2667:
713:
1494:
Mi's forces in Burma. Ma Shou-i, a
Yunnanese Muslim mapang (militia) leader involved in smuggling and narcotics trafficking, assisted the Kuomintang forces under Li Mi with logistics, since the Communists adopted an anti narcotics policy. Forces under General Ma Chün-kuo conducted their first minor assault on Yunnan in April 1963, and various insignificant raids continued in the following years. General Ma himself admitted that they were not doing much. Most of General Ma's activities consisted of jade and opium smuggling, and not fighting, since there was only sporadic aid and few orders to do anything from Taiwan.
3476:
2715:
406:
394:
136:
2658:
462:
2702:
149:
121:
429:
2683:
2607:
673:
2638:
2620:
2597:
3488:
1025:
376:
364:
352:
340:
328:
316:
304:
292:
280:
262:
243:
223:
203:
185:
173:
107:
2587:
272:
195:
2649:
1490:, was paid a salary by the ROC government and given the nominal title of Governor of Yunnan. After the Burmese government appealed to the United Nations in 1953, the U.S. began pressuring the ROC to withdraw its loyalists. By the end of 1954, nearly 6,000 soldiers had left Burma and Li Mi declared his army disbanded. However, thousands remained, and the ROC continued to supply and command them, even secretly supplying reinforcements at times.
3512:
3500:
1413:, a Kuomintang member and a Muslim, led an insurgency against the PLA from 1950 to 1954 using guerrilla tactics. Prior to this, he had earlier fought against the Soviet Red Army. He was against the Marxist–Leninist indoctrination of the Communist Party, and he killed hundreds of PLA soldiers in guerrilla ambushes in valleys and mountains. He was captured in 1954 and executed at
1452:, who was related to Ma Bufang, had 2,000 Chinese Muslim troops under his command around Gansu/Qinghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent agents in May 1952 to communicate with him, and Chiang offered him the post of Commander-in-chief of the 103rd Route of the Kuomintang army, which was accepted by Ma. The CIA dropped supplies such as ammunition, radios, and gold at Nagchuka to Ma Liang.
1799:
1766:
2515:
1493:
The
Republic of China (Taiwan) Ministry of National Defence's Intelligence Bureau employed the pro-Kuomintang Yunnanese Muslim Maj. General Ma Chün-kuo to operate in Burma. General Ma became an important figure in the narcotics trade in the region. A guerrilla force led by him worked with General Li
1377:
in 1958, in which he was captured and executed. After a crackdown and restrictions on the Salar population due to the 1950s revolt, the CCP then lifted the restrictions and measures in the 1980s reforms, and then granted amnesty to the majority of the rebels who had been captured and imprisoned. The
1807:
1372:
The CCP allowed Ma Bufang's loyalists to go free after taking them prisoner in their takeover of
Qinghai, to demonstrate humane behaviour. When Ma Bufang's now free loyalists proceeded to take up arms and revolt, this move turned out to be a major blunder. Former Ma Bufang loyalist Salar fighters
1774:
1445:'s Tibetan forces. He managed to escape from the Dalai Lama's grip, and subsequently took a steamer to Taiwan. The Kuomintang government then appointed him Governor of Xinjiang, a title which he held until he died in the mid-1970s in Taiwan. His memoirs were published in 1969.
1393:
continued to make contact with and support the Muslim insurgents in northwest China. Kuomintang planes dropped supplies and arms to the
Muslims; there were 14,000 former Muslim troops of Kuomintang Muslim Generals Ma Bufang and
1373:
were led by Han Yimu, a Salar who had been an officer under Ma Bufang. Han led a revolt from 1951 to 1952 and continued to wage guerilla warfare until joining the major revolt of Salars and
Qinghai (Amdo) Tibetans against
1357:
against the
Communists. In 1951, Bai Chongxi made a speech to the entire Muslim world calling for a war against the Soviet Union, and Bai also called upon Muslims to avoid the Indian leader
1437:
who worked for the
Kuomintang, led a Chinese Hui Muslim cavalry against PLA forces taking over Xinjiang. In 1951, after most of his troops deserted and defected to the PLA, he fled to
3453:
3032:
1315:
930:
645:
473:
1486:
After losing mainland China, a group of approximately 12,000 KMT soldiers escaped to Burma and continued launching guerrilla attacks into southern China. Their leader, General
2632:
875:
140:
1053:
3592:
3448:
3116:
3028:
3142:
517:
778:
1227:
Muslim, defected to the
Communists in Xinjiang and joined the People's Liberation Army. Han Youwen served in the Chinese government until his death in 1998.
3249:
1556:
1551:
655:
368:
2709:
332:
1851:
2496:
308:
593:
1046:
356:
1681:
1382:) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the
3597:
380:
712:
3697:
2888:
1243:
971:
320:
3172:
2559:
1663:
510:
344:
1825:
2834:
2677:
1456:
was another
Chinese Muslim General related to the Ma family. Ma Yuanxiang and Ma Liang wreaked havoc on the Communist forces. In 1953,
207:
1338:
Pro-Nationalist (Kuomintang) Muslim forces were holding out in the northwest and Yunnan at the time of the
Communist victory in 1949.
3401:
1727:
1039:
1745:
3107:
2580:
503:
2737:
2614:
2327:
2300:
2267:
1597:
823:
578:
1483:. Many of them were Hui Muslims, like the insurgents in the northwest, but they did not coordinate their attacks with them.
3567:
2666:
890:
846:
3582:
2624:
1284:
830:
3562:
3213:
2480:
2447:
2420:
2393:
2047:
1876:
1710:
1234:'s eldest son Ma Burong defected to the Communists after 1949 and donated 10,000 yuan to support Chinese troops in the
3577:
2525:
2237:
2210:
2183:
2139:
1835:
1647:
1566:
759:
745:
3085:
1427:, Mongols, and Russians, then against the Communist PLA invasion of Xinjiang. He was captured and executed in 1951.
3532:
3359:
1541:
702:
543:
1930:: an international journal for the study of China (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1587:
3365:
3017:
2552:
1460:
was compelled to take radical action against them. Ma Yuanxiang was then killed by the Communist forces in 1953.
613:
1989:
2628:
1935:
808:
566:
1497:
Chinese Hui Muslim merchants in Burma and Thailand assisted the Kuomintang forces in the Burmese opium trade.
3692:
3389:
3353:
3231:
2854:
2102:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385.
1962:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 387.
1423:, a Turkic Kazakh who was on the Kuomintang payroll, fought for the Republic of China government against the
685:
86:
2227:
2200:
1637:
3557:
3237:
3046:
2782:
2697:
1327:
633:
3587:
3572:
3425:
3288:
3243:
3100:
2705:
2610:
1399:
1210:
1156:
1148:
1129:
895:
467:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3537:
3466:
3261:
2545:
2500:
1011:
935:
920:
915:
885:
1345:
announced the start of the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China, on January 9, 1950, when he was in
3347:
2093:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration"
1953:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration"
1006:
681:
2077:
1906:
3225:
2796:
2792:
1685:
1295:
when the Communists defeated them. However Ma Bufang's subordinate officers who remained behind in
1164:
1133:
813:
2229:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949
2202:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949
2175:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949
2156:
1639:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949
1620:
3547:
3542:
3207:
3042:
2844:
2820:
2804:
2752:
2661:
2652:
2317:
2257:
1378:
Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from
1191:
945:
623:
556:
153:
2472:
2092:
1952:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3219:
3183:
3093:
3067:
2921:
2917:
2601:
1265:
1206:
1081:
940:
900:
660:
561:
433:
2437:
2173:
2129:
1667:
3160:
2931:
2410:
2383:
2366:"Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division"
2290:
2037:
1921:
1866:
1700:
1311:
870:
28:
3419:
2657:
2344:
1302:
Ma Bufang and Ma Chengxiang's forces were stationed across Qinghai and Xinjiang along with
993:
865:
8:
3552:
3395:
3201:
2955:
2884:
2701:
2674:
1561:
1487:
1474:
910:
793:
740:
733:
628:
585:
410:
296:
3407:
3255:
2824:
2762:
2465:
2065:
1894:
1845:
1449:
1374:
1362:
1248:
998:
925:
783:
247:
3413:
3166:
3136:
3115:
3021:
3010:
2986:
2968:
2874:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2686:
2682:
2606:
2568:
2521:
2476:
2443:
2416:
2389:
2323:
2296:
2263:
2233:
2206:
2179:
2135:
2103:
2053:
2043:
2011:
1963:
1931:
1882:
1872:
1831:
1706:
1643:
1593:
1546:
1354:
1195:
1172:
1141:
1137:
1071:
988:
981:
803:
798:
728:
723:
618:
598:
528:
495:
32:
2131:
The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia
3154:
3000:
2996:
2945:
2808:
2670:
2001:
1923:
China's Campaign to 'Open Up the West': National, Provincial and Local Perspectives
1824:, Michael Y. M. Kau, John K. Leung (1986). Michael Y. M. Kau, John K. Leung (ed.).
1358:
1353:, saying that Chinese Muslims would never surrender to Communism and would fight a
1231:
1184:
1160:
966:
860:
817:
608:
603:
231:
211:
1618:
3335:
2935:
2694:
2690:
1927:
1390:
1238:. Ma Lin was the uncle of Ma Bufang and Ma Burong was Ma Bufang's cousin. One of
1136:, including Muslim General Ma Yuanxiang, who fought under the command of General
1085:
1075:
773:
251:
177:
1369:. Ma Bufang continued to exert "influence" on the insurgent KMT Muslim leaders.
3341:
3128:
2517:
The Tibetan nation: a history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations
2253:
2042:. Vol. 30 of Critical studies (illustrated ed.). Rodopi. p. 67.
1871:. Vol. 30 of Critical studies (illustrated ed.). Rodopi. p. 66.
1383:
1323:
1147:
Ma Bufang, Ma Hushan, and the other leaders who led the revolt were all former
3526:
3492:
3377:
3300:
2899:
2439:
The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle
2412:
The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle
2385:
The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle
2107:
2057:
2015:
1967:
1886:
1702:
The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle
1434:
1366:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1239:
1168:
1029:
271:
194:
1820:
1508:
have migrated to Taiwan in search of a better life. They are descendants of
3516:
3504:
3480:
2586:
2006:
1453:
1430:
1319:
1224:
1180:
672:
443:
284:
227:
1306:'s men, which were originally battling Soviet backed Uyghur rebels in the
3315:
2772:
2442:. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2415:. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2388:. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
1705:. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
1420:
1365:. Bai also called Stalin an ogre and claimed he and Mao were engineering
1303:
1269:
788:
266:
3309:
2978:
2864:
2590:
2365:
1821:
1525:
1509:
1457:
1442:
1395:
1261:
1235:
1220:
1202:
1176:
1152:
1078:
905:
880:
677:
571:
439:
398:
125:
1589:
Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China
2648:
2467:
The World Heroin Market : Can Supply Be Cut?: Can Supply Be Cut?
1827:
The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: September 1945 - December 1955
1529:
1410:
1342:
1273:
1125:
1121:
1117:
189:
2537:
1155:
members. Many of the Chinese Muslim insurgents were veterans of the
1505:
1214:
1101:
71:
36:
2161:(6 ed.). Hong Kong: Green Pagoda Press. pp. 95, 97, 106.
3381:
1501:
1438:
1424:
1414:
1296:
1097:
1093:
450:
67:
63:
1761:
1759:
3188:
2642:
2637:
2619:
2596:
1513:
1281:
1105:
112:
75:
3454:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
3327:
3120:
2720:
1756:
1480:
1379:
1350:
1346:
1316:
incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1314:
before the Communist victory in the Civil War and subsequent
1288:
1089:
59:
1144:
at the Battle of Huaiyang where the Japanese were defeated.
694:
Provinces where the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency took place
3280:
1619:
United States. Joint Publications Research Service (1984).
1403:
1132:
in Xinjiang. Others had fought against the Japanese in the
1994:
PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies
1585:
2471:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
2462:
1260:
Most former Kuomintang Muslim Generals, like Ma Bufang,
2345:"The Generals of WWII Generals from China Ma Yuanxiang"
1794:
1792:
1441:
in India via Tibet, where his men were attacked by the
1209:, and the 81st Muslim Corps, defected to the Communist
2372:. No. 166, Jun., 2001. p.441. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
2319:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
2292:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
2259:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
1567:
Chinese nationalism § Chinese Muslims and Uyghurs
1201:
Some Hui Muslim Generals and units from Ningxia, like
1194:, he took over $ 50,000 in military funds and fled to
1116:
The majority of the insurgents were formal members of
525:
3464:
3449:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2499:. Government Information Office (ROC). Archived from
2342:
1990:"Exiled by Definition: The Salar of Northwest China"
1789:
1625:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 34.
1124:). Several of them were prominent generals, such as
16:
Continuation of Chinese Civil War by Chinese Muslims
2225:
2198:
2171:
1635:
1398:who were supplied by the Kuomintang, and with U.S.
2464:
1552:Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China
2035:
1864:
3524:
2232:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 279.
2205:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 225.
2178:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 310.
1642:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 225.
1524:After the insurgency was defeated, the PLA used
2513:
1479:Another group of Kuomintang insurgents were in
2315:
2288:
2252:
2127:
1516:when the communists took over mainland China.
487:Almost all eliminated except for Burmese group
3593:Wars involving the People's Republic of China
3101:
2553:
1318:. The anti-separatist, pro-Kuomintang Uyghur
1047:
511:
2889:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
2036:Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, eds. (2008).
1865:Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, eds. (2008).
1850:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1622:China report: economic affairs, Issues 92-97
3173:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2154:
1500:Since the 1980s, thousands of Muslims from
1299:were instructed to revolt against the PLA.
1285:along with the Republic of China government
3108:
3094:
2560:
2546:
1054:
1040:
518:
504:
2358:
2005:
1728:"Chinese Moslem Head Says War Will Go On"
1592:. Harvard University Press. p. 192.
1800:"CHINESE ASKS ALL MOSLEMS TO FIGHT REDS"
1532:to suppress the Tibetan revolt in Amdo.
671:
2090:
1987:
1950:
1919:
252:
3525:
2435:
2408:
2381:
2262:. Taylor & Francis. p. xxii.
1698:
1213:and joined them. Many Muslim units in
3089:
2567:
2541:
2322:. Taylor & Francis. p. 122.
2295:. Taylor & Francis. p. xxi.
1586:Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007).
1463:
824:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
579:Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
499:
3598:Wars involving the Republic of China
2463:Letizia Paoli; Peter Reuter (2009).
2039:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities
1868:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities
1310:and the Mongols and Russians at the
3698:Violence against indigenous peoples
1988:Goodman, David S G (January 2005).
13:
1920:Goodman, David S. G., ed. (2004).
1725:
1557:Campaign at the China–Burma Border
14:
3709:
1361:, accusing him of being blind to
1217:also defected to the Communists.
1175:. The Muslim insurgents were all
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3029:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
2713:
2700:
2681:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2636:
2618:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2436:Gibson, Richard Michael (2011).
2409:Gibson, Richard Michael (2011).
2382:Gibson, Richard Michael (2011).
1767:"Moslems Urged To Resist Russia"
1699:Gibson, Richard Michael (2011).
1542:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
1023:
711:
544:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
460:
427:
404:
392:
374:
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
270:
260:
241:
221:
201:
193:
183:
171:
147:
134:
119:
105:
3018:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
2520:. Westview Press. p. 443.
2507:
2489:
2456:
2429:
2402:
2375:
2336:
2309:
2282:
2246:
2219:
2192:
2165:
2148:
2121:
2084:
2029:
1981:
1944:
1913:
1858:
1814:
1257:), defected to the Communists.
1130:fought against the Soviet Union
1738:
1719:
1692:
1674:
1656:
1629:
1612:
1579:
1528:soldiers who had served under
1402:support. They operated in the
1254:
1190:When Ma Bufang fled after the
567:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
3149:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3058:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3033:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
2625:Constitutional ROC Government
2343:Steen Ammentorp (2000–2009).
2091:Goodman, David S. G. (2004).
1951:Goodman, David S. G. (2004).
1806:. 24 Sep 1951. Archived from
1773:. 25 Sep 1951. Archived from
1572:
1322:fought a final action at the
1068:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
686:Flag of the Republic of China
676:Party flag and emblem of the
651:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
22:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
3047:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
2783:Chinese Communist Revolution
2226:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
2199:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
2172:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
2134:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 169.
1684:(in Chinese). Archived from
1666:(in Chinese). Archived from
1636:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
1104:, and another insurgency in
684:, which also appears in the
7:
3568:Military history of Qinghai
3426:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
3289:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3244:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2643:Republic of China on Taiwan
2611:National Revolutionary Army
2579:Principal belligerents and
1830:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 34.
1746:"Western Face Lost In Asia"
1535:
1400:Central Intelligence Agency
1333:
1280:and their families fled to
1157:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1149:National Revolutionary Army
1120:'s Republic of China Army (
896:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
474:Ministry of Public Security
10:
3714:
3583:Military history of Yunnan
3262:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
3121:People's Republic of China
2855:Fujian People's Government
2721:People's Republic of China
1472:
1070:was a continuation of the
936:Sunflower Student Movement
921:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
916:Wild Lily student movement
886:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
141:People's Republic of China
3563:Military history of Gansu
3441:
3402:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
3375:
3325:
3298:
3278:
3271:
3182:
3127:
2728:
2575:
1771:Christian Science Monitor
1406:region of Tibet in 1952.
1111:
831:Constitutional government
682:Blue Sky with a White Sun
538:
481:
419:
161:
97:
42:
26:
21:
3578:20th century in Xinjiang
3354:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
2706:People's Liberation Army
2514:Warren W. Smith (1996).
1519:
1468:
1287:or to other places like
1242:'s Hui Muslim officers,
1211:People's Liberation Army
1165:Second Sino-Japanese War
1134:Second Sino-Japanese War
814:Second Sino-Japanese War
468:People's Liberation Army
3533:Anti-communism in China
2845:Chinese Soviet Republic
2821:Autumn Harvest Uprising
2316:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010).
2289:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010).
2128:John W. Garver (1997).
946:2017 Summer Universiade
557:Autumn Harvest Uprising
551:First Phase (1927–1937)
154:Chinese Communist Party
3366:Sino-Indian skirmishes
3068:Project National Glory
3043:Hainan Island campaign
2922:Double Tenth Agreement
2918:Chongqing Negotiations
2835:Encirclement campaigns
2007:10.5130/portal.v2i1.83
1088:, in the provinces of
1082:Republic of China Army
901:Project National Glory
861:Retrocession of Taiwan
809:Nationalist Government
689:
562:Encirclement campaigns
162:Commanders and leaders
3143:Kuomintang insurgency
2932:Jiaochangkou Incident
1804:Chicago Daily Tribune
1312:Battle of Baitag Bogd
675:
661:Cross-strait conflict
482:Casualties and losses
29:Cross-Strait conflict
3693:Insurgencies in Asia
3420:Project Blue Sword-B
3360:Sino-Indian Standoff
3348:Sino-Indian skirmish
2155:Hao-jan Kao (1960).
1732:The Montreal Gazette
866:February 28 Incident
3558:Rebellions in China
3396:Sino-Vietnamese War
3232:Yijiangshan Islands
3184:Cross-Taiwan Strait
2885:Second United Front
2805:Nanjing–Wuhan split
2753:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
2602:National Government
2497:"Muslims in Taiwan"
2370:The China Quarterly
2364:Kaufman, Victor S.
2100:The China Quarterly
1960:The China Quarterly
1926:. Vol. 178 of
1750:The Manitoba Ensign
1562:Kuomintang in Burma
1512:soldiers that fled
1475:Kuomintang in Burma
1230:The Muslim General
794:Northern Expedition
3588:Islam and violence
3573:History of Ningxia
3408:Battle of Fakashan
3238:Dachen Archipelago
3194:(after 1 Oct 1949)
2825:Guangzhou Uprising
2763:First United Front
1777:on 4 November 2012
1726:AP (10 Jan 1950).
1464:Other insurgencies
1363:Soviet imperialism
1128:, who had earlier
941:2015 Ma–Xi meeting
926:Anti-Secession Law
784:Beiyang Government
690:
656:China–Burma border
3643:Conflicts in 1958
3638:Conflicts in 1957
3633:Conflicts in 1956
3628:Conflicts in 1955
3623:Conflicts in 1954
3618:Conflicts in 1953
3613:Conflicts in 1952
3608:Conflicts in 1951
3603:Conflicts in 1950
3538:Chinese Civil War
3462:
3461:
3437:
3436:
3414:Battle of Laoshan
3195:
3167:Xinjiang conflict
3137:Chinese Civil War
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
2987:Liaoshen campaign
2969:Yu Zisan Incident
2936:Peiping rape case
2905:
2904:
2817:Nanchang uprising
2813:Little Long March
2801:Shanghai massacre
2591:Nationalist Party
2569:Chinese Civil War
2329:978-0-415-58264-3
2302:978-0-415-58264-3
2269:978-0-415-58264-3
1810:on July 12, 2012.
1599:978-0-674-02616-2
1547:Chinese Civil War
1328:fleeing to Taiwan
1173:Chinese Civil War
1142:wounded in action
1084:forces mainly in
1072:Chinese Civil War
1064:
1063:
1030:Taiwan portal
931:100th anniversary
804:Chinese Civil War
799:Shanghai massacre
779:Provisional Gov't
705:Republic of China
669:
668:
530:Chinese Civil War
527:Campaigns of the
494:
493:
453:under Ospan Batyr
113:Republic of China
93:
92:
33:Chinese Civil War
3705:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3276:
3275:
3193:
3161:Tibetan uprising
3155:Battle of Chamdo
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3001:Pingjin campaign
2997:Huaihai campaign
2946:Marshall Mission
2911:
2910:
2797:Shanghai Commune
2793:Nanking incident
2746:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2685:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2629:ROC Armed Forces
2623:
2622:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2158:The Imam's story
2152:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1583:
1375:collectivization
1359:Jawaharlal Nehru
1297:Qinghai province
1256:
1252:
1192:Ningxia Campaign
1185:Dongxiang people
1161:Sino-Tibetan War
1056:
1049:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1012:the Taiwan issue
876:Exodus to Taiwan
849:
818:Nanjing Massacre
762:
715:
699:
698:
533:
531:
520:
513:
506:
497:
496:
466:
464:
463:
432:
431:
430:
409:
408:
407:
397:
396:
395:
379:
378:
377:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
353:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
274:
265:
264:
263:
254:
246:
245:
244:
236:
226:
225:
224:
216:
206:
205:
204:
197:
188:
187:
186:
176:
175:
174:
152:
151:
150:
139:
138:
137:
124:
123:
122:
111:
109:
108:
44:
43:
19:
18:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3433:
3390:Paracel Islands
3371:
3336:Sino-Indian War
3321:
3294:
3267:
3226:Dongshan Island
3192:
3186:
3178:
3123:
3117:Armed conflicts
3114:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3049:
3045:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3012:Taiping Steamer
2999:
2985:
2934:
2920:
2906:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2691:New Fourth Army
2662:Soviet Republic
2653:Communist Party
2645:
2635:
2617:
2594:
2571:
2566:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1928:China Quarterly
1918:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1538:
1522:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1391:Chiang Kai-shek
1336:
1246:
1114:
1086:Northwest China
1060:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1003:
984:
978:
974:
962:
961:
952:
951:
950:
855:
854:
853:
850:
847:
837:
836:
835:
774:1911 Revolution
768:
767:
766:
763:
760:
750:
704:
697:
696:
695:
680:; based on the
670:
665:
594:Northeast China
534:
529:
526:
524:
461:
459:
449:Pro-Kuomintang
428:
426:
415:
405:
403:
393:
391:
385:
375:
373:
363:
361:
351:
349:
339:
337:
333:Teng Wen-hsiang
327:
325:
315:
313:
303:
301:
291:
289:
279:
277:
261:
259:
242:
240:
232:
222:
220:
212:
202:
200:
184:
182:
178:Chiang Kai-shek
172:
170:
148:
146:
135:
133:
120:
118:
106:
104:
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Islam in China
3545:
3543:1950s in China
3540:
3535:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3342:Chola incident
3339:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3250:Burmese border
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:(1980–present)
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3129:Mainland China
3125:
3124:
3119:involving the
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:Xi'an Incident
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2687:8th Route Army
2678:Liberated Area
2584:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2506:
2503:on 2007-01-13.
2488:
2482:978-0199717361
2481:
2455:
2449:978-0470830215
2448:
2428:
2422:978-0470830215
2421:
2401:
2395:978-0470830215
2394:
2374:
2357:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2268:
2254:Hsiao-ting Lin
2245:
2238:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2164:
2147:
2140:
2120:
2083:
2074:|journal=
2049:978-9042024069
2048:
2028:
1980:
1943:
1936:
1912:
1903:|journal=
1878:978-9042024069
1877:
1857:
1836:
1813:
1788:
1755:
1752:. 21 Jan 1950.
1737:
1718:
1712:978-0470830215
1711:
1691:
1688:on 2012-06-18.
1673:
1670:on 2016-05-08.
1655:
1648:
1628:
1611:
1598:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1518:
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1384:Tibetan Empire
1335:
1332:
1324:Battle of Yiwu
1113:
1110:
1076:Chinese Muslim
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:the Kuomintang
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
985:(geographical)
977:
976:
975:(1949–present)
969:
963:
959:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Lieyu massacre
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
856:
845:
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
828:
826:
821:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
770:
769:
758:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
749:
748:
743:
737:
736:
731:
726:
720:
717:
716:
708:
707:
703:History of the
693:
692:
691:
667:
666:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
641:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
582:
581:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
552:
548:
547:
539:
536:
535:
523:
522:
515:
508:
500:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
476:
456:
455:
454:
447:
422:
421:
420:Units involved
417:
416:
414:
413:
401:
388:
386:
384:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
275:
257:
238:
218:
198:
180:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
157:
156:
130:
129:
128:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3710:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:1958 in China
3686:
3684:
3683:1957 in China
3681:
3679:
3678:1956 in China
3676:
3674:
3673:1955 in China
3671:
3669:
3668:1954 in China
3666:
3664:
3663:1953 in China
3661:
3659:
3658:1952 in China
3656:
3654:
3653:1951 in China
3651:
3649:
3648:1950 in China
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:South Vietnam
3374:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:United States
3297:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3272:International
3270:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:Hainan Island
3212:
3209:
3208:Dengbu Island
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2900:Dixie Mission
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2644:
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1695:
1687:
1683:
1682:"马辅臣--民族工商业家"
1677:
1669:
1665:
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1649:0-521-25514-7
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1355:guerrilla war
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1309:
1308:Ili Rebellion
1305:
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1278:Ma Chengxiang
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1240:Ma Chengxiang
1237:
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1228:
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1151:soldiers and
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764:Mainland rule
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612:
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424:
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372:
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369:Han Yu-ch'ing
360:
358:
348:
346:
336:
334:
324:
322:
312:
310:
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298:
288:
286:
276:
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258:
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3220:Nanri Island
3148:
3057:
3022:
3011:
2980:
2957:
2809:715 Incident
2646:
2516:
2509:
2501:the original
2491:
2466:
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2438:
2431:
2411:
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2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2338:
2318:
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2258:
2248:
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2194:
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2150:
2130:
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2099:
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1997:
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1959:
1946:
1922:
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1867:
1860:
1826:
1816:
1808:the original
1803:
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1775:the original
1770:
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1686:the original
1676:
1668:the original
1658:
1638:
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1614:
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1588:
1581:
1523:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1485:
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1454:Ma Yuanxiang
1447:
1431:Yulbars Khan
1429:
1419:
1408:
1388:
1371:
1340:
1337:
1320:Yulbars Khan
1301:
1259:
1229:
1223:, an ethnic
1219:
1200:
1189:
1181:Salar people
1146:
1115:
1067:
1065:
871:White Terror
848:1945–present
650:
587:
542:
458:
425:
357:Yeh Chih-nan
285:Yulbars Khan
233:
228:Ma Yuanxiang
213:
132:
103:
98:Belligerents
27:Part of the
3368:(2020-2021)
3350:(1986-1987)
3318:(1965–1973)
3316:Vietnam War
3312:(1950–1953)
3151:(1950–1958)
3145:(1949–1961)
2773:Canton Coup
1510:nationalist
1421:Ospan Batyr
1304:Ospan Batyr
1270:Bai Chongxi
1247: [
891:Vietnam War
789:Warlord Era
381:Li Wen-huan
309:Ma Chün-kuo
267:Ospan Batyr
3553:Kuomintang
3527:Categories
3310:Korean War
3303:and allies
2956:Operation
2865:Long March
2350:31 October
2275:2010-06-28
1937:0521613493
1822:Mao Zedong
1605:2010-06-28
1573:References
1458:Mao Zedong
1443:Dalai Lama
1396:Ma Hongkui
1389:President
1266:Ma Dunjing
1264:, his son
1262:Ma Hongkui
1244:Ma Funchen
1236:Korean War
1221:Han Youwen
1207:Ma Dunjing
1205:, his son
1203:Ma Hongbin
1177:Hui people
1171:, and the
1153:Kuomintang
1079:Kuomintang
960:History of
906:Three Noes
881:Korean War
678:Kuomintang
586:Operation
572:Long March
446:insurgents
399:Mao Zedong
321:Ma Shou-yi
126:Kuomintang
35:, and the
3264:(1995–96)
3252:(1960–61)
3202:Kuningtou
3139:(1927–50)
3064:1961–1972
3054:1950–1958
2993:1948–1949
2958:Beleaguer
2952:1945–1949
2942:1945–1947
2881:1937–1946
2861:1934–1936
2851:1933–1934
2841:1931–1934
2831:1930–1934
2779:1927–1949
2738:Post-1945
2581:campaigns
2108:0305-7410
2076:ignored (
2066:cite book
2058:0923-411X
2016:1449-2490
1968:0305-7410
1905:ignored (
1895:cite book
1887:0923-411X
1846:cite book
1664:"怀念马辅臣先生"
1530:Ma Bufang
1411:Ma Hushan
1343:Ma Bufang
1274:Ma Jiyuan
1196:Hong Kong
1126:Ma Hushan
1122:Ma clique
1118:Ma Bufang
994:Kaohsiung
761:1912–1949
741:Geography
734:Education
640:Aftermath
629:Guningtou
588:Beleaguer
411:Wang Zhen
345:Li Pin-pu
190:Ma Hushan
87:Communist
50:1950–1958
3442:See also
3256:Dong-Yin
3025:Incident
3023:Amethyst
3014:Incident
2983:incident
2734:Pre-1945
2671:Red Army
2256:(2010).
2000:(1): 6.
1536:See also
1506:Thailand
1450:Ma Liang
1448:General
1439:Calcutta
1409:General
1341:General
1334:Conflict
1291:and the
1215:Xinjiang
1140:and was
1102:Xinjiang
746:Politics
646:Xinjiang
619:Shanghai
599:Liaoshen
434:ROC Army
248:Ma Liang
208:Han Yimu
72:Xinjiang
55:Location
37:Cold War
3467:Portals
3382:Vietnam
2981:Kiangya
2113:13 July
2021:13 July
1973:13 July
1502:Myanmar
1425:Uyghurs
1415:Lanzhou
1326:before
1138:Ma Biao
1098:Ningxia
1094:Qinghai
999:Beijing
972:the PRC
729:Economy
724:Culture
634:Wanshan
609:Pingjin
604:Huaihai
490:Unknown
451:Kazakhs
250: (
234:†
214:†
89:victory
68:Ningxia
64:Qinghai
3493:Taiwan
3428:(1988)
3422:(1986)
3416:(1984)
3410:(1981)
3398:(1979)
3392:(1974)
3362:(2017)
3356:(2013)
3344:(1967)
3338:(1962)
3291:(1969)
3258:(1965)
3246:(1958)
3240:(1955)
3234:(1955)
3228:(1953)
3222:(1952)
3216:(1950)
3210:(1949)
3204:(1949)
3189:Taiwan
3175:(1989)
3163:(1959)
3157:(1950)
2718:
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1875:
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1781:6 July
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1435:Uyghur
1282:Taiwan
1232:Ma Lin
1163:, the
1112:Origin
1106:Yunnan
1100:, and
989:Taipei
982:Taiwan
851:Taiwan
624:Hainan
465:
269:
230:
210:
192:
110:
83:Result
76:Yunnan
31:, the
3517:1950s
3505:Islam
3481:China
3328:India
2096:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1520:Tibet
1488:Li Mi
1481:Burma
1469:Burma
1380:Lhasa
1351:Egypt
1347:Cairo
1289:Egypt
1251:]
1225:Salar
1183:, or
1090:Gansu
967:China
444:Salar
297:Li Mi
60:Gansu
3281:USSR
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3007:1949
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2769:1926
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2352:2010
2324:ISBN
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2234:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2115:2014
2104:ISSN
2078:help
2054:ISSN
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2023:2014
2012:ISSN
1975:2014
1964:ISSN
1932:ISBN
1907:help
1883:ISSN
1873:ISBN
1852:link
1832:ISBN
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