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local opium trade. With the help of the Thai military, Li's army traded their opium through
Thailand, exchanging it for weapons and supplies delivered from Taiwan. They made serious attempts to take control of Yunnan during this period, but did not achieve long-term success. At one point there were 20,000 pro-KMT soldiers attempting to recover Yunnan. The operation liberated four counties before their logistical network broke down, and Mi's forces were not able to achieve their goal.
69:
561:, near the Thai border. The troops who moved there under Li joined earlier Nationalist troops who had remained in the area after fighting the Japanese in World War II. Following Li's withdrawal to this region, Li reorganized all available Nationalist forces in the region, placing them under his command. Li's forces subsequently became known to foreign observers as the "93rd Division".
629:". Communist insurgents then present in Burma were known to cite the presence of Li's troops as their justification for being there. Additionally, if Rangoon were to devote their resources to defeating Li's troops, it would weaken their ability to defeat these other, communist guerrilla movements. The American secretary of state,
675:, for control of local opium production and distribution. They were quickly successful in the ensuing "Opium War", and continued to monopolize the local opium trade. Subsequent efforts by Chiang Kai-shek to reassert control over these troops failed, and they became effectively independent of Nationalist control.
678:
In 1961, Li's former troops who had retreated into northwestern
Thailand agreed to combat local Communist insurgents in exchange for official residence, as they had no legal status. Under the nominal command of the Thai army, the unit was renamed the "Chinese Irregular Forces" (CIF), and continued to
620:
Between 1949 and 1953 Li's men impressed thousands of local tribesmen into joining them, and were reinforced with several hundred former army officers and trainers from
Formosa. Refugees from communist-held Yunnan also joined his army. Many married local women, and they systematically "took over" the
448:
broke out, Chiang Kai-shek had Li Mi transferred to the regular army after rumors surfaced about his loyalty towards the KMT government. His corps commander saved him from certain arrest and execution by vouching for Li's loyalty. In 1940, Li Mi was promoted to command of the First Honor
Division and
585:
to remove them. In 1953, 7,000 troops, including Li Mi, were airlifted to Taiwan, but many more troops decided to remain behind. 7,000 troops remained entrenched around the Burma-Laos border, while several thousand more remained in
Thailand. By the time that a second withdrawal was announced, in
624:
There were several reasons for the
American decision to put pressure on Chiang to remove Nationalist troops from Burma. An internal document investigating the usefulness of the Burmese Nationalist troops to the United States concluded that they were "of less military value to the free world as a
794:
There is insufficient evidence to know for certain if the PLA actively aided the
Burmese Army, but Burma signed an agreement with China authorizing the PLA to conduct operations twelve miles into Burma to combat the 93rd Division, and American intelligence believed that the PLA had done
604:
The CIA programme to aid Li's troops in Burma was called "Operation Paper". Operation Paper involved the use of
Thailand as a transit route, transporting weapons and supplies between Taiwan and Burma. Once arriving in Thailand, these supplies would then be transported via air by CAT
679:
grow and distribute opium in order to fund their anti-communist activities. In the late 1980s, the Thai government concluded that the CIF's anti-Communist activities had been successful, and they were granted Thai resident status. Their descendants mostly settled around village of
536:
President Chiang Kai-shek instructed him to rebuild his former 13th army and defend his home province, Yunnan, from
Communist attacks. By the time that Communist forces had taken the mainland in 1949, Li had already withdrawn his armies south and west, into
549:. When Burma declared independence in 1948, Li established an independent Shan regime for his "Anti-Communist National Salvation Army". From these bases, Li's units continued to carry out guerrilla attacks against the Communist authorities in Yunnan.
581:. At first, American strategists considered Li's "irregulars" useful to their regional efforts to contain communism; but, within a few years, Washington began to think of them as a threat to that same objective, and put serious pressure on
501:
of Yunnan
Province from power in June 1945. American troops provided many supplies and provisions to Li's 8th corps, which proved invaluable in the coming struggle against Chinese Communist forces. Until the outbreak of the 1948–1949
477:, which destroyed the Japanese 55th and 56th divisions. By 1945, Li Mi was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, and placed in command of the 8th Corps while retaining his command of the First Honor Division.
552:
Nationalist forces from Yunnan also attempted to move into French Indo-China, but these troops were quickly disarmed and arrested by the French. The troops which moved into Burma initially settled around
633:, was concerned that the Burmese government might form a coalition with communist groups to remove Li's troops. There were also concerns that China might invade Burma in order to suppress them.
636:
After returning to Taiwan in 1953, Li Mi retired from active military service, becoming a member of the Nationalist legislature and the party's central committee. He died in
883:
664:, with the consent of those nations' governments and armies. Many were used by the governments of Thailand and Laos to combat communist insurgents in their countries.
601:. At the time, Burma was fighting four other insurgencies, including two communist guerrilla movements, and was not strong enough to seriously pursue Li's irregulars.
863:
529:
forces. Following this encirclement, Du was captured, Qiu committed suicide or was killed in action (actual cause unknown), and only Li was able to escape back to
573:
were partially supported secretly by weapons and other supplies and by CIA military advisors provided by the United States, but mostly supported itself through
858:
432:, occupying of the territories the communists had previous controlled. By the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Li had been promoted to colonel.
597:, attempted to suppress Li's activities and ordered his forces to surrender, but Li refused. After the Burmese army attacked Li, he moved his troops to
261:
828:
808:
617:(also known as "Phibun"), agreed to aid Operation Paper, due to poor Thai-Burmese relations and the promise of American economic and military aid.
424:. After the Communists had based themselves in northern China, Li devised battle plans which helped to defeat the famous Red Army commanders like
474:
222:
878:
873:
586:
1961, American credibility, US-Burmese relations, and the effort to contain communism in the region were in serious disarray.
898:
893:
17:
398:, accused him of harboring Communist sympathies and tried to take over his unit. Li Mi was able to prove his loyalty to
249:
719:
734:
Kaufman, Victor S. "Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division".
868:
578:
751:
Kaufman, Victor S. "Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division".
829:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011824/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/bjorge_huai.pdf
809:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011824/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/bjorge_huai.pdf
314:; 4 November 1902 – 10 March 1973) was a high-ranking Nationalist general who participated in the anti-Communist
273:
823:
888:
297:
335:
277:
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818:
362:. He had a difficult childhood but his family managed to give him a modern education. In 1924, he went to
706:
653:
526:
177:
513:'s 7th army, but they were blocked by an enemy force. While attempting to assault enemy positions in
217:
420:. Li then pursued the retreating Communist forces, chasing them over 1,000 miles, on foot, over the
613:, working through two dummy corporations as diplomatic cover. The Thai prime minister at the time,
367:
319:
207:
711:
506:, he was able to score a number of important victories against the Communists in Eastern China.
450:
391:
331:
315:
202:
156:
779:"Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division"
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458:
212:
853:
848:
610:
239:
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8:
606:
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and wiped out a Japanese brigade. In 1944 he joined the "Y-Force", commanded by General
630:
509:
In November 1948, Li Mi, Sun Yuanliang and Qiu Qingquan were tasked to relieve General
160:
40:
330:
commanders to achieve notable victories against both Chinese Communist forces and the
715:
323:
234:
416:'s staff, leading a crack Nationalist unit to drive the Communist forces out of the
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355:
244:
91:
702:
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continued military efforts to remove them, possibly with the assistance from the
582:
486:
402:
359:
346:, where he continued to carry out guerrilla raids into Communist-held territory.
95:
35:
668:
417:
842:
454:
399:
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522:
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379:
99:
31:
656:. By 1961, most remaining Nationalist forces had moved their bases inside
542:
470:
383:
778:
756:
739:
680:
457:, managing to destroy a Japanese airfield. In 1940 he participated the
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406:
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327:
68:
405:
and was named a county magistrate of one of the "red territories" the
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Following a partial withdrawal of troops to Taiwan, in 1960 the
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445:
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support to regional defense than the regularly organized
533:(Another general, Sun Yuanliang, had escaped earlier).
755:. No. 166, Jun. 2001. pp.440–441. retrieved at <
785:. No. 166, Jun. 2001. p.441. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
589:
After achieving independence, the prime minister of
609:), a CIA proprietary airline, under the command of
884:Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
864:National Revolutionary Army generals from Yunnan
840:
738:. No. 166, Jun. 2001. p.440. retrieved at
366:Province and entered the fourth class of the
56:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
475:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
435:
223:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
859:Chinese military personnel of World War II
730:
728:
262:1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border
67:
698:
696:
762:
349:
725:
14:
841:
802:
693:
412:In the early 1930s Li joined General
757:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165
740:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165
669:fought a war against a rival warlord
667:By 1967, Nationalist Chinese troops
489:'s personal orders, Generals Li Mi,
480:
338:in 1949, he withdrew his forces to
24:
819:Ministry of National Defense R.O.C
409:Nationalists had just taken over.
250:Landing Operation on Hainan Island
25:
910:
564:
334:. Following the founding of the
394:his superior commander, General
171:
155:
130:
73:Lieutenant General Li Mi in 1948
879:Whampoa Military Academy alumni
874:People of the Chinese Civil War
274:Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
788:
745:
310:
301:
57:
13:
1:
571:Kuomintang militants in Burma
278:Order of the Cloud and Banner
255:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
899:Taiwanese people from Yunnan
686:
390:. During the anti-Communist
7:
814:http://www.generals.dk.html
707:The Search for Modern China
178:National Revolutionary Army
27:Chinese general (1902–1973)
10:
915:
894:Chinese Civil War refugees
336:People's Republic of China
29:
643:
370:. He participated in the
283:
269:
218:Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang
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183:
166:
151:
143:
125:
105:
78:
66:
51:
436:Second Sino-Japanese War
368:Whampoa Military Academy
326:. He was one of the few
320:Second Sino-Japanese War
208:Second Sino-Japanese War
869:Chinese anti-communists
712:W.W. Norton and Company
834:Portrait of Li in 1948
714:. (1999) pp. 527–528.
497:removed local warlord
451:Imperial Japanese Army
392:Encirclement Campaigns
332:Imperial Japanese Army
316:Encirclement Campaigns
203:Encirclement Campaigns
889:People from Tengchong
759:> on 6 March 2011.
615:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
525:became surrounded by
459:Battle of Kunlun Pass
440:When the war between
350:Early life and career
213:Battle of Kunlun Pass
144:Years of service
824:US Naval War College
521:, Sun Yuanliang and
449:fought against the
374:with his classmates
240:Nanma-Linqu Campaign
228:Battle of Mount Song
187:8th Corps, 13th Army
803:External References
783:The China Quarterly
777:Kaufman, Victor S.
753:The China Quarterly
736:The China Quarterly
703:Spence, Jonathan D.
607:Civil Air Transport
372:Northern Expedition
198:Northern Expedition
18:Li Mi (ROC general)
640:on 10 March 1973.
631:John Foster Dulles
557:, in the state of
354:Li Mi was born in
161:Lieutenant General
611:General Chennault
481:Chinese Civil War
324:Chinese Civil War
291:
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235:Chinese Civil War
138:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
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792:
786:
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743:
742:on 6 March 2011.
732:
723:
700:
577:cultivation and
504:Huaihai Campaign
485:Under President
356:Tengchong County
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245:Huaihai Campaign
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403:Chiang Kai-shek
360:Yunnan Province
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284:Other work
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96:Yunnan Province
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89:4 November 1902
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113:(aged 70)
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109:10 March 1973
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50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
790:
782:
752:
747:
735:
705:
677:
666:
650:Burmese Army
647:
635:
627:Burmese Army
623:
619:
603:
588:
579:distribution
568:
551:
545:of Northern
535:
523:Qiu Qingquan
511:Huang Baitao
508:
495:Qiu Qingquan
484:
467:Qiu Qingquan
465:and General
439:
411:
380:Zhang Lingfu
353:
309:
293:
292:
192:Battles/wars
111:(1973-03-10)
46:
39:
32:Chinese name
854:1973 deaths
849:1902 births
543:Shan states
471:Wei Lihuang
384:Liu Yuzhang
36:family name
843:Categories
681:Santikhiri
422:Long March
407:Kuomintang
396:Chen Cheng
328:Kuomintang
287:Politician
126:Allegiance
85:1902-11-04
687:Footnotes
599:Mong Hsat
519:Du Yuming
491:Du Yuming
473:, in the
463:Du Yuming
364:Guangdong
147:1927–1954
662:Thailand
559:Kengtung
555:Tachilek
541:and the
539:Thailand
499:Long Yun
388:Lin Biao
344:Thailand
184:Commands
30:In this
673:Khun Sa
531:Nanjing
430:Ye Ting
426:He Long
414:Xue Yue
376:Hu Lien
298:Chinese
718:
644:Legacy
638:Taipei
517:, he,
308::
306:pinyin
300::
270:Awards
135:
120:Taiwan
116:Taipei
34:, the
795:this.
591:Burma
575:opium
569:Li's
547:Burma
515:Henan
446:Japan
442:China
340:Burma
311:Lǐ Mí
294:Li Mi
100:China
53:Li Mi
716:ISBN
660:and
658:Laos
595:U Nu
493:and
444:and
428:and
386:and
342:and
322:and
167:Unit
152:Rank
106:Died
79:Born
654:PLA
527:PLA
453:in
38:is
845::
781:.
764:^
727:^
710:,
695:^
683:.
671:,
593:,
382:,
378:,
358:,
318:,
304:;
302:李彌
276:,
118:,
98:,
94:,
58:李彌
41:Li
722:.
605:(
296:(
87:)
83:(
44:.
20:)
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