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303:Transcriptions
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227:
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125:
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72:
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63:
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32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2706:
2704:
2701:
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2698:Chinese names
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2676:
2674:
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2640:
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2630:
2627:
2623:
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2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Mandaean name
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Biblical name
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
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1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1926:
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1899:
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1699:
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1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:Ancient Greek
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1611:North America
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
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1499:
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1479:
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1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
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1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:Northern Asia
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
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1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
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1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:Nom de guerre
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
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1209:
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1201:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
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1171:
1168:
1166:
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1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
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1120:
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1108:
1105:
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1103:
1100:
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1080:
1079:
1076:
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1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
939:Personal name
937:
933:
929:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
902:
899:
891:
887:
886:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
786:
783:
779:
771:
769:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:
691:
683:
674:
672:
668:
667:Emperor Shizu
664:
660:
659:Mongol Empire
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Korean rulers
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Shang dynasty
522:
518:
514:
505:
493:
491:
487:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
456:
454:
450:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
382:
380:
377:
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370:
366:
360:
354:
352:
348:
340:
338:
334:
331:
327:
319:
317:
313:
310:
306:
301:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
251:
242:
239:
224:
221:
213:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171: –
170:
169:"Temple name"
166:
165:Find sources:
159:
155:
151:
145:
144:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2708:Korean names
2617:Signum manus
2605:Royal cypher
2570:
2555:Nomen nescio
2553:
2549:Nomenclature
2544:Naming taboo
2356:Professional
2199:of authority
2149:Saint's name
1814:Scandinavian
1436:Muslim world
1274:
1250:
1221:
1169:
1073:Occupational
932:anthroponymy
813:
809:
805:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
777:
764:
760:
747:
743:
741:
728:Zhou dynasty
725:
719:
712:
705:
698:
692:
689:
680:
671:Yuan dynasty
662:
646:
638:
635:Ming dynasty
623:Emperor Xian
618:
615:Emperor Huan
602:
596:
545:
537:regnal names
513:Temple names
512:
511:
369:Southern Min
316:Hanyu Pinyin
262:Chinese name
234:
216:
207:
197:
190:
183:
176:
164:
148:Please help
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2590:Proper name
2512:Name change
2366:Educational
2344:Substantive
2283:decorations
2166:Jewish name
2161:Dharma name
2126:By religion
1791:Hongkongese
1616:Australasia
1456:Azerbaijani
1189:Regnal name
1170:Temple name
1000:Middle name
988:By sequence
965:Matrilineal
961:Patrilineal
842:Regnal name
736:Han dynasty
732:Qin dynasty
558:dynasties,
431:Korean name
253:Temple name
2657:Categories
2583:Identifier
2566:Onomastics
2507:Legal name
2487:Deadnaming
2383:Diplomatic
2339:Subsidiary
2334:Hereditary
2225:Diplomatic
2144:Papal name
2053:Indonesian
2019:South Asia
2015:Indosphere
1981:Macedonian
1954:Belarusian
1861:Portuguese
1703:Lithuanian
1597:Zimbabwean
1393:Vietnamese
1353:Generation
1320:East Asian
1308:By culture
1282:Stage name
1239:Hypocorism
1204:Pseudonyms
1194:Slave name
1145:Birth name
1097:Teknonymic
1078:Patronymic
1058:Matronymic
1021:Diminutive
995:First name
951:Given name
946:Birth name
878:References
592:Later Trần
517:Sinosphere
180:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
2595:Signature
2482:Call sign
2458:Anonymity
2393:Religious
2319:Chivalric
2240:Religious
2235:Judiciary
2220:Honorific
2203:of honour
2102:Sinhalese
2092:Pakistani
2077:Malaysian
2072:Cambodian
1976:Kashubian
1968:Ukrainian
1933:Bulgarian
1872:Praenomen
1809:Icelandic
1680:Hungarian
1481:Pakistani
1416:Mongolian
1270:Ring name
1263:Heteronym
1229:Nicknames
1150:Code name
1102:Toponymic
1092:Sobriquet
1068:Mononymic
1063:Metonymic
1005:Last name
797:(조), and
774:Structure
768:era names
758:regimes.
677:Etymology
550:from the
533:era names
409:miếu hiệu
137:does not
88:verifying
45:talk page
2612:Khelrtva
2600:Monogram
2561:Misnomer
2539:Namesake
2473:National
2430:Name day
2388:Judicial
2378:Business
2371:Honorary
2361:Academic
2351:Military
2324:Courtesy
2309:Academic
2274:Academic
2264:Emeritus
2067:Javanese
2048:Filipino
2033:Balinese
2001:Suffixes
1938:Croatian
1901:Romanian
1886:Cognomen
1784:Canadian
1770:American
1751:Germanic
1736:Scottish
1654:Georgian
1644:Estonian
1629:Armenian
1624:Albanian
1582:Ghanaian
1539:Hawaiian
1476:Mandaean
1383:Okinawan
1368:Japanese
1339:Courtesy
1299:Username
1292:Mononyms
1258:Pen name
1244:Monarchs
1217:Art name
1160:Necronym
1140:Aptronym
1053:Eponymic
1014:By trait
821:See also
663:Xianzong
584:Later Lê
539:(尊號) or
343:miu2hou3
337:Jyutping
322:miào hào
210:May 2023
100:May 2023
2532:Surname
2453:Acronym
2446:Related
2425:Baptism
2059:Chinese
2043:Burmese
2038:Bengali
1991:Serbian
1961:Russian
1906:Spanish
1893:Agnomen
1856:Occitan
1851:Italian
1841:Catalan
1833:Romance
1820:Swedish
1764:English
1721:Cornish
1698:Latvian
1672:Cypriot
1649:Finnish
1562:Ashanti
1521:Oceania
1511:Turkish
1491:Persian
1486:Pashtun
1461:Bengali
1426:Tibetan
1333:Chinese
1276:Shikona
1182:Notname
1114:Patrial
1107:Surname
1084:Surname
1031:Epithet
970:Affixes
956:Surname
686:History
669:of the
657:of the
649:by the
647:Chengzu
641:by the
639:Taizong
633:of the
625:of the
619:Weizong
609:of the
599:Cao Cao
574:of the
562:of the
554:to the
418:Chữ Hán
376:Hokkien
194:scholar
158:removed
143:sources
82:Please
2663:Titles
2622:Tughra
2527:Middle
2497:Family
2301:Titles
2287:medals
2285:, and
2279:Orders
2259:Suffix
2212:Styles
2171:Hebrew
2097:Sindhi
2082:Indian
1996:Slovak
1986:Polish
1925:Slavic
1846:French
1804:Gothic
1799:German
1713:Celtic
1690:Baltic
1639:Basque
1607:Europe
1592:Yoruba
1534:Fijian
1501:Somali
1496:Sindhi
1471:Coptic
1466:Berber
1451:Arabic
1446:Afghan
1411:Kalmyk
1378:Manchu
1373:Korean
1360:Titles
1124:Virtue
1119:Unisex
1041:Common
1036:Animal
655:Möngke
607:Cao Pi
582:, and
568:Joseon
564:Goryeo
543:(謚號).
535:(年號),
437:Hangul
385:biō-hō
196:
189:
182:
175:
167:
2572:-onym
2522:Given
2518:List
2403:Papal
2329:False
1943:Czech
1879:Nomen
1866:Roman
1759:Dutch
1741:Welsh
1726:Irish
1659:Greek
1544:Māori
1506:Tatar
1421:Sakha
1328:Amami
1046:Plant
720:zhōng
603:Taizu
496:myoho
482:myoho
453:Hanja
201:JSTOR
187:books
2195:List
2112:Thai
2022:and
1731:Manx
1614:and
1587:Igbo
1287:List
1234:list
1223:Bugō
1208:list
930:and
814:tông
810:jong
806:zōng
748:zōng
590:and
580:Trần
556:Yuan
552:Tang
173:news
141:any
139:cite
2087:Lao
1577:Ewe
1346:Art
804:宗 (
789:祖 (
756:Han
718:中 (
713:shì
711:世 (
706:gāo
704:高 (
699:tài
697:太 (
665:by
605:by
379:POJ
351:IPA
152:by
86:by
2659::
2281:,
1609:,
799:tổ
795:jo
791:zǔ
744:zǔ
673:.
588:Hồ
578:,
576:Lý
459:廟號
444:묘호
424:廟號
291:庙号
275:廟號
48:.
2201:/
2026:)
2017:(
1210:)
1206:(
963:/
920:e
913:t
906:v
892:.
241:)
235:(
223:)
217:(
212:)
208:(
198:·
191:·
184:·
177:·
160:.
146:.
113:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
80:.
55:)
51:(
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