63:
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51:
205:
falls. Lianas also provide support for weaker trees when strong winds blow by laterally anchoring them to stronger trees. However, they may be destructive in that when one tree falls, the connections made by the lianas may cause many other trees to fall. Because of these negative effects, trees which remain free of lianas are at an advantage; some species have evolved characteristics which help them avoid or shed lianas.
87:
40:
204:
Lianas are uniquely adapted to living in such forests as they use the host tree, for stability, to reach to top of the canopy. Lianas directly damage hosts by mechanical abrasion and strangulation, render hosts more susceptible to ice and wind damage, and increase the probability that the host tree
200:
Lianas do not derive nutrients directly from trees but live on and derive nutrients at the expense of trees. Specifically, they greatly reduce tree growth and tree reproduction, greatly increase tree mortality, prevent tree seedlings from establishing, alter the course of regeneration in forests,
1528:
Lahaye, R.; Civeyrel, L.; Speck, T.; Rowe, N. P. (2005). "Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily
Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae s.l.) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development".
1144:
Wright, S. J.; Jaramillo, A. M.; Pavon, J.; Condit, R.; Hubbell, S. P.; Foster, R. B. (2005). "Reproductive size thresholds in tropical trees: variation among individuals, species and forests".
1261:
Visser, Marco D.; Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Muller-Landau, Helene C.; Jongejans, Eelke; de Kroon, Hans; Comita, Liza S.; Hubbell, Stephen P.; Wright, S. Joseph; Zuidema, Pieter (2018).
2679:
201:
and ultimately decrease tree population growth rates. For example, forests without lianas grow 150% more fruit; trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying.
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714:
1321:
930:
778:
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1031:
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achieve higher mobility from the web of lianas draped amongst the vertical tree species. Many lemurs prefer trees with lianas for their roost sites.
150:
1518:
quoting: Prof. Melchior Treub, Observations surles
Plantes Grimphantes de Jardin Botanique Buitenzorg, ANNALES de JARDIN BUITENZORG (1883) p. 175
992:
Rendigs, A.; Radespiel, U.; Wrogemann, D.; Zimmermann, E. (2003). "Relationship between microhabitat structure and distribution of mouse lemurs (
1513:
2735:
1222:"The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration"
1263:"Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites"
238:
of various parts of the stem. Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches which are quite flexible and older growth such as
242:
and large branches which are stiffer. A liana often has stiff young growths and older, more flexible growth at the base of the stem.
2551:
1566:
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1064:
111:
that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the
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1636:
1048:
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.
2075:
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2006:
2883:
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2312:
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1351:
Garrido-Pérez, E. I.; Dupuy, J. M.; Durán-García, R.; Gerold, G.; Schnitzer, S. A.; Ucan-May, M. (2008).
2541:
230:) at exactly 240 meters (787'). One way of distinguishing lianas from trees and shrubs is based on the
218:
which has grown as long as 600 meters (2000'). Hawkins has accepted a length of 1.5 km (1 mile) for an
2888:
2878:
2691:
2893:
2829:
2674:
1724:
673:
411:
154:
1181:"The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama"
2659:
2583:
1352:
1326:
288:
31:
17:
2388:
1484:
2824:
1322:"Tarzan's Favorite Mode of Travel, the Liana Vine, Chokes Off a Tree's Ability to Bear Fruit"
294:
181:
animals, including ants and many other invertebrates, lizards, rodents, sloths, monkeys, and
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8:
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Ingwell, L. L.; Wright, S. J.; Becklund, K. K.; Hubbell, S. P.; Schnitzer, S. A. (2010).
589:
561:
178:
138:
1403:
1353:"Structural effects of lianas and hurricane Wilma on trees in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico"
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1114:
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1989:
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1622:
688:
582:
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177:(wild grape) genera. Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy, providing
74:
1590:
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336:
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91:
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62:
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68:
55:
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2016:
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651:
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269:
105:
30:
This article is about a plant growth form. For other uses of liana, see
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680:
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308:
215:
210:
167:
1099:"Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps"
1957:
1952:
1869:
1859:
841:
438:
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2176:
2166:
2127:
2065:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
1645:
1572:
Lianas and
Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Family Treatments
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883:
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576:
378:
364:
261:
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194:
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129:
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1527:
315:
250:
Some families and genera containing liana species include:
108:
1143:
185:
with paths across the forest. For example, in the
Eastern
2405:
1967:
1614:
137:, itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to
123:
grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like
39:
1220:
Schnitzer, S. A.; Dalling, J. W.; Carson, W. P. (2000).
1390:
Putz, F. E. (1984). "How trees avoid and shed lianas".
1219:
1058:
1056:
1254:
1065:"The ecology of lianas and their role in forests"
1024:
2865:
1062:
1053:
161:and temperate deciduous forests. There are also
1346:
1344:
1096:
1467:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 199.
1437:. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. Inc. p. 18.
1630:
1447:
2736:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1567:Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics
1452:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 144.
1341:
1038:. Centers for Disease Control. 21 March 2022
208:Some lianas attain to great length, such as
1092:
1090:
72:that has formed over a monkey ladder vine (
43:Mixed-species tangle of lianas in tropical
1637:
1623:
1512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1296:
1286:
1245:
1204:
2680:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1578:http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0406.htm
1497:
1448:Sanderson, Ivan T.; Loth, David (1965).
1087:
85:
61:
49:
38:
1576:'Vines and Lianas' by Rhett Butler, at
1462:
1319:
165:lianas, for example the members of the
115:in search of direct sunlight. The word
14:
2866:
1465:Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History
1450:Ivan Sanderson's Book of Great Jungles
1432:
1063:Schnitzer, S. A.; Bongers, F. (2002).
1618:
1389:
998:International Journal of Primatology
90:Liana tangle across a forest in the
996:spp.) in northwestern Madagascar".
24:
25:
2905:
2685:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1560:
1320:Landers, Jackson (13 June 2017).
1097:Schnitzer, S. A.; Carson (2010).
2848:
2847:
1592:The New Student's Reference Work
1247:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00489.x
1206:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01676.x
1123:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01480.x
151:tropical moist broadleaf forests
133:. It comes from standard French
1521:
1491:
1456:
1441:
1426:
1383:
1313:
1069:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
222:. The longest monocot liana is
1498:Richards, Dr. Paul W. (1952).
1433:Rohwer, Prof. Jens G. (2000).
1213:
1172:
1137:
985:
967:
13:
1:
1463:Hawkins, R.E. editor (1986).
1081:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6
961:
149:Lianas are characteristic of
2726:History of plant systematics
2313:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1435:Tropical Plants of the World
7:
1602:
1357:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1146:Journal of Tropical Ecology
245:
10:
2910:
2542:Alternation of generations
1644:
1531:American Journal of Botany
144:
29:
2843:
2791:
2755:
2692:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2655:Biological classification
2645:
2518:
2434:
2330:
2280:
2005:
1935:
1878:
1840:
1814:
1750:
1670:
1652:
1502:. Cambridge. p. 102.
1369:10.1017/S0266467408005221
1158:10.1017/S0266467405002294
2552:Evolutionary development
2203:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1288:10.1111/1365-2745.12815
1010:10.1023/A:1021494428294
979:Encyclopædia Britannica
157:), but may be found in
2818:by author abbreviation
2742:Plant taxonomy systems
2660:Botanical nomenclature
94:
83:
59:
47:
32:liana (disambiguation)
2825:Botanical expeditions
1608:List of Longest Vines
1543:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1381
159:temperate rainforests
89:
65:
53:
42:
2557:Evolutionary history
2547:Double fertilization
2399:Cellular respiration
1500:Tropical Rain Forest
618:Hultholia mimosoides
429:(synonyms including
234:, specifically, the
119:does not refer to a
2884:Biology terminology
1776:Non-vascular plants
1404:1984Biotr..16...19P
1279:2018JEcol.106..781V
1238:2000JEcol..88..655S
1197:2010JEcol..98..879I
1115:2010EcolL..13..849S
590:Callerya megasperma
220:Entada phaseoloides
2281:Surface structures
2076:Flower development
1483:has generic name (
1267:Journal of Ecology
1226:Journal of Ecology
1185:Journal of Ecology
695:Flagellaria indica
95:
84:
60:
48:
2861:
2860:
2500:Herbaceous plants
2326:
2325:
1032:"About Parasites"
856:Toddalia asiatica
331:Ancistrocladaceae
16:(Redirected from
2901:
2889:Plant life-forms
2879:Plant morphology
2851:
2850:
2830:Individual trees
2505:Secondary growth
2476:Succulent plants
2464:Prostrate shrubs
2347:Apical dominance
2332:Plant physiology
2293:Epicuticular wax
1838:
1837:
1831:
1822:Plant morphology
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1632:
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1598:
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1084:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
989:
983:
982:
971:
597:Dalbergia armata
459:Aristolochiaceae
187:tropical forests
155:seasonal forests
21:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2894:Plants by habit
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2839:
2808:Botanical terms
2801:
2787:
2751:
2697:Citrus taxonomy
2675:Author citation
2641:
2535:
2514:
2436:
2430:
2426:Turgor pressure
2334:
2322:
2276:
2091:Floral symmetry
2009:
2001:
1931:
1920:Vascular bundle
1915:Vascular tissue
1874:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1810:
1781:Vascular plants
1746:
1742:Plant pathology
1666:
1648:
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1412:10.2307/2387889
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1103:Ecology Letters
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1088:
1061:
1054:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
990:
986:
973:
972:
968:
964:
959:
689:Flagellariaceae
248:
236:Young's modulus
228:Calamus ornatus
147:
75:Bauhinia glabra
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2798:Related topics
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2747:Taxonomic rank
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2665:Botanical name
2657:
2651:
2649:
2647:Plant taxonomy
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2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2623:Megasporangium
2620:
2619:
2618:
2611:Microsporangia
2603:
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2449:Cushion plants
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2428:
2423:
2418:
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2403:
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2384:Plant hormones
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2367:Photosynthesis
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2086:Floral formula
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2081:Floral diagram
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2061:
2056:
2051:
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2049:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2010:(incl. Flower)
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
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1960:
1955:
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1910:Storage organs
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1796:Spermatophytes
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1773:
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1766:Archaeplastida
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1757:
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1739:
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1727:
1720:Phytogeography
1717:
1715:Phytochemistry
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1674:
1672:Subdisciplines
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1642:
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1599:
1585:"Lianas"
1580:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:External links
1559:
1557:
1556:
1537:(8): 1381–96.
1520:
1490:
1455:
1440:
1425:
1382:
1363:(5): 559–562.
1340:
1312:
1273:(2): 781–794.
1253:
1232:(4): 655–666.
1212:
1191:(4): 879–887.
1171:
1152:(3): 307–315.
1136:
1109:(7): 849–857.
1086:
1075:(5): 223–230.
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938:Parthenocissus
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864:Schlegeliaceae
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734:
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674:S. macrobotrys
664:
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451:P. lancifolius
436:
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412:S. sarmentosus
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2208:Inflorescence
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2015:
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1893:Ground tissue
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1816:Plant anatomy
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1737:Plant ecology
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1732:Plant anatomy
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1680:Archaeobotany
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931:C. hypoglauca
927:
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793:Rosa banksiae
790:
789:
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769:
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747:
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745:Bougainvillea
742:
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739:
738:Nyctaginaceae
735:
731:
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584:
579:
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573:
572:
571:
568:
564:
563:
558:
557:
553:
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551:
550:Dioscoreaceae
548:
544:
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418:
414:
413:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
387:
386:
385:F. multiflora
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
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367:
366:
362:
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:
348:
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329:
325:
324:
323:Toxicodendron
320:
318:
317:
313:
311:
310:
306:
305:
304:
303:Anacardiaceae
301:
297:
296:
295:T. mysorensis
291:
290:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
251:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Calamus manan
221:
217:
213:
212:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
170:
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142:
140:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
93:
92:Western Ghats
88:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:
64:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2778:Horticulture
2768:Floriculture
2670:Correct name
2520:Reproduction
2510:Woody plants
2490:
2435:Plant growth
2394:Gas Exchange
2379:Phytomelanin
2257:Plant embryo
2007:Reproductive
1855:Phragmoplast
1611:
1606:
1591:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1481:|first=
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1398:(1): 19–23.
1395:
1391:
1385:
1360:
1356:
1331:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1072:
1068:
1047:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1004:(1): 47–64.
1001:
997:
993:
987:
978:
969:
950:
943:
936:
929:
923:
916:
904:P. volubilis
902:
896:
882:
868:
854:
840:
826:
819:
805:
791:
777:
771:
767:Polygalaceae
757:
743:
736:
727:
723:Nepenthaceae
715:S. axillaris
713:
707:
693:
679:
672:
668:Strongylodon
666:
657:
650:
645:M. bennettii
643:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
575:
562:D. sylvatica
560:
554:
540:
536:Dilleniaceae
526:
512:
508:Celastraceae
498:
484:
477:
473:Bignoniaceae
465:Aristolochia
463:
449:
443:
430:
424:
410:
406:Strophanthus
404:
397:
390:
383:
377:
363:
356:
349:
335:
321:
314:
307:
293:
287:
281:
274:
260:
249:
227:
223:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
172:
166:
153:(especially
148:
134:
128:
124:
116:
98:
96:
73:
69:Entada gigas
67:
66:A canopy of
56:Udawattakele
36:
27:Type of vine
2594:Pollen tube
2589:Pollinators
2579:Pollination
2574:Germination
2389:Respiration
2372:Chlorophyll
2218:Pedicellate
2152:Gametophyte
2071:Aestivation
2022:Antheridium
2017:Archegonium
1865:Plasmodesma
1842:Plant cells
1705:Paleobotany
1700:Ethnobotany
1685:Astrobotany
1327:Smithsonian
1298:2066/176867
945:Tetrastigma
892:Verbenaceae
878:Smilacaceae
801:Sapindaceae
779:M. Aculeata
703:Loganiaceae
652:Pterolobium
583:A. concinna
542:Doliocarpus
522:Connaraceae
494:Capparaceae
479:Anemopaegma
431:Daemonorops
399:Stephanotis
392:Odontadenia
373:Apocynaceae
358:Fissistigma
270:Acanthaceae
58:, Sri Lanka
2868:Categories
2616:Microspore
2606:Sporangium
2584:Artificial
2272:Sporophyte
2267:Sporophyll
2262:Receptacle
2157:Gynandrium
2027:Androecium
1936:Vegetative
1806:Angiosperm
1801:Gymnosperm
1695:Dendrology
1392:Biotropica
994:Microcebus
962:References
918:Ampelopsis
870:Schlegelia
815:Rhamnaceae
632:Mezoneuron
625:Machaerium
486:Pyrostegia
351:Artabotrys
345:Annonaceae
286:, such as
283:Thunbergia
256:Gnetophyta
191:Madagascar
101:is a long-
54:Lianas in
2813:Botanists
2731:Herbarium
2628:Megaspore
2526:Evolution
2469:Subshrubs
2437:and habit
2362:Nutrition
2357:Cellulose
2352:Bulk flow
2335:Materials
2298:Epidermis
2162:Gynoecium
2143:Endosperm
2138:Dispersal
2054:Staminode
1990:Sessility
1978:Cataphyll
1898:Mesophyll
1850:Cell wall
1791:Lycophyte
1771:Bryophyte
1725:Geobotany
1710:Phycology
1508:cite book
1473:cite book
1307:0022-0477
836:Rubiaceae
821:Ventilago
807:Paullinia
729:Nepenthes
709:Strychnos
659:Lasiobema
556:Dioscorea
514:Celastrus
420:Arecaceae
276:Mendoncia
232:stiffness
163:temperate
121:taxonomic
45:Australia
2853:Category
2773:Forestry
2763:Agronomy
2756:Practice
2707:Cultivar
2702:Cultigen
2562:timeline
2454:Rosettes
2342:Aleurone
2318:Trichome
2235:Perianth
2047:Filament
1905:Meristem
1828:glossary
1690:Bryology
1603:See also
1551:21646158
1377:83919534
1166:42171771
1131:20482581
1018:20661112
912:Vitaceae
850:Rutaceae
828:Ziziphus
787:Rosaceae
773:Moutabea
759:Jasminum
753:Oleaceae
681:Wisteria
570:Fabaceae
528:Connarus
500:Capparis
309:Attilaea
246:Examples
211:Bauhinia
179:arboreal
168:Clematis
82:, Hawaii
2531:Ecology
2288:Cuticle
2118:Capsule
2108:Anatomy
2059:Tapetum
1983:Petiole
1958:Rhizome
1953:Rhizoid
1880:Tissues
1870:Vacuole
1860:Plastid
1662:Outline
1657:History
1597:. 1914.
1420:2387889
1400:Bibcode
1333:20 June
1275:Bibcode
1234:Bibcode
1193:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
1042:2 April
1036:CDC.gov
975:"liana"
928:, e.g.
901:, e.g.
842:Uncaria
776:, e.g.
712:, e.g.
671:, e.g.
642:, e.g.
580:, e.g.
559:, e.g.
448:, e.g.
439:Araceae
426:Calamus
409:, e.g.
382:, e.g.
216:Surinam
214:sp. in
193:, many
145:Ecology
103:stemmed
2835:Plants
2738:(IAPT)
2491:Lianas
2459:Shrubs
2411:Starch
2303:Nectar
2223:Raceme
2189:Stigma
2177:Locule
2167:Carpel
2128:Pyrena
2066:Flower
2042:Anther
2037:Stamen
2032:Pollen
1754:groups
1646:Botany
1594:
1549:
1418:
1375:
1305:
1164:
1129:
1016:
925:Cissus
898:Petrea
884:Smilax
639:Mucuna
611:Entada
604:Derris
577:Acacia
445:Pothos
379:Fockea
365:Uvaria
262:Gnetum
240:trunks
195:lemurs
183:lemurs
139:sheave
113:canopy
18:Lianas
2874:Vines
2795:Lists
2712:Group
2635:Spore
2569:Flora
2486:Vines
2481:Trees
2444:Habit
2416:Sugar
2308:Stoma
2250:Sepal
2245:Petal
2240:Tepal
2228:Umbel
2213:Bract
2194:Style
2182:Ovule
2172:Ovary
2113:Berry
2103:Fruit
2096:Whorl
1963:Shoot
1761:Algae
1752:Plant
1416:JSTOR
1373:S2CID
1162:S2CID
1014:S2CID
952:Vitis
574:some
174:Vitis
135:liane
130:shrub
117:liana
106:woody
99:liana
80:Kauai
78:) on
2717:Grex
2599:Self
2133:Seed
1995:Stem
1973:Leaf
1948:Root
1943:Bulb
1927:Wood
1888:Cork
1786:Fern
1547:PMID
1514:link
1485:help
1335:2017
1303:ISSN
1127:PMID
1044:2024
316:Rhus
292:and
226:(or
125:tree
109:vine
2406:Sap
2123:Nut
1968:Bud
1539:doi
1408:doi
1365:doi
1293:hdl
1283:doi
1271:106
1242:doi
1201:doi
1154:doi
1119:doi
1077:doi
1006:doi
189:of
171:or
127:or
2870::
1588:.
1545:.
1535:92
1533:.
1510:}}
1506:{{
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